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Martínez-Lozano A, Gutierrez R, Juan CG, Blanco-Angulo C, García-Martínez H, Torregrosa G, Sabater-Navarro JM, Ávila-Navarro E. Microwave Imaging System Based on Signal Analysis in a Planar Environment for Detection of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:149. [PMID: 38534256 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
A proof-of-concept of a microwave imaging system for the fast detection of abdominal aortic aneurysms is shown. This experimental technology seeks to overcome the factors hampering the fast screening for these aneurysms with the usual equipment, such as high cost, long-time operation or hazardous exposure to chemical substances. The hardware system is composed of 16 twin antennas mastered by a microcontroller through a switching network, which connects the antennas to the measurement instrument for sequential measurement. The software system is run by a computer, mastering the whole system, automatizing the measurement process and running the signal processing and medical image generation algorithms. Two image generation algorithms are tested: Delay-and-Sum (DAS) and Improved Delay-and-Sum (IDAS). Own-modified versions of these algorithms adapted to the requirements of our system are proposed. The system is carefully calibrated and fine-tuned with known objects placed at known distances. An experimental proof-of-concept is shown with a human torso phantom, including an aorta phantom and an aneurysm phantom placed in different positions. The results show good imaging capabilities with the potential for detecting and locating possible abdominal aortic aneurysms and reporting acceptable errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Martínez-Lozano
- Microwave Laboratory Research Group, Engineering Research Institute of Elche, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Roberto Gutierrez
- Microwave Laboratory Research Group, Engineering Research Institute of Elche, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Carlos G Juan
- Neuroengineering Biomedical Research Group, Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Electronic Design and Signal Processing Techniques Research Group, Department of Electronics, Computer Technology and Projects, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Carolina Blanco-Angulo
- Microwave Laboratory Research Group, Engineering Research Institute of Elche, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Héctor García-Martínez
- Microwave Laboratory Research Group, Engineering Research Institute of Elche, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Germán Torregrosa
- Microwave Laboratory Research Group, Engineering Research Institute of Elche, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - José María Sabater-Navarro
- Neuroengineering Biomedical Research Group, Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Ernesto Ávila-Navarro
- Microwave Laboratory Research Group, Engineering Research Institute of Elche, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain
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2
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Abbosh A, Bialkowski K, Guo L, Al-Saffar A, Zamani A, Trakic A, Brankovic A, Bialkowski A, Zhu G, Cook D, Crozier S. Clinical electromagnetic brain scanner. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5760. [PMID: 38459073 PMCID: PMC10923816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and early diagnosis and prompt medical intervention are thus crucial. Frequent monitoring of stroke patients is also essential to assess treatment efficacy and detect complications earlier. While computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used for stroke diagnosis, they cannot be easily used onsite, nor for frequent monitoring purposes. To meet those requirements, an electromagnetic imaging (EMI) device, which is portable, non-invasive, and non-ionizing, has been developed. It uses a headset with an antenna array that irradiates the head with a safe low-frequency EM field and captures scattered fields to map the brain using a complementary set of physics-based and data-driven algorithms, enabling quasi-real-time detection, two-dimensional localization, and classification of strokes. This study reports clinical findings from the first time the device was used on stroke patients. The clinical results on 50 patients indicate achieving an overall accuracy of 98% in classification and 80% in two-dimensional quadrant localization. With its lightweight design and potential for use by a single para-medical staff at the point of care, the device can be used in intensive care units, emergency departments, and by paramedics for onsite diagnosis.
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Grants
- CRC-P60941 Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Cooperative Research Centres Projects (CRC-P) Grants
- CRC-P60941 Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Cooperative Research Centres Projects (CRC-P) Grants
- CRC-P60941 Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Cooperative Research Centres Projects (CRC-P) Grants
- CRC-P60941 Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Cooperative Research Centres Projects (CRC-P) Grants
- CRC-P60941 Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Cooperative Research Centres Projects (CRC-P) Grants
- CRC-P60941 Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Cooperative Research Centres Projects (CRC-P) Grants
- CRC-P60941 Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Cooperative Research Centres Projects (CRC-P) Grants
- CRC-P60941 Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Cooperative Research Centres Projects (CRC-P) Grants
- CRC-P60941 Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Cooperative Research Centres Projects (CRC-P) Grants
- CRC-P60941 Australian Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Cooperative Research Centres Projects (CRC-P) Grants
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Abbosh
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia.
