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Ya J, Pellumbaj J, Hashmat A, Bayraktutan U. The Role of Stem Cells as Therapeutics for Ischaemic Stroke. Cells 2024; 13:112. [PMID: 38247804 PMCID: PMC10814781 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Current reperfusion treatments for ischaemic stroke are limited due to their narrow therapeutic window in rescuing ischaemic penumbra. Stem cell therapy offers a promising alternative. As a regenerative medicine, stem cells offer a wider range of treatment strategies, including long-term intervention for chronic patients, through the reparation and replacement of injured cells via mechanisms of differentiation and proliferation. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the therapeutic role of stem cells for ischaemic stroke. This paper discusses the pathology during acute, subacute, and chronic phases of cerebral ischaemic injury, highlights the mechanisms involved in mesenchymal, endothelial, haematopoietic, and neural stem cell-mediated cerebrovascular regeneration, and evaluates the pre-clinical and clinical data concerning the safety and efficacy of stem cell-based treatments. The treatment of stroke patients with different types of stem cells appears to be safe and efficacious even at relatively higher concentrations irrespective of the route and timing of administration. The priming or pre-conditioning of cells prior to administration appears to help augment their therapeutic impact. However, larger patient cohorts and later-phase trials are required to consolidate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, Queens Medical Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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2
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Karpov DS, Sosnovtseva AO, Pylina SV, Bastrich AN, Petrova DA, Kovalev MA, Shuvalova AI, Eremkina AK, Mokrysheva NG. Challenges of CRISPR/Cas-Based Cell Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: How Not to Engineer a "Trojan Horse". Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17320. [PMID: 38139149 PMCID: PMC10743607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas by cytotoxic T-cells. To date, there are no drugs that can prevent the development of T1D. Insulin replacement therapy is the standard care for patients with T1D. This treatment is life-saving, but is expensive, can lead to acute and long-term complications, and results in reduced overall life expectancy. This has stimulated the research and development of alternative treatments for T1D. In this review, we consider potential therapies for T1D using cellular regenerative medicine approaches with a focus on CRISPR/Cas-engineered cellular products. However, CRISPR/Cas as a genome editing tool has several drawbacks that should be considered for safe and efficient cell engineering. In addition, cellular engineering approaches themselves pose a hidden threat. The purpose of this review is to critically discuss novel strategies for the treatment of T1D using genome editing technology. A well-designed approach to β-cell derivation using CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing technology will significantly reduce the risk of incorrectly engineered cell products that could behave as a "Trojan horse".
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S. Karpov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.K.); (A.O.S.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Anastasiia O. Sosnovtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.K.); (A.O.S.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Svetlana V. Pylina
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
| | - Asya N. Bastrich
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
| | - Darya A. Petrova
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
| | - Maxim A. Kovalev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.K.); (A.O.S.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Anastasija I. Shuvalova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.K.); (A.O.S.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Anna K. Eremkina
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
| | - Natalia G. Mokrysheva
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
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3
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Chen Y, Zhu Y, Kramer A, Fang Y, Wilson M, Li YR, Yang L. Genetic engineering strategies to enhance antitumor reactivity and reduce alloreactivity for allogeneic cell-based cancer therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1135468. [PMID: 37064017 PMCID: PMC10090359 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1135468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The realm of cell-based immunotherapy holds untapped potential for the development of next-generation cancer treatment through genetic engineering of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T (CAR-T) cell therapies for targeted eradication of cancerous malignancies. Such allogeneic "off-the-shelf" cell products can be advantageously manufactured in large quantities, stored for extended periods, and easily distributed to treat an exponential number of cancer patients. At current, patient risk of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and host-versus-graft (HvG) allorejection severely restrict the development of allogeneic CAR-T cell products. To address these limitations, a variety of genetic engineering strategies have been implemented to enhance antitumor efficacy, reduce GvHD and HvG onset, and improve the overall safety profile of T-cell based immunotherapies. In this review, we summarize these genetic engineering strategies and discuss the challenges and prospects these approaches provide to expedite progression of translational and clinical studies for adoption of a universal cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adam Kramer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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4
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Yin T, Liu Y, Ji W, Zhuang J, Chen X, Gong B, Chu J, Liang W, Gao J, Yin Y. Engineered mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: A state-of-the-art multifunctional weapon against Alzheimer's disease. Theranostics 2023; 13:1264-1285. [PMID: 36923533 PMCID: PMC10008732 DOI: 10.7150/thno.81860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase of population aging, the number of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is also increasing. According to current estimates, approximately 11% of people over 65 suffer from AD, and that percentage rises to 42% among people over 85. However, no effective treatment capable of decelerating or stopping AD progression is available. Furthermore, AD-targeted drugs composed of synthetic molecules pose concerns regarding biodegradation, clearance, immune response, and neurotoxicity. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are essential intercellular communication mediators holding great promise as AD therapeutics owing to their biocompatibility, versatility, effortless storage, superior safety, and the ability to transport messenger and noncoding RNAs, proteins, lipids, DNAs, and other bioactive compounds derived from cells. The functionalisation and engineering strategies of MSC-EVs are highlighted (e.g. preconditioning, drug loading, surface modification, and artificial EV fabrication), which could improve AD treatment by multiple therapeutic effects, including clearing abnormal protein accumulation and achieving neuroprotection and immunomodulatory effects. Herein, this review summarises state-of-the-art strategies to engineer MSC-EVs, discusses progress in their use as AD therapeutics, presents the perspectives and challenges associated with the related clinical applications, and concludes that engineered MSC-EVs show immense potential in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital; Clinical pharmacy innovation institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Wenbo Ji
