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Khaledi N, Karshafian R, Taggar AS, Alrabiah K, Khan R, Gräfe JL. RBE-based dose planning, and calculation of TCP and NTCP with gold nanoparticles for intermediate photon energy in pancreatic cancer. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:175006. [PMID: 39074499 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad68be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Objective.This study simulated the potential of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to improve the effectiveness of radiation therapy in pancreatic cancer cases. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of GNPs on tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) in pancreatic cancer cases undergoing radiation therapy. The work aimed to compare treatment plans generated with a novel 2.5 MV beam using GNPs to conventional 6 MV plans and evaluate the dose-volume histogram (DVH), TCP, and NTCP.Approach.Treatment planning for five pancreatic computed tomography (CT) images was performed using the open-source MATLAB-based treatment planning program matRad. MATLAB codes were developed to calculate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of GNPs and apply the corresponding dose and RBE values to each voxel. TCP and NTCP were calculated based on the applied RBE values.Main results.Adding GNPs to the 2.5 MV treatment plan resulted in a significant increase in TCP, from around 59% to 93.5%, indicating that the inclusion of GNPs improved the effectiveness of the radiation treatment. The range in NTCP without GNPs was relatively larger compared to that with GNPs.Significance.The results indicated that the addition of GNPs to a 2.5 MV plan can increase TCP while maintaining a relatively low NTCP value (<1%). The use of GNPs may also reduce NTCP values by decreasing the dose to normal tissues while maintaining the same prescribed dose to the tumor. Hence, the addition of GNPs can improve the balance between TCP and NTCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Khaledi
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Raffi Karshafian
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), A Partnership Between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Amandeep S Taggar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Odette Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khalid Alrabiah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Odette Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rao Khan
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - James L Gräfe
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
- Cancer Care Program, Dr H. Bliss Murphy Cancer Center, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
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2
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Mahmoodian N, Rezapourian M, Inamdar AA, Kumar K, Fachet M, Hoeschen C. Enabling Low-Dose In Vivo Benchtop X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography through Deep-Learning-Based Denoising. J Imaging 2024; 10:127. [PMID: 38921604 PMCID: PMC11204716 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging10060127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography (XFCT) is an emerging non-invasive imaging technique providing high-resolution molecular-level data. However, increased sensitivity with current benchtop X-ray sources comes at the cost of high radiation exposure. Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning (DL), has revolutionized medical imaging by delivering high-quality images in the presence of noise. In XFCT, traditional methods rely on complex algorithms for background noise reduction, but AI holds promise in addressing high-dose concerns. We present an optimized Swin-Conv-UNet (SCUNet) model for background noise reduction in X-ray fluorescence (XRF) images at low tracer concentrations. Our method's effectiveness is evaluated against higher-dose images, while various denoising techniques exist for X-ray and computed tomography (CT) techniques, only a few address XFCT. The DL model is trained and assessed using augmented data, focusing on background noise reduction. Image quality is measured using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM), comparing outcomes with 100% X-ray-dose images. Results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm yields high-quality images from low-dose inputs, with maximum PSNR of 39.05 and SSIM of 0.86. The model outperforms block-matching and 3D filtering (BM3D), block-matching and 4D filtering (BM4D), non-local means (NLM), denoising convolutional neural network (DnCNN), and SCUNet in both visual inspection and quantitative analysis, particularly in high-noise scenarios. This indicates the potential of AI, specifically the SCUNet model, in significantly improving XFCT imaging by mitigating the trade-off between sensitivity and radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Mahmoodian
- Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.R.); (A.A.I.); (K.K.); (M.F.); (C.H.)
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3
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Mandot S, Zannoni EM, Cai L, Nie X, Riviere PJL, Wilson MD, Meng LJ. A High-Sensitivity Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Emission Tomography (XFET) System With a Full-Ring of X-Ray Imaging-Spectrometers and a Compound-Eye Collimation Aperture. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2024; 43:1782-1791. [PMID: 38696285 PMCID: PMC11129545 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2023.3348791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The advent of metal-based drugs and metal nanoparticles as therapeutic agents in anti-tumor treatment has motivated the advancement of X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) techniques. An XFCT imaging modality can detect, quantify, and image the biodistribution of metal elements using the X-ray fluorescence signal emitted upon X-ray irradiation. However, the majority of XFCT imaging systems and instrumentation developed so far rely on a single or a small number of detectors. This work introduces the first full-ring benchtop X-ray fluorescence emission tomography (XFET) system equipped with 24 solid-state detectors arranged in a hexagonal geometry and a 96-pinhole compound-eye collimator. We experimentally demonstrate the system's sensitivity and its capability of multi-element detection and quantification by performing imaging studies on an animal-sized phantom. In our preliminary studies, the phantom was irradiated with a pencil beam of X-rays produced using a low-powered polychromatic X-ray source (90kVp and 60W max power). This investigation shows a significant enhancement in the detection limit of gadolinium to as low as 0.1 mg/mL concentration. The results also illustrate the unique capabilities of the XFET system to simultaneously determine the spatial distribution and accurately quantify the concentrations of multiple metal elements.
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4
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Nouizi F, Algarawi M, Erkol H, Gulsen G. Gold nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy guidance with multi-wavelength photomagnetic imaging. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 45:103956. [PMID: 38159834 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Difficulty in heating tumors with high spatial selectivity while protecting surrounding healthy tissues from thermal harm is a challenge for cancer photothermal treatment (PTT). To mitigate this problem, PTT mediated by photothermal agents (PTAs) has been established as a potential therapeutic technique to boost selectivity and reduce damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Various gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have been effectively utilized as PTAs, mainly using strategies to target cancerous tissue and increase selective thermal damage. Meanwhile, imaging can be used in tandem to monitor the AuNP distribution and guide the PTT. Mainly, the parameters impacting the induced temperature can be determined using simulation tools before treatment for effective PTT. However, accurate simulations can only be performed if the amount of AuNPs accumulated in the tumor is known. This study introduces Photo-Magnetic Imaging (PMI), which can appropriately recover the AuNP concentration to guide the PTT. Using multi-wavelength measurements, PMI can provide AuNP concentration based on their distinct absorption spectra. Tissue-simulating phantom studies are conducted to demonstrate the potential of PMI in recovering AuNP concentration for PTT planning. The recovered AuNP concentration is used to model the temperature increase accurately in a small inclusion representing tumor using a multiphysics solver that takes into account the light propagation and heat diffusion in turbid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouk Nouizi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, USA
| | - Maha Algarawi
- Department of Physics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Saudi Arabia
| | - Hakan Erkol
- Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Turkey
| | - Gultekin Gulsen
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California Irvine, USA.
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5
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Arsana KGY, Saladino GM, Brodin B, Toprak MS, Hertz HM. Laboratory Liquid-Jet X-ray Microscopy and X-ray Fluorescence Imaging for Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:920. [PMID: 38255992 PMCID: PMC10815599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffraction-limited resolution and low penetration depth are fundamental constraints in optical microscopy and in vivo imaging. Recently, liquid-jet X-ray technology has enabled the generation of X-rays with high-power intensities in laboratory settings. By allowing the observation of cellular processes in their natural state, liquid-jet soft X-ray microscopy (SXM) can provide morphological information on living cells without staining. Furthermore, X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) permits the tracking of contrast agents in vivo with high elemental specificity, going beyond attenuation contrast. In this study, we established a methodology to investigate nanoparticle (NP) interactions in vitro and in vivo, solely based on X-ray imaging. We employed soft (0.5 keV) and hard (24 keV) X-rays for cellular studies and preclinical evaluations, respectively. Our results demonstrated the possibility of localizing NPs in the intracellular environment via SXM and evaluating their biodistribution with in vivo multiplexed XFI. We envisage that laboratory liquid-jet X-ray technology will significantly contribute to advancing our understanding of biological systems in the field of nanomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hans M. Hertz
- Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden (G.M.S.)
