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Wang X, Xiong Y, Tang X, Zhang T, Ma W, Wang Y, Li C. Genome-Wide Identification of the PIP5K Gene Family in Camellia sinensis and Their Roles in Metabolic Regulation. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:932. [PMID: 39062711 PMCID: PMC11275303 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Spider mite infestation has a severe impact on tea growth and quality. In this study, we conducted a deep exploration of the functions and regulations of the CsPIP5K gene family using chromosomal localization and collinearity analysis. Additionally, we carefully examined the cis elements within these genes. To fully understand the metabolic response of CsPIP5K under spider mite infection, we integrated previously published metabolomic and transcriptomic data. Our analysis revealed that multiple CsPIP5K genes are associated with phospholipid metabolism, with CsPIP5K06 showing the strongest correlation. Therefore, we employed qPCR and subcellular localization techniques to determine the expression pattern of this gene and its functional location within the cell. Overall, this study not only comprehensively elucidated the characteristics, structure, and evolution of the CsPIP5K gene family but also identified several candidate CsPIP5K genes related to phospholipid biosynthesis and associated with spider mites based on previously published data. This research makes a significant contribution to enhancing the resistance of tea to spider mite and maintaining optimal tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; (Y.X.); (X.T.); (T.Z.); (W.M.); (Y.W.); (C.L.)
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Li MM, Meegahakumbura MK, Wambulwa MC, Burgess KS, Möller M, Shen ZF, Li DZ, Gao LM. Genetic analyses of ancient tea trees provide insights into the breeding history and dissemination of Chinese Assam tea ( Camellia sinensis var. assamica). PLANT DIVERSITY 2024; 46:229-237. [PMID: 38807909 PMCID: PMC11128837 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Chinese Assam tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) is an important tea crop with a long history of cultivation in Yunnan, China. Despite its potential value as a genetic resource, its genetic diversity and domestication/breeding history remain unclear. To address this issue, we genotyped 469 ancient tea plant trees representing 26 C. sinensis var. assamica populations, plus two of its wild relatives (six and three populations of C. taliensis and C. crassicolumna, respectively) using 16 nuclear microsatellite loci. Results showed that Chinese Assam tea has a relatively high, but comparatively lower gene diversity (HS = 0.638) than the wild relative C. crassicolumna (HS = 0.658). Clustering in STRUCTURE indicated that Chinese Assam tea and its two wild relatives formed distinct genetic groups, with considerable interspecific introgression. The Chinese Assam tea accessions clustered into three gene pools, corresponding well with their geographic distribution. However, NewHybrids analysis indicated that 68.48% of ancient Chinese Assam tea plants from Xishuangbanna were genetic intermediates between the Puer and Lincang gene pools. In addition, 10% of the ancient Chinese Assam tea individuals were found to be hybrids between Chinese Assam tea and C. taliensis. Our results suggest that Chinese Assam tea was domesticated separately in three gene pools (Puer, Lincang and Xishuangbanna) in the Mekong River valley and that the hybrids were subsequently selected during the domestication process. Although the domestication history of Chinese Assam tea in southwestern Yunnan remains complex, our results will help to identify valuable genetic resources that may be useful in future tea breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Miao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Muditha K. Meegahakumbura
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Department of Export Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, 90000, Sri Lanka
| | - Moses C. Wambulwa
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Computing, South Eastern Kenya University, 170-90200, Kitui, Kenya
| | - Kevin S. Burgess
- Department of Biology, Columbus State University, University System of Georgia, Columbus, GA, 31907-5645, USA
| | - Michael Möller
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK
| | - Zong-Fang Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang, 674100, Yunnan, China
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang, 674100, Yunnan, China
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Wang X, Xiang Y, Sun M, Xiong Y, Li C, Zhang T, Ma W, Wang Y, Liu X. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveals keys genes and metabolic pathways in tea (Camellia sinensis) against six-spotted spider mite (Eotetranychus Sexmaculatus). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:638. [PMID: 38072959 PMCID: PMC10712147 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Six-spotted spider mite (Eotetranychus sexmaculatus) is one of the most damaging pests of tea (Camellia sinensis). E. sexmaculatus causes great economic loss and affects tea quality adversely. In response to pests, such as spider mites, tea plants have evolved resistance mechanisms, such as expression of defense-related genes and defense-related metabolites. RESULTS To evaluate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of resistance in C. sinensis against spider mites, "Tianfu-5" (resistant to E. sexmaculatus) and "Fuding Dabai" (susceptible to E. sexmaculatus) were inoculated with spider mites. Transcriptomics and metabolomics based on RNA-Seq and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology were used to analyze changes in gene expression and metabolite content, respectively. RNA-Seq data analysis revealed that 246 to 3,986 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in multiple compared groups, and these DEGs were significantly enriched in various pathways, such as phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, plant-pathogen interactions, MAPK signaling, and plant hormone signaling. Additionally, the metabolome data detected 2,220 metabolites, with 194 to 260 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) identified in multiple compared groups, including phenylalanine, lignin, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. The combined analysis of RNA-Seq and metabolomic data indicated that phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, MAPK signaling, and Ca2+-mediated PR-1 signaling pathways may contribute to spider mite resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insights for identifying insect-induced genes and metabolites and form a basis for studies on mechanisms of host defense against spider mites in C. sinensis. The candidate genes and metabolites identified will be a valuable resource for tea breeding in response to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yunjia Xiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Minshan Sun