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China.,Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianhua Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Baofeng Gong
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jianjian Chu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wendanqi Liang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - You Yin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai 200003, China
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5
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Webber AM, Bradstreet TR, Wang X, Guo H, Nelson CA, Fremont DH, Edelson BT, Liu C. Antigen-guided depletion of anti-HLA antibody-producing cells by HLA-Fc fusion proteins. Blood 2022; 140:1803-1815. [PMID: 36070233 PMCID: PMC9837442 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet transfusion and transplantation of allogeneic stem cells and solid organs are life-saving therapies. Unwanted alloantibodies to nonself human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) on donor cells increase the immunological barrier to these therapies and are important causes of platelet transfusion refractoriness and graft rejection. Although the specificities of anti-HLA antibodies can be determined at the allelic level, traditional treatments for antibody-mediated rejection nonselectively suppress humoral immunity and are not universally successful. We designed HLA-Fc fusion proteins with a bivalent targeting module derived from extracellular domains of HLA and an Fc effector module from mouse IgG2a. We found that HLA-Fc with A2 (A2Fc) and B7 (B7Fc) antigens lowered HLA-A2- and HLA-B7-specific reactivities, respectively, in sera from HLA-sensitized patients. A2Fc and B7Fc bound to B-cell hybridomas bearing surface immunoglobulins with cognate specificities and triggered antigen-specific and Fc-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro. In immunodeficient mice carrying HLA-A2-specific hybridoma cells, A2Fc treatment lowered circulating anti-HLA-A2 levels, abolished the outgrowth of hybridoma cells, and prolonged survival compared with control groups. In an in vivo anti-HLA-A2-mediated platelet transfusion refractoriness model, A2Fc treatment mitigated refractoriness. These results support HLA-Fc being a novel strategy for antigen-specific humoral suppression to improve transfusion and transplantation outcomes. With the long-term goal of targeting HLA-specific memory B cells for desensitization, further studies of HLA-Fc's efficacy in immune-competent animal models are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee M. Webber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Tara R. Bradstreet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | | | - Christopher A. Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Brian T. Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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6
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Ranjbar M, Amiri F, Nourigorji M, Torabizadeh F, Dara M, Dianatpour M. B2M gene knockout in HEK293T cells by non-viral delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 system for the generation of universal cells. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Allogeneic stem cells are the most potent sources for replacing cell, tissue, and organ malfunctions. The clinical use of these stem cells has been limited due to the risk of immune system rejection due to the incompatibility of human leukocyte (HLA) antigens between donors and recipients. To overcome this limitation, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to eliminate the β2 microglobulin (B2M) gene, which plays a vital role in the expression of HLA class I.
Results
Non-viral transfer of two gRNAs targeting the first exon and intron in the B2M gene results in large deletions in the target region. In addition, the results of this study showed that 11.11% and 22.22% of cells received genomic changes as homozygous and heterozygous, respectively.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we have shown that the dual guide RNA strategy is a simple and efficient method for modifying genes. As a result, these cells can be proposed as universal cells that are not detectable in the cell therapy system and transplantation by the receptor immune system.
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Nihad M, Shenoy P S, Bose B. Cell therapy research for Diabetes: Pancreatic β cell differentiation from pluripotent stem cells. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 181:109084. [PMID: 34673084 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have been differentiated into pancreatic β isletsin vitrofor more than a decade. The idea is to get enough β cells for cell transplantation for diabetics. Finding a standard cell therapy for diabetes is essential because of the logarithmic increase in the global population of people with diabetes and the insufficient availability of the human cadaveric pancreas. Moreover, with better insights into developmental biology, thein vitroβ cell differentiation protocols have depended on thein vivoβ cell organogenesis. Various protocols for pancreatic β cell differentiation have been developed. Such protocols are based on the modulation of cell signalling pathways with growth factors, small molecules, RNAi approaches, directed differentiation using transcription factors, genome editing. Growth factor free differentiation protocols, epigenetic modulations, 3D differentiation approaches, and encapsulation strategies have also been reported for better glycemic control and endocrine modulations. Here, we have reviewed various aforementionedin vitroβ cell differentiation protocols from human PSCs, their respective comparisons, challenges, past, present, and future. The literature has been reviewed primarily from PubMed from the year 2000 till date using the mentioned keywords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nihad
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Pincode-575 018, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudheer Shenoy P
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Pincode-575 018, Karnataka, India
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Pincode-575 018, Karnataka, India.