| | - Konstanty Bialkowski
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Ahmed Al-Saffar
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Ali Zamani
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Adnan Trakic
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Aida Brankovic
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Alina Bialkowski
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Guohun Zhu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia
| | - David Cook
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Stuart Crozier
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD4072, Australia
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3
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Adams JW, Chen L, Serano P, Nazarian A, Ludwig R, Makaroff SN. Miniaturized Dual Antiphase Patch Antenna Radiating into the Human Body at 2.4 GHz. IEEE JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETICS, RF AND MICROWAVES IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 7:182-186. [PMID: 37886656 PMCID: PMC10601022 DOI: 10.1109/jerm.2023.3247959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
An on-body antenna, comprised of two closely-spaced antiphase patch elements, for microwave imaging may provide enhanced signal penetration into the tissue. By further integrating a 180-degree on-chip power combiner with the dual antiphase patch antenna element, a low-profile miniaturized antenna, integrated into a single 18.5 mm x 10 mm x 1.6 mm circuit board assembly, is designed and evaluated both numerically and experimentally. This is the smallest on-body antenna known to the authors for the given frequency band. This linearly polarized antenna may potentially serve as a building block of a dense antenna array for prospective high-resolution microwave imaging. A 2.4 GHz band was chosen as the design target. The final antenna size was a compromise between the miniaturization, the SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio), and the targeted antenna bandwidth (2.3-2.5 GHz). The effect of surface waves (the secondary radiating components) was also factored in the design consideration, while maximizing the detected signals' SNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan W Adams
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Louis Chen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Peter Serano
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Ara Nazarian
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Reinhold Ludwig
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Sergey N Makaroff
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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4
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Ullah R, Saied I, Arslan T. Multistatic radar-based imaging in layered and dispersive media for biomedical applications. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2023.104568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Buisson C, Mounien L, Sicard F, Landrier JF, Tishkova V, Sabouroux P. Dielectric and Biological Characterization of Liver Tissue in a High-Fat Diet Mouse Model. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3434. [PMID: 37050495 PMCID: PMC10098745 DOI: 10.3390/s23073434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis may be caused by type 2 diabetes or obesity and is one of the origins of chronic liver disease. A non-invasive technique based on microwave propagation can be a good solution to monitor hepatic tissue pathologies. The present work is devoted to the dielectric permittivity measurements in healthy and fatty liver in the microwave range. A mouse model following normal and high sugar/glucose (HFS) diets was used. We demonstrated the change in the triglyceride and glucose concentration in the hepatic tissue of HFS diet mice. The difference in the dielectric permittivity of healthy and fatty liver was observed in the range from 100 MHz to 2 GHz. The dielectric permittivity was found to be 42 in the healthy tissue and 31 in the fatty liver tissue at 1 GHz. The obtained results demonstrate that dielectric permittivity can be a sensitive tool to distinguish between healthy and fatty hepatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Buisson
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, Marseille, France
| | - Lourdes Mounien
- Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Flavie Sicard
- Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
- PhenoMARS Aix-Marseille Technology Platform, CriBiom, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Sabouroux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
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Dilman İ, Bilgin E, Akıncı MN, Coşğun S, Doğu S, Çayören M, Akduman İ. Monitoring of intracerebral hemorrhage with a linear microwave imaging algorithm. Med Biol Eng Comput 2023; 61:33-43. [PMID: 36307743 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage is a life-threatening condition where conventional imaging modalities such as CT and MRI are indispensable in diagnosing. Nevertheless, monitoring the evolution of intracerebral hemorrhage still poses a technological challenge. We consider continuous monitoring of intracerebral hemorrhage in this context and present a differential microwave imaging scheme based on a linearized inverse scattering. Our aim is to reconstruct non-anatomical maps that reveal the volumetric evolution of hemorrhage by using the differences between consecutive electric field measurements. This approach can potentially allow the monitoring of intracerebral hemorrhage in a real-time and cost-effective manner. Here, we devise an indicator function, which reveals the position, volumetric growth, and shrinkage of hemorrhage. Later, the method is numerically tested via a 3D anthropomorphic dielectric head model. Through several simulations performed for different locations of intracerebral hemorrhage, the indicator function-based technique is demonstrated to be capable of detecting the changes accurately. Finally, the robustness under noisy conditions is analyzed to assess the feasibility of the method. This analysis suggests that the method can be used to monitor the evolution of intracerebral hemorrhage in real-world scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Dilman
- Dept. of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Egemen Bilgin
- Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, MEF University, Maslak, 34396, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nuri Akıncı
- Dept. of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Coşğun
- Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Semih Doğu
- Dept. of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Çayören
- Dept. of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Akduman
- Dept. of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Akazzim Y, El Mrabet O, Romeu J, Jofre-Roca L. Multi-Element UWB Probe Optimization for Medical Microwave Imaging. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:s23010271. [PMID: 36616869 PMCID: PMC9824268 DOI: 10.3390/s23010271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The need for non-ionizing techniques for medical imaging applications has led to the use of microwave signals. Several systems have been introduced in recent years based on increasing the number of antennas and frequency bandwidth to obtain high resolution and good accuracy in locating objects. A novel microwave imaging system that reduces the number of required antennas for precise target location appropriate for medical applications is presented. The proposed system consists of four UWB extended gap ridge horn (EGRH) antennas covering the frequency band from 0.5 GHz to 1.5 GHz mounted on a cylindrical phantom that mimics the brain in an orthogonal set of two EGRH probes. This configuration has the ability to control both the longitudinal and transversal dimensions of the reconstructed target's image, rather than controlling the spatial resolution, by increasing the frequency band that can be easily affected by medium losses. The system is tested numerically and experimentally by the detection of a cylindrical target within a human brain model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youness Akazzim
- School of Telecommunication Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- System of Information and Telecommunications Laboratory (LaSIT), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
| | - Otman El Mrabet
- System of Information and Telecommunications Laboratory (LaSIT), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
| | - Jordi Romeu
- School of Telecommunication Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Jofre-Roca
- School of Telecommunication Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Alqahtani A, Islam MT, Talukder MS, Samsuzzaman M, Bakouri M, Mansouri S, Almoneef T, Dokos S, Alharbi Y. Slotted Monopole Patch Antenna for Microwave-Based Head Imaging Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7235. [PMID: 36236334 PMCID: PMC9573509 DOI: 10.3390/s22197235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A modified monopole patch antenna for microwave-based hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke recognition is presented in this article. The designed antenna is fabricated on a cost-effective FR-4 lossy material with a 0.02 loss tangent and 4.4 dielectric constant. Its overall dimensions are 0.32 λ × 0.28 λ × 0.007 λ, where λ is the lower bandwidth 1.3 GHz frequency wavelength. An inset feeding approach is utilized to feed the antenna to reduce the input impedance (z = voltage/current). A total bandwidth (below -10 dB) of 2.4 GHz (1.3-3.7 GHz) is achieved with an effective peak gain of over 6 dBi and an efficiency of over 90%. A time-domain analysis confirms that the antenna produces minimal signal distortion. Simulated and experimental findings share a lot of similarities. Brain tissue is penetrated by the antenna to a satisfactory degree, while still exhibiting a safe specific absorption rate (SAR). The maximum SAR value measured for the head model is constrained to be equal to or below 0.1409 W/kg over the entire usable frequency band. Evaluation of theoretical and experimental evidence indicates the intended antenna is appropriate for Microwave Imaging (MWI) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Alqahtani
