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Liu J, Wang X, Fan D, Sun L, Zhang W, Yin F, Liu B. Irisin as a predictor of bone metabolism in Han Chinese Young Men with pre-diabetic individuals. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:281. [PMID: 36401269 PMCID: PMC9673331 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01199-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin is a novel myokine both in mice and humans, and it can also be secreted by adipose tissue and the liver in a small amounts. There are few studies on irisin and bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between serum irisin levels and bone metabolism and analyze its related factors in Han young male with pre-diabetic individuals. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 41 pre-diabetes and 45 normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and bone mineral content (BMC), were performed. All patients underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) after 8 h of fasting, and the levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, serum irisin and bone turnover markers were measured. RESULTS The levels of serum irisin (4.4 ± 1.4 vs. 6.3 ± 1.5 µg/mL), P1NP and OC were significantly lower and CTX was significantly higher in the pre-diabetes group (P < 0.05). BMC did not differ in the two groups (P > 0.05). Serum irisin levels negatively correlated with BMI (r =-0.325), FPG (r =-0.329), TG (r =-0.339) (P < 0.05) in NGT individuals. Serum irisin levels positively correlated with P1NP (r = 0.398), OC (r = 0.351), HDL-C (r = 0.432) and negatively correlated with FPG (r = -0.725), 2 h-PG (r = -0.360) (P < 0.05) in pre-diabetic individuals. Multiple regression analysis revealed that Serum irisin (β = 9.768, P = 0.025) and WC (β = -2.355, P = 0.002) were significant independent predictors for P1NP. CONCLUSION Bone turnover markers were changed rather than bone mineral content in young men with pre-diabetes. In pre-diabetes individuals, serum irisin levels were reduced and close relationship with P1NP. Falling irisin levels may be a predictor of decreased bone formation in Han young men with pre-diabetes individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junru Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao Hebei Medical University, No.258 Wenhua Road, 066000, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao Hebei Medical University, No.258 Wenhua Road, 066000, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dongmei Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao Hebei Medical University, No.258 Wenhua Road, 066000, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao Hebei Medical University, No.258 Wenhua Road, 066000, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Weinan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao Hebei Medical University, No.258 Wenhua Road, 066000, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Fuzai Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao Hebei Medical University, No.258 Wenhua Road, 066000, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bowei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao Hebei Medical University, No.258 Wenhua Road, 066000, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China.
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Saedi AA, Wang Z, Shah A, Brotto M, Duque G. Comparative Analysis of Fat Composition in Marrow, Serum, and Muscle from Aging C57BL6 mice. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 206:111690. [PMID: 35752298 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcopenia is an age-related condition characterized by fragile bone and low muscle mass and function. Fat infiltration concomitantly contributes to age-related bone and muscle decline. Fat-secreted factors could be locally secreted in the muscle and bone marrow milieu affecting cell function and survival. However, the specific fat-related secretory factors that may simultaneously affect those tissues remain unknown. Using targeted-lipidomics approach, we comprehensively quantified fat composition (lipid mediators [LMs]) in bone marrow flush, gastrocnemius and serum obtained from 6-, 24- and 42-week-old C57BL6 mice. Compared to young mice (6wks), all tissues in older mice showed significantly higher levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and AA-derived eicosanoids, PGA 2, TXB 2, and 11,12-EET, which are known to affect muscle and bone function. Moreover, Lipoxin B4, another AA product and an enhancer of bone turnover and negative regulator for muscle, showed significantly lower values in older mice compared to young mice in both genders. Furthermore, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid autoxidation products (20-HDoHE, 11-HDoHE, 7-HDoHE and 4-HDoHE), and omega-3 fatty acids that negatively regulate bone and muscle health, were significantly higher in older mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that LMs could play a role in modulating musculoskeletal function during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al Saedi
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Geroscience & Osteosarcopenia Research Program, The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Anup Shah
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform and Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas-Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Geroscience & Osteosarcopenia Research Program, The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, VIC, Australia.