- Henan Assist Research Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiong
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Hoffmann TD, Kurze E, Liao J, Hoffmann T, Song C, Schwab W. Genome-wide identification of UDP-glycosyltransferases in the tea plant ( Camellia sinensis) and their biochemical and physiological functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1191625. [PMID: 37346124 PMCID: PMC10279963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1191625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) has been an immensely important commercially grown crop for decades. This is due to the presence of essential nutrients and plant secondary metabolites that exhibit beneficial health effects. UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) play an important role in the diversity of such secondary metabolites by catalysing the transfer of an activated sugar donor to acceptor molecules, and thereby creating a huge variety of glycoconjugates. Only in recent years, thanks to the sequencing of the tea plant genome, have there been increased efforts to characterise the UGTs in C. sinensis to gain an understanding of their physiological role and biotechnological potential. Based on the conserved plant secondary product glycosyltransferase (PSPG) motif and the catalytically active histidine in the active site, UGTs of family 1 in C. sinensis are identified here, and shown to cluster into 21 groups in a phylogenetic tree. Building on this, our current understanding of recently characterised C. sinensis UGTs (CsUGTs) is highlighted and a discussion on future perspectives made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kurze
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Jieren Liao
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Wang H, Yang MA, Wangdue S, Lu H, Chen H, Li L, Dong G, Tsring T, Yuan H, He W, Ding M, Wu X, Li S, Tashi N, Yang T, Yang F, Tong Y, Chen Z, He Y, Cao P, Dai Q, Liu F, Feng X, Wang T, Yang R, Ping W, Zhang Z, Gao Y, Zhang M, Wang X, Zhang C, Yuan K, Ko AMS, Aldenderfer M, Gao X, Xu S, Fu Q. Human genetic history on the Tibetan Plateau in the past 5100 years. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd5582. [PMID: 36930720 PMCID: PMC10022901 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using genome-wide data of 89 ancient individuals dated to 5100 to 100 years before the present (B.P.) from 29 sites across the Tibetan Plateau, we found plateau-specific ancestry across plateau populations, with substantial genetic structure indicating high differentiation before 2500 B.P. Northeastern plateau populations rapidly showed admixture associated with millet farmers by 4700 B.P. in the Gonghe Basin. High genetic similarity on the southern and southwestern plateau showed population expansion along the Yarlung Tsangpo River since 3400 years ago. Central and southeastern plateau populations revealed extensive genetic admixture within the plateau historically, with substantial ancestry related to that found in southern and southwestern plateau populations. Over the past ~700 years, substantial gene flow from lowland East Asia further shaped the genetic landscape of present-day plateau populations. The high-altitude adaptive EPAS1 allele was found in plateau populations as early as in a 5100-year-old individual and showed a sharp increase over the past 2800 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Melinda A. Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Shargan Wangdue
- Tibet Institute for Conservation and Research of Cultural Relics, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Honghai Chen
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Linhui Li
- Tibet Institute for Conservation and Research of Cultural Relics, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tinley Tsring
- Tibet Institute for Conservation and Research of Cultural Relics, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Haibing Yuan
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wei He
- Tibet Institute for Conservation and Research of Cultural Relics, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Manyu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuai Li
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Norbu Tashi
- Tibet Institute for Conservation and Research of Cultural Relics, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Tsho Yang
- Tibet Institute for Conservation and Research of Cultural Relics, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Feng Yang
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yan Tong
- Tibet Institute for Conservation and Research of Cultural Relics, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Zujun Chen
- Tibet Institute for Conservation and Research of Cultural Relics, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Yuanhong He
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qingyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Wanjing Ping
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Albert Min-Shan Ko
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Mark Aldenderfer
- Department of Anthropology and Heritage Studies, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Xing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiaomei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai 200232, China
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Zhang ZB, Xiong T, Chen JH, Ye F, Cao JJ, Chen YR, Zhao ZW, Luo T. Understanding the Origin and Evolution of Tea (Camellia sinensis [L.]): Genomic Advances in Tea. J Mol Evol 2023; 91:156-168. [PMID: 36859501 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-023-10099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Tea, which is processed by the tender shoots or leaves of tea plant (Camellia sinensis), is one of the most popular nonalcoholic beverages in the world and has numerous health benefits for humans. Along with new progress in biotechnologies, the refined chromosome-scale reference tea genomes have been achieved, which facilitates great promise for the understanding of fundamental genomic architecture and evolution of the tea plants. Here, we summarize recent achievements in genome sequencing in tea plants and review the new progress in origin and evolution of tea plants by population sequencing analysis. Understanding the genomic characterization of tea plants is import to improve tea quality and accelerate breeding in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Bao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China.