- Department of Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied, Medical Science, Majmaah University, Majmaah City 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Centre for Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Md Siam Talukder
- Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Patuakhali Science and Technology, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Md Samsuzzaman
- Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Patuakhali Science and Technology, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Mohsen Bakouri
- Department of Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied, Medical Science, Majmaah University, Majmaah City 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, College of Arts, Fezzan University, Traghen City 71340, Libya
| | - Sofiene Mansouri
- Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Medical Technologies, Higher Institute of Medical Technologies of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Thamer Almoneef
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Socrates Dokos
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yousef Alharbi
- Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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9
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Lauteslager T, Tommer M, Lande TS, Constandinou TG. Dynamic Microwave Imaging of the Cardiovascular System Using Ultra-Wideband Radar-on-Chip Devices. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2022; 69:2935-2946. [PMID: 35271437 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2022.3158251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microwave imaging has been investigated for medical applications such as stroke and breast imaging. Current systems typically rely on bench-top equipment to scan at a variety of antenna positions. For dynamic imaging of moving structures, such as the cardiovascular system, much higher imaging speeds are required than what has thus far been reported. Recent innovations in radar-on-chip technology allow for simultaneous high speed data collection at multiple antenna positions at a fraction of the cost of conventional microwave equipment, in a small and potentially portable system. The objective of the current work is to provide proof of concept of dynamic microwave imaging in the body, using radar-on-chip technology. METHODS Arrays of body-coupled antennas were used with nine simultaneously operated coherent ultra-wideband radar chips. Data were collected from the chest and thigh of a volunteer, with the objective of imaging the femoral artery and beating heart. In addition, data were collected from a phantom to validate system performance. Video data were constructed using beamforming. RESULTS The location of the femoral artery could successfully be resolved, and a distinct arterial pulse wave was discernable. Cardiac activity was imaged at locations corresponding to the heart, but image quality was insufficient to identify individual anatomical structures. Static and differential imaging of the femur bone proved unsuccessful. CONCLUSION Using radar chip technology and an imaging approach, cardiovascular activity was detected in the body, demonstrating first steps towards biomedical dynamic microwave imaging. The current portable and modular system design was found unsuitable for static in-body imaging. SIGNIFICANCE This first proof of concept demonstrates that radar-on-chip could enable cardiovascular imaging in a low-cost, small and portable system. Such a system could make medical imaging more accessible, particularly in ambulatory or long-term monitoring settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Lauteslager
- Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | | | - Tor S. Lande
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Timothy G. Constandinou
- Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, U.K
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Ahsan F, Chi T, Cho R, Sheth SA, Goodman W, Aazhang B. EMvelop stimulation: minimally invasive deep brain stimulation using temporally interfering electromagnetic waves. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35700717 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac7894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, the temporal interference stimulation (TIS) technique for focal noninvasive deep brain stimulation (DBS) was reported. However, subsequent computational modeling studies on the human brain have shown that while TIS achieves higher focality of electric fields than state-of-the-art methods, further work is needed to improve the stimulation strength. Here, we investigate the idea of EMvelop stimulation, a minimally invasive DBS setup using temporally interfering gigahertz (GHz) electromagnetic (EM) waves. At GHz frequencies, we can create antenna arrays at the scale of a few centimeters or less that can be endocranially implanted to enable longitudinal stimulation and circumvent signal attenuation due to the scalp and skull. Furthermore, owing to the small wavelength of GHz EM waves, we can optimize both amplitudes and phases of the EM waves to achieve high intensity and focal stimulation at targeted regions within the safety limit for exposure to EM waves. APPROACH We develop a simulation framework investigating the propagation of GHz EM waves generated by line current antenna elements and the corresponding heat generated in the brain tissue. We propose two optimization flows to identify antenna current amplitudes and phases for either maximal intensity or maximal focality transmission of the interfering electric fields with EM waves safety constraint. MAIN RESULTS A representative result of our study is that with two endocranially implanted arrays of size 4.2 cm × 4.7 cm each, we can achieve an intensity of 12 V/m with a focality of 3.6 cm at a target deep in the brain tissue. SIGNIFICANCE In this proof-of-principle study, we show that the idea of EMvelop stimulation merits further investigation as it can be a minimally invasive way of stimulating deep brain targets and offers benefits not shared by prior methodologies of electrical or magnetic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ahsan
- Electrical and computer engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005, UNITED STATES
| | - Taiyun Chi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005-1892, UNITED STATES
| | - Raymond Cho
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, Houston, Texas, 77030-3411, UNITED STATES
| | - Sameer A Sheth
- Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Neurosurgery Houston, TX, USA, Houston, Texas, 77030, UNITED STATES
| | - Wayne Goodman
- Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Psychiatry Houston, TX, USA, Houston, Texas, 77030, UNITED STATES
| | - Behnaam Aazhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, George R. Brown School of Engineering, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA, Houston, 77005, UNITED STATES
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11
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Abdullah N, Abd. Aziz MZA, Shukur Jaafar A. Design of a High Directive Sensor With SRR for Microwave Imaging Application. 2021 IEEE ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETICS (APACE) 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/apace53143.2021.9760619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuruliswa Abdullah
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering,Melaka,Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Z. A. Abd. Aziz
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering,Melaka,Malaysia
| | - Abd Shukur Jaafar
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering,Melaka,Malaysia
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12
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Microwave power penetration enhancement inside an inhomogeneous human head. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21793. [PMID: 34750437 PMCID: PMC8575919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The penetration of microwave power inside a human head model is improved by employing a dielectric loaded rectangular waveguide as the transmission source. A multi-layer reflection model is investigated to evaluate the combined material characteristics of different lossy human head tissues at 2.45 GHz. A waveguide loaded with a calculated permittivity of 3.62 is shown to maximise the microwave power penetration at the desired frequency. A Quartz (SiO2) loaded rectangular waveguide fed by a microstrip antenna is designed to validate the power penetration improvement inside an inhomogeneous human head phantom. A measured 1.33 dB power penetration increment is observed for the dielectric loaded waveguide over a standard rectangular waveguide at 50 mm inside the head, with an 81.9% reduction in the size of the transmission source.