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3
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Rahimi M, Nazarali P, Alizadeh R. Pilates and TRX training methods can improve insulin resistance in overweight women by increasing an exercise-hormone, Irisin. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:1455-1460. [PMID: 34900797 PMCID: PMC8630183 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-021-00887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS AND BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is leading to obesity and consequently insulin resistance and diabetes. Feasible and cost efficient strategies like Pilates and total body resistance exercise (TRX) training can impede obesity and its compilation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks Pilates and TRX training programs on irisin concentration and insulin resistance in overweight women. METHOD Thirty overweight women (Body mass index (BMI): 25-29.9 kg/m2) were divided, based on their BMI, into 3 groups; control, Pilates and TRX. The participants in the training groups were subjected to moderate intensity of Pilates or TRX exercise training 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken at pre-test and 48 h after the last training session and used for analyzing irisin, insulin and glucose. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA and paired-samples t-test. RESULTS The finding showed that the Pilates training decreased body weight and BMI compared to the pre-test (P < 0.05). Also, it has been revealed that irisin concentration in response to Pilates and TRX training programs were increased in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in irisin concentrations between training groups (p > 0.05). Moreover, fasting insulin, glucose and insulin resistance were significantly reduced after exercise intervention compared to the pre-test which were significantly lowered compared to the control group as well. CONCLUSION The results suggest Pilates and TRX trainings are two efficient model of exercise that by eliciting an exercise-hormone, irisin, can improve insulin resistance in overweight women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzyeh Rahimi
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Nazarali
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rostam Alizadeh
- Department of Sports Science, School of Literature and Humanities, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
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Li X, Zhu X, Wu H, Van Dyke TE, Xu X, Morgan EF, Fu W, Liu C, Tu Q, Huang D, Chen J. Roles and Mechanisms of Irisin in Attenuating Pathological Features of Osteoarthritis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:703670. [PMID: 34650969 PMCID: PMC8509718 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.703670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects and mechanisms of irisin, a newly discovered myokine, in cartilage development, osteoarthritis (OA) pathophysiology and its therapeutic potential for treating OA we applied the following five strategical analyses using (1) murine joint tissues at different developmental stages; (2) human normal and OA pathological tissue samples; (3) experimental OA mouse model; (4) irisin gene knockout (KO) and knock in (KI) mouse lines and their cartilage cells; (5) in vitro mechanistic experiments. We found that Irisin was involved in all stages of cartilage development. Both human and mouse OA tissues showed a decreased expression of irisin. Intra-articular injection of irisin attenuated ACLT-induced OA progression. Irisin knockout mice developed severe OA while irisin overexpression in both irisin KI mice and intraarticular injection of irisin protein attenuated OA progression. Irisin inhibited inflammation and promoted anabolism in chondrogenic ADTC5 cells. Proliferative potential of primary chondrocytes from KI mice was found to be enhanced, while KO mice showed an inhibition under normal or inflammatory conditions. The primary chondrocytes from irisin KI mice showed reduced expression of inflammatory factors and the chondrocytes isolated from KO mice showed an opposite pattern. In conclusion, it is the first time to show that irisin is involved in cartilage development and OA pathogenesis. Irisin has the potential to ameliorate OA progression by decreasing cartilage degradation and inhibiting inflammation, which could lead to the development of a novel therapeutic target for treating bone and cartilage disorders including osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaofang Zhu
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hongle Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas E Van Dyke
- Clinical and Translational Research, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Elise F Morgan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qisheng Tu
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jake Chen
- Division of Oral Biology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Vasyukova OV, Kasyanova YV, Okorokov PL, Bezlepkina OB. [Myokines and adipomyokines: inflammatory mediators or unique molecules of targeted therapy for obesity?]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 67:36-45. [PMID: 34533012 DOI: 10.14341/probl12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles make up about 25% of the total mass in children and more than 40% in adults. Studies of the last twenty years have shown that along with the main functions, muscle tissue has hormonal activity. It was found that myocytes are able to release signaling molecules-myokines. They act auto-and paracrine within the muscle, and at a high level-through the systemic circulation, carrying out interactions between skeletal muscles and various organs and tissues, such as the liver, bone and adipose tissue, the brain. It is proved that the key factor in the expression of myokines is physical activity, and their level largely depends on physical fitness, the amount of skeletal muscle mass and its composition (the ratio of fast and slow fibers), on the intensity and duration of physical activity. Myokines have a wide range of physiological effects: myostatin suppresses the growth and differentiation of muscle tissue, and decorin, acting as its antagonist, promotes muscle hypertrophy. Interleukin 6 provides an energy substrate for contracting muscle fibers, fibroblast growth factor 21 activates the mechanisms of energy production during fasting and improves tissue sensitivity to insulin; irisin stimulates thermogenesis, glucose uptake by myocytes, and also contributes to an increase in bone mineral density. The study of myokines is one of the key links in understanding the mechanisms underlying obesity and metabolic complications, the consequences of a sedentary lifestyle, as well as the implementation of the action of physical activity. Taking into account the physiological effects of myokines in the body, in the future they can become therapeutic targets for the treatment of these conditions.
