1
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Sari L, Bali S, Joachimiak LA, Lin MM. Hairpin trimer transition state of amyloid fibril. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2756. [PMID: 38553453 PMCID: PMC10980705 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein fibril self-assembly is a universal transition implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Although fibril structure/growth are well characterized, fibril nucleation is poorly understood. Here, we use a computational-experimental approach to resolve fibril nucleation. We show that monomer hairpin content quantified from molecular dynamics simulations is predictive of experimental fibril formation kinetics across a tau motif mutant library. Hairpin trimers are predicted to be fibril transition states; one hairpin spontaneously converts into the cross-beta conformation, templating subsequent fibril growth. We designed a disulfide-linked dimer mimicking the transition state that catalyzes fibril formation, measured by ThT fluorescence and TEM, of wild-type motif - which does not normally fibrillize. A dimer compatible with extended conformations but not the transition-state fails to nucleate fibril at any concentration. Tau repeat domain simulations show how long-range interactions sequester this motif in a mutation-dependent manner. This work implies that different fibril morphologies could arise from disease-dependent hairpin seeding from different loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent Sari
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sofia Bali
- Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lukasz A Joachimiak
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Milo M Lin
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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2
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Hall LG, Czeczor JK, Connor T, Botella J, De Jong KA, Renton MC, Genders AJ, Venardos K, Martin SD, Bond ST, Aston-Mourney K, Howlett KF, Campbell JA, Collier GR, Walder KR, McKenzie M, Ziemann M, McGee SL. Amyloid beta 42 alters cardiac metabolism and impairs cardiac function in male mice with obesity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:258. [PMID: 38225272 PMCID: PMC10789867 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
There are epidemiological associations between obesity and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease. The role of amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) in these diverse chronic diseases is obscure. Here we show that adipose tissue releases Aβ42, which is increased from adipose tissue of male mice with obesity and is associated with higher plasma Aβ42. Increasing circulating Aβ42 levels in male mice without obesity has no effect on systemic glucose homeostasis but has obesity-like effects on the heart, including reduced cardiac glucose clearance and impaired cardiac function. The closely related Aβ40 isoform does not have these same effects on the heart. Administration of an Aβ-neutralising antibody prevents obesity-induced cardiac dysfunction and hypertrophy. Furthermore, Aβ-neutralising antibody administration in established obesity prevents further deterioration of cardiac function. Multi-contrast transcriptomic analyses reveal that Aβ42 impacts pathways of mitochondrial metabolism and exposure of cardiomyocytes to Aβ42 inhibits mitochondrial complex I. These data reveal a role for systemic Aβ42 in the development of cardiac disease in obesity and suggest that therapeutics designed for Alzheimer's disease could be effective in combating obesity-induced heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam G Hall
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Juliane K Czeczor
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Becton Dickinson GmbH, Medical Affairs, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy Connor
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Javier Botella
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kirstie A De Jong
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark C Renton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Amanda J Genders
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences and Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kylie Venardos
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sheree D Martin
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Simon T Bond
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn Aston-Mourney
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kirsten F Howlett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | | | - Ken R Walder
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Matthew McKenzie
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Mark Ziemann
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sean L McGee
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
- Ambetex Pty Ltd, Geelong, Australia.
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3
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Versini R, Sritharan S, Aykac Fas B, Tubiana T, Aimeur SZ, Henri J, Erard M, Nüsse O, Andreani J, Baaden M, Fuchs P, Galochkina T, Chatzigoulas A, Cournia Z, Santuz H, Sacquin-Mora S, Taly A. A Perspective on the Prospective Use of AI in Protein Structure Prediction. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:26-41. [PMID: 38124369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
AlphaFold2 (AF2) and RoseTTaFold (RF) have revolutionized structural biology, serving as highly reliable and effective methods for predicting protein structures. This article explores their impact and limitations, focusing on their integration into experimental pipelines and their application in diverse protein classes, including membrane proteins, intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), and oligomers. In experimental pipelines, AF2 models help X-ray crystallography in resolving the phase problem, while complementarity with mass spectrometry and NMR data enhances structure determination and protein flexibility prediction. Predicting the structure of membrane proteins remains challenging for both AF2 and RF due to difficulties in capturing conformational ensembles and interactions with the membrane. Improvements in incorporating membrane-specific features and predicting the structural effect of mutations are crucial. For intrinsically disordered proteins, AF2's confidence score (pLDDT) serves as a competitive disorder predictor, but integrative approaches including molecular dynamics (MD) simulations or hydrophobic cluster analyses are advocated for accurate dynamics representation. AF2 and RF show promising results for oligomeric models, outperforming traditional docking methods, with AlphaFold-Multimer showing improved performance. However, some caveats remain in particular for membrane proteins. Real-life examples demonstrate AF2's predictive capabilities in unknown protein structures, but models should be evaluated for their agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, AF2 models can be used complementarily with MD simulations. In this Perspective, we propose a "wish list" for improving deep-learning-based protein folding prediction models, including using experimental data as constraints and modifying models with binding partners or post-translational modifications. Additionally, a meta-tool for ranking and suggesting composite models is suggested, driving future advancements in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaelle Versini
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS (UPR9080), Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sujith Sritharan
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS (UPR9080), Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Burcu Aykac Fas
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS (UPR9080), Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Thibault Tubiana
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sana Zineb Aimeur
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Julien Henri