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13
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Wilson AJ, Rahman M, Kosmas P, Thanou M. Nanomaterials responding to microwaves: an emerging field for imaging and therapy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:3417-3429. [PMID: 34527861 PMCID: PMC8388194 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00840k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, new microwave-based imaging, sensing and hyperthermia applications have emerged in the field of diagnostics and therapy. For diagnosis, this technology involves the application of low power microwaves, utilising contrast between the relative permittivity of tissues to identify pathologies. This contrast can be further enhanced through the implementation of nanomaterials. For therapy, this technology can be applied in tissues either through hyperthermia, which can help anti-cancer drug tumour penetration or as ablation to destroy malignant tissues. Nanomaterials can absorb electromagnetic radiation and can enhance the microwave hyperthermic effect. In this review we aim to introduce this area of renewed interest and provide insights into current developments in its technologies and companion nanoparticles, as well as presenting an overview of applications for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annah J Wilson
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
- Department of Engineering, King's College London UK
| | - Mohammed Rahman
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
- Department of Engineering, King's College London UK
| | | | - Maya Thanou
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
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Alqadami A, Zamani A, Trakic A, Abbosh A. Flexible Electromagnetic Cap for Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Head Imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:2880-2891. [PMID: 34043503 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3084313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The timely treatment is the crucial element for the survival of patients with brain stroke. Thus, a fast, cost-effective, and portable device is needed for the early and on-the-spot diagnosis of stroke patients. A 3D electromagnetic head imaging system for rapid brain stroke diagnosis with a wearable and lightweight platform is presented. The platform comprises a custom-built flexible cap with a 24-element planar antenna array, and a flexible matching medium layer. The custom-built cap is made out of an engineered polymer-ceramic composite substrate of RTV silicone rubber and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) for enhanced dielectric properties and mechanical flexibility and robustness. The array is arranged into two elliptical rings that are entirely incorporated into the flexible cap. The employed antenna elements within the system are compact with low SAR values over the utilized frequency range of 0.9-2.5 GHz. Moreover, a flexible matching medium layer is introduced on the front of the apertures of the antenna array to enhance the impedance matching with the skin. The detection capability of the system is experimentally verified on 3D realistic head phantoms at multiple imaging scenarios and different types of strokes. The reconstructed 3D and 2D multi-slice images using the beamforming and polar sensitivity encoding (PSE) image processing algorithms indicate the applicability and potential of the system for onsite brain imaging.
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15
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Abstract
Wireless power transmission (WPT) is a critical technology that provides an alternative for wireless power and communication with implantable medical devices (IMDs). This article provides a study concentrating on popular WPT techniques for IMDs including inductive coupling, microwave, ultrasound, and hybrid wireless power transmission (HWPT) systems. Moreover, an overview of the major works is analyzed with a comparison of the symmetric and asymmetric design elements, operating frequency, distance, efficiency, and harvested power. In general, with respect to the operating frequency, it is concluded that the ultrasound-based and inductive-based WPTs have a low operating frequency of less than 50 MHz, whereas the microwave-based WPT works at a higher frequency. Moreover, it can be seen that most of the implanted receiver’s dimension is less than 30 mm for all the WPT-based methods. Furthermore, the HWPT system has a larger receiver size compared to the other methods used. In terms of efficiency, the maximum power transfer efficiency is conducted via inductive-based WPT at 95%, compared to the achievable frequencies of 78%, 50%, and 17% for microwave-based, ultrasound-based, and hybrid WPT, respectively. In general, the inductive coupling tactic is mostly employed for transmission of energy to neuro-stimulators, and the ultrasonic method is used for deep-seated implants.