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DEMİREL E, YILDIZ K, ÇADIRCI K. Can Irisin Be Used in the Follow-up of Osteoporosis Treatment? ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.25000/acem.909548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Zhao R, Zhou Y, Li J, Lin J, Cui W, Peng Y, Bu W. Irisin Regulating Skeletal Response to Endurance Exercise in Ovariectomized Mice by Promoting Akt/β-Catenin Pathway. Front Physiol 2021; 12:639066. [PMID: 33841178 PMCID: PMC8027323 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.639066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Thought irisin is recognized as a pivotal modulator for bone formation, its role in regulating skeletal response to exercise training remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the change of irisin in response to 8-week exercise training and its role in regulating the effects of exercise on bone loss in ovariectomized (Ovx) mice. Methods: Forty 3-month old female C57BL/6 mic were randomly allocated into four groups: (1) Sham-operated (Sham); (2) ovariectomized; (3) Ovx plus 8-week downhill running exercise (Ex); (4) Ovx plus exercise and received twice weekly injection of cyclo RGDyk protein (a putative anti-irisin receptor agents) (ExRg). Results: Ex group showed enhanced cortical and trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) (p < 0.05), improved bone microarchitecture, and increased intensity of alkaline phosphatase positive (ALP+) cells compared with Ovx group. However, cyclo RGDyk administration weakened the exercise-related improvement of vBMD, BV/TV, and ALP intensity in bone. Serum estradiol, irisin, and bone alkaline phosphatase were higher, whereas circulating tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was lower in Ex group compared with Ovx group (p < 0.05). Exercise promoted mRNA expression of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), Akt and β-catenin, and enhanced protein levels of FNDC5, the ratio of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) to Akt, and β-catenin (p < 0.05). When irisin pathways were blocked with cyclo RGDyk, increment of Akt, p-Akt/Akt, and β-catenin in Ex mice were attenuated. Conclusion: It is suggested that irisin plays a potential role in regulating skeletal response to exercise partly through its interaction with Akt/β-catenin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqing Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yalan Zhou
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinqiao Li
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Lin
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Cui
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Bu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Ou-Yang WL, Guo B, Xu F, Lin X, Li FXZ, Shan SK, Wu F, Wang Y, Zheng MH, Xu QS, Yuan LQ. The Controversial Role of Irisin in Clinical Management of Coronary Heart Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:678309. [PMID: 34276559 PMCID: PMC8281113 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.678309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin, a PGC1α-dependent myokine, was once believed to have beneficial effects induced by exercise. Since its first discovery of adipose browning in 2012, multiple studies have been trying to explore the metabolic functions of irisin, such as glucose and lipid metabolism. However, recently many studies with irisin concentration measuring were doubt for methodological problems, which may account for the continuous inconsistencies. New tools like recombinant irisin and gene-knockout mice are required to reconfirm the questioned functions of irisin. In this paper, we make a critical introduction to the latest researches concerning the relationship between irisin and coronary heart disease, which includes atherosclerosis, stable angina pectoris and acute coronary syndromes. These studies provided various controversial evidence of short and long-term monitoring and therapeutic effect from molecular cellular mechanisms, in vivo experiments and epidemiological investigation. But with ambiguities, irisin still has a long way to go to identify its functions in the clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lu Ou-Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ling-Qing Yuan,
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He C, He W, Hou J, Chen K, Huang M, Yang M, Luo X, Li C. Bone and Muscle Crosstalk in Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:585644. [PMID: 33363144 PMCID: PMC7758235 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.585644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are two age-related diseases that affect the quality of life in the elderly. Initially, they were thought to be two independent diseases; however, recently, increasing basic and clinical data suggest that skeletal muscle and bone are both spatially and metabolically connected. The term “osteosarcopenia” is used to define a condition of synergy of low bone mineral density with muscle atrophy and hypofunction. Bone and muscle cells secrete several factors, such as cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, into the circulation to influence the biological and pathological activities in local and distant organs and cells. Recent studies reveal that extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs derived from senescent skeletal muscle and bone cells can also be transported and aid in regulating bone-muscle crosstalk. In this review, we summarize the age-related changes in the secretome and extracellular vesicle-microRNAs secreted by the muscle and bone, and discuss their interactions between muscle and bone cells during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen He
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenzhen He