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8
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Cell membrane-derived vesicles for delivery of therapeutic agents. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2096-2113. [PMID: 34522579 PMCID: PMC8424219 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membranes have recently emerged as a new source of materials for molecular delivery systems. Cell membranes have been extruded or sonicated to make nanoscale vesicles. Unlike synthetic lipid or polymeric nanoparticles, cell membrane-derived vesicles have a unique multicomponent feature, comprising lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Because cell membrane-derived vesicles contain the intrinsic functionalities and signaling networks of their parent cells, they can overcome various obstacles encountered in vivo. Moreover, the different natural combinations of membranes from various cell sources expand the range of cell membrane-derived vesicles, creating an entirely new category of drug-delivery systems. Cell membrane-derived vesicles can carry therapeutic agents within their interior or can coat the surfaces of drug-loaded core nanoparticles. Cell membranes typically come from single cell sources, including red blood cells, platelets, immune cells, stem cells, and cancer cells. However, recent studies have reported hybrid sources from two different types of cells. This review will summarize approaches for manufacturing cell membrane-derived vesicles and treatment applications of various types of cell membrane-derived drug-delivery systems, and discuss challenges and future directions.
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Key Words
- Blood cells
- CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cell
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4
- Cancer cells
- Cell membrane-derived vesicles
- DC, dendritic cell
- Drug-delivery systems
- Immune cells
- Manufacturing
- Membrane engineering
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NIR, near infrared
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- RBC, red blood cell
- Stem cells
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
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Stem cells-derived natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy: current protocols, feasibility, and benefits of ex vivo generated natural killer cells in treatment of advanced solid tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3369-3395. [PMID: 34218295 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy provides a practical therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced solid tumors (STs). This approach is adaptively conducted by the autologous and identical NK cells after in vitro expansion and overnight activation. However, the NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy has been faced with some fundamental and technical limitations. Moreover, the desirable outcomes of the NK cell therapy may not be achieved due to the complex tumor microenvironment by inhibition of intra-tumoral polarization and cytotoxicity of implanted NK cells. Currently, stem cells (SCs) technology provides a powerful opportunity to generate more effective and universal sources of the NK cells. Till now, several strategies have been developed to differentiate types of the pluripotent and adult SCs into the mature NK cells, with both feeder layer-dependent and/or feeder laye-free strategies. Higher cytokine production and intra-tumoral polarization capabilities as well as stronger anti-tumor properties are the main features of these SCs-derived NK cells. The present review article focuses on the principal barriers through the conventional NK cell immunotherapies for patients with advanced STs. It also provides a comprehensive resource of protocols regarding the generation of SCs-derived NK cells in an ex vivo condition.
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Inoue R, Nishiyama K, Li J, Miyashita D, Ono M, Terauchi Y, Shirakawa J. The Feasibility and Applicability of Stem Cell Therapy for the Cure of Type 1 Diabetes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071589. [PMID: 34202521 PMCID: PMC8304653 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy using islet-like insulin-producing cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells has the potential to allow patients with type 1 diabetes to withdraw from insulin therapy. However, several issues exist regarding the use of stem cell therapy to treat type 1 diabetes. In this review, we will focus on the following topics: (1) autoimmune responses during the autologous transplantation of stem cell-derived islet cells, (2) a comparison of stem cell therapy with insulin injection therapy, (3) the impact of the islet microenvironment on stem cell-derived islet cells, and (4) the cost-effectiveness of stem cell-derived islet cell transplantation. Based on these various viewpoints, we will discuss what is required to perform stem cell therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Inoue
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; (R.I.); (K.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Kuniyuki Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; (R.I.); (K.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinghe Li
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; (R.I.); (K.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Daisuke Miyashita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (D.M.); (M.O.); (Y.T.)
| | - Masato Ono
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (D.M.); (M.O.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (D.M.); (M.O.); (Y.T.)
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; (R.I.); (K.N.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-220-8850
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11
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Amiri F, Ranjbar M, Pirouzfar M, Nourigorji M, Dianatpour M. HLA-A gene knockout using CRISPR/Cas9 system toward overcoming transplantation concerns. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-021-00155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The treatment of many cancers and genetic diseases relies on novel engraftment approaches such as cell therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, these methods are hindered by the alloreactive immune responses triggered by incompatible human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. A successful HSCT procedure requires the eradication of donor and recipient HLA alloimmunization. Eliminating HLA-A gene expression using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 nuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) could be a great approach to increase the possibility of a successful HSCT through extending pool of unrelated donors.
Results
Our dual gRNA approach introduced a large deletion in the HLA-A gene. Among 22 single-cloned cells, two clones (9.09%) and 11 clones (50%) received homozygous and heterozygous large deletions, respectively. Finally, the real-time PCR results also revealed that HLA-A gene expression was diminished significantly.
Conclusion
The results suggested that CRISPR/Cas9 could be used as an efficient technique to introduce HLA-A gene knockout; thus, it can considerably lessen the burden of finding a fully matched donor by lowering the alleles required for a successful HSCT.