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie, Computationnelle et Quantitative UMR 7238, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Erard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Oliver Nüsse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jessica Andreani
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc Baaden
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS (UPR9080), Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Fuchs
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, UFR Sciences du Vivant, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Galochkina
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles and Université de la Réunion, INSERM, BIGR, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Alexios Chatzigoulas
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Hubert Santuz
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS (UPR9080), Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Sacquin-Mora
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS (UPR9080), Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Antoine Taly
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS (UPR9080), Université Paris Cité, F-75005 Paris, France
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4
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Ni A, Li H, Wang R, Sun R, Zhang Y. Degradation of amyloid β-peptides catalyzed by nattokinase in vivo and in vitro. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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5
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Matsui A, Bellier JP, Hayashi D, Ishibe T, Nakamura Y, Taguchi H, Naruse N, Mera Y. Curcumin tautomerization in the mechanism of pentameric amyloid- β42 oligomers disassembly. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 666:68-75. [PMID: 37178507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurologic disorder characterized by the accumulation of extracellular deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) fibrils in the brain of patients. The key etiologic agent in Alzheimer's disease is not known; however oligomeric Aβ appears detrimental to neuronal functions and increases Aβ fibrils deposition. Previous research has shown that curcumin, a phenolic pigment of turmeric, has an effect on Aβ assemblies, although the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that curcumin disassembles pentameric oligomers made from synthetic Aβ42 peptides (pentameric oAβ42), using atomic force microscopy imaging followed by Gaussian analysis. Since curcumin shows keto-enol structural isomerism (tautomerism), the effect of keto-enol tautomerism on its disassembly was investigated. We have found that curcumin derivatives capable of keto-enol tautomerization also disassemble pentameric oAβ42, while, a curcumin derivative incapable of tautomerization did not affect the integrity of pentameric oAβ42. These experimental findings indicate that keto-enol tautomerism plays an essential role in the disassembly. We propose a mechanism for oAβ42 disassembly by curcumin based on molecular dynamics calculations of the tautomerism. When curcumin and its derivatives bind to the hydrophobic regions of oAβ42, the keto-form changes predominantly to the enol-form; this transition is associated with structural (twisting, planarization and rigidification) and potential energy changes that give curcumin enough force to act as a torsion molecular-spring that eventually disassembles pentameric oAβ42. This proposed mechanism sheds new light on keto-enol tautomerism as a relevant chemical feature for designing such novel therapeutic drugs that target protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Matsui
- Department of Fundamental Bioscience, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | | | - Daiki Hayashi
- Department of Fundamental Bioscience, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ishibe
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-Cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-Cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Taguchi
- Kyoto Women's University, Kitahiyoshi-cho, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto, 605-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Naruse
- Department of Fundamental Bioscience, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Mera
- Department of Fundamental Bioscience, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
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6
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Fieulaine S, Tubiana T, Bressanelli S. De novo modelling of HEV replication polyprotein: Five-domain breakdown and involvement of flexibility in functional regulation. Virology 2023; 578:128-140. [PMID: 36527931 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a major cause of acute viral hepatitis, is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. As such, it encodes a 1700-residue replication polyprotein pORF1 that directs synthesis of new viral RNA in infected cells. Here we report extensive modeling with AlphaFold2 of the full-length pORF1, and its production by in vitro translation. From this, we give a detailed update on the breakdown into domains of HEV pORF1. We also provide evidence that pORF1's N-terminal domain is likely to oligomerize to form a dodecameric pore, homologously to what has been described for Chikungunya virus. Beyond providing accurate folds for its five domains, our work highlights that there is no canonical protease encoded in pORF1 and that flexibility in several functionally important regions rather than proteolytic processing may serve to regulate HEV RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fieulaine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Thibault Tubiana
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Stéphane Bressanelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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7
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Matsui A, Bellier JP, Kanai T, Satooka H, Nakanishi A, Terada T, Ishibe T, Nakamura Y, Taguchi H, Naruse N, Mera Y. The Effect of Ethanol on Disassembly of Amyloid-β 1-42 Pentamer Revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy and Gel Electrophoresis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020889. [PMID: 35055076 PMCID: PMC8779648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common type of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, is associated with senile plaques formed by the filamentous aggregation of hydrophobic amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brains of patients. Small oligomeric assemblies also occur and drugs and chemical compounds that can interact with such assemblies have attracted much attention. However, these compounds need to be solubilized in appropriate solvents, such as ethanol, which may also destabilize their protein structures. As the impact of ethanol on oligomeric Aβ assembly is unknown, we investigated the effect of various concentrations of ethanol (0 to 7.2 M) on Aβ pentameric assemblies (Aβp) by combining blue native-PAGE (BN-PAGE) and ambient air atomic force microscopy (AFM). This approach was proven to be very convenient and reliable for the quantitative analysis of Aβ assembly. The Gaussian analysis of the height histogram obtained from the AFM images was correlated with band intensity on BN-PAGE for the quantitative estimation of Aβp. Our observations indicated up to 1.4 M (8.3%) of added ethanol can be used as a solvent/vehicle without quantitatively affecting Aβ pentamer stability. Higher concentration induced significant destabilization of Aβp and eventually resulted in the complete disassembly of Aβp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Matsui
- Department of Fundamental Bioscience, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan; (A.M.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (A.N.); (Y.M.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Bellier
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan;
- Correspondence: (J.-P.B.); (N.N.); Tel.: +81-77-548-2101 (N.N.)