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16
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Sasada S, Masumoto N, Song H, Emi A, Kadoya T, Arihiro K, Kikkawa T, Okada M. Microwave Breast Imaging Using Rotational Bistatic Impulse Radar for the Detection of Breast Cancer: Protocol for a Prospective Diagnostic Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e17524. [PMID: 33074156 PMCID: PMC7605985 DOI: 10.2196/17524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mammography is the standard examination for breast cancer screening; however, it is associated with pain and exposure to ionizing radiation. Microwave breast imaging is a less invasive method for breast cancer surveillance. A bistatic impulse radar–based breast cancer detector has recently been developed. Objective This study aims to present a protocol for evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of the novel microwave breast imaging device. Methods This is a prospective diagnostic study. A total of 120 participants were recruited before treatment administration and divided into 2 cohorts: 100 patients diagnosed with breast cancer and 20 participants with benign breast tumors. The detector will be directly placed on each breast, while the participant is in supine position, without a coupling medium. Confocal images will be created based on the analyzed data, and the presence of breast tumors will be assessed. The primary endpoint will be the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the detector for breast cancer and benign tumors. The secondary endpoint will be the safety and detectability of each molecular subtype of breast cancer. For an exploratory endpoint, the influence of breast density and tumor size on tumor detection will be investigated. Results Recruitment began in November 2018 and was completed by March 2020. We anticipate the preliminary results to be available by summer 2021. Conclusions This study will provide insights on the diagnostic accuracy of microwave breast imaging using a rotational bistatic impulse radar. The collected data will improve the diagnostic algorithm of microwave imaging and lead to enhanced device performance. Trial Registration Japan Registry of Clinical Trials jRCTs062180005; https://jrct.niph.go.jp/en-latest-detail/jRCTs062180005 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/17524
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Sasada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Norio Masumoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hang Song
- Research Institute for Nanodevice and Bio Systems, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akiko Emi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kadoya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koji Arihiro
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takamaro Kikkawa
- Research Institute for Nanodevice and Bio Systems, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan
| | - Morihito Okada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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17
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A Novel Microwave Treatment for Sleep Disorders and Classification of Sleep Stages Using Multi-Scale Entropy. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22030347. [PMID: 33286121 PMCID: PMC7516818 DOI: 10.3390/e22030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an integrated system of non-contact sleep stage detection and sleep disorder treatment for health monitoring. Hence, a method of brain activity detection based on microwave scattering technology instead of scalp electroencephalogram was developed to evaluate the sleep stage. First, microwaves at a specific frequency were used to penetrate the functional sites of the brain in patients with sleep disorders to change the firing frequency of the activated areas of the brain and analyze and evaluate statistically the effects on sleep improvement. Then, a wavelet packet algorithm was used to decompose the microwave transmission signal, the refined composite multiscale sample entropy, the refined composite multiscale fluctuation-based dispersion entropy and multivariate multiscale weighted permutation entropy were obtained as features from the wavelet packet coefficient. Finally, the mutual information-principal component analysis feature selection method was used to optimize the feature set and random forest was used to classify and evaluate the sleep stage. The results show that after four times of microwave modulation treatment, sleep efficiency improved continuously, the overall maintenance was above 80%, and the insomnia rate was reduced gradually. The overall classification accuracy of the four sleep stages was 86.4%. The results indicate that the microwaves with a certain frequency can treat sleep disorders and detect abnormal brain activity. Therefore, the microwave scattering method is of great significance in the development of a new brain disease treatment, diagnosis and clinical application system.
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18
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Fhager A, Candefjord S, Elam M, Persson M. 3D Simulations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Detection Using Broadband Microwave Technology. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E3482. [PMID: 31395840 PMCID: PMC6719940 DOI: 10.3390/s19163482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Early, preferably prehospital, detection of intracranial bleeding after trauma or stroke would dramatically improve the acute care of these large patient groups. In this paper, we use simulated microwave transmission data to investigate the performance of a machine learning classification algorithm based on subspace distances for the detection of intracranial bleeding. A computational model, consisting of realistic human head models of patients with bleeding, as well as healthy subjects, was inserted in an antenna array model. The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method was then used to generate simulated transmission coefficients between all possible combinations of antenna pairs. These transmission data were used both to train and evaluate the performance of the classification algorithm and to investigate its ability to distinguish patients with versus without intracranial bleeding. We studied how classification results were affected by the number of healthy subjects and patients used to train the algorithm, and in particular, we were interested in investigating how many samples were needed in the training dataset to obtain classification results better than chance. Our results indicated that at least 200 subjects, i.e., 100 each of the healthy subjects and bleeding patients, were needed to obtain classification results consistently better than chance (p < 0.05 using Student's t-test). The results also showed that classification results improved with the number of subjects in the training data. With a sample size that approached 1000 subjects, classifications results characterized as area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) approached 1.0, indicating very high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fhager
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- MedTech West, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Candefjord
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- MedTech West, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Elam
- MedTech West, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Inst of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept. of Clinical Neurophysiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University and with Neuro-Division, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Persson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- MedTech West, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Ahsan S, Guo Z, Miao Z, Sotiriou I, Koutsoupidou M, Kallos E, Palikaras G, Kosmas P. Design and Experimental Validation of a Multiple-Frequency Microwave Tomography System Employing the DBIM-TwIST Algorithm. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18103491. [PMID: 30332843 PMCID: PMC6209939 DOI: 10.3390/s18103491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a first prototype of a wideband microwave tomography system with potential application to medical imaging. The system relies on a compact and robust printed monopole antenna which can operate in the 1.0–3.0 GHz range when fully immersed in commonly used coupling liquids, such as glycerine–water solutions. By simulating the proposed imaging setup in CST Microwave Studio, we study the signal transmission levels and array sensitivity for different target and coupling liquid media. We then present the experimental prototype design and data acquisition process, and show good agreement between experimentally measured data and results from the CST simulations. We assess imaging performance by applying our previously proposed two-dimensional (2-D) DBIM TwIST-algorithm to both simulated and experimental datasets, and demonstrate that the system can reconstruct simple cylindrical targets at multiple frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ahsan
- Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London WC2B 4PH, UK.