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Jia-Hui Chen
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Fan Ye
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Jia-Jia Cao
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yu-Rui Chen
- College of International Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhao
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Tian Luo
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
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7
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Le-Trilling VTK, Mennerich D, Schuler C, Sakson R, Lill JK, Kasarla SS, Kopczynski D, Loroch S, Flores-Martinez Y, Katschinski B, Wohlgemuth K, Gunzer M, Meyer F, Phapale P, Dittmer U, Sickmann A, Trilling M. Identification of herbal teas and their compounds eliciting antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. BMC Biol 2022; 20:264. [PMID: 36447206 PMCID: PMC9708519 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted medical and socioeconomic havoc, and despite the current availability of vaccines and broad implementation of vaccination programs, more easily accessible and cost-effective acute treatment options preventing morbidity and mortality are urgently needed. Herbal teas have historically and recurrently been applied as self-medication for prophylaxis, therapy, and symptom alleviation in diverse diseases, including those caused by respiratory viruses, and have provided sources of natural products as basis for the development of therapeutic agents. To identify affordable, ubiquitously available, and effective treatments, we tested herbs consumed worldwide as herbal teas regarding their antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS Aqueous infusions prepared by boiling leaves of the Lamiaceae perilla and sage elicit potent and sustained antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 when applied after infection as well as prior to infection of cells. The herbal infusions exerted in vitro antiviral effects comparable to interferon-β and remdesivir but outperformed convalescent sera and interferon-α2 upon short-term treatment early after infection. Based on protein fractionation analyses, we identified caffeic acid, perilla aldehyde, and perillyl alcohol as antiviral compounds. Global mass spectrometry (MS) analyses performed comparatively in two different cell culture infection models revealed changes of the proteome upon treatment with herbal infusions and provided insights into the mode of action. As inferred by the MS data, induction of heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1) was confirmed as effector mechanism by the antiviral activity of the HMOX-1-inducing compounds sulforaphane and fraxetin. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, herbal teas based on perilla and sage exhibit antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 including variants of concern such as Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron, and we identified HMOX-1 as potential therapeutic target. Given that perilla and sage have been suggested as treatment options for various diseases, our dataset may constitute a valuable resource also for future research beyond virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thuy Khanh Le-Trilling
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Denise Mennerich
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Corinna Schuler
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Roman Sakson
- grid.419243.90000 0004 0492 9407Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - E.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julia K. Lill
- grid.419243.90000 0004 0492 9407Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - E.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Siva Swapna Kasarla
- grid.419243.90000 0004 0492 9407Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - E.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dominik Kopczynski
- grid.419243.90000 0004 0492 9407Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - E.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Loroch
- grid.419243.90000 0004 0492 9407Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - E.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yulia Flores-Martinez
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Katschinski
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wohlgemuth
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- grid.419243.90000 0004 0492 9407Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - E.V., Dortmund, Germany ,grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Folker Meyer
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for AI in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Prasad Phapale
- grid.419243.90000 0004 0492 9407Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - E.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- grid.419243.90000 0004 0492 9407Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - E.V., Dortmund, Germany ,grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XMedizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany ,grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mirko Trilling
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147 Essen, Germany
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8
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Fermented Black Tea and Its Relationship with Gut Microbiota and Obesity: A Mini Review. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fermentation is one of the world’s oldest techniques for food preservation, nutrient enhancement, and alcohol manufacturing. During fermentation, carbohydrates such as glucose and starch are converted into other molecules, such as alcohol and acid, anaerobically through enzymatic action while generating energy for the microorganism or cells involved. Black tea is among the most popular fermented beverages; it is made from the dried tea leaves of the evergreen shrub plant known as Camellia sinensis. The adequate consumption of black tea is beneficial to health as it contains high levels of flavanols, also known as catechins, which act as effective antioxidants and are responsible for protecting the body against the development of illnesses, such as inflammation, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and obesity. The prevalence of obesity is a severe public health concern associated with the incidence of various serious diseases and is now increasing, including in Malaysia. Advances in ‘omic’ research have allowed researchers to identify the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in the development of obesity. This review explores fermented black tea and its correlation with the regulation of the gut microbiota and obesity.