| | - Takeshi Kanai
- Department of Fundamental Bioscience, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan; (A.M.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (A.N.); (Y.M.)
| | - Hiroki Satooka
- Department of Fundamental Bioscience, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan; (A.M.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (A.N.); (Y.M.)
| | - Akio Nakanishi
- Department of Fundamental Bioscience, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan; (A.M.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (A.N.); (Y.M.)
| | - Tsukasa Terada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-Cho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan; (T.T.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Takafumi Ishibe
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-Cho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan; (T.T.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshiaki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-Cho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan; (T.T.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Hiroyasu Taguchi
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan;
| | - Nobuyasu Naruse
- Department of Fundamental Bioscience, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan; (A.M.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (A.N.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.-P.B.); (N.N.); Tel.: +81-77-548-2101 (N.N.)
| | - Yutaka Mera
- Department of Fundamental Bioscience, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Japan; (A.M.); (T.K.); (H.S.); (A.N.); (Y.M.)
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8
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Chien HM, Lee CC, Huang JJT. The Different Faces of the TDP-43 Low-Complexity Domain: The Formation of Liquid Droplets and Amyloid Fibrils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158213. [PMID: 34360978 PMCID: PMC8348237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a nucleic acid-binding protein that is involved in transcription and translation regulation, non-coding RNA processing, and stress granule assembly. Aside from its multiple functions, it is also known as the signature protein in the hallmark inclusions of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) patients. TDP-43 is built of four domains, but its low-complexity domain (LCD) has become an intense research focus that brings to light its possible role in TDP-43 functions and involvement in the pathogenesis of these neurodegenerative diseases. Recent endeavors have further uncovered the distinct biophysical properties of TDP-43 under various circumstances. In this review, we summarize the multiple structural and biochemical properties of LCD in either promoting the liquid droplets or inducing fibrillar aggregates. We also revisit the roles of the LCD in paraspeckles, stress granules, and cytoplasmic inclusions to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ming Chien
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei City 115, Taiwan; (H.-M.C.); (C.-C.L.)
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Lee
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei City 115, Taiwan; (H.-M.C.); (C.-C.L.)
| | - Joseph Jen-Tse Huang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei City 115, Taiwan; (H.-M.C.); (C.-C.L.)
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-5572-8652
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9
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Tonali N, Hericks L, Schröder DC, Kracker O, Krzemieniecki R, Kaffy J, Le Joncour V, Laakkonen P, Marion A, Ongeri S, Dodero VI, Sewald N. Peptidotriazolamers Inhibit Aβ(1-42) Oligomerization and Cross a Blood-Brain-Barrier Model. Chempluschem 2021; 86:840-851. [PMID: 33905181 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In peptidotriazolamers every second peptide bond is replaced by a 1H-1,2,3-triazole. Such foldamers are expected to bridge the gap in molecular weight between small-molecule drugs and protein-based drugs. Amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates play an important role in Alzheimer's disease. We studied the impact of amide bond replacements by 1,4-disubstituted 1H-1,2,3-triazoles on the inhibitory activity of the aggregation "hot spots" K16 LVFF20 and G39 VVIA42 in Aβ(1-42). We found that peptidotriazolamers act as modulators of the Aβ(1-42) oligomerization. Some peptidotriazolamers are able to interfere with the formation of toxic early Aβ oligomers, depending on the position of the triazoles, which is also supported by computational studies. Preliminary in vitro results demonstrate that a highly active peptidotriazolamer is also able to cross the blood-brain-barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolo Tonali
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.,BioCIS, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Loreen Hericks
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - David C Schröder
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Oliver Kracker
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Radosław Krzemieniecki
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Julia Kaffy
- BioCIS, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Vadim Le Joncour
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Laakkonen
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antoine Marion
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sandrine Ongeri
- BioCIS, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Veronica I Dodero
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University, PO Box, 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
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10
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Deleanu M, Hernandez JF, Cipelletti L, Biron JP, Rossi E, Taverna M, Cottet H, Chamieh J. Unraveling the Speciation of β-Amyloid Peptides during the Aggregation Process by Taylor Dispersion Analysis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6523-6533. [PMID: 33852281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation mechanisms of amyloid β peptides depend on multiple intrinsic and extrinsic physicochemical factors (e.g., peptide chain length, truncation, peptide concentration, pH, ionic strength, temperature, metal concentration, etc.). Due to this high number of parameters, the formation of oligomers and their propensity to aggregate make the elucidation of this physiopathological mechanism a challenging task. From the analytical point of view, up to our knowledge, few techniques are able to quantify, in real time, the proportion and the size of the different soluble species during the aggregation process. This work aims at demonstrating the efficacy of the modern Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA) performed in capillaries (50 μm i.d.) to unravel the speciation of β-amyloid peptides in low-volume peptide samples (∼100 μL) with an analysis time of ∼3 min per run. TDA was applied to study the aggregation process of Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) peptides at physiological pH and temperature, where more than 140 data points were generated with a total volume of ∼1 μL over the whole aggregation study (about 0.5 μg of peptides). TDA was able to give a complete and quantitative picture of the Aβ speciation during the aggregation process, including the sizing of the oligomers and protofibrils, the consumption of the monomer, and the quantification of different early- and late-formed aggregated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Deleanu