| | - Ziwen Guo
- Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London WC2B 4PH, UK.
| | - Zhenzhuang Miao
- Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London WC2B 4PH, UK.
| | - Ioannis Sotiriou
- Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London WC2B 4PH, UK.
| | - Maria Koutsoupidou
- Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London WC2B 4PH, UK.
| | | | | | - Panagiotis Kosmas
- Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London WC2B 4PH, UK.
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20
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Munawar Qureshi A, Mustansar Z, Mustafa S. Finite-element analysis of microwave scattering from a three-dimensional human head model for brain stroke detection. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180319. [PMID: 30109085 PMCID: PMC6083670 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a detailed analysis of microwave (MW) scattering from a three-dimensional (3D) anthropomorphic human head model is presented. It is the first time that the finite-element method (FEM) has been deployed to study the MW scattering phenomenon of a 3D realistic head model for brain stroke detection. A major contribution of this paper is to add anatomically more realistic details to the human head model compared with the literature available to date. Using the MRI database, a 3D numerical head model was developed and segmented into 21 different types through a novel tissue-mapping scheme and a mixed-model approach. The heterogeneous and frequency-dispersive dielectric properties were assigned to brain tissues using the same mapping technique. To mimic the simulation set-up, an eight-elements antenna array around the head model was designed using dipole antennae. Two types of brain stroke (haemorrhagic and ischaemic) at various locations inside the head model were then analysed for possible detection and classification. The transmitted and backscattered signals were calculated by finding out the solution of the Helmholtz wave equation in the frequency domain using the FEM. FE mesh convergence analysis for electric field values and comparison between different types of iterative solver were also performed to obtain error-free results in minimal computational time. At the end, specific absorption rate analysis was conducted to examine the ionization effects of MW signals to a 3D human head model. Through computer simulations, it is foreseen that MW imaging may efficiently be exploited to locate and differentiate two types of brain stroke by detecting abnormal tissues' dielectric properties. A significant contrast between electric field values of the normal and stroke-affected brain tissues was observed at the stroke location. This is a step towards generating MW scattering information for the development of an efficient image reconstruction algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Munawar Qureshi
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Zartasha Mustansar
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Samah Mustafa
- College of Engineering, Salahaddin University, Erbil 44002, Iraq
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21
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Sasada S, Masumoto N, Song H, Kajitani K, Emi A, Kadoya T, Arihiro K, Kikkawa T, Okada M. Portable impulse-radar detector for breast cancer: a pilot study. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2018; 5:025502. [PMID: 29900185 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.5.2.025502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave breast imaging is a painless and nonradiation method. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the detective capability and feasibility of a prototype of a portable breast cancer detector using a radar-based imaging system. Five patients with histologically confirmed breast cancers with a minimum diameter of 1 cm were enrolled in this study. The antenna array dome of the device was placed on the breast of the patient in a supine position for 15 min per single examination. The primary endpoint was a detection rate of breast cancers. The secondary endpoints were positional accuracy and adverse event. All five targeted breast tumors were detected and were visualized at the sites confirmed by other diagnostic modalities. Among five tumors, one was not detected via mammography because of heterogeneously dense breast and another was a microinvasive carcinoma of invasive tumor size 0.5 mm. No study-related adverse events occurred. The prototype of a portable breast cancer detector has sufficient detective capability, is safe for clinical use, and might detect an early stage breast cancer, such as noninvasive carcinoma. Future developments should focus on further decreasing the size of the machine and shortening inspection time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Sasada
- Hiroshima University, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Department of Surgical Oncology, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Norio Masumoto
- Hiroshima University, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Department of Surgical Oncology, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hang Song
- Hiroshima University, Research Institute for Nanodevice and Bio Systems, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keiko Kajitani
- Hiroshima University, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Department of Surgical Oncology, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akiko Emi
- Hiroshima University, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Department of Surgical Oncology, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kadoya
- Hiroshima University, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Department of Surgical Oncology, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koji Arihiro
- Hiroshima University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Takamaro Kikkawa
- Hiroshima University, Research Institute for Nanodevice and Bio Systems, Higashi-hiroshima, Japan
| | - Morihito Okada
- Hiroshima University, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Department of Surgical Oncology, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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22
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Griffith J, Cluff K, Eckerman B, Aldrich J, Becker R, Moore-Jansen P, Patterson J. Non-Invasive Electromagnetic Skin Patch Sensor to Measure Intracranial Fluid-Volume Shifts. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18041022. [PMID: 29596338 PMCID: PMC5948883 DOI: 10.3390/s18041022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intracranial fluid volume can drive intracranial pressure increases, which can potentially result in numerous neurological complications or death. This study’s focus was to develop a passive skin patch sensor for the head that would non-invasively measure cranial fluid volume shifts. The sensor consists of a single baseline component configured into a rectangular planar spiral with a self-resonant frequency response when impinged upon by external radio frequency sweeps. Fluid volume changes (10 mL increments) were detected through cranial bone using the sensor on a dry human skull model. Preliminary human tests utilized two sensors to determine feasibility of detecting fluid volume shifts in the complex environment of the human body. The correlation between fluid volume changes and shifts in the first resonance frequency using the dry human skull was classified as a second order polynomial with R2 = 0.97. During preliminary and secondary human tests, a ≈24 MHz and an average of ≈45.07 MHz shifts in the principal resonant frequency were measured respectively, corresponding to the induced cephalad bio-fluid shifts. This electromagnetic resonant sensor may provide a non-invasive method to monitor shifts in fluid volume and assist with medical scenarios including stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, concussion, or monitoring intracranial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Griffith
- Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
| | - Kim Cluff
- Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
| | - Brandon Eckerman
- Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
| | - Jessica Aldrich
- Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
| | - Ryan Becker
- Biomedical Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
| | - Peer Moore-Jansen
- Department of Anthropology, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
| | - Jeremy Patterson
- Human Performance Studies, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Creativity, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA.