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9
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Jeliński T, Cysewski P. Quantification of Caffeine Interactions in Choline Chloride Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Solubility Measurements and COSMO-RS-DARE Interpretation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147832. [PMID: 35887182 PMCID: PMC9323268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients is an important aspect of drug processing and formulation. Although caffeine was a subject of many studies aiming to quantify saturated solutions, many applied solvents suffer from not being environmentally friendly. This work fills this gap by presenting the results of solubility measurements in choline chloride natural deep eutectic solvents, ccNADES, comprising one of seven of the following polyalcohols: glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol, glucose, sucrose, maltose and fructose. The ratio of ccNADES components was optimized for maximizing caffeine solubility at room temperature. Additionally, temperature dependent solubility was measured for the first four systems exhibiting the highest solubility potential, both in their neat forms and in mixtures with water. Results were used for intermolecular interactions assessments using the COSMO-RS-DARE approach, which led to a perfect match between experimental and computed solubility values. An important methodological discussion was provided for an appropriate definition of the systems. Surprising linear trends were observed between the values of fitting parameters and water-ccNADES composition. In addition, comments on selection of the values of the fusion thermodynamic parameters were provided, which led to the conclusion that COSMO-RS-DARE solubility computations can effectively compensate for the inaccuracies of these important physicochemical properties.
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10
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Jeliński T, Kubsik M, Cysewski P. Application of the Solute-Solvent Intermolecular Interactions as Indicator of Caffeine Solubility in Aqueous Binary Aprotic and Proton Acceptor Solvents: Measurements and Quantum Chemistry Computations. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072472. [PMID: 35407805 PMCID: PMC8999965 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The solubility of caffeine in aqueous binary mixtures was measured in five aprotic proton acceptor solvents (APAS) including dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, and acetone. The whole range of concentrations was studied in four temperatures between 25 °C and 40 °C. All systems exhibit a strong cosolvency effect resulting in non-monotonous solubility trends with changes of the mixture composition and showing the highest solubility at unimolar proportions of organic solvent and water. The observed solubility trends were interpreted based on the values of caffeine affinities toward homo- and hetero-molecular pairs formation, determined on an advanced quantum chemistry level including electron correlation and correction for vibrational zero-point energy. It was found that caffeine can act as a donor in pairs formation with all considered aprotic solvents using the hydrogen atom attached to the carbon in the imidazole ring. The computed values of Gibbs free energies of intermolecular pairs formation were further utilized for exploring the possibility of using them as potential solubility prognostics. A semi-quantitative relationship (R2 = 0.78) between caffeine affinities and the measured solubility values was found, which was used for screening for new greener solvents. Based on the values of the environmental index (EI), four morpholine analogs were considered and corresponding caffeine affinities were computed. It was found that the same solute–solvent structural motif stabilizes hetero-molecular pairs suggesting their potential applicability as greener replacers of traditional aprotic proton acceptor solvents. This hypothesis was confirmed by additional caffeine solubility measurements in 4-formylmorpholine. This solvent happened to be even more efficient compared to DMSO and the obtained solubility profile follows the cosolvency pattern observed for other aprotic proton acceptor solvents.