- IBMM, ENSCM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Luca Cipelletti
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | | | - Emilie Rossi
- , Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Myriam Taverna
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France.,, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Hervé Cottet
- IBMM, ENSCM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Joseph Chamieh
- IBMM, ENSCM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
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11
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Zhao L, Duan Z, Wang Y, Wang M, Liu Y, Wang X, Li H. Protective effect of Terminalia chebula Retz. extract against Aβ aggregation and Aβ-induced toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113640. [PMID: 33307058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Terminalia chebula Retz. (T.chebula) is an important medicinal plant in Tibetan medicine and Ayurveda. T.chebula is known as the "King of Tibetan Medicine", due to its widespread clinical pharmacological activity such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antidiabetic as well as anticancer in lots of in vivo and in vitro models. In this study, we use transgenic and/or RNAi Caenorhabditis elegans (C.elegans) model to simulation the AD pathological features induced by Aβ, to detect the effect of TWE on improving Aβ-induced toxicity and the corresponding molecular mechanism. AIM OF STUDY The study aimed to tested the activities and its possible mechanism of T.chebula to against Aβ1-42 induced toxicity and Aβ1-42 aggregation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using transgenic C.elegans strain CL2006 and CL4176 as models respond to paralytic induced by Aβ toxicity. The transcription factors DAF-16 and SKN-1 were analyzed used a fluorescence microscope in transgenic strains (DAF-16:GFP, SKN-1:GFP). The function of DAF-16 and SKN-1 was further investigated using loss-of-function strains by feeding RNA interference (RNAi) bacteria. To evaluate the aggregation level of Aβ in the transgenic C.elegans, Thioflavin S (ThS) staining and WB visualized the levels of Aβ monomers and oligomers. RESULTS TWE treatment can significantly improve the paralysis of transgenic C.elegans caused by Aβ aggregation (up to 14%). The Aβ aggregates in transgenic C.elegans are significantly inhibited under TWE exposure (up to 70%). TWE increases the nuclear localization of the key transcription factor DAF-16 and HSF-1, which in turn leads to the expression of downstream Hsp-16.2 protein and exerts its inhibitory effect on Aβ aggregation. Meanwhile, paralysis improved has not observed in SKN-1 mutation and/or RNAi C.elegans. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that TWE can protect C.elegans against the Aβ1-42-induced toxicity, inhibition Aβ1-42 aggregation and delaying Aβ-induced paralysis. The neuroprotective effect of TWE involves the activation of DAF-16/HSF-1/Hsp-16.2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhe Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ziyun Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Meizhu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Hongyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Donggang Road No. 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Road No. 222, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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12
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Zhang F, Gannon M, Chen Y, Yan S, Zhang S, Feng W, Tao J, Sha B, Liu Z, Saito T, Saido T, Keene CD, Jiao K, Roberson ED, Xu H, Wang Q. β-amyloid redirects norepinephrine signaling to activate the pathogenic GSK3β/tau cascade. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaay6931. [PMID: 31941827 PMCID: PMC7891768 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay6931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The brain noradrenergic system is critical for normal cognition and is affected at early stages in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we reveal a previously unappreciated direct role of norepinephrine signaling in connecting β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau, two key pathological components of AD pathogenesis. Our results show that Aβ oligomers bind to an allosteric site on α2A adrenergic receptor (α2AAR) to redirect norepinephrine-elicited signaling to glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activation and tau hyperphosphorylation. This norepinephrine-dependent mechanism sensitizes pathological GSK3β/tau activation in response to nanomolar accumulations of extracellular Aβ, which is 50- to 100-fold lower than the amount required to activate GSK3β by Aβ alone. The significance of our findings is supported by in vivo evidence in two mouse models, human tissue sample analysis, and longitudinal clinical data. Our study provides translational insights into mechanisms underlying Aβ proteotoxicity, which might have strong implications for the interpretation of Aβ clearance trial results and future drug design and for understanding the selective vulnerability of noradrenergic neurons in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mary Gannon
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yunjia Chen
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shun Yan
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sixue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Wendy Feng
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jiahui Tao
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bingdong Sha
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaomi Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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13
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Liang C, Savinov SN, Fejzo J, Eyles SJ, Chen J. Modulation of Amyloid-β42 Conformation by Small Molecules Through Nonspecific Binding. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:5169-5174. [PMID: 31476124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is a crucial step in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Identifying aggregation inhibitors against AD has been a great challenge. We report an atomistic simulation study of the inhibition mechanism of two small molecules, homotaurine and scyllo-inositol, which are AD drug candidates currently under investigation. We show that both small molecules promote a conformational change of the Aβ42 monomer toward a more collapsed phase through a nonspecific binding mechanism. This finding provides atomistic-level insights into designing potential drug candidates for future AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungwen Liang
- Computational Modeling Core Facility, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS) , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Sergey N Savinov