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23
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O'Loughlin D, Oliveira BL, Elahi MA, Glavin M, Jones E, Popović M, O'Halloran M. Parameter Search Algorithms for Microwave Radar-Based Breast Imaging: Focal Quality Metrics as Fitness Functions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2823. [PMID: 29211018 PMCID: PMC5751619 DOI: 10.3390/s17122823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inaccurate estimation of average dielectric properties can have a tangible impact on microwave radar-based breast images. Despite this, recent patient imaging studies have used a fixed estimate although this is known to vary from patient to patient. Parameter search algorithms are a promising technique for estimating the average dielectric properties from the reconstructed microwave images themselves without additional hardware. In this work, qualities of accurately reconstructed images are identified from point spread functions. As the qualities of accurately reconstructed microwave images are similar to the qualities of focused microscopic and photographic images, this work proposes the use of focal quality metrics for average dielectric property estimation. The robustness of the parameter search is evaluated using experimental dielectrically heterogeneous phantoms on the three-dimensional volumetric image. Based on a very broad initial estimate of the average dielectric properties, this paper shows how these metrics can be used as suitable fitness functions in parameter search algorithms to reconstruct clear and focused microwave radar images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan O'Loughlin
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Bárbara L Oliveira
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Muhammad Adnan Elahi
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Martin Glavin
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Edward Jones
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | | | - Martin O'Halloran
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
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24
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Qureshi AM, Mustansar Z. Levels of detail analysis of microwave scattering from human head models for brain stroke detection. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4061. [PMID: 29177115 PMCID: PMC5701549 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we have presented a microwave scattering analysis from multiple human head models. This study incorporates different levels of detail in the human head models and its effect on microwave scattering phenomenon. Two levels of detail are taken into account; (i) Simplified ellipse shaped head model (ii) Anatomically realistic head model, implemented using 2-D geometry. In addition, heterogenic and frequency-dispersive behavior of the brain tissues has also been incorporated in our head models. It is identified during this study that the microwave scattering phenomenon changes significantly once the complexity of head model is increased by incorporating more details using magnetic resonance imaging database. It is also found out that the microwave scattering results match in both types of head model (i.e., geometrically simple and anatomically realistic), once the measurements are made in the structurally simplified regions. However, the results diverge considerably in the complex areas of brain due to the arbitrary shape interface of tissue layers in the anatomically realistic head model. After incorporating various levels of detail, the solution of subject microwave scattering problem and the measurement of transmitted and backscattered signals were obtained using finite element method. Mesh convergence analysis was also performed to achieve error free results with a minimum number of mesh elements and a lesser degree of freedom in the fast computational time. The results were promising and the E-Field values converged for both simple and complex geometrical models. However, the E-Field difference between both types of head model at the same reference point differentiated a lot in terms of magnitude. At complex location, a high difference value of 0.04236 V/m was measured compared to the simple location, where it turned out to be 0.00197 V/m. This study also contributes to provide a comparison analysis between the direct and iterative solvers so as to find out the solution of subject microwave scattering problem in a minimum computational time along with memory resources requirement. It is seen from this study that the microwave imaging may effectively be utilized for the detection, localization and differentiation of different types of brain stroke. The simulation results verified that the microwave imaging can be efficiently exploited to study the significant contrast between electric field values of the normal and abnormal brain tissues for the investigation of brain anomalies. In the end, a specific absorption rate analysis was carried out to compare the ionizing effects of microwave signals to different types of head model using a factor of safety for brain tissues. It is also suggested after careful study of various inversion methods in practice for microwave head imaging, that the contrast source inversion method may be more suitable and computationally efficient for such problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Munawar Qureshi
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zartasha Mustansar
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
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25
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Detectability of Breast Tumor by a Hand-held Impulse-Radar Detector: Performance Evaluation and Pilot Clinical Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16353. [PMID: 29180760 PMCID: PMC5703952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, a hand-held impulse-radar breast cancer detector is presented and the detectability of malignant breast tumors is demonstrated in the clinical test at Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan. The core functional parts of the detector consist of 65-nm technology complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuits covering the ultrawideband width from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, which enable the generation and transmission of Gaussian monocycle pulse (GMP) with the pulse width of 160 ps and single port eight throw (SP8T) switching matrices for controlling the combination of 4 × 4 cross-shaped dome antenna array. The detector is designed to be placed on the breast with the patient in the supine position. The detectability of malignant tumors is confirmed in excised breast tissues after total mastectomy surgery. The three-dimensional positions of the tumors in the imaging results are consistent with the results of histopathology analysis. The clinical tests are conducted by a clinical doctor for five patients at the hospital. The malignant tumors include invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The final confocal imaging results are consistent with those of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), demonstrating the feasibility of the hand-held impulse-radar detector for malignant breast tumors.