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6
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DeBrosse H, Meng LJ, Rivière PL. Effect of detector placement on joint estimation in X-ray fluorescence emission tomography. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 8:21-32. [PMID: 39069988 PMCID: PMC11281267 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2023.3332288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Imaging the spatial distribution of low concentrations of metal is a growing problem of interest with applications in medical and material sciences. X-ray fluorescence emission tomography (XFET) is an emerging metal mapping imaging modality with potential sensitivity improvements and practical advantages over other methods. However, XFET detector placement must first be optimized to ensure accurate metal density quantification and adequate spatial resolution. In this work, we first use singular value decomposition of the imaging model and eigendecomposition of the object-specific Fisher information matrix to study how detector arrangement affects spatial resolution and feature preservation. We then perform joint image reconstructions of a numerical gold phantom. For this phantom, we show that two parallel detectors provide metal quantification with similar accuracy to four detectors, despite the resulting anisotropic spatial resolution in the attenuation map estimate. Two orthogonal detectors provide improved spatial resolution along one axis, but underestimate the metal concentration in distant regions. Therefore, this work demonstrates the minor effect of using fewer, but strategically placed, detectors in the case where detector placement is restricted. This work is a critical investigation into the limitations and capabilities of XFET prior to its translation to preclinical and benchtop uses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Jian Meng
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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7
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Staufer T, Körnig C, Liu B, Liu Y, Lanzloth C, Schmutzler O, Bedke T, Machicote A, Parak WJ, Feliu N, Bosurgi L, Huber S, Grüner F. Enabling X-ray fluorescence imaging for in vivo immune cell tracking. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11505. [PMID: 37460665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of immune cells into sites of inflammation is one key feature of immune mediated inflammatory diseases. A detailed assessment of the in vivo dynamics of relevant cell subtypes could booster the understanding of this disease and the development of novel therapies. We show in detail how advanced X-ray fluorescence imaging enables such quantitative in vivo cell tracking, offering solutions that could pave the way beyond what other imaging modalities provide today. The key for this achievement is a detailed study of the spectral background contribution from multiple Compton scattering in a mouse-scaled object when this is scanned with a monochromatic pencil X-ray beam from a synchrotron. Under optimal conditions, the detection sensitivity is sufficient for detecting local accumulations of the labelled immune cells, hence providing experimental demonstration of in vivo immune cell tracking in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Staufer
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Körnig
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Beibei Liu
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yang Liu
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clarissa Lanzloth
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schmutzler
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Bedke
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andres Machicote
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neus Feliu
- Fraunhofer Center for Applied Nanotechnology (IAP-CAN), 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lidia Bosurgi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Grüner
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), 22761, Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Staufer T, Grüner F. Review of Development and Recent Advances in Biomedical X-ray Fluorescence Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10990. [PMID: 37446168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of X-rays for non-invasive imaging has a long history, which has resulted in several well-established methods in preclinical as well as clinical applications, such as tomographic imaging or computed tomography. While projection radiography provides anatomical information, X-ray fluorescence analysis allows quantitative mapping of different elements in samples of interest. Typical applications so far comprise the identification and quantification of different elements and are mostly located in material sciences, archeology and environmental sciences, whereas the use of the technique in life sciences has been strongly limited by intrinsic spectral background issues arising in larger objects, so far. This background arises from multiple Compton-scattering events in the objects of interest and strongly limits the achievable minimum detectable marker concentrations. Here, we review the history and report on the recent promising developments of X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) in preclinical applications, and provide an outlook on the clinical translation of the technique, which can be realized by reducing the above-mentioned intrinsic background with dedicated algorithms and by novel X-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Staufer
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Grüner
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Li L, Zhang S, Zhang W, Lu H. Full-field in vivoimaging of nanoparticles using benchtop cone-beam XFCT system with pixelated photon counting detector. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68. [PMID: 36646060 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acb3aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective.X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) is a promising noninvasive technique forin vivoimaging of high-Z elements (e.g. gadolinium (Gd) or gold (Au)). In this study we upgraded our experimental XFCT system using a flat panel photon counting detector with redesigned pinhole collimation in order to achieve 3D XFCT images during one scan.Approach.Aiming at the characteristics of pinhole-collimated cone-beam XFCT imaging, a new scatter correction algorithm was proposed to estimate the normalized spectrum of scatter background based on K-N formula and realize correction by a weighted least squares method. Then, images were quantitatively reconstructed by a maximum likelihood iterative algorithm with the attenuation correction.Main results.The potential on full-fieldin vivoXFCT imaging of this new system was investigated. An imaging experiment of a PMMA phantom with the diameter of 35 mm was carried out for quantitative evaluation of the system performance. Results show that 2 mg ml-1Gd solutions can be successfully reconstructed with a 45 min cone-beam XFCT scan.In vivoXFCT imaging experiments of mice with injection of Gd nanoparticles (GdNPs) were also performed and demonstrated in this paper. A mouse was injected through the tail vein with 20 mg ml-1NaGdF4 solution and then anesthetized with isoflurane during the cone-beam XFCT scan.Significance.The distribution of the GdNPs inside the mouse can be well reconstructed so that the deposition of NPsin vivocan be clearly observed, which indicates the feasibility of the proposed system for full-field XFCT of small animals and further potential in relevantin vivoresearch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, School of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China.,Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, School of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710000, People's Republic of China
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10
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DeBrosse H, Chandler T, Meng LJ, La Rivière P. Joint Estimation of Metal Density and Attenuation Maps with Pencil Beam XFET. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 7:191-202. [PMID: 37273411 PMCID: PMC10237365 DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2022.3201151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
X-ray fluorescence emission tomography (XFET) is an emerging imaging modality that images the spatial distribution of metal without requiring biochemical modification or radioactivity. This work investigates the joint estimation of metal and attenuation maps with a pencil-beam XFET system that allows for direct metal measurement in the absence of attenuation. Using singular value decomposition on a simplified imaging model, we show that reconstructing metal and attenuation voxels far from the detector is an ill-conditioned problem. Using simulated data, we develop and compare two image reconstruction methods for joint estimation. The first method alternates between updating the attenuation map with a separable paraboloidal surrogates algorithm and updating the metal map with a closed-form solution. The second method performs simultaneous joint estimation with conjugate gradients based on a linearized imaging model. The alternating approach outperforms the linearized approach for iron and gold numerical phantom reconstructions. Reconstructing an (8 cm)3 object containing gold concentrations of 5 mg/cm3 and an unknown beam attenuation map using the alternating approach yields an accurate gold map (NRMSE = 0.19) and attenuation map (NRMSE = 0.14). This simulation demonstrates an accurate joint reconstruction of metal and attenuation maps, from emission data, without previous knowledge of any attenuation map.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talon Chandler
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and is now with Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ling Jian Meng
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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11
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Kim T, Lee WS, Jeon M, Kim H, Eom M, Jung S, Im HJ, Ye SJ. Dual imaging modality of fluorescence and transmission X-rays for gold nanoparticle-injected living mice. Med Phys 2023; 50:529-539. [PMID: 36367111 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging for metal nanoparticles (MNPs) is a promising molecular imaging modality that can determine dynamic biodistributions of MNPs. However, it has the limitation that it only provides functional information. PURPOSE In this study, we aim to show the feasibility of acquiring functional and anatomic information on the same platform by demonstrating a dual imaging modality of pinhole XRF and computed tomography (CT) for gold nanoparticle (GNP)-injected living mice. METHODS By installing a transmission CT detector in an existing pinhole XRF imaging system using a two-dimensional (2D) cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) gamma camera, XRF and CT images were acquired on the same platform. Due to the optimal X-ray spectra for XRF and CT image acquisition being different, XRF and CT imaging were performed by 140 and 50 kV X-rays, respectively. An amount of 40 mg GNPs (1.9 nm in diameter) suspended in 0.20 ml of phosphate-buffered saline were injected into the three BALB/c mice via a tail vein. Then, the kidney and tumor slices of mice were scanned at specific time points within 60 min to acquire time-lapse in vivo biodistributions of GNPs. XRF images were directly acquired without image reconstruction using a pinhole collimator and a 2D CZT gamma camera. Subsequently, CT images were acquired by performing CT scans. In order to confirm the validity of the functional information provided by the XRF image, the CT image was fused with the XRF image. After the XRF and CT scan, the mice were euthanized, and major organs (kidneys, tumor, liver, and spleen) were extracted. The ex vivo GNP concentrations of the extracted organs were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and L-shell XRF detection system using a silicon drift detector, then compared with the in vivo GNP concentrations measured by the pinhole XRF imaging system. RESULTS Time-lapse XRF images were directly acquired without rotation and translation of imaging objects within an acquisition time of 2 min per slice. Due to the short image acquisition time, the time-lapse in vivo biodistribution of GNPs was acquired in the organs of the mice. CT images were fused with the XRF images and successfully confirmed the validity of the XRF images. The difference in ex vivo GNP concentrations measured by the L-shell XRF detection system and ICP-MS was 0.0005-0.02% by the weight of gold (wt%). Notably, the in vivo and ex vivo GNP concentrations in the kidneys of three mice were comparable with a difference of 0.01-0.08 wt%. CONCLUSIONS A dual imaging modality of pinhole XRF and CT imaging system and L-shell XRF detection system were successfully developed. The developed systems are a promising modality for in vivo imaging and ex vivo quantification for preclinical studies using MNPs. In addition, we discussed further improvements for the routine preclinical applications of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyun Kim
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Seung Lee
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Miyeon Jeon
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mingi Eom
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongmoon Jung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Im
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Joon Ye
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute for Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Rauta PR, Mackeyev Y, Sanders K, Kim JB, Gonzalez VV, Zahra Y, Shohayeb MA, Abousaida B, Vijay GV, Tezcan O, Derry P, Liopo AV, Zubarev ER, Carter R, Singh P, Krishnan S. Pancreatic tumor microenvironmental acidosis and hypoxia transform gold nanorods into cell-penetrant particles for potent radiosensitization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9729. [PMID: 36367938 PMCID: PMC9651859 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coating nanoparticles with stealth epilayers increases circulation time by evading opsonization, macrophage phagocytosis, and reticuloendothelial sequestration. However, this also reduces internalization by cancer cells upon reaching the tumor. We designed gold nanorods (GNRs) with an epilayer that retains stealth properties in circulation but transforms spontaneously in the acidotic tumor microenvironment to a cell-penetrating particle. We used a customized stoichiometric ratio of l-glutamic acid and l-lysine within an amphiphilic polymer of poly(l-glutamic acid-co-l-lysine), or P(Glu-co-Lys), to effect this transformation in acidotic environments. P(Glu-co-Lys)-GNRs were internalized by cancer cells to facilitate potent in vitro radiosensitization. When administered intravenously in mice, they accumulate in the periphery and core of tumors without any signs of serum biochemical or hematological alterations, normal organ histopathological abnormalities, or overt deterioration in animal health. Furthermore, P(Glu-co-Lys)-GNRs penetrated the tumor microenvironment to accumulate in the hypoxic cores of tumors to potently radiosensitize heterotopic and orthotopic pancreatic cancers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Mackeyev
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keith Sanders
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph B.K. Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Yasmin Zahra
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Belal Abousaida
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Okan Tezcan
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Derry
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anton V. Liopo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Rickey Carter
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Chemical Overview of Gel Dosimetry Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8100663. [PMID: 36286165 PMCID: PMC9601373 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in radiotherapy technology during the last 25 years have significantly improved both dose conformation to tumors and the preservation of healthy tissues, achieving almost real-time feedback by means of high-precision treatments and theranostics. Owing to this, developing high-performance systems capable of coping with the challenging requirements of modern ionizing radiation is a key issue to overcome the limitations of traditional dosimeters. In this regard, a deep understanding of the physicochemical basis of gel dosimetry, as one of the most promising tools for the evaluation of 3D high-spatial-resolution dose distributions, represents the starting point for developing new and innovative systems. This review aims to contribute thorough descriptions of the chemical processes and interactions that condition gel dosimetry outputs, often phenomenologically addressed, and particularly formulations reported since 2017.
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14
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Jayarathna S, Moktan H, Cho SH. Use of the Fully Spectroscopic Pixelated Cadmium Telluride Detector for Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2022; 10:105074-105083. [PMID: 36274671 PMCID: PMC9583747 DOI: 10.1109/access.2022.3210590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we integrated a commercially-available fully-spectroscopic pixelated cadmium telluride (CdTe) detector system as a two-dimensional (2D) array detector into our existing benchtop cone-beam x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) system. After integrating this detector, known as High-Energy X-ray Imaging Technology (HEXITEC), we performed quantitative imaging of gold nanoparticle (GNP) distribution in a small animal-sized phantom using our benchtop XFCT system. Owing to the upgraded detector component within our benchtop XFCT system, we were able to conduct this phantom imaging in an unprecedented manner by volumetric XFCT scans followed by XFCT image reconstruction in 3D. The current results showed that adoption of HEXITEC, in conjunction with a custom-made parallel-hole collimator, drastically reduced the XFCT scan time/dose. Compared with the previous work performed with our original benchtop XFCT system adopting a single crystal CdTe detector, the currently observed reduction was up to a factor of 5, while achieving comparable GNP detection limit under similar experimental conditions. Overall, we demonstrated, for the first time to the best our knowledge, the feasibility of benchtop XFCT imaging of small animal-sized objects containing biologically relevant GNP concentrations (on the order of 0.1 mg Au/cm3 or 100 parts-per-million/ppm), with the scan time (on the order of 1 minute)/x-ray dose (on the order of 10 cGy) that are likely meeting the minimum requirements for routine preclinical imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandun Jayarathna
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hem Moktan
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sang Hyun Cho
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Brümmer T, Bohlen S, Grüner F, Osterhoff J, Põder K. Compact all-optical precision-tunable narrowband hard Compton X-ray source. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16017. [PMID: 36163419 PMCID: PMC9512799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Readily available bright X-ray beams with narrow bandwidth and tunable energy promise to unlock novel developments in a wide range of applications. Among emerging alternatives to large-scale and costly present-day radiation sources which severely restrict the availability of such beams, compact laser-plasma-accelerator-driven inverse Compton scattering sources show great potential. However, these sources are currently limited to tens of percent bandwidths, unacceptably large for many applications. Here, we show conceptually that using active plasma lenses to tailor the electron bunch-photon interaction, tunable X-ray and gamma beams with percent-level bandwidths can be produced. The central X-ray energy is tunable by varying the focusing strength of the lens, without changing electron bunch properties, allowing for precision-tuning the X-ray beam energy. This method is a key development towards laser-plasma-accelerator-driven narrowband, precision tunable femtosecond photon sources, enabling a paradigm shift and proliferation of compact X-ray applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brümmer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Bohlen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Grüner
- Universität Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Osterhoff
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Põder
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
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16
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Zheng Y, Huo R, Su M. Shrinkable Hydrogel-Enhanced Biomarker Detection with X-ray Fluorescent Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142412. [PMID: 35889638 PMCID: PMC9317535 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a new method to enhance the sensitivity of nanoparticle-based protein detection with X-ray fluorescence by exploiting the large volume reduction of hydrogel upon dehydration. A carboxylated agarose hydrogel with uniaxial microchannels is used to allow rapid diffusion of nanoparticles and biomolecules into the hydrogel and water molecules out of the hydrogel. Carboxylated hydrogels are modified to capture protein biomarkers and X-ray fluorescence nanoparticles (iron oxide nanoparticles) are modified with antibodies that are specific to protein biomarkers. The presence of protein biomarkers in solution binds the nanoparticles on the hydrogel channels. The dehydration of hydrogels leads to a size reduction of over 80 times, which increases the number of nanoparticles in the interaction volume of the primary X-ray beam and the intensity of characteristic X-ray fluorescence signal. A detection limit of 2 μg/mL for protein detection has been established by determining the number of nanoparticles using X-ray fluorescence.
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17
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Pu S, Huang Y, Zhao N, Liu H, Zuo Y, Zheng C, Zhou H, Zhu L, Yang Y. Quantitative x-ray fluorescence imaging system for non-destructive 3D tumor histology. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3087-3090. [PMID: 35709057 DOI: 10.1364/ol.458905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An in-house dual-modality x-ray fluorescence tomography (XFT) and x-ray computed tomography (XCT) system was developed to quantify iodine contrast distribution through the whole tumor volume ex vivo. The quantitative XFT was calibrated with water phantoms containing iodine solutions of various concentrations (0.0175-1.4 wt.%). The vasculature distribution was reflected by the iodine perfusion, which was validated with histology. This technique may open a new, to the best of our knowledge, route to the non-destructive three-dimensional-imaging-based histological analysis of tumor samples.
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18
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Enabling Coarse X-ray Fluorescence Imaging Scans with Enlarged Synchrotron Beam by Means of Mosaic Crystal Defocusing Optics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094673. [PMID: 35563064 PMCID: PMC9104365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace elements, functionalized nanoparticles and labeled entities can be localized with sub-mm spatial resolution by X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI). Here, small animals are raster scanned with a pencil-like synchrotron beam of high energy and low divergence and the X-ray fluorescence is recorded with an energy-dispersive detector. The ability to first perform coarse scans to identify regions of interest, followed by a close-up with a sub-mm X-ray beam is desirable, because overall measurement time and X-ray dose absorbed by the (biological) specimen can thus be minimized. However, the size of X-ray beams at synchrotron beamlines is usually strongly dependent on the actual beamline setup and can only be adapted within specific pre-defined limits. Especially, large synchrotron beams are non-trivial to generate. Here, we present the concept of graphite-based, convex reflection optics for the one-dimensional enlargement of a 1 mm wide synchrotron beam by a factor of 5 to 10 within a 1 m distance. Four different optics are tested and characterized and their reflection properties compared to ray tracing simulations. The general shape and size of the measured reflection profiles agree with expectations. Enhancements with respect to homogeneity and efficiency can be expected with improved optics manufacturing. A mouse phantom is used for a proof-of-principle XFI experiment demonstrating the applicability of coarse and fine scans with the suggested optics design.
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19
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Kadowaki M, Matsuura T, Imanaka H, Ishida N, Imamura K. Extraordinary high preservation of the dispersion state of Au nanoparticles during freeze-thawing and freeze-drying with gum arabic. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Körnig C, Staufer T, Schmutzler O, Bedke T, Machicote A, Liu B, Liu Y, Gargioni E, Feliu N, Parak WJ, Huber S, Grüner F. In-situ x-ray fluorescence imaging of the endogenous iodine distribution in murine thyroids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2903. [PMID: 35190621 PMCID: PMC8861059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) is a non-invasive detection method of small quantities of elements, which can be excited to emit fluorescence x-ray photons upon irradiation with an incident x-ray beam. In particular, it can be used to measure nanoparticle uptake in cells and tissue, thus making it a versatile medical imaging modality. However, due to substantially increased multiple Compton scattering background in the measured x-ray spectra, its sensitivity severely decreases for thicker objects, so far limiting its applicability for tracking very small quantities under in-vivo conditions. Reducing the detection limit would enable the ability to track labeled cells, promising new insights into immune response and pharmacokinetics. We present a synchrotron-based approach for reducing the minimal detectable marker concentration by demonstrating the feasibility of XFI for measuring the yet inaccessible distribution of the endogenous iodine in murine thyroids under in-vivo conform conditions. This result can be used as a reference case for the design of future preclinical XFI applications as mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Körnig
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Staufer
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schmutzler
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Bedke
- I. Department of Medicine, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andres Machicote
- I. Department of Medicine, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Beibei Liu
- I. Department of Medicine, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yang Liu
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg and Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Gargioni
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neus Feliu
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg and Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Center for Applied Nanotechnology (CAN), Grindelallee 117, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg and Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Grüner
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
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21
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Reduction of Compton Background Noise for X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography with Deep Learning. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For bench-top X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT), the X-ray tube source will bring extreme Compton background noise, resulting in a low signal-to-noise ratio and low contrast detection limit. In this paper, a noise2noise denoising algorithm based on the UNet deep learning network is proposed. The network can use noise image learning to convert the noise image into a clean image. Two sets of phantoms (high concentration Gd phantom and low concentration Bi phantom) are used for scanning to simulate the imaging process under different noise levels and generate the required data set. Additionally, the data set is generated by Geant4 simulation. In the training process, the L1 loss function is used for its good convergence. The image quality is evaluated according to CNR and pixel profile, which shows that our algorithm is better than BM3D, both visually and quantitatively.
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22
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Moktan H, Jayarathna S, Cho SH. Sensitivity enhancement of an experimental benchtop x-ray fluorescence imaging system by deploying a single crystal cadmium telluride detector system optimized for high flux x-ray operations. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ACCELERATORS, SPECTROMETERS, DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 2022; 1025:166198. [PMID: 35340930 PMCID: PMC8942383 DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2021.166198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an energy-resolving thermoelectrically cooled single crystal cadmium telluride (CdTe) detector system upgraded with the latest firmware was optimized for high x-ray flux operations using high bias voltage and fast peaking time. This detector system was deployed into an experimental benchtop x-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging/computed tomography (XFCT) system developed for quantitative imaging of metal nanoprobes such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs). Using the firmware-upgraded and existing/old CdTe detector systems, the Compton/XRF spectra from small (8 mm diameter) GNP-containing phantoms were acquired. The phantoms were irradiated with 1.8 mm Sn-filtered 125 kVp cone beam x-rays at 24 mA. The firmware-upgraded detector system produced relatively lower dead time under high x-ray flux, compared with the old detector system, and performed well with the spectral resolution of ~0.7 keV (in full width at half maximum) at 69 keV photon energy. Given the same 2 mm aperture detector collimator and irradiation time of 10 s, this detector system managed to score nearly 50% more gold XRF signals than the existing one at all GNP concentrations tested. This improvement resulted in the GNP detection limit of 0.02 wt. % which was lower than that (0.03 wt. %) achievable with the existing detector system. When combined with the detector collimator containing a larger (3 mm) aperture, the firmware-upgraded detector system produced drastically more gold XRF signal at a given GNP concentration (e.g., 9 times more for 1 wt. % GNP solution and irradiation time of 10 s), leading to further reduction in the GNP detection limit (i.e., 0.01 wt. %). The present investigation showed that the firmware upgraded CdTe detector system optimized for high x-ray flux operations allowed for better photon counting efficiency, thus leading to sensitivity enhancement of an experimental benchtop XRF/XFCT imaging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Moktan
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sandun Jayarathna
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sang Hyun Cho
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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Pickford Scienti OLP, Darambara DG. An Overview of X-ray Photon Counting Spectral Imaging (x-CSI) with a Focus on Gold Nanoparticle Quantification in Oncology. J Imaging 2021; 8:4. [PMID: 35049845 PMCID: PMC8778032 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article offers an overview of the differences between traditional energy integrating (EI) X-ray imaging and the new technique of X-ray photon counting spectral imaging (x-CSI). The review is motivated by the need to image gold nanoparticles (AuNP) in vivo if they are to be used clinically to deliver a radiotherapy dose-enhancing effect (RDEE). The aim of this work is to familiarise the reader with x-CSI as a technique and to draw attention to how this technique will need to develop to be of clinical use for the described oncological applications. This article covers the conceptual differences between x-CSI and EI approaches, the advantages of x-CSI, constraints on x-CSI system design, and the achievements of x-CSI in AuNP quantification. The results of the review show there are still approximately two orders of magnitude between the AuNP concentrations used in RDEE applications and the demonstrated detection limits of x-CSI. Two approaches to overcome this were suggested: changing AuNP design or changing x-CSI system design. Optimal system parameters for AuNP detection and general spectral performance as determined by simulation studies were different to those used in the current x-CSI systems, indicating potential gains that may be made with this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver L. P. Pickford Scienti
- Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5NG, UK;
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24
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Moktan H, Panta RK, Cho SH. Bias-voltage dependent operational characteristics of a fully spectroscopic pixelated cadmium telluride detector system within an experimental benchtop x-ray fluorescence imaging setup. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 8. [PMID: 34874017 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac3d9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available fully spectroscopic pixelated cadmium telluride (CdTe) detector systems have been adopted lately for benchtop x-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging/computed tomography (XFCT) of objects containing metal nanoprobes such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs). To date, however, some important characteristics of such detector systems under typical operating conditions of benchtop XRF/XFCT imaging systems are not well known. One important but poorly studied characteristic is the effect of detector bias-voltage on photon counting efficiency, energy resolution, and the resulting material detection limit. In this work, therefore, we investigated these characteristics for a commercial pixelated detector system adopting a 1-mm-thick CdTe sensor (0.25-mm pixel-pitch), known as HEXITEC, incorporated into an experimental benchtop cone-beam XFCT system with parallel-hole detector collimation. The detector system, operated at different bias-voltages, was used to acquire the gold XRF/Compton spectra from 1.0 wt% GNP-loaded phantom irradiated with 125 kVp x-rays filtered by 1.8-mm Tin. At each bias-voltage, the gold XRF signal, and the full-width-at-half-maximum at gold Kα2XRF peak (∼67 keV) provided photon counting efficiency and energy resolution, respectively. Under the current experimental conditions, the detector photon counting efficiency and energy resolution improved with increasing bias-voltage by ∼41 and ∼29% at -300V; ∼54 and ∼35% at -500V, respectively, when compared to those at -100V. Consequently, the GNP detection limit improved by ∼26% at -300V and ∼30% at -500V. Furthermore, the homogeneity of per-pixel energy resolution within the collimated detector area improved by ∼34% at -300V and ∼54% at -500V. These results suggested the gradual improvements in the detector performance with increasing bias-voltage up to -500V. However, at and beyond -550V, there were no discernible improvements in photon counting efficiency and energy resolution. Thus, the bias-voltage range of -500 to -550V was found optimal under the current experimental conditions that are considered typical of benchtop XRF/XFCT imaging tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Moktan
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Raj Kumar Panta
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Sang Hyun Cho
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America.,Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
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25
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Li WB, Stangl S, Klapproth A, Shevtsov M, Hernandez A, Kimm MA, Schuemann J, Qiu R, Michalke B, Bernal MA, Li J, Hürkamp K, Zhang Y, Multhoff G. Application of High-Z Gold Nanoparticles in Targeted Cancer Radiotherapy-Pharmacokinetic Modeling, Monte Carlo Simulation and Radiobiological Effect Modeling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5370. [PMID: 34771534 PMCID: PMC8582555 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-Z gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated to a targeting antibody can help to improve tumor control in radiotherapy while simultaneously minimizing radiotoxicity to adjacent healthy tissue. This paper summarizes the main findings of a joint research program which applied AuNP-conjugates in preclinical modeling of radiotherapy at the Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München. A pharmacokinetic model of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was developed in preparation for a model simulating the uptake and distribution of AuNPs in mice. Multi-scale Monte Carlo simulations were performed on a single AuNP and multiple AuNPs in tumor cells at cellular and molecular levels to determine enhancements in the radiation dose and generation of chemical radicals in close proximity to AuNPs. A biologically based mathematical model was developed to predict the biological response of AuNPs in radiation enhancement. Although simulations of a single AuNP demonstrated a clear dose enhancement, simulations relating to the generation of chemical radicals and the induction of DNA strand breaks induced by multiple AuNPs showed only a minor dose enhancement. The differences in the simulated enhancements at molecular and cellular levels indicate that further investigations are necessary to better understand the impact of the physical, chemical, and biological parameters in preclinical experimental settings prior to a translation of these AuNPs models into targeted cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bo Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Klapproth
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.K.); (K.H.)
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Str., 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave., 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alicia Hernandez
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie A. Kimm
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technische Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81337 Munich, Germany;
| | - Jan Schuemann
- Physics Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Rui Qiu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Mario A. Bernal
- Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-859, SP, Brazil;
| | - Junli Li
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81337 Munich, Germany;
| | - Kerstin Hürkamp
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (A.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Yibao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China;
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.S.); (M.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technishe Universität München (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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26
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Feasibility of Monitoring Tumor Response by Tracking Nanoparticle-Labelled T Cells Using X-ray Fluorescence Imaging-A Numerical Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168736. [PMID: 34445443 PMCID: PMC8395984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been a breakthrough in cancer treatment, yet only a subgroup of patients responds to these novel drugs. Parameters such as cytotoxic T-cell infiltration into the tumor have been proposed for the early evaluation and prediction of therapeutic response, demanded for non-invasive, sensitive and longitudinal imaging. We have evaluated the feasibility of X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) to track immune cells and thus monitor the immune response. For that, we have performed Monte Carlo simulations using a mouse voxel model. Spherical targets, enriched with gold or palladium fluorescence agents, were positioned within the model and imaged using a monochromatic photon beam of 53 or 85 keV. Based on our simulation results, XFI may detect as few as 730 to 2400 T cells labelled with 195 pg gold each when imaging subcutaneous tumors in mice, with a spatial resolution of 1 mm. However, the detection threshold is influenced by the depth of the tumor as surrounding tissue increases scattering and absorption, especially when utilizing palladium imaging agents with low-energy characteristic fluorescence photons. Further evaluation and conduction of in vivo animal experiments will be required to validate and advance these promising results.
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27
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Hara D, Tao W, Totiger TM, Pourmand A, Dogan N, Ford JC, Shi J, Pollack A. Prostate Cancer Targeted X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging via Gold Nanoparticles Functionalized With Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 111:220-232. [PMID: 33964351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The gold nanoparticle (GNP) as a promising theranostic probe has been increasingly studied. The tumor-targeting efficiency of GNPs is crucial to increase the therapeutic ratio. In this study, we developed PSMA-targeted GNPs to enhance GNP uptake in prostate cancer and developed an x-ray fluorescence imaging system to noninvasively monitor and assess GNP delivery. METHODS AND MATERIALS For targeted therapy of prostate cancer, anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) antibodies were conjugated onto PEGylated GNPs through 1-ethyl-3-(-3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (EDC/NHS) chemistry. In vivo imaging was implemented using an in-house-developed dual-modality computed tomography (CT) and x-ray fluorescence CT (XFCT) system on mice bearing subcutaneous LNCaP prostate tumors. After intravenous administration of GNPs (15 mg/mL, 200 μL), the x-ray fluorescence signals from the tumor were collected at various time points (5 minutes to approximately 30 hours) for GNP pharmacokinetics analysis. At 24 hours after administration, x-ray fluorescence projection (XRFproj) and XFCT imaging were conducted to evaluate the prostate tumor uptake of active- and passive-targeting GNPs. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis was adopted as a benchmark to verify the quantification accuracy of XRFproj/XFCT imaging. RESULTS Fluorescence microscopic imaging confirmed the enhanced (approximately 4 times) targeting efficiency of PSMA-targeted GNPs in vitro. The pharmacokinetics analysis showed enhanced tumor uptake/retention of PSMA-targeted GNPs and revealed that the peak tumor accumulation appeared at approximately 24 hours after intravenous administration. Both XRFproj and XFCT imaging presented their accuracy in quantifying GNPs within tumors noninvasively. Moreover, XFCT imaging verified its unique capabilities to simultaneously determine the heterogeneous spatial distribution and the concentration of GNPs within tumors in vivo. CONCLUSIONS In conjunction with PSMA-targeted GNPs, XRFproj/XFCT would be a highly sensitive tool for targeted imaging of prostate cancer, benefiting the elucidation of mechanisms of GNP-assisted prostate-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Hara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Wensi Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Tulasigeri M Totiger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Ali Pourmand
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Nesrin Dogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - John Chetley Ford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
| | - Junwei Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
| | - Alan Pollack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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28
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Luo D, Wang X, Burda C, Basilion JP. Recent Development of Gold Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents for Cancer Diagnosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1825. [PMID: 33920453 PMCID: PMC8069007 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed the booming of preclinical studies of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in biomedical applications, from therapeutics delivery, imaging diagnostics, to cancer therapies. The synthetic versatility, unique optical and electronic properties, and ease of functionalization make AuNPs an excellent platform for cancer theranostics. This review summarizes the development of AuNPs as contrast agents to image cancers. First, we briefly describe the AuNP synthesis, their physical characteristics, surface functionalization and related biomedical uses. Then we focus on the performances of AuNPs as contrast agents to diagnose cancers, from magnetic resonance imaging, CT and nuclear imaging, fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging to X-ray fluorescence imaging. We compare these imaging modalities and highlight the roles of AuNPs as contrast agents in cancer diagnosis accordingly, and address the challenges for their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Luo
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Xinning Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - James P. Basilion
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
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29
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X-ray Fluorescence Uptake Measurement of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles in Tumor Cell Microsamples. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073691. [PMID: 33916283 PMCID: PMC8037401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative cellular in vitro nanoparticle uptake measurements are possible with a large number of different techniques, however, all have their respective restrictions. Here, we demonstrate the application of synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) on prostate tumor cells, which have internalized differently functionalized gold nanoparticles. Total nanoparticle uptake on the order of a few hundred picograms could be conveniently observed with microsamples consisting of only a few hundreds of cells. A comparison with mass spectroscopy quantification is provided, experimental results are both supported and sensitivity limits of this XFI approach extrapolated by Monte-Carlo simulations, yielding a minimum detectable nanoparticle mass of just 5 pg. This study demonstrates the high sensitivity level of XFI, allowing non-destructive uptake measurements with very small microsamples within just seconds of irradiation time.
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30
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Jayarathna S, Ahmed MF, O'Ryan L, Moktan H, Cui Y, Cho SH. Characterization of a Pixelated Cadmium Telluride Detector System Using a Polychromatic X-Ray Source and Gold Nanoparticle-Loaded Phantoms for Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2021; 9:49912-49919. [PMID: 33996343 PMCID: PMC8117933 DOI: 10.1109/access.2021.3069368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pixelated semi-conductor detectors providing high energy resolution enable parallel acquisition of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) signals, potentially leading to performance enhancement of benchtop XRF imaging or computed tomography (XFCT) systems utilizing ordinary polychromatic x-ray sources. However, little is currently known about the characteristics of such detectors under typical operating conditions of benchtop XRF imaging/XFCT. In this work, a commercially available pixelated cadmium telluride (CdTe) detector system, HEXITEC (High Energy X-ray Imaging Technology), was characterized to address this issue. Specifically, HEXITEC was deployed into our benchtop cone-beam XFCT system, and used to detect gold Kα XRF photons from gold nanoparticle (GNP)-loaded phantoms. To facilitate the detection of XRF photons, various parallel-hole stainless steel collimators were fabricated and coupled with HEXITEC. A pixel-by-pixel spectrum merging algorithm was introduced to obtain well-defined XRF + scatter spectra with parallel-hole collimators. The effect of charge sharing addition (CSA) and discrimination (CSD) algorithms was also investigated for pixel-level CS correction. Finally, the detector energy resolution, in terms of the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values at two gold Kα XRF peaks (~68 keV), was also determined. Under the current experimental conditions, CSD provided the best energy resolution of HEXITEC (~1.05 keV FWHM), compared with CSA and no CS correction. This FWHM value was larger (by up to ~0.35 keV) than those reported previously for HEXITEC (at ~60 keV Am-241 peak) and single-crystal CdTe detectors (at two gold Kα XRF peaks). This investigation highlighted characteristics of HEXITEC as well as the necessity for application-specific detector characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandun Jayarathna
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Md Foiez Ahmed
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Liam O'Ryan
- Quantum Detectors Ltd., Oxford OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Hem Moktan
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yonggang Cui
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Sang Hyun Cho
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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31
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Sanchez-Cano C, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Abendroth JM, Beck T, Blick R, Cao Y, Caruso F, Chakraborty I, Chapman HN, Chen C, Cohen BE, Conceição ALC, Cormode DP, Cui D, Dawson KA, Falkenberg G, Fan C, Feliu N, Gao M, Gargioni E, Glüer CC, Grüner F, Hassan M, Hu Y, Huang Y, Huber S, Huse N, Kang Y, Khademhosseini A, Keller TF, Körnig C, Kotov NA, Koziej D, Liang XJ, Liu B, Liu S, Liu Y, Liu Z, Liz-Marzán LM, Ma X, Machicote A, Maison W, Mancuso AP, Megahed S, Nickel B, Otto F, Palencia C, Pascarelli S, Pearson A, Peñate-Medina O, Qi B, Rädler J, Richardson JJ, Rosenhahn A, Rothkamm K, Rübhausen M, Sanyal MK, Schaak RE, Schlemmer HP, Schmidt M, Schmutzler O, Schotten T, Schulz F, Sood AK, Spiers KM, Staufer T, Stemer DM, Stierle A, Sun X, Tsakanova G, Weiss PS, Weller H, Westermeier F, Xu M, Yan H, Zeng Y, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Zhu D, Zhu Y, Parak WJ. X-ray-Based Techniques to Study the Nano-Bio Interface. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3754-3807. [PMID: 33650433 PMCID: PMC7992135 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
X-ray-based analytics are routinely applied in many fields, including physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering. The full potential of such techniques in the life sciences and medicine, however, has not yet been fully exploited. We highlight current and upcoming advances in this direction. We describe different X-ray-based methodologies (including those performed at synchrotron light sources and X-ray free-electron lasers) and their potentials for application to investigate the nano-bio interface. The discussion is predominantly guided by asking how such methods could better help to understand and to improve nanoparticle-based drug delivery, though the concepts also apply to nano-bio interactions in general. We discuss current limitations and how they might be overcome, particularly for future use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sanchez-Cano
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ramon A. Alvarez-Puebla
- Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís
Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - John M. Abendroth
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tobias Beck
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Blick
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces
Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Indranath Chakraborty
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre
for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität
Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chunying Chen
- National
Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), 100190 Beijing China
| | - Bruce E. Cohen
- The
Molecular Foundry and Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated
Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - David P. Cormode
- Radiology
Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for
Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | - Gerald Falkenberg
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for
Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Neus Feliu
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
- CAN, Fraunhofer Institut, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Department
of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Gargioni
- Department
of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claus-C. Glüer
- Section
Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Clinic Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University
Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Grüner
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität
Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, and Karolinska
Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yong Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yalan Huang
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department
of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yanan Kang
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90049, United States
| | - Thomas F. Keller
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Körnig
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität
Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas A. Kotov
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces
Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Michigan
Institute for Translational Nanotechnology (MITRAN), Ypsilanti, Michigan 48198, United States
| | - Dorota Koziej
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- National
Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), 100190 Beijing China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department
of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology,
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085 China
| | - Yang Liu
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ziyao Liu
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luis M. Liz-Marzán
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica
en Red de Bioingeniería,
Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- National
Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), 100190 Beijing China
| | - Andres Machicote
- Department
of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maison
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adrian P. Mancuso
- European XFEL, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La
Trobe Institute for Molecular
Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saad Megahed
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bert Nickel
- Sektion Physik, Ludwig Maximilians Universität
München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Otto
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Palencia
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Arwen Pearson
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oula Peñate-Medina
- Section
Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Clinic Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University
Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Bing Qi
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Rädler
- Sektion Physik, Ludwig Maximilians Universität
München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Joseph J. Richardson
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Department
of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Department
of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rübhausen
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Raymond E. Schaak
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and
Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pensylvania 16802, United States
| | - Heinz-Peter Schlemmer
- Department of Radiology, German Cancer
Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University
of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Oliver Schmutzler
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität
Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Florian Schulz
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. K. Sood
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kathryn M. Spiers
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Staufer
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität
Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik M. Stemer
- California NanoSystems Institute, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xing Sun
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL) State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Gohar Tsakanova
- Institute of Molecular Biology of National
Academy of Sciences of
Republic of Armenia, 7 Hasratyan str., 0014 Yerevan, Armenia
- CANDLE Synchrotron Research Institute, 31 Acharyan str., 0040 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Horst Weller
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
- CAN, Fraunhofer Institut, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Westermeier
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology,
Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085 China
| | - Huijie Yan
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuan Zeng
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ying Zhao
- Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, and Karolinska
Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- National
Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), 100190 Beijing China
| | - Dingcheng Zhu
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ying Zhu
- Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility,
Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- Division of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory
of Interfacial
Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Mathematics,
Informatics, and Natural Sciences (MIN) Faculty, University of Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for
Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Brivio D, Sajo E, Zygmanski P. Gold nanoparticle detection and quantification in therapeutic MV beams via pair production. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66:064004. [PMID: 33412535 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abd954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We propose a new detection method of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) in therapeutic megavoltage (MV) x-ray beams by means of coincidence counting of annihilation photons following pair production in gold. METHODS The proposed MV x-ray induced positron emission (MVIPE) imaging technique is studied by radiation transport computations using MCNP6 (3D) and CEPXS/ONEDANT (1D) codes for two water phantoms: a 35 cm slab and a similarly sized cylinder, both having a 5 cm AuNP filled region in the center. MVIPE is compared to the standard x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT). MVIPE adopts MV x-ray sources (Co-60, 2 MV, 6 MV, 6 MV with closed MLC and 15 MV) and relies on the detection of 511 keV photon-pairs. XFCT uses kilovoltage sources (100 kVp, 120 kVp and 150 kVp) and imaging is characterized by analysis of k α1,2 Au characteristic lines. Three levels of AuNP concentration were studied: 0.1%, 1% and 10% by weight. RESULTS Annihilation photons in the MVIPE technique originate both in the AuNP and in water along the x-ray beam path with significantly larger production in the AuNP-loaded region. MVIPE signal from AuNP is linearly increasing with AuNP concentration up to 10%wt, while XFCT signal reaches saturation due to self-absorption within AuNP. The production of annihilation photons is proportional to the MV source energy. MVIPE technique using a 15 MV pencil beam and 10 wt% AuNP detects about 4.5 × 103 511 keV-photons cm-2 at 90° w/r to the incident beam per 109 source photons cm-2; 500 of these come from AuNP. In contrast, the XFCT technique using 150 kVp detects only about 100 k α1-photons cm-2 per 109 source photons cm-2. CONCLUSIONS In MVIPE, the number of annihilation photons produced for different MV-beam energies and AuNP concentrations is significantly greater than the k α1 photons generated in XFCT. Coincidence counting in MVIPE allows to avoid collimation, which is a major limiting factor in XFCT. MVIPE challenges include the filtering of Compton scatter and annihilation photons originating in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brivio
- Brigham & Woman's Hospital, Boston, MA, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
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Gao B, Laforce B, Vincze L, Hoorebeke LV, Boone MN. Quantitative Reconstruction of Polychromatic X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography Using Transmission Tomography. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2082-2089. [PMID: 33406819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Through measuring the intensity of the fluorescence X-rays emitted by the elements of interest, X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) is capable of mapping the elemental distribution inside an object without destructively sectioning it. With the recent advances in XFCT utilizing polychromatic microfocus X-ray sources, it is expected that the popularity of such imaging modality will rise further. However, XFCT suffers from self-absorption effects, which make it challenging to reconstruct the elemental distribution inside the sample accurately. For this reason, polychromatic XFCT is mainly used to retrieve the distribution of elements with a relatively high atomic number (Z) when compared to the matrix of the sample. To enable the quantitative reconstruction of trace and low Z elements with polychromatic XFCT, a novel reconstruction method has been proposed in this manuscript. Through examining the proposed method on both simulation data and experimental data, its capacity on retrieving the density distribution of relatively low Z elements has been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- UGCT-Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brecht Laforce
- X-ray Microspectroscopy and Imaging Group (XMI), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laszlo Vincze
- X-ray Microspectroscopy and Imaging Group (XMI), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Hoorebeke
- UGCT-Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthieu N Boone
- UGCT-Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Development and characterisation of a confocal detection array for K-lines of heavy metals in big light matrix. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shaker K, Vogt C, Katsu-Jimenez Y, Kuiper RV, Andersson K, Li Y, Larsson JC, Rodriguez-Garcia A, Toprak MS, Arsenian-Henriksson M, Hertz HM. Longitudinal In-Vivo X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography With Molybdenum Nanoparticles. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:3910-3919. [PMID: 32746133 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.3007165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) with nanoparticles (NPs) as contrast agents shows potential for molecular biomedical imaging with higher spatial resolution than present methods. To date the technique has been demonstrated on phantoms and mice, however, parameters such as radiation dose, exposure times and sensitivity have not yet allowed for high-spatial-resolution in vivo longitudinal imaging, i.e., imaging of the same animal at different time points. Here we show in vivo XFCT with spatial resolution in the 200- [Formula: see text] range in a proof-of-principle longitudinal study where mice are imaged five times each during an eight-week period following tail-vein injection of NPs. We rely on a 24 keV x-ray pencil-beam-based excitation of in-house-synthesized molybdenum oxide NPs (MoO2) to provide the high signal-to-background x-ray fluorescence detection necessary for XFCT imaging with low radiation dose and short exposure times. We quantify the uptake and clearance of NPs in vivo through imaging, and monitor animal well-being over the course of the study with support from histology and DNA stability analysis to assess the impact of x-ray exposure and NPs on animal welfare. We conclude that the presented imaging arrangement has potential for in vivo longitudinal studies, putting emphasis on designing biocompatible NPs as the future focus for active-targeting preclinical XFCT.
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36
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Lorenc T, Chrzanowski J, Olejarz W. Current Perspectives on Clinical Use of Exosomes as a Personalized Contrast Media and Theranostics. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3386. [PMID: 33207614 PMCID: PMC7698051 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An appropriate combination of biomarkers and imaging technologies will become standard practice in the future. Because the incidence of and mortality from cancers is rising, the further study of new approaches for the early detection and precise characterization of tumors is essential. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, prove to have great potential when it comes to diagnosis and targeted therapy. Due to their natural ability to pass through biological barriers, depending on their origin, EVs can accumulate at defined sites, including tumors, preferentially. This manuscript discusses the difficulties and simplicities of processing cell-derived materials, packaging diverse groups of agents in EVs, and activating the biological complex. Developing exosome-based diagnostic techniques to detect disease precisely and early as well as treat disease marks a new era of personalized radiology and nuclear medicine. As circulating drug delivery vehicles for novel therapeutic modalities, EVs offer a new platform for cancer theranostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Lorenc
- Ist Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 5 Chalubinskiego Street, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julian Chrzanowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.C.); (W.O.)
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Olejarz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.C.); (W.O.)
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Schuemann J, Bagley AF, Berbeco R, Bromma K, Butterworth KT, Byrne HL, Chithrani BD, Cho SH, Cook JR, Favaudon V, Gholami YH, Gargioni E, Hainfeld JF, Hespeels F, Heuskin AC, Ibeh UM, Kuncic Z, Kunjachan S, Lacombe S, Lucas S, Lux F, McMahon S, Nevozhay D, Ngwa W, Payne JD, Penninckx S, Porcel E, Prise KM, Rabus H, Ridwan SM, Rudek B, Sanche L, Singh B, Smilowitz HM, Sokolov KV, Sridhar S, Stanishevskiy Y, Sung W, Tillement O, Virani N, Yantasee W, Krishnan S. Roadmap for metal nanoparticles in radiation therapy: current status, translational challenges, and future directions. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:21RM02. [PMID: 32380492 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab9159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This roadmap outlines the potential roles of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) in the field of radiation therapy. MNPs made up of a wide range of materials (from Titanium, Z = 22, to Bismuth, Z = 83) and a similarly wide spectrum of potential clinical applications, including diagnostic, therapeutic (radiation dose enhancers, hyperthermia inducers, drug delivery vehicles, vaccine adjuvants, photosensitizers, enhancers of immunotherapy) and theranostic (combining both diagnostic and therapeutic), are being fabricated and evaluated. This roadmap covers contributions from experts in these topics summarizing their view of the current status and challenges, as well as expected advancements in technology to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schuemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
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38
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Explosive detection and identification using X-ray fluorescence and thermal fingerprint of silica encapsulated nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moktan H, Ahmed MF, Jayarathna S, Deng L, Cho SH. Monte Carlo study of x-ray detection configurations for benchtop x-ray fluorescence computed tomography of gold nanoparticle-loaded objects. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:175010. [PMID: 32869750 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab9774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the performance of benchtop x-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) systems has been significantly enhanced through hardware and software optimizations. Recent studies have indicated the need of energy-resolving pixelated/array detectors in the x-ray detection component to further improve the sensitivity and image resolution of benchtop XFCT systems while meeting the realistic constraints of dose and scan time. Thus, it is of immediate interest in the research community to conduct the following investigations: (a) delineation of strengths/weaknesses of detection configurations that incorporate pixelated/array detectors in combination with two most frequently used (parallel-hole and pinhole) collimators; (b) one-to-one comparison of their performance under identical imaging conditions of benchtop XFCT. In this study, we developed a Geant4-based Monte Carlo model to investigate the effects of the aforementioned detection configurations on the sensitivity and image resolution of a benchtop XFCT system. Using this model, we simulated the detection of x-ray fluorescence and scattered photons from gold nanoparticle-containing phantoms using energy-resolving pixelated detectors coupled with parallel-hole and pinhole collimators. Simulation results demonstrated that the detector consisting of large pixels (1 mm × 1 mm) combined with a parallel-hole collimator had better sensitivity (i.e. lower detection limit) than the detector made of smaller pixels (0.25 mm × 0.25 mm) coupled with a pinhole collimator. In comparison, although slightly less sensitive, the latter detector configuration achieved better image resolution than did the former. Thus, a detection configuration consisting of a pixelated detector with submillimeter pixels and a pinhole collimator is preferable when image resolution is critical for benchtop XFCT applications. On the other hand, the detector with larger pixels coupled with a parallel-hole collimator is better suited for benchtop XFCT applications in which higher sensitivity and shorter scan time are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Moktan
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
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40
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Yokota H, Kadowaki M, Matsuura T, Imanaka H, Ishida N, Imamura K. The Use of a Combination of a Sugar and Surfactant to Stabilize Au Nanoparticle Dispersion against Aggregation during Freeze-Drying. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:6698-6705. [PMID: 32466652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drying a suspension of nanoparticles typically results in the irreversible aggregation of nanoparticles; however, solutions that contain unstable ingredients are often converted into dried powders to prolong their shelf lives. In this study, the use of a combination of a surface-active agent and sugar was investigated with regard to avoiding the aggregation of nanoparticles during drying. Suspensions of Au nanoparticles (∼60 nm diameter, AuNPs) were freeze-dried in the presence of different combinations of various sugars with a surfactant. Sucrose monopalmitate (SEC16) was mainly used as the surfactant, based on a comparison of antiaggregation effects conferred by various surfactants. The freeze-dried AuNP suspension was then reconstituted, and the avoidance of AuNP aggregation was then examined. The results demonstrated that the use of a combination of a small amount of SEC16 and sugar resulted in a greater redispersibility of AuNPs after freeze-drying than when the individual components were used. Repetition tests of freeze-drying and reconstitution were conducted. The sucrose/SEC16 mixture was freeze-dried on an electroless-plated Au film and then analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Strong interactions between SEC16 and the Au surface were detected, and these interactions appear to play a crucial role in the antiaggregation of AuNPs during freeze-drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Yokota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Miki Kadowaki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tsutashi Matsuura
- Mitsubishi-Chemical Foods Co., 1-1-1 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8251, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Imanaka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Ishida
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Koreyoshi Imamura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Conceição ALC, Perlich J, Haas S, Funari SS. SAXS-CT: a nanostructure resolving microscopy for macroscopic biologic specimens. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6:035012. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab7cad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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42
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Jung S, Kim T, Lee W, Kim H, Kim HS, Im HJ, Ye SJ. Dynamic In Vivo X-ray Fluorescence Imaging of Gold in Living Mice Exposed to Gold Nanoparticles. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:526-533. [PMID: 31380749 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2932014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic in vivo biodistribution of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in living mice was first successfully acquired by a pinhole X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging system using polychromatic X-rays. The system consisted of fan-beam X-rays to stimulate GNPs and a 2D cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) gamma camera to collect K-shell XRF photons emitted from the GNPs. 2D XRF images of kidney slices of three Balb/C mice were obtained within 2 minutes of irradiation per slice. 40 mg of GNPs suspended in a 0.2 mL phosphate-buffered saline was injected into the mice via a tail vein. The mice were scanned over a 60 min period after the injection of GNPs in order to acquire a dynamic biodistribution of GNPs. The concentrations of GNPs measured by the CZT gamma camera were then validated by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and ex vivo L-shell XRF measurements using a silicon drift detector. The GNP concentrations in the right-side kidneys were 1.58% by weight (wt%) at T =0 min and 0.77 wt% at T=60 min after the injection. This investigation showed a dramatically reduced scan time and imaging dose. Hence, we conclude that dynamic in vivo XRF imaging of GNPs is technically feasible in a benchtop system. The developed pinhole XRF imaging system can be a potential molecular imaging modality for metal nanoparticles to emerge as a radiosensitizer and a drug-delivery agent.
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Iram F, Iqbal MS, Khan IU, Rasheed R, Khalid A, Khalid M, Aftab S, Shakoori AR. Synthesis and Biodistribution Study of Biocompatible 198Au Nanoparticles by use of Arabinoxylan as Reducing and Stabilizing Agent. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 193:282-293. [PMID: 30924069 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Radioactive gold-198 is a useful diagnostic and therapeutic agent. Gold in the form of nanoparticles possesses even more exciting properties. This work aimed at arabinoxylan-mediated synthesis and biodistribution study of radioactive gold nanoparticles (198AuNPs). The particles were synthesized by mixing suspension of arabinoxylan with H198AuCl4 without use of any additional reducing and stabilizing agents. An aqueous suspension of arabinoxylan was added to a H198AuCl4 solution, which resulted in reduction of Au3+ to 198AuNPs. Biodistribution was studied in vitro and in rabbit. The particles having exceptional stability were readily formed. Highest radioactivity was recorded in spleen after 3 h followed by liver, heart, kidney, and lungs after i.v. administration. After 24 h, the activity was not detectable in the spleen; it accumulated in the liver. However, after oral administration, the activity mainly accumulated in the colon. In serum proteins, the distribution was α1-globulin 6.5%, α2-globulin ~ 2%, β-globulin ~ 1%, γ-globulin 0.7%, and albumin 0.7% of the administered dose. This indicates a low protein binding implying high bioavailability of the particles. The cytotoxicity study showed that the particles were inactive against HeLa cell line and Agrobacteriumtumefaciens. Highly stable 198AuNPs reported in this work have the potential for targeting the colon. They show affinity for globulins, the property that can be used in the study of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Iram
- Department of Chemistry, LCW University, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad S Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Irfan U Khan
- Radiopharmacy & PET Radiochemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Rasheed
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, LCW University, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Isotope Production Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology PO Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saira Aftab
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Abdul R Shakoori
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
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Shi J, Granger B, Xu K, Yang Y. Quantitative X-ray fluorescence imaging of gold nanoparticles using joint L1 and total variation regularized reconstruction. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:184-196. [PMID: 31956541 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background This work proposed a joint L1 and total variation (TV) regularized reconstruction method for X-ray fluorescence tomography (XFT), and investigated the performance of this method in quantitative imaging of gold nanoparticles (GNPs). Methods We developed a dual-modality XFT/CT imaging system which consisted of a benchtop X-ray source, a translation/rotation stage, a silicon drift detector for X-ray fluorescence (XRF) detection, and a flat panel detector for transmission X-ray detection. A pencil-beam collimator was 3D printed with steel and employed in sample excitation. The sensitivity of the XFT imaging system was determined by imaging water phantoms with multiple inserts containing GNP solutions of various concentrations (0.02-0.16 wt.%). A joint L1 and total variation (TV) regularized algorithm was developed for XFT reconstruction, where the L1 regularization was used to reduce image artifacts and the TV regularization was used to preserve the shape of targets. Nonlinear