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11
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Cao Y, Mei S, Huang C, Chen P. Estimates of Catechins Content in Green Tea: A Review Based on Meta-analysis. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2009509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cao
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sifan Mei
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuangsheng Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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12
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The analysis and identification of charred suspected tea remains unearthed from Warring State Period Tomb. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16557. [PMID: 34400663 PMCID: PMC8368015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95393-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a bowl containing charred suspected tea remains unearthed from the early stage of Warring States period tomb in Zoucheng City, Shandong Province, China. To identify the remains is significant for understanding the origin of tea and tea drinking culture. Scientific investigations of the remains were carried out by using calcium phytoliths analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) and Thermally assisted hydrolysis—methylation Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (THM-Py-GC/MS) techniques. Modern tea and modern tea residue were used as reference samples. Through phytoliths analyses, calcium phytoliths identifiable from tea were determined in the archeological remains. The infrared spectra of the archaeological remains was found similar as modern tea residue reference sample. In addition, the biomarker compound of tea—caffeine was determined in the archaeological remains by THM-Py-GC/MS analysis. Furthermore, through GC/MS analysis, some compounds were found both in the archeological remains and the modern tea residue reference samples. Putting the information together, it can be concluded that the archaeological remains in the bowl are tea residue after boiling or brewing by the ancient.
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13
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Wambulwa MC, Meegahakumbura MK, Kamunya S, Wachira FN. From the Wild to the Cup: Tracking Footprints of the Tea Species in Time and Space. Front Nutr 2021; 8:706770. [PMID: 34422884 PMCID: PMC8377202 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.706770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is one of the world's most popular beverages, known for its cultural significance and numerous health benefits. A clear understanding of the origin and history of domestication of the tea species is a fundamental pre-requisite for effective germplasm conservation and improvement. Though there is a general consensus about the center of origin of the tea plant, the evolutionary origin and expansion history of the species remain shrouded in controversy, with studies often reporting conflicting findings. This mini review provides a concise summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the origin, domestication, and dissemination of the species around the world. We note that tea was domesticated around 3000 B.C. either from non-tea wild relatives (probably Camellia grandibracteata and/or C. leptophylla) or intra-specifically from the wild Camellia sinensis var. assamica trees, and that the genetic origins of the various tea varieties may need further inquiry. Moreover, we found that lineage divergence within the tea family was apparently largely driven by a combination of orogenic, climatic, and human-related forces, a fact that could have important implications for conservation of the contemporary tea germplasm. Finally, we demonstrate the robustness of an integrative approach involving linguistics, historical records, and genetics to identify the center of origin of the tea species, and to infer its history of expansion. Throughout the review, we identify areas of debate, and highlight potential research gaps, which lay a foundation for future explorations of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses C. Wambulwa
- Department of Life Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, Kenya
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | | | - Samson Kamunya
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Tea Research Institute (KALRO-TRI), Kericho, Kenya
| | - Francis N. Wachira
- Department of Life Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, Kenya
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14
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Haplotype-resolved genome assembly provides insights into evolutionary history of the tea plant Camellia sinensis. Nat Genet 2021; 53:1250-1259. [PMID: 34267370 PMCID: PMC8346365 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tea is an important global beverage crop and is largely clonally propagated. Despite previous studies on the species, its genetic and evolutionary history deserves further research. Here, we present a haplotype-resolved assembly of an Oolong tea cultivar, Tieguanyin. Analysis of allele-specific expression suggests a potential mechanism in response to mutation load during long-term clonal propagation. Population genomic analysis using 190 Camellia accessions uncovered independent evolutionary histories and parallel domestication in two widely cultivated varieties, var. sinensis and var. assamica. It also revealed extensive intra- and interspecific introgressions contributing to genetic diversity in modern cultivars. Strong signatures of selection were associated with biosynthetic and metabolic pathways that contribute to flavor characteristics as well as genes likely involved in the Green Revolution in the tea industry. Our results offer genetic and molecular insights into the evolutionary history of Camellia sinensis and provide genomic resources to further facilitate gene editing to enhance desirable traits in tea crops. Haplotype-resolved genome assembly of an Oolong tea cultivar Tieguanyin and population genomic analyses of 190 Camellia accessions provide insights into the evolutionary history of the tea plant Camellia sinensis.