- Computational Modeling Core Facility, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS) , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Jasna Fejzo
- Biomolecular NMR Core Facility, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS) , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Stephen J Eyles
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS) , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Jianhan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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14
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Velasco-Bolom JL, Corzo G, Garduño-Juárez R. Folding profiles of antimicrobial scorpion venom-derived peptides on hydrophobic surfaces: a molecular dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2928-2938. [PMID: 31345123 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1648319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Most helical antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are usually unfolded in aqueous solution; however they acquire their secondary structure in the presence of a hydrophobic environment such as lipid membranes. Being the biological membranes the main target of many AMPs it is necessary to understand their way of action. Pandinin 2 (Pin2) is an alpha-helical AMP isolated from the venom of the African scorpion Pandinus imperator which shows high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and it is less active against Gram-negative bacteria, nevertheless, it has strong hemolytic activity. Its chemically synthesized Pin2GVG analog has low hemolytic activity while keeping its antimicrobial activity. With the aim of exploring the partition and subsequent folding of these peptides, in this work we report the results of extensive molecular dynamics simulations of Pin2 and Pin2GVG peptides in the presence of 2 hydrophobic environments such as dodecyl-phosphocholine (DPC) micelle and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocoline (POPC) membrane. Our results indicate that Pin2 folds in DPC with a 79% of alpha-helical content, which is in agreement with the experimental results, while in POPC it has 62.5% of alpha-helical content. On the other hand, Pin2GVG presents a higher percentage of alpha-helical structure in POPC and a smaller content in DPC when compared with Pin2. These results can help to better choose the starting structures in future molecular dynamics simulations of AMPs, because these peptides can adopt slightly different conformations depending on the hydrophobic environment.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Velasco-Bolom
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Gerardo Corzo
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ramón Garduño-Juárez
- Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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15
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Feng L, Watanabe H, Molino P, Wallace GG, Phung SL, Uchihashi T, Higgins MJ. Dynamics of Inter-Molecular Interactions Between Single Aβ42 Oligomeric and Aggregate Species by High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2687-2699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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16
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Chan-Yao-Chong M, Durand D, Ha-Duong T. Molecular Dynamics Simulations Combined with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and/or Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Data for Characterizing Intrinsically Disordered Protein Conformational Ensembles. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:1743-1758. [PMID: 30840442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The concept of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) has emerged relatively slowly, but over the past 20 years, it has become an intense research area in structural biology. Indeed, because of their considerable flexibility and structural heterogeneity, the determination of IDP conformational ensemble is particularly challenging and often requires a combination of experimental measurements and computational approaches. With the improved accuracy of all-atom force fields and the increasing computing performances, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have become more and more reliable to generate realistic conformational ensembles. And the combination of MD simulations with experimental approaches, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and/or small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) allows one to converge toward a more accurate and exhaustive description of IDP structures. In this Review, we discuss the state of the art of MD simulations of IDP conformational ensembles, with a special focus on studies that back-calculated and directly compared theoretical and experimental NMR or SAXS observables, such as chemical shifts (CS), 3J-couplings (3Jc), residual dipolar couplings (RDC), or SAXS intensities. We organize the review in three parts. In the first section, we discuss the studies which used NMR and/or SAXS data to test and validate the development of force fields or enhanced sampling techniques. In the second part, we explore different methods for the refinement of MD-derived structural ensembles, such as NMR or SAXS data-restrained MD simulations or ensemble reweighting to better fit experiments. Finally, we survey some recent studies combining MD simulations with NMR and/or SAXS measurements to investigate the relationship between IDP conformational ensemble and biological activity, as well as their implication in human diseases. From this review, we noticed that quite a few studies compared MD-generated conformational ensembles with both NMR and SAXS measurements to validate IDP structures at both local and global levels. Yet, beside the IDP propensity to form local secondary structures, their dynamic extension or compactness also appears important for their activity. Thus, we believe that a close synergy between MD simulations, NMR, and SAXS experiments would be greatly appropriate to address the challenges of characterizing the disordered structures of proteins and their complexes, relative to their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Chan-Yao-Chong
- BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , 92290 Châtenay-Malabry , France.,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud , Université Paris-Saclay , 91198 , Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Dominique Durand
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud , Université Paris-Saclay , 91198 , Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Tâp Ha-Duong
- BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , 92290 Châtenay-Malabry , France
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17