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26
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Oziel M, Korenstein R, Rubinsky B. Radar based technology for non-contact monitoring of accumulation of blood in the head: A numerical study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186381. [PMID: 29023544 PMCID: PMC5638502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This theoretical study examines the use of radar to continuously monitor "accumulation of blood in the head" (ACBH) non-invasively and from a distance, after the location of a hematoma or hemorrhage in the brain was initially identified with conventional medical imaging. Current clinical practice is to monitor ABCH with multiple, subsequent, conventional medical imaging. The radar technology introduced in this study could provide a lower cost and safe alternative to multiple conventional medical imaging monitoring for ACBH. MATERIALS AND METHODS The goal of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using radar to monitor changes in blood volume in the brain through a numerical simulation of ACBH monitoring from remote, with a directional spiral slot antennae, in 3-D models of the brain. The focus of this study is on evaluating the effect of frequencies on the antennae reading. To that end we performed the calculations for frequencies of 100 MHz, 500 MHz and 1 GHz. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis shows that the ACBH can be monitored with radar and the monitoring resolution improves with an increase in frequency, in the range studied. However, it also appears that when typical clinical dimensions of hematoma and hemorrhage are used, the variable ratio of blood volume radius and radar wavelength can bring the measurements into the Mie and Rayleigh regions of the radar cross section. In these regions there is an oscillatory change in signal with blood volume size. For some frequencies there is an increase in signal with an increase in volume while in others there is a decrease. CONCLUSIONS While radar can be used to monitor ACBH non-invasively and from a distance, the observed Mie region dependent oscillatory relation between blood volume size and wavelength requires further investigation. Classifiers, multifrequency algorithms or ultra-wide band radar are possible solutions that should be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Oziel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rafi Korenstein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Boris Rubinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
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On-site Rapid Diagnosis of Intracranial Hematoma using Portable Multi-slice Microwave Imaging System. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37620. [PMID: 27897197 PMCID: PMC5126641 DOI: 10.1038/srep37620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid, on-the-spot diagnostic and monitoring systems are vital for the survival of patients with intracranial hematoma, as their conditions drastically deteriorate with time. To address the limited accessibility, high costs and static structure of currently used MRI and CT scanners, a portable non-invasive multi-slice microwave imaging system is presented for accurate 3D localization of hematoma inside human head. This diagnostic system provides fast data acquisition and imaging compared to the existing systems by means of a compact array of low-profile, unidirectional antennas with wideband operation. The 3D printed low-cost and portable system can be installed in an ambulance for rapid on-site diagnosis by paramedics. In this paper, the multi-slice head imaging system’s operating principle is numerically analysed and experimentally validated on realistic head phantoms. Quantitative analyses demonstrate that the multi-slice head imaging system is able to generate better quality reconstructed images providing 70% higher average signal to clutter ratio, 25% enhanced maximum signal to clutter ratio and with around 60% hematoma target localization compared to the previous head imaging systems. Nevertheless, numerical and experimental results demonstrate that previous reported 2D imaging systems are vulnerable to localization error, which is overcome in the presented multi-slice 3D imaging system. The non-ionizing system, which uses safe levels of very low microwave power, is also tested on human subjects. Results of realistic phantom and subjects demonstrate the feasibility of the system in future preclinical trials.
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Mobashsher AT, Bialkowski KS, Abbosh AM, Crozier S. Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Non-Invasive Microwave Head Imaging System for Intracranial Haemorrhage Detection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152351. [PMID: 27073994 PMCID: PMC4830520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An intracranial haemorrhage is a life threatening medical emergency, yet only a fraction of the patients receive treatment in time, primarily due to the transport delay in accessing diagnostic equipment in hospitals such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging or Computed Tomography. A mono-static microwave head imaging system that can be carried in an ambulance for the detection and localization of intracranial haemorrhage is presented. The system employs a single ultra-wideband antenna as sensing element to transmit signals in low microwave frequencies towards the head and capture backscattered signals. The compact and low-profile antenna provides stable directional radiation patterns over the operating bandwidth in both near and far-fields. Numerical analysis of the head imaging system with a realistic head model in various situations is performed to realize the scattering mechanism of haemorrhage. A modified delay-and-summation back-projection algorithm, which includes effects of surface waves and a distance-dependent effective permittivity model, is proposed for signal and image post-processing. The efficacy of the automated head imaging system is evaluated using a 3D-printed human head phantom with frequency dispersive dielectric properties including emulated haemorrhages with different sizes located at different depths. Scattered signals are acquired with a compact transceiver in a mono-static circular scanning profile. The reconstructed images demonstrate that the system is capable of detecting haemorrhages as small as 1 cm3. While quantitative analyses reveal that the quality of images gradually degrades with the increase of the haemorrhage’s depth due to the reduction of signal penetration inside the head; rigorous statistical analysis suggests that substantial improvement in image quality can be obtained by increasing the data samples collected around the head. The proposed head imaging prototype along with the processing algorithm demonstrates its feasibility for potential use in ambulances as an effective and low cost diagnostic tool to assure timely triaging of intracranial hemorrhage patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Mobashsher
- School of ITEE, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail: ;
| | - K. S. Bialkowski
- School of ITEE, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A. M. Abbosh
- School of ITEE, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S. Crozier
- School of ITEE, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Brisbane, Australia
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