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15
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16
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Samanta S. Potential Bioactive Components and Health Promotional Benefits of Tea (Camellia sinensis). J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 41:65-93. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1827082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saptadip Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Midnapore College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
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17
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Wang X, Feng H, Chang Y, Ma C, Wang L, Hao X, Li A, Cheng H, Wang L, Cui P, Jin J, Wang X, Wei K, Ai C, Zhao S, Wu Z, Li Y, Liu B, Wang GD, Chen L, Ruan J, Yang Y. Population sequencing enhances understanding of tea plant evolution. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4447. [PMID: 32895382 PMCID: PMC7477583 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea is an economically important plant characterized by a large genome, high heterozygosity, and high species diversity. In this study, we assemble a 3.26-Gb high-quality chromosome-scale genome for the 'Longjing 43' cultivar of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. Genomic resequencing of 139 tea accessions from around the world is used to investigate the evolution and phylogenetic relationships of tea accessions. We find that hybridization has increased the heterozygosity and wide-ranging gene flow among tea populations with the spread of tea cultivation. Population genetic and transcriptomic analyses reveal that during domestication, selection for disease resistance and flavor in C. sinensis var. sinensis populations has been stronger than that in C. sinensis var. assamica populations. This study provides resources for marker-assisted breeding of tea and sets the foundation for further research on tea genetics and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hu Feng
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuxiao Chang
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunlei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China
| | - A'lun Li
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Ai
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhichao Wu
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Youyong Li
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 650231, Menghai, China
| | - Benying Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 650231, Menghai, China
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223, Kunming, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jue Ruan
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yajun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310008, Hangzhou, China.
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18
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Kondratev N, Denton-Giles M, Bradshaw RE, Cox MP, Dijkwel PP. Camellia Plant Resistance and Susceptibility to Petal Blight Disease Are Defined by the Timing of Defense Responses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:982-995. [PMID: 32223579 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-19-0304-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The family Sclerotiniaceae includes important phytopathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, that activate plant immune responses to facilitate infection propagation. The mechanisms of plant resistance to these necrotrophic pathogens are still poorly understood. To discover mechanisms of resistance, we used the Ciborinia camelliae (Sclerotiniaceae)-Camellia spp. pathosystem. This fungus induces rapid infection of the blooms of susceptible cultivar Nicky Crisp (Camellia japonica × Camellia pitardii var. pitardii), while Camellia lutchuensis is highly resistant. Genome-wide analysis of gene expression in resistant plants revealed fast modulation of host transcriptional activity 6 h after ascospore inoculation. Ascospores induced the same defense pathways in the susceptible Camellia cultivar but much delayed and coinciding with disease development. We next tested the hypothesis that differences in defense timing influences disease outcome. We induced early defense in the susceptible cultivar using methyl jasmonate and this strongly reduced disease development. Conversely, delaying the response in the resistant species, by infecting it with actively growing fungal mycelium, increased susceptibility. The same plant defense pathways, therefore, contribute to both resistance and susceptibility, suggesting that defense timing is a critical factor in plant health, and resistance against necrotrophic pathogens may occur during the initial biotrophy-like stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Kondratev
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Denton-Giles
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rosie E Bradshaw
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Murray P Cox
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul P Dijkwel
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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19
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Lancuo Z, Hou G, Xu C, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Wang W, Zhang Y. Simulating the route of the Tang-Tibet Ancient Road for one branch of the Silk Road across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226970. [PMID: 31887180 PMCID: PMC6936881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the only route formed in the inner Qinghai-Tibet plateau, the Tang-Tibet Ancient Road promoted the extension of the Overland Silk Roads to the inner Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Considering the Complex geographical and environmental factors of inner Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, we constructed a weighted trade route network based on geographical integration factors, and then adopted the principle of minimum cost and the shortest path on the network to simulate the ancient Tang-Tibet Ancient Road. We then compared the locations of known key points documented in the literature, and found a significant correspondence in the Qinghai section. However, there was a certain deviation between the key points recorded in Tibetan section and the simulated route; we found that the reason is the relative oxygen content (ROC) became a limited factor of the choice of the Tibetan section road. Moreover, we argue that the warm and humid climate and the human migration to the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau were the fundamental driving forces for the formation of the Tang-Tibet Ancient Road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoma Lancuo
- Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geography, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Guangliang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geography, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Changjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geomantic Technology and Application of Qinghai Province, Provincial geomantic Center of Qinghai, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- Department of computer technology and application, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Process, College of Geography, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratories of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Yongkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratories of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai Province, China
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20
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Li J, Zheng H, He Y, Chen B, Liu L, Ouyang Y, Zhu C, Zhou Y, Sun J, Hu Z, Wang B. Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Immunosensor Reveals the Existence of Silk Products on the Maritime Silk Road. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3203-3209. [PMID: 31773952 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Maritime Silk Road was the major trade route between eastern and western civilizations in the Middle Ages. However, hardly any silk products have been found along the transoceanic trade route. Thus, the extrasensitive detection of silk relic traces has tremendous importance in research regarding the Maritime Silk Road. In this study, an electrochemical immunosensor based on a tailored monoclonal antibody and gold nanoparticles using the layer-by-layer self-assembly method was devised. The fabricated immunosensor demonstrated preeminent performance in the analysis of silk fibroin, with a linear detection range of 0.01-100 ng mL-1 and a detection limit of 3.8 pg mL-1. In particular, the performance of the immunosensor was excellent in the analysis of ancient silk samples, especially in the qualitative and quantitative detection of soil samples extracted from Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck archeological sites. The proposed electrochemical immunosensor proves the existence of silk products on the Maritime Silk Road and demonstrates enormous potential for studying the formation and development of the ancient transoceanic trading route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hailing Zheng
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yang Zhou
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Conservation Center of Underwater Cultural Heritage, National Cultural Heritage Administration, Beijing 100192, China
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21
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Li J, Ouyang Y, Liu L, Zhu C, Meng J, Zheng H, Zhou Y, Wan J, Hu Z, Wang B. Tailored monoclonal antibody as recognition probe of immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of silk fibroin and use in the study of archaeological samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 145:111709. [PMID: 31550631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasensitive detection of fibroin in unearthed silk relics has great significance for investigating the origin and transmission of silk. In this study, an anti-fibroin monoclonal antibody was successfully prepared through animal immunization. Next, a label-free electrochemical immunosensor was fabricated using layer-by-layer self-assembly technology, and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was proposed. The two methods exhibited excellent sensitivity and specificity in the detection of silk fibroin, while the immunosensor showed a wider quantitative detection range (0.1-100 ng mL-1) and a lower detection limit (0.051 ng mL-1) than ELISA (10-100 ng mL-1 and 8.71 ng mL-1). Furthermore, the performance of the immunosensor was superior in archaeological sample detection. Taking advantage of the well-prepared monoclonal antibody, the two proposed immunological assays demonstrate tremendous potential for the ultrasensitive detection of silk fibroin, which can make great contributions to exploring the origin and transmission routes of ancient silks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yi Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Linshuai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Chengyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Junjing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hailing Zheng
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou, 310002, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou, 310002, China.
| | - Junmin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhiwen Hu
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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23
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Willson C. The clinical toxicology of caffeine: A review and case study. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:1140-1152. [PMID: 30505695 PMCID: PMC6247400 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a widely recognized psychostimulant compound with a long history of consumption by humans. While it has received a significant amount of attention there is still much to be learned with respect to its toxicology in humans, especially in cases of overdose. A review of the history of consumption and the clinical toxicology of caffeine including clinical features, pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, a thorough examination of mechanism of action and management/treatment strategies are undertaken. While higher (i.e., several grams) quantities of caffeine are known to cause toxicity and potentially lethality, cases of mainly younger individuals who have experienced severe side effects and death despite consuming doses not otherwise known to cause such harm is troubling and deserves further study. An attempted case reconstruction is performed in an effort to shed light on this issue with a focus on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of caffeine.