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Butnaru D, Chapman J. The impact of self-replicating proteins on inflammation, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration-An untraveled path. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:231-240. [PMID: 30639644 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) in neurodegenerative diseases is a battlefield in which microglia fight a highly atypical battle. During the inflammatory process microglia themselves become dysfunctional and even with all the available immune arsenal including cytokine or/and antibody production, the battle is eventually lost. A closer look into the picture will reveal the fact that this is mainly due to the atypical characteristics of the infectious agent. The supramolecular assemblies of misfolded proteins carry unique features not encountered in any of the common pathogens. Through misfolding, proteins undergo conformational changes which make them become immunogenic, neurotoxic and highly infective. The immunogenicity appears to be triggered by the exposure of previously hidden hydrophobic portions in proteins which act as damage-associated molecular patters (DAMPs) for the immune system. The neurotoxicity and infectivity are promoted by the small oligomeric forms of misfolded proteins/peptides. Oligomers adopt conformations such as tubular-like, beta-barrel-like, etc., that penetrate cell membranes through their hydrophobic surfaces, thus destabilizing ionic homeostasis. At the same time, oligomers act as a seed for protein misfolding through a prion/prion-like mechanism. Here, we propose the hypothesis that oligomers have catalytic surfaces and exercise their capacity to infect native proteins through specific characteristics such as hydrophobic, electrostatic and π-π stacking interactions as well as the specific surface area (SSA), surface curvature and surface chemistry of their nanoscale supramolecular assemblies. All these are the key elements for prion/prion-like mechanism of self-replication and disease spreading within the CNS. Thus, understanding the mechanism of prion's templating activity may help us in the prevention and development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Butnaru
- The Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Joab Chapman
- Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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18
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Amundarain MJ, Herrera MG, Zamarreño F, Viso JF, Costabel MD, Dodero VI. Molecular mechanisms of 33-mer gliadin peptide oligomerisation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22539-22552. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02338k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The 33-mer gliadin peptide oligomerizes driven by its non-ionic polar character, flexible PPII secondary structure and stable glutamine H-bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Amundarain
- Grupo de Biofísica
- Instituto de Física del Sur
- Universidad Nacional del Sur
- Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | | | - Fernando Zamarreño
- Grupo de Biofísica
- Instituto de Física del Sur
- Universidad Nacional del Sur
- Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | - Juan Francisco Viso
- Grupo de Biofísica
- Instituto de Física del Sur
- Universidad Nacional del Sur
- Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | - Marcelo D. Costabel
- Grupo de Biofísica
- Instituto de Física del Sur
- Universidad Nacional del Sur
- Bahía Blanca
- Argentina
| | - Verónica I. Dodero
- Universität Bielefeld
- Fakultät für Chemie
- Organische Chemie
- 33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
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19
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Liu H, Morris C, Lantz R, Kent TW, Elbassal EA, Wojcikiewicz EP, Du D. Residue‐Specific Dynamics and Local Environmental Changes in Aβ40 Oligomer and Fibril Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida Atlantic University 777 Glades Road Boca Raton FL 33431 USA
| | - Clifford Morris
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida Atlantic University 777 Glades Road Boca Raton FL 33431 USA
| | - Richard Lantz
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida Atlantic University 777 Glades Road Boca Raton FL 33431 USA
| | - Thomas W. Kent
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida Atlantic University 777 Glades Road Boca Raton FL 33431 USA
| | - Esmail A. Elbassal
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida Atlantic University 777 Glades Road Boca Raton FL 33431 USA
| | - Ewa P. Wojcikiewicz
- Department of Biomedical ScienceFlorida Atlantic University 777 Glades Road Boca Raton FL 33431 USA
| | - Deguo Du
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida Atlantic University 777 Glades Road Boca Raton FL 33431 USA
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20
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Liu H, Morris C, Lantz R, Kent TW, Elbassal EA, Wojcikiewicz EP, Du D. Residue-Specific Dynamics and Local Environmental Changes in Aβ40 Oligomer and Fibril Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8017-8021. [PMID: 29750857 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating local dynamics of protein aggregation is crucial for understanding the mechanistic details of protein amyloidogenesis. Herein, we studied the residue-specific dynamics and local environmental changes of Aβ40 along the course of aggregation by using para-cyanophenylalanine (PheCN ) as a fluorescent and vibrational probe. Our results show that the PheCN residues introduced at various positions all exhibited an immediate decay of fluorescence intensity, indicating a relatively synergistic process in early oligomer formation. The fast decreases in the fluorescence intensities of residues 19 and 20 in the central hydrophobic core region and residue 10 in the N-terminal region suggest that they play crucial roles in the formation of the oligomeric core. The PheCN 4 residue exhibits a remarkably slower decrease in fluorescence intensity, implicating its dynamic conformational characteristics in oligomer and fibril formation. Our results also suggest that the N-terminal residues in fibrils are surrounded by a relatively hydrophobic local environment, as opposed to being solvated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Clifford Morris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Richard Lantz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Thomas W Kent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Esmail A Elbassal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Ewa P Wojcikiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Deguo Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
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21
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Abstract