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kaixuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianghang Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Changjun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Kirk B, Feehan J, Lombardi G, Duque G. Muscle, Bone, and Fat Crosstalk: the Biological Role of Myokines, Osteokines, and Adipokines. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:388-400. [PMID: 32529456 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Skeletal muscle and bone are connected anatomically and physiologically, and play a crucial role in human locomotion and metabolism. Historically, the coupling between muscle and bone has been viewed in light of mechanotransduction, which dictates that the mechanical forces applied to muscle are transmitted to the skeleton to initiate bone formation. However, these organs also communicate through the endocrine system, orchestrated by a family of cytokines namely myokines (derived from myocytes) and osteokines (derived from bone cells). A third player in this biochemical crosstalk is adipose tissue and the secretion of adipokines (derived from adipocytes). In this review, we discuss the bidirectional effects of myokines and osteokines on muscle and bone metabolism, and the impact of adipokines on both of these secretory organs. RECENT FINDINGS Several myokines, notably, IL6, irisin, IGF-1, BDNF, myostatin, and FGF2 exert anabolic/catabolic effects on bone, while the osteokines osteocalcin and sclerostin have shown to induce muscle anabolism and catabolism, respectively. Adipokines, such as leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and TNFα (released from adipose tissue), can also modulate muscle and bone metabolism. Contrarily, exercise-mediated release of lipolytic myokines (IL6, irisin, and LIF) stimulates thermogenesis by promoting the browning of adipocytes. Myokines, osteokines, and adipokines exert autocrine/paracrine effects locally as well as through the endocrine system, to regulate muscle, bone, and fat metabolism. Reductions in physical activity and increases in energy intake, both linked with aging, leads to adipocyte hypertrophy and the recruitment of immunological cells (macrophages). In turn, this releases pro-inflammatory adipokines which induces chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI), a key player in the pathology of several diseases. However, exercise-induced stimulation of bioactive cytokines, through muscle-bone-fat crosstalk, increases muscle anabolism, bone formation, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose utilization, and fatty acid oxidation, and attenuates chronic LGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Kirk
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
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11
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Li X, Duan H, Liu Q, Umar M, Luo W, Yang X, Zhu J, Li M. Construction of a Pichia pastoris strain efficiently secreting irisin and assessment of its bioactivity in HepG2 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Arhire LI, Mihalache L, Covasa M. Irisin: A Hope in Understanding and Managing Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:524. [PMID: 31428053 PMCID: PMC6687775 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is an endocrine organ highly integrated in homeostasis and capable of establishing ways of communicating and influencing multiple metabolic processes. Brown adipose tissue promotes energy expenditure by incorporating the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), also known as thermogenin, which decouples cellular respiration and heat production, in the mitochondrial membranes. Recent data suggest the presence of a thermogenic cell formation from white adipocytes (beige or brite cells) with a potential role in preventing obesity and metabolic syndrome. The formation of these cells is influenced by physical exertion that induces expression of PPARγ coactivator-1 (PGC1) and downstream membrane protein, fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in skeletal muscle. Irisin, a thermogenic adipomyokine produced by FNDC5 cleavage is involved in the browning of adipose tissue. While animal studies are congruent with regard to the relationship between physical exertion and irisin release, the results from human studies are less than clear. Therefore, this review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of muscle and adipose tissue thermogenesis. Further, it describes the molecular mechanisms by which irisin impacts exercise, glucose homeostasis and obesity. Finally, the review discusses current gaps and controversies related to irisin release, its mode of action and its future potential as a therapeutic tool in managing obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia I. Arhire
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
- Clinical Hospital “Sf. Spiridon”, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Laura Mihalache
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
- Clinical Hospital “Sf. Spiridon”, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- *Correspondence: Mihai Covasa
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Zhou S, Qian B, Wang L, Zhang C, Hogan MV, Li H. Altered bone-regulating myokine expression in skeletal muscle Of Duchenne muscular dystrophy mouse models. Muscle Nerve 2018; 58:573-582. [PMID: 30028902 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has been well characterized as a disease that affects both skeletal muscle and bone. The pathophysiology responsible for the deficits in bone tissue is still unclear. METHODS Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses of known myokines from skeletal muscle were performed on dystrophic mouse models and wild-type (WT) controls to identify differentially expressed bone-regulating myokines. RESULTS Twenty-four of 43 myokine genes demonstrated significantly different mRNA expression in the skeletal muscles of dystrophic mice when compared with muscles of WT mice. Several differently expressed bone-regulating myokine genes were identified, and their protein levels were also verified by Western blot. CONCLUSIONS Dystrophic skeletal muscle demonstrated a significantly altered myokine gene expression profile. mRNA and protein levels of several bone-regulating myokines were significantly altered in dystrophic skeletal muscle, which suggests pathological role of bone-regulating myokines on bone homeostasis in DMD. Muscle Nerve 58: 573-582, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhou
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Baoli Qian
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Macalus V Hogan
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
| | - Hongshuai Li
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, USA
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Li F, Li Q, Huang X, Wang Y, Ge C, Qi Y, Guo W, Sun H. Psoralen stimulates osteoblast proliferation through the activation of nuclear factor-κB-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2385-2391. [PMID: 28962172 PMCID: PMC5609190 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease that leads to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Approximately 50% of postmenopausal women develop osteoporosis as a result of postmenopausal estrogen deficiency. To reduce fractures related to osteoporosis in women, previous studies have focused on therapeutic strategies that aim to increase bone formation or decrease bone resorption. However, pharmacological agents that aim to improve bone fracture susceptibility exhibit side effects. Current studies are investigating natural alternatives that possess the benefits of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) without the adverse effects. Recent studies have indicated that phytoestrogen may be an ideal natural SERM for the treatment of osteoporosis. In Chinese herbal medicine, psoralen, as the predominant substance of Psoralea corylifolia, is considered to be a phytoestrogen and is used as a remedy for osteoporosis. A number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of psoralen in bone formation. However, the pathways and underlying molecular mechanisms that participate in psoralen-induced osteoblast formation are not well understood. In the present study, hFOB1.19 cells were treated with psoralen at different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 µM) for 0, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays were performed to detect glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) expression. A cell counting kit-8 assay was used to analyze cell proliferation. In addition the effects of mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitors on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylated (p)-ERK, p38, p-p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p-JNK expressions and cell proliferation were measured, as was the effect of nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitor on P65 and GLUT3 expressions and cell proliferation. The results indicated that psoralen stimulates hFOB1.19 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Phospho-ERK, p38 and JNK were markedly increased by psoralen compared with the control group (P<0.05), and the specific inhibitors of ERK (SCH772984), p38 (SB203580) and JNK (SP600125) reversed the stimulatory effects of psoralen on signal marker phosphorylation (P<0.05). The rate of psoralen-induced cell proliferation was significantly suppressed by inhibitors of ERK, JNK and p38 compared with psoralen treatment alone (P<0.05). In addition, psoralen stimulated osteoblast proliferation via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, the present findings suggest that psoralen may be a potential natural alternative to SERMs in the treatment of osteoporosis and fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feimeng Li
- Guangdong Traditional Medical and Sports Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Qihuo Li
- Fourth Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Yunting Wang
- Fourth Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Chana Ge
- Fourth Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yong Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Fourth Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, P.R. China
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Villa I, Senesi P, Montesano A, Ferraretto A, Vacante F, Spinello A, Bottani M, Bolamperti S, Rubinacci A, Luzi L, Terruzzi I. Betaine promotes cell differentiation of human osteoblasts in primary culture. J Transl Med 2017; 15:132. [PMID: 28592272 PMCID: PMC5463390 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betaine (BET), a component of many foods, is an essential osmolyte and a source of methyl groups; it also shows an antioxidant activity. Moreover, BET stimulates muscle differentiation via insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I). The processes of myogenesis and osteogenesis involve common mechanisms with skeletal muscle cells and osteoblasts sharing the same precursor. Therefore, we have hypothesized that BET might be effective on osteoblast cell differentiation. METHODS The effect of BET was tested in human osteoblasts (hObs) derived from trabecular bone samples obtained from waste material of orthopedic surgery. Cells were treated with 10 mM BET at 5, 15, 60 min and 3, 6 and 24 h. The possible effects of BET on hObs differentiation were evaluated by real time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. Calcium imaging was used to monitor intracellular calcium changes. RESULTS Real time PCR results showed that BET stimulated significantly the expression of RUNX2, osterix, bone sialoprotein and osteopontin. Western blot and immunofluorescence confirmed BET stimulation of osteopontin protein synthesis. BET stimulated ERK signaling, key pathway involved in osteoblastogenesis and calcium signaling. BET induced a rise of intracellular calcium by means of the calcium ions influx from the extracellular milieu through the L-type calcium channels and CaMKII signaling activation. A significant rise in IGF-I mRNA at 3 and 6 h and a significant increase of IGF-I protein at 6 and 24 h after BET stimulus was detected. Furthermore, BET was able to increase significantly both SOD2 gene expression and protein content. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that three signaling pathways, i.e. cytosolic calcium influx, ERK activation and IGF-I production, are enhanced by BET in human osteoblasts. These pathways could have synergistic effects on osteogenic gene expression and protein synthesis, thus potentially leading to enhanced bone formation. Taken together, these results suggest that BET could be a promising nutraceutical therapeutic agent in the strategy to counteract the concomitant and interacting impact of sarcopenia and osteoporosis, i.e. the major determinants of senile frailty and related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Villa
- Bone Metabolism Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela Senesi
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Montesano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anita Ferraretto
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fernanda Vacante
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Spinello
- Bone Metabolism Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Bottani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Bolamperti
- Bone Metabolism Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Livio Luzi
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Metabolism, Nutrigenomics and Cellular Differentiation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 60 Olgettina street, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Colaianni G, Mongelli T, Colucci S, Cinti S, Grano M. Crosstalk Between Muscle and Bone Via the Muscle-Myokine Irisin. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2016; 14:132-7. [PMID: 27299471 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-016-0313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have recently established that skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ producing and releasing myokines acting in a paracrine or endocrine fashion. Among these, the newly identified myokine Irisin, produced by skeletal muscle after physical exercise, was originally described as molecule able to promote energy expenditure in white adipose tissue. Recently, it has been shown that the myokine Irisin affects skeletal metabolism in vivo. Thus, mice treated with a micro-dose of r-Irisin displayed improved cortical bone mass, geometry and strength, resembling the effect of physical activity in developing an efficient load-bearing skeleton. Further studies highlighted the autocrine effect of Irisin on skeletal muscle, and research performed in humans has definitively established that Irisin is a circulating hormone-like myokine, increased by physical activity. Albeit there are still few, since Irisin has been very recently discovered, herein are summarized the most relevant research findings published on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Colaianni
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - T Mongelli
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - S Colucci
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - S Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, United Hospitals, University of Ancona, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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So WY, Leung PS. Irisin ameliorates hepatic glucose/lipid metabolism and enhances cell survival in insulin-resistant human HepG2 cells through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 78:237-247. [PMID: 27452313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Irisin is a newly identified myokine that promotes the browning of white adipose tissue, enhances glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and modulates hepatic metabolism. However, the signaling pathways involved in the effects on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism have not been resolved. This study aimed to examine the role of irisin in the regulation of hepatic glucose/lipid metabolism and cell survival, and whether adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master metabolic regulator in the liver, is involved in irisin's actions. Human liver-derived HepG2 cells were cultured in normal glucose-normal insulin (NGNI) or high glucose-high insulin (HGHI/insulin-resistant) condition. Hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism was evaluated by glucose output and glycogen content or triglyceride accumulation assays, respectively. Our results showed that irisin stimulated phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA-carboxylase (ACC) via liver kinase B1 (LKB1) rather than Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) in HepG2 cells. Irisin ameliorated hepatic insulin resistance induced by HGHI condition. Irisin reduced hepatic triglyceride content and glucose output, but increased glycogen content, with those effects reversed by dorsomorphin, an AMPK inhibitor. Furthermore, irisin also stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation and promoted cell survival in an AMPK-dependent manner. In conclusion, our data indicate that irisin ameliorates dysregulation of hepatic glucose/lipid metabolism and cell death in insulin-resistant states via AMPK activation. These findings reveal a novel irisin-mediated protective mechanism in hepatic metabolism which provides a scientific basis for irisin as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yan So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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