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Meegahakumbura MK, Wambulwa MC, Li MM, Thapa KK, Sun YS, Möller M, Xu JC, Yang JB, Liu J, Liu BY, Li DZ, Gao LM. Domestication Origin and Breeding History of the Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) in China and India Based on Nuclear Microsatellites and cpDNA Sequence Data. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2270. [PMID: 29422908 PMCID: PMC5788969 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although China and India are the two largest tea-producing countries, the domestication origin and breeding history of the tea plant in these two countries remain unclear. Our previous study suggested that the tea plant includes three distinct lineages (China type tea, Chinese Assam type tea and Indian Assam type tea), which were independently domesticated in China and India, respectively. To determine the origin and historical timeline of tea domestication in these two countries we used a combination of 23 nSSRs (402 samples) and three cpDNA regions (101 samples) to genotype domesticated tea plants and its wild relative. Based on a combination of demographic modeling, NewHybrids and Neighbour joining tree analyses, three independent domestication centers were found. In addition, two origins of Chinese Assam type tea were detected: Southern and Western Yunnan of China. Results from demographic modeling suggested that China type tea and Assam type tea first diverged 22,000 year ago during the last glacial maximum and subsequently split into the Chinese Assam type tea and Indian Assam type tea lineages 2770 year ago, corresponding well with the early record of tea usage in Yunnan, China. Furthermore, we found that the three tea types underwent different breeding histories where hybridization appears to have been the most important approach for tea cultivar breeding and improvements: a high proportion of the hybrid lineages were found to be F2 and BCs. Collectively, our results underscore the necessity for the conservation of Chinese Assam type tea germplasm and landraces as a valuable resource for future tea breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muditha K. Meegahakumbura
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Genetics and Plant Breeding Division, Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka
| | - Moses C. Wambulwa
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Biochemistry Department, South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, Kenya
| | - Miao-Miao Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | | | - Yong-Shuai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Michael Möller
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jian-Chu Xu
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Bo Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ben-Ying Liu
- Tea Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Wambulwa MC, Meegahakumbura MK, Kamunya S, Muchugi A, Möller M, Liu J, Xu JC, Li DZ, Gao LM. Multiple origins and a narrow genepool characterise the African tea germplasm: concordant patterns revealed by nuclear and plastid DNA markers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4053. [PMID: 28642589 PMCID: PMC5481375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the highly economic value of tea in Africa, its genetic and geographic origins remain largely unexplored. Here we address this by collecting 439 samples across 11 countries in Africa and Asia to investigate the origin and genepool composition of African tea based on 23 nuclear microsatellites loci (nSSRs) and three cpDNA intergenic spacer regions. Our results indicated that the African tea represents a potpourri originating from multiple introductions over time. The nSSR analysis revealed that the majority (79%) of tea accessions collected in Africa belong to Indian Assam tea which have likely originated from India and/or Sri Lanka. The patterns of nSSR variation also showed that Chinese Assam tea is genetically distinct from Indian Assam tea, and has rarely been used in African tea breeding efforts since only 4% of the African tea accessions possessed this genotype. We found a total of 22 cpDNA haplotypes, which grouped into three main geographic clades that were concordant with the distribution of microsatellite genotypes. Several private cpDNA haplotypes were identified in Chinese Assam tea in Southern Yunnan province of China. Therefore Chinese Assam tea will be important for the enrichment of African tea gene pools. Our results is a useful guide in future tea breeding programmes in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Cheloti Wambulwa
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Genetic Resources Unit, World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, P. O. Box, 30677, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Muditha Kasun Meegahakumbura
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Genetic and Plant Breeding Division, Coconut Research Institute, Bandirippuwa Estate, 61150, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka
| | - Samson Kamunya
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Tea Research Institute (KALRO-TRI), Kericho, Kenya
| | - Alice Muchugi
- Genetic Resources Unit, World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, P. O. Box, 30677, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Michael Möller
- Department of Science, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Jian-Chu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia Office, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
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Habitat Variability and Ethnic Diversity in Northern Tibetan Plateau. Sci Rep 2017; 7:918. [PMID: 28428559 PMCID: PMC5430525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There are 56 officially-recognized ethnic groups in China. However, the distinct geographic patterns of various ethnic groups in relation to the physical environment in China have rarely been investigated. Based on the geo-referenced physical environmental parameters of 455 Han, Tu, Hui, Salar, Mongolian, and Tibetan communities in Qinghai, we found that the communities could be statistically demarcated by temperature and aridity threshold according to their ethnicity, implying that the geographic distribution of each ethnic group is mediated by the physical environment. We also observed that the habitat of each ethnic group is ecologically compatible with current subsistence strategies. Tibetans settle in cold and humid high-altitude regions owing to the cultivation of highland barley and the breeding of yak, dzo, Tibetan sheep and Tibetan goat. Mongolians survive by animal husbandry in cold and dry grassland areas. Han and Tu people settle in the Huangshui River Valley, which offers relatively humid climate and flat land for agriculture. Hui and Salar people occupy the Yellow River Valley with its relatively arid environment and grassland vegetation suitable for animal breeding. Our findings offer a new perspective in explaining the geographic patterns and the varieties of ethnic groups in China and elsewhere.
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