β- N-Methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxic agent implicated in ALS as well as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. It is produced by blue-green algae and could find its way via fish and seafood into the human food supply. Isolation from biological samples yields the compound in monomeric and protein-bound form. It has been suggested that the protein-bound fraction may result from genetic misincorporation into proteins in place of serine. Concomitant misfolding of the mutated proteins may be responsible for the neurological diseases. Recent reports that contradict the misincorporation theory leave unresolved the nature of the protein-bound form of BMAA. We have found from quantum mechanical calculations on model systems that it is possible to bind BMAA with high affinity in a noncovalent fashion to proteins. Because of our interest in Alzheimer's disease, molecular dynamics simulations were applied to search for such binding between BMAA and the β-amyloid peptide and to discover whether replacement of either of its two serine residues could affect its aggregation into neurotoxic oligomers. No stable noncovalently bound complex was found, and it was concluded that incorporation of BMAA in place of serine would not alter the conformational dynamics of the β-amyloid peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvi Rauk
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , 2500 University Dr. NW , Calgary , Alberta , Canada T2N 1N4
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22
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23
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Ngo ST, Thu Phung HT, Vu KB, Vu VV. Atomistic investigation of an Iowa Amyloid-β trimer in aqueous solution. RSC Adv 2018; 8:41705-41712. [PMID: 35558787 PMCID: PMC9091969 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07615d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides are widely accepted to associate with Alzheimer's disease (AD) via several proposed mechanisms. Because Aβ oligomers exist in a complicated environment consisting of various forms of Aβ, including oligomers, protofibrils, and fibrils, their structure has not been well understood. The negatively charged residue D23 is one of the critical residues of the Aβ peptide as it is located in the central hydrophobic domain of the Aβ N-terminal and forms a salt-bridge D23-K28, which helps stabilize the loop domain. In the familial Iowa (D23N) mutant, the total net charge of Aβ oligomers decreases, resulting in the decrease of electrostatic repulsion between D23N Aβ monomers and thus the increase in their self-aggregation rate. In this work, the impact of the D23N mutation on 3Aβ11–40 trimer was characterized utilizing temperature replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations. Our simulation reveals that D23N mutation significantly enhances the affinity between the constituting chains in the trimer, increases the β-content (especially in the sequence 21–23), and shifts the β-strand hydrophobic core from crossing arrangement to parallel arrangement, which is consistent with the increase in self-aggregation rate. Molecular docking indicates that the Aβ fibril-binding ligands bind to the D23N and WT forms at different poses. These compounds prefer to bind to the N-terminal β-strand of the D23N mutant trimer, while they mostly bind to the N-terminal loop region of the WT. It is important to take into account the difference in the binding of ligands to mutant and wild type Aβ peptides in designing efficient inhibitors for various types of AD. Amyloid beta peptide oligomers are believed to play key roles in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. D23N mutation significantly changes their structure and how they bind potential inhibitors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics
- Ton Duc Thang University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences
| | | | - Khanh B. Vu
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
| | - Van V. Vu
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
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24
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Blinov N, Khorvash M, Wishart DS, Cashman NR, Kovalenko A. Initial Structural Models of the Aβ42 Dimer from Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7621-7636. [PMID: 31457321 PMCID: PMC6645216 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Experimental characterization of the molecular structure of small amyloid (A)β oligomers that are currently considered as toxic agents in Alzheimer's disease is a formidably difficult task due to their transient nature and tendency to aggregate. Such structural information is of importance because it can help in developing diagnostics and an effective therapy for the disease. In this study, molecular simulations and protein-protein docking are employed to explore a possible connection between the structure of Aβ monomers and the properties of the intermonomer interface in the Aβ42 dimer. A structurally diverse ensemble of conformations of the monomer was sampled in microsecond timescale implicit solvent replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations. Representative structures with different solvent exposure of hydrophobic residues and secondary structure content were selected to build structural models of the dimer. Analysis of these models reveals that formation of an intramonomer salt bridge (SB) between Asp23 and Lys28 residues can prevent the building of a hydrophobic interface between the central hydrophobic clusters (CHCs) of monomers upon dimerization. This structural feature of the Aβ42 dimer is related to the difference in packing of hydrophobic residues in monomers with the Asp23-Lys28 SB in on and off states, in particular, to a lower propensity to form hydrophobic contacts between the CHC domain and C-terminal residues in monomers with a formed SB. These findings could have important implications for understanding the difference between aggregation pathways of Aβ monomers leading to neurotoxic oligomers or inert fibrillar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Blinov
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research
Council of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Massih Khorvash
- Department
of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - David S. Wishart
- Departments
of Computing Science and Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada
| | - Neil R. Cashman
- Department
of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Andriy Kovalenko
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research
Council of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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25
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Chen GF, Xu TH, Yan Y, Zhou YR, Jiang Y, Melcher K, Xu HE. Amyloid beta: structure, biology and structure-based therapeutic development. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1205-1235. [PMID: 28713158 PMCID: PMC5589967 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 936] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) is produced through the proteolytic processing of a transmembrane protein, amyloid precursor protein (APP), by β- and γ-secretases. Aβ accumulation in the brain is proposed to be an early toxic event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, which is the most common form of dementia associated with plaques and tangles in the brain. Currently, it is unclear what the physiological and pathological forms of Aβ are and by what mechanism Aβ causes dementia. Moreover, there are no efficient drugs to stop or reverse the progression of Alzheimer's disease. In this paper, we review the structures, biological functions, and neurotoxicity role of Aβ. We also discuss the potential receptors that interact with Aβ and mediate Aβ intake, clearance, and metabolism. Additionally, we summarize the therapeutic developments and recent advances of different strategies for treating Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we will report on the progress in searching for novel, potentially effective agents as well as selected promising strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. These prospects include agents acting on Aβ, its receptors and tau protein, such as small molecules, vaccines and antibodies against Aβ; inhibitors or modulators of β- and γ-secretase; Aβ-degrading proteases; tau protein inhibitors and vaccines; amyloid dyes and microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Fang Chen