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12
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Stem cell-based therapy treating glioblastoma multiforme. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2021; 14:1-15. [PMID: 32971031 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the most malignant types of central nervous system tumours, classified as grade IV by the World Health Organization. Despite the therapeutic advances, the prognosis is ominous, with a median survival of about 12-15 months post diagnosis. Although therapeutic options available can increase the survival, they are ineffective in treating patients with GB. Impairing factors such as the blood-brain barrier, cancer stem cells, and infiltration into brain parenchyma lead to failure of current therapies. Therefore, clinicians need novel/alternative effective strategies to treat GB. Due to their ability to preserve healthy tissues and to provide an effective and long-lasting response, stem cells (SCs) with tropism for tumour cells have attracted considerable attention in the scientific community. As is the case here, SCs can be used to target brain tumour cancer cells, especially high-grade malignant gliomas like GB, by overcoming the resistance and exerting benefits for patients affected with such lethal disease. Herein, we will discuss the research knowledge regarding SC-based therapy for the treatment of GB, focalising our attention on SCs and SC-released extracellular vesicles modified to express/load different antitumour payloads, as well as on SCs exploited as a diagnostic tool. Advantages and unresolved issues of anticancer SC-based therapy will also be considered.
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13
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Sung TC, Jiang YP, Hsu JY, Ling QD, Chen H, Kumar SS, Chang Y, Hsu ST, Ye Q, Higuchi A. Transient characteristics of universal cells on human-induced pluripotent stem cells and their differentiated cells derived from foetal stem cells with mixed donor sources. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e12995. [PMID: 33522648 PMCID: PMC7941237 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is important to prepare ‘hypoimmunogenic’ or ‘universal’ human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) with gene‐editing technology by knocking out or in immune‐related genes, because only a few hypoimmunogenic or universal hPSC lines would be sufficient to store for their off‐the‐shelf use. However, these hypoimmunogenic or universal hPSCs prepared previously were all genetically edited, which makes laborious processes to check and evaluate no abnormal gene editing of hPSCs. Methods Universal human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were generated without gene editing, which were reprogrammed from foetal stem cells (human amniotic fluid stem cells) with mixing 2‐5 allogenic donors but not with single donor. We evaluated human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐expressing class Ia and class II of our hiPSCs and their differentiated cells into embryoid bodies, cardiomyocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. We further evaluated immunogenic response of transient universal hiPSCs with allogenic mononuclear cells from survival rate and cytokine production, which were generated by the cells due to immunogenic reactions. Results Our universal hiPSCs during passages 10‐25 did not have immunogenic reaction from allogenic mononuclear cells even after differentiation into cardiomyocytes, embryoid bodies and mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, the cells including the differentiated cells did not express HLA class Ia and class II. Cardiomyocytes differentiated from transient universal hiPSCs at passage 21‐22 survived and continued beating even after treatment with allogenic mononuclear cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Cheng Sung
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Peng Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jhe-Yu Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Qing-Dong Ling
- Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Suresh S Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Yung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tien Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taiwan Landseed Hospital, Pingjen City, Taiwan
| | - Qingsong Ye
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China.,School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Skeletal Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akon Higuchi
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Wenzhou, China.,Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, Riken Cluster for Pioneering Research, Riken, Japan
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14
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Thongsin N, Wattanapanitch M. CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complex-Mediated Efficient B2M Knockout in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs). Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2454:607-624. [PMID: 33945142 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology provide a renewable source of cells for tissue regeneration and therefore hold great promise for cell replacement therapy. However, immune rejection of allograft due to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatching remains a major challenge. Considerable efforts have been devoted to overcoming the immunogenicity of allograft transplantation. One of the approaches is an elimination of HLA molecules on the surface of allogeneic cells using genome editing technology to generate universal stem cells. Here, we present a simple and effective genome editing approach to knockout the β-2-immunoglobulin (B2M) gene, which encodes B2M protein that forms a heterodimer with HLA class I proteins, in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) leading to HLA class I (HLA-I) depletion. We also describe detailed procedures for validation of the B2M-knockout iPSCs using flow cytometry, and genotypic analysis for potential off-target regions. Our protocol is also applicable for knocking out other genes in iPSCs and other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nontaphat Thongsin
- Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Methichit Wattanapanitch
- Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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15
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Chen S, Du K, Zou C. Current progress in stem cell therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:275. [PMID: 32641151 PMCID: PMC7346484 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the most common chronic autoimmune disease in young patients and is characterized by the loss of pancreatic β cells; as a result, the body becomes insulin deficient and hyperglycemic. Administration or injection of exogenous insulin cannot mimic the endogenous insulin secreted by a healthy pancreas. Pancreas and islet transplantation have emerged as promising treatments for reconstructing the normal regulation of blood glucose in T1DM patients. However, a critical shortage of pancreases and islets derived from human organ donors, complications associated with transplantations, high cost, and limited procedural availability remain bottlenecks in the widespread application of these strategies. Attempts have been directed to accommodate the increasing population of patients with T1DM. Stem cell therapy holds great potential for curing patients with T1DM. With the advent of research on stem cell therapy for various diseases, breakthroughs in stem cell-based therapy for T1DM have been reported. However, many unsolved issues need to be addressed before stem cell therapy will be clinically feasible for diabetic patients. In this review, we discuss the current research advances in strategies to obtain insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from different precursor cells and in stem cell-based therapies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-Related Disease of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Kechen Du
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-Related Disease of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunlin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-Related Disease of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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16
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Strategies for Genetically Engineering Hypoimmunogenic Universal Pluripotent Stem Cells. iScience 2020; 23:101162. [PMID: 32502965 PMCID: PMC7270609 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in developing cell therapies, such as T cell or stem cell therapies to treat diseases, immunoincompatibility remains a major barrier to clinical application. Given the fact that a host's immune system may reject allogeneic transplanted cells, methods have been developed to genetically modify patients' primary cells. To advance beyond this time-consuming and costly approach, recent research efforts focus on generating universal pluripotent stem cells to benefit a broader spectrum of patients. In this review, we first summarize current achievements to harness immunosuppressive mechanisms in cells to reduce immunogenicity. Then, we discuss several recent studies demonstrating the feasibility of genetically modifying pluripotent stem cells to escape immune attack and summarize the methods to evaluate hypoimmunogenicity. Although challenges remain, progress to develop genetically engineered universal pluripotent stem cells holds the promise of expediting their use in future gene and cell therapeutics and regenerative medicine.
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17
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Lee J, Bayarsaikhan D, Bayarsaikhan G, Kim JS, Schwarzbach E, Lee B. Recent advances in genome editing of stem cells for drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Maryamchik E, Gallagher KME, Preffer FI, Kadauke S, Maus MV. New directions in chimeric antigen receptor T cell [CAR-T] therapy and related flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2020; 98:299-327. [PMID: 32352629 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells provide a promising approach to the treatment of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Flow cytometry is a powerful analytical modality, which plays an expanding role in all stages of CAR T therapy, from lymphocyte collection, to CAR T cell manufacturing, to in vivo monitoring of the infused cells and evaluation of their function in the tumor environment. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the new directions is important for designing and implementing CAR T-related flow cytometry assays in the clinical and investigational settings. However, the speed of new discoveries and the multitude of clinical and preclinical trials make it challenging to keep up to date in this complex field. In this review, we summarize the current state of CAR T therapy, highlight the areas of emergent research, discuss applications of flow cytometry in modern cell therapy, and touch upon several considerations particular to CAR detection and assessing the effectiveness of CAR T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maryamchik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Frederic I Preffer
- Clinical Cytometry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephan Kadauke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cell and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Benabdellah K, Sánchez-Hernández S, Aguilar-González A, Maldonado-Pérez N, Gutierrez-Guerrero A, Cortijo-Gutierrez M, Ramos-Hernández I, Tristán-Manzano M, Galindo-Moreno P, Herrera C, Martin F. Genome-edited adult stem cells: Next-generation advanced therapy medicinal products. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:674-685. [PMID: 32141715 PMCID: PMC7214650 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent decades, gene therapy, which has enabled the treatment of several incurable diseases, has undergone a veritable revolution. Cell therapy has also seen major advances in the treatment of various diseases, particularly through the use of adult stem cells (ASCs). The combination of gene and cell therapy (GCT) has opened up new opportunities to improve advanced therapy medicinal products for the treatment of several diseases. Despite the considerable potential of GCT, the use of retroviral vectors has major limitations with regard to oncogene transactivation and the lack of physiological expression. Recently, gene therapists have focused on genome editing (GE) technologies as an alternative strategy. In this review, we discuss the potential benefits of using GE technologies to improve GCT approaches based on ASCs. We will begin with a brief summary of different GE platforms and techniques and will then focus on key therapeutic approaches that have been successfully used to treat diseases in animal models. Finally, we discuss whether ASC GE could become a real alternative to retroviral vectors in a GCT setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Benabdellah
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada (Andalusian Regional Government), Health Sciences Technology Park, Granada, Spain
| | - Sabina Sánchez-Hernández
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada (Andalusian Regional Government), Health Sciences Technology Park, Granada, Spain
| | - Araceli Aguilar-González
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada (Andalusian Regional Government), Health Sciences Technology Park, Granada, Spain.,Department of Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Noelia Maldonado-Pérez
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada (Andalusian Regional Government), Health Sciences Technology Park, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandra Gutierrez-Guerrero
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Jill Roberts, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marina Cortijo-Gutierrez
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada (Andalusian Regional Government), Health Sciences Technology Park, Granada, Spain
| | - Iris Ramos-Hernández
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada (Andalusian Regional Government), Health Sciences Technology Park, Granada, Spain
| | - María Tristán-Manzano
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada (Andalusian Regional Government), Health Sciences Technology Park, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Galindo-Moreno
- Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Concha Herrera
- Department of Hematology, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Martin
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada (Andalusian Regional Government), Health Sciences Technology Park, Granada, Spain
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20
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Paschon DE, Lussier S, Wangzor T, Xia DF, Li PW, Hinkley SJ, Scarlott NA, Lam SC, Waite AJ, Truong LN, Gandhi N, Kadam BN, Patil DP, Shivak DA, Lee GK, Holmes MC, Zhang L, Miller JC, Rebar EJ. Diversifying the structure of zinc finger nucleases for high-precision genome editing. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1133. [PMID: 30850604 PMCID: PMC6408524 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing for therapeutic applications often requires cleavage within a narrow sequence window. Here, to enable such high-precision targeting with zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), we have developed an expanded set of architectures that collectively increase the configurational options available for design by a factor of 64. These new architectures feature the functional attachment of the FokI cleavage domain to the amino terminus of one or both zinc-finger proteins (ZFPs) in the ZFN dimer, as well as the option to skip bases between the target triplets of otherwise adjacent fingers in each zinc-finger array. Using our new architectures, we demonstrate targeting of an arbitrarily chosen 28 bp genomic locus at a density that approaches 1.0 (i.e., efficient ZFNs available for targeting almost every base step). We show that these new architectures may be used for targeting three loci of therapeutic significance with a high degree of precision, efficiency, and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Paschon
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Stephanie Lussier
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Tenzin Wangzor
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Danny F Xia
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Patrick W Li
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Sarah J Hinkley
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Nicholas A Scarlott
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Stephen C Lam
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Adam J Waite
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Lynn N Truong
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Nimisha Gandhi
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Bhakti N Kadam
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Deepak P Patil
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - David A Shivak
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Gary K Lee
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Michael C Holmes
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Miller
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA
| | - Edward J Rebar
- Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc., 501 Canal Boulevard, Suite A100, Richmond, California, 94804, USA.
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21
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Xu H, Wang B, Ono M, Kagita A, Fujii K, Sasakawa N, Ueda T, Gee P, Nishikawa M, Nomura M, Kitaoka F, Takahashi T, Okita K, Yoshida Y, Kaneko S, Hotta A. Targeted Disruption of HLA Genes via CRISPR-Cas9 Generates iPSCs with Enhanced Immune Compatibility. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:566-578.e7. [PMID: 30853558 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have strong potential in regenerative medicine applications; however, immune rejection caused by HLA mismatching is a concern. B2M gene knockout and HLA-homozygous iPSC stocks can address this issue, but the former approach may induce NK cell activity and fail to present antigens, and it is challenging to recruit rare donors for the latter method. Here, we show two genome-editing strategies for making immunocompatible donor iPSCs. First, we generated HLA pseudo-homozygous iPSCs with allele-specific editing of HLA heterozygous iPSCs. Second, we generated HLA-C-retained iPSCs by disrupting both HLA-A and -B alleles to suppress the NK cell response while maintaining antigen presentation. HLA-C-retained iPSCs could evade T cells and NK cells in vitro and in vivo. We estimated that 12 lines of HLA-C-retained iPSCs combined with HLA-class II knockout are immunologically compatible with >90% of the world's population, greatly facilitating iPSC-based regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaigeng Xu
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bo Wang
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miyuki Ono
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Core Center for iPS Cell Research, Research Center Network for Realization of Regenerative Medicine, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kagita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaho Fujii
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Sasakawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Core Center for iPS Cell Research, Research Center Network for Realization of Regenerative Medicine, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Ueda
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Peter Gee
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Core Center for iPS Cell Research, Research Center Network for Realization of Regenerative Medicine, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misato Nishikawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Nomura
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Kitaoka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yoshida
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin Kaneko
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Akitsu Hotta
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Core Center for iPS Cell Research, Research Center Network for Realization of Regenerative Medicine, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Jang Y, Choi J, Park N, Kang J, Kim M, Kim Y, Ju JH. Development of immunocompatible pluripotent stem cells via CRISPR-based human leukocyte antigen engineering. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-11. [PMID: 30617277 PMCID: PMC6323054 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell transplantation is a promising regenerative strategy for treating intractable diseases. However, securing human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donor stem cells is extremely difficult. The traditional approach for generating such cells is to establish homozygous pluripotent stem cell lines. Unfortunately, because of HLA diversity, this strategy is too time-consuming to be of practical use. HLA engineering of donor stem cells has been proposed recently as a means to evade graft-versus-host rejection in stem cell allotransplantation. This approach would be advantageous in both time and cost to the traditional method, but its feasibility must be investigated. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout HLA-B from inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with heterogenous HLA-B and showed that the HLA-B knockout iPSCs resulted in less immunogenicity in HLA-B antisera than that in the control. Our results support the feasibility of HLA-engineered iPSCs in stem cell allotransplantation. Blocking the expression of genes that regulate the immune response in therapeutic stem cells could increase the chances of success following transplantation. Discrepancies between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes in a patient and those in transplanted stem cells can cause a damaging immune response and transplantation failure, yet matching HLA types between donors and recipients is notoriously difficult. Ji Hyeon Ju at The Catholic University of Korea in Seoul and colleagues have used the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system to introduce a mutation in the HLA-B gene that prevents its expression in pluripotent stem cells derived from adult cells. These modified cells not only retain their capacity to self-renew and differentiate, they are also less likely to trigger an immune response. This promising new approach could reduce the time and cost of developing effective stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsue Jang
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.,Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Jinhyeok Choi
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Narae Park
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Jaewoo Kang
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.,Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Yonggoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.,Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea. .,Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea. .,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.
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23
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Gasparini SJ, Llonch S, Borsch O, Ader M. Transplantation of photoreceptors into the degenerative retina: Current state and future perspectives. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 69:1-37. [PMID: 30445193 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian retina displays no intrinsic regenerative capacities, therefore retinal degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or retinitis pigmentosa (RP) result in a permanent loss of the light-sensing photoreceptor cells. The degeneration of photoreceptors leads to vision impairment and, in later stages, complete blindness. Several therapeutic strategies have been developed to slow down or prevent further retinal degeneration, however a definitive cure i.e. replacement of the lost photoreceptors, has not yet been established. Cell-based treatment approaches, by means of photoreceptor transplantation, have been studied in pre-clinical animal models over the last three decades. The introduction of pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoids represents, in principle, an unlimited source for the generation of transplantable human photoreceptors. However, safety, immunological and reproducibility-related issues regarding the use of such cells still need to be solved. Moreover, the recent finding of cytoplasmic material transfer between donor and host photoreceptors demands reinterpretation of several former transplantation studies. At the same time, material transfer between healthy donor and dysfunctional patient photoreceptors also offers a potential alternative strategy for therapeutic intervention. In this review we discuss the history and current state of photoreceptor transplantation, the techniques used to assess rescue of visual function, the prerequisites for effective transplantation as well as the main roadblocks, including safety and immune response to the graft, that need to be overcome for successful clinical translation of photoreceptor transplantation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia J Gasparini
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sílvia Llonch
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Borsch
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marius Ader
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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Saudemont A, Jespers L, Clay T. Current Status of Gene Engineering Cell Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2018; 9:153. [PMID: 29459866 PMCID: PMC5807372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo manipulations of autologous patient’s cells or gene-engineered cell therapeutics have allowed the development of cell and gene therapy approaches to treat otherwise incurable diseases. These modalities of personalized medicine have already shown great promises including product commercialization for some rare diseases. The transfer of a chimeric antigen receptor or T cell receptor genes into autologous T cells has led to very promising outcomes for some cancers, and particularly for hematological malignancies. In addition, gene-engineered cell therapeutics are also being explored to induce tolerance and regulate inflammation. Here, we review the latest gene-engineered cell therapeutic approaches being currently explored to induce an efficient immune response against cancer cells or viruses by engineering T cells, natural killer cells, gamma delta T cells, or cytokine-induced killer cells and to modulate inflammation using regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy Clay
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, United States
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25
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The use of CRISPR/Cas associated technologies for cell transplant applications. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2017; 21:461-6. [PMID: 27517504 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, I will summarize recent developments in the use of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) genome editing system for cell transplant applications, ranging from transplantation of corrected autologous patient stem cells to treat inherited diseases, to the tailoring of donor pigs for cell xenotransplantation. Rational engineering of the Cas9 nuclease to improve its specificity will also be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past year, CRISPR/Cas9 has been used in preclinical studies to correct mutations in a rapidly increasing spectrum of diseases including hematological, neuromuscular, and respiratory disorders. The growing popularity of CRISPR/Cas9 over earlier genome editing platforms is partly due to its ease of use and flexibility, which is evident from the success of complex manipulations such as specific deletion of up to 725 kb in patient-derived stem cells, and simultaneous disruption of up to 62 endogenous retrovirus loci in pig cells. In addition, high-fidelity variants of Cas9 with greatly increased specificity are now available. SUMMARY CRISPR/Cas9 is a fast-evolving technology that is likely to have a significant impact on autologous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic cell transplantation.
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26
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Mooney R, Abdul Majid A, Batalla J, Annala AJ, Aboody KS. Cell-mediated enzyme prodrug cancer therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 118:35-51. [PMID: 28916493 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-directed gene therapy is a promising new frontier for the field of targeted cancer therapies. Here we discuss the current pre-clinical and clinical use of cell-mediated enzyme prodrug therapy (EPT) directed against solid tumors and avenues for further development. We also discuss some of the challenges encountered upon translating these therapies to clinical trials. Upon sufficient development, cell-mediated enzyme prodrug therapy has the potential to maximize the distribution of therapeutic enzymes within the tumor environment, localizing conversion of prodrug to active drug at the tumor sites thereby decreasing off-target toxicities. New combinatorial possibilities are also promising. For example, when combined with viral gene-delivery vehicles, this may result in new hybrid vehicles that attain heretofore unmatched levels of therapeutic gene expression within the tumor.
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27
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Antigen Presentation by Individually Transferred HLA Class I Genes in HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C Null Human Cell Line Generated Using the Multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 System. J Immunother 2017; 40:201-210. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Abstract
A logical cure for type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves replacing the lost insulin-producing cells with new ones, preferably cells from a well-characterized and unlimited source of human insulin-producing cells. This straightforward and simple solution to provide a cure for T1D is immensely attractive but entails at least two inherent and thus far unresolved hurdles: 1) provision of an unlimited source of functional human insulin-producing cells and 2) prevention of rejection without the side effects of systemic immunosuppression. Generation of transplantable insulin-producing cells from human embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells is at present close to reality, and we are currently awaiting the first clinical studies. Focus is now directed to foster development of novel means to control the immune system to enable large-scale clinical application. Encapsulation introduces a physical barrier that prevents access of immune cells to the transplanted cells but also hinders blood vessel ingrowth. Therefore, oxygen, nutrient, and hormonal passage over the encapsulation membrane is solely dependent on diffusion over the immune barrier, contributing to delays in glucose sensing and insulin secretion kinetics. This Perspective focuses on the physiological possibilities and limitations of an encapsulation strategy to establish near-normoglycemia in subjects with T1D, assuming that glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells are available for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Sackett SD, Rodriguez A, Odorico JS. The Nexus of Stem Cell-Derived Beta-Cells and Genome Engineering. Rev Diabet Stud 2017. [PMID: 28632820 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2017.14.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, type 1 and type 2 (T1D and T2D), are diseases of epidemic proportions, which are complicated and defined by genetics, epigenetics, environment, and lifestyle choices. Current therapies consist of whole pancreas or islet transplantation. However, these approaches require life-time immunosuppression, and are compounded by the paucity of available donors. Pluripotent stem cells have advanced research in the fields of stem cell biology, drug development, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine, and importantly allows for the interrogation of therapeutic interventions. Recent developments in beta-cell differentiation and genomic modifications are now propelling investigations into the mechanisms behind beta-cell failure and autoimmunity, and offer new strategies for reducing the propensity for immunogenicity. This review discusses the derivation of endocrine lineage cells from human pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of diabetes, and how the editing or manipulation of their genomes can transcend many of the remaining challenges of stem cell technologies, leading to superior transplantation and diabetes drug discovery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara D Sackett
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Aida Rodriguez
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Jon S Odorico
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53711, USA
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30
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Veluchamy JP, Kok N, van der Vliet HJ, Verheul HMW, de Gruijl TD, Spanholtz J. The Rise of Allogeneic Natural Killer Cells As a Platform for Cancer Immunotherapy: Recent Innovations and Future Developments. Front Immunol 2017; 8:631. [PMID: 28620386 PMCID: PMC5450018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical immune effector cells in the fight against cancer. As NK cells in cancer patients are highly dysfunctional and reduced in number, adoptive transfer of large numbers of cytolytic NK cells and their potential to induce relevant antitumor responses are widely explored in cancer immunotherapy. Early studies from autologous NK cells have failed to demonstrate significant clinical benefit. In this review, the clinical benefits of adoptively transferred allogeneic NK cells in a transplant and non-transplant setting are compared and discussed in the context of relevant NK cell platforms that are being developed and optimized by various biotech industries with a special focus on augmenting NK cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Veluchamy
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Glycostem Therapeutics, Oss, Netherlands
| | - Nina Kok
- Glycostem Therapeutics, Oss, Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henk M W Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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31
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Panch SR, Szymanski J, Savani BN, Stroncek DF. Sources of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells and Methods to Optimize Yields for Clinical Cell Therapy. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 23:1241-1249. [PMID: 28495640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) aspirates, mobilized peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood (UCB) have developed as graft sources for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) for stem cell transplantation and other cellular therapeutics. Individualized techniques are necessary to enhance graft HSPC yields and cell quality from each graft source. BM aspirates yield adequate CD34+ cells but can result in relative delays in engraftment. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-primed BM HSPCs may facilitate faster engraftment while minimizing graft-versus-host disease in certain patient subsets. The levels of circulating HSPCs are enhanced using mobilizing agents, such as G-CSF and/or plerixafor, which act via the stromal cell-derived factor 1/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 axis. Alternate niche pathway mediators, including very late antigen-4/vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, parathyroid hormone, and coagulation cascade intermediates, may offer promising alternatives for graft enhancement. UCB grafts have been expanded ex vivo with cytokines, notch-ligand, or mesenchymal stromal cells, and most studies demonstrated greater quantities of CD34+ cells ex vivo and improved short-term engraftment. No significant changes were observed in long-term repopulating potential or in patient survival. Early phase clinical trials using nicotinamide and StemReginin1 may offer improved short- and long-term repopulating ability. Breakthroughs in genome editing and stem cell reprogramming technologies may hasten the generation of pooled, third-party HSPC grafts. This review elucidates past, present, and potential future approaches to HSPC graft optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya R Panch
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - James Szymanski
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bipin N Savani
- Department of Hematology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David F Stroncek
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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32
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Torikai H, Cooper LJ. Translational Implications for Off-the-shelf Immune Cells Expressing Chimeric Antigen Receptors. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1178-86. [PMID: 27203439 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) endows specificity to T-cells independent of human leukocyte antigen (HLA). This enables one immunoreceptor to directly target the same surface antigen on different subsets of tumor cells from multiple HLA-disparate recipients. Most approaches manufacture individualized CAR(+)T-cells from the recipient or HLA-compatible donor, which are revealing promising clinical results. This is the impetus to broaden the number of patients eligible to benefit from adoptive immunotherapy such as to infuse third-party donor derived CAR(+)T-cells. This will overcome issues associated with (i) time to manufacture T-cells, (ii) cost to generate one product for one patient, (iii) inability to generate a product from lymphopenic patients or patient's immune cells fail to complete the manufacturing process, and (iv) heterogeneity of T-cell products produced for or from individual recipients. Establishing a biobank of allogeneic genetically modified immune cells from healthy third-party donors, which are cryopreserved and validated in advance of administration, will facilitate the centralizing manufacturing and widespread distribution of CAR(+)T-cells to multiple points-of-care in a timely manner. To achieve this, it is necessary to engineer an effective strategy to avoid deleterious allogeneic immune responses leading to toxicity and rejection. We review the strategies to establish "off-the-shelf" donor-derived biobanks for human application of CAR(+)T-cells as a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Torikai
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Laurence Jn Cooper
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Ziopharm Oncology Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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