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ting-Hai Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Yan
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-Ren Zhou
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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26
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EGCG inhibits the oligomerization of amyloid beta (16-22) hexamer: Theoretical studies. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 76:1-10. [PMID: 28658644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An extensive replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulation was performed to investigate the progress patterns of the inhibition of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the Aβ16-22 hexamer. Structural variations of the oligomers without and with EGCG were monitored and analyzed in detail. It has been found that EGCG prevents the formation of Aβ oligomer through two different ways by either accelerating the Aβ oligomerization or reducing the β-content of the hexamer. It also decreases the potential "highly toxic" conformations of Aβ oligomer, which is related to the conformations having high order β-sheet sizes. Both electrostatic and van der Waals interaction energies are found to be involved to the binding process. Computed results using quantum chemical methods show that the π-π stacking is a critical factor of the interaction between EGCG and the peptides. As a result, the binding free energy of the EGCG to the Aβ peptides is slightly larger than that of the curcumin.
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27
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Study of structural stability and damaging effect on membrane for four Aβ42 dimers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179147. [PMID: 28594887 PMCID: PMC5464659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that Aβ oligomers are key pathogenic molecules in Alzheimer’s disease. Among Aβ oligomers, dimer is the smallest aggregate and toxic unit. Therefore, understanding its structural and dynamic properties is quite useful to prevent the formation and toxicity of the Aβ oligomers. In this study, we performed molecular dynamic simulations on four Aβ42 dimers, 2NCb, CNNC, NCNC and NCCN, within the hydrated DPPC membrane. Four Aβ42 dimers differ in the arrangements of two Aβ42 peptides. This study aims to investigate the impact of aggregation pattern of two Aβ peptides on the structural stability of the Aβ42 dimer and its disruption to the biological membrane. The MD results demonstrate that the NCCN, CNNC and NCNC have the larger structural fluctuation at the N-terminus of Aβ42 peptide, where the β-strand structure converts into the coil structure. The loss of the N-terminal β-strand further impairs the aggregate ability of Aβ42 dimer. In addition, inserting Aβ42 dimer into the membrane can considerably decrease the average APL of DPPC membrane. Moreover this decrease effect is largely dependent on the distance to the location of Aβ42 dimer and its secondary structure forms. Based on the results, the 2NCb is considered as a stable dimeric unit for aggregating the larger Aβ42 oligomer, and has a potent ability to disrupt the membrane.
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28
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Schneider M, Walta S, Cadek C, Richtering W, Willbold D. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy reveals a cooperative unfolding of monomeric amyloid-β 42 with a low Gibbs free energy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2154. [PMID: 28526839 PMCID: PMC5438374 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) plays a major role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Due to its high toxicity, the 42 amino acid long isoform Aβ42 has become of considerable interest. The Aβ42 monomer is prone to aggregation down to the nanomolar range which makes conventional structural methods such as NMR or X-ray crystallography infeasible. Conformational information, however, will be helpful to understand the different aggregation pathways reported in the literature and will allow to identify potential conditions that favour aggregation-incompetent conformations. In this study, we applied fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to investigate the unfolding of Alexa Fluor 488 labelled monomeric Aβ42 using guanidine hydrochloride as a denaturant. We show that our Aβ42 pre-treatment and the low-nanomolar concentrations, typically used for FCS measurements, strongly favour the presence of monomers. Our results reveal that there is an unfolding/folding behaviour of monomeric Aβ42. The existence of a cooperative unfolding curve suggests the presence of structural elements with a Gibbs free energy of unfolding of about 2.8 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Schneider
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Walta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, JARA - Soft Matter Science, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chris Cadek
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, JARA - Soft Matter Science, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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29
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Ngo ST, Luu XC, Nguyen MT, Le CN, Vu VV. In silico studies of solvated F19W amyloid β (11–40) trimer. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07187f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
REMD studies shows that F19W mutation does not change in the overall structure of Aβ11–40 trimer significantly but increases it flexibility, consistent with the observed formation of the same fibril structures at slower rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Tung Ngo
- Computational Chemistry Research Group
- Ton Duc Thang University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences
| | - Xuan-Cuong Luu
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
| | | | - Chinh N. Le
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
| | - Van V. Vu
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
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30
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Liu J, Yang B, Ke J, Li W, Suen WC. Antibody-Based Drugs and Approaches Against Amyloid-β Species for Alzheimer’s Disease Immunotherapy. Drugs Aging 2016; 33:685-697. [DOI: 10.1007/s40266-016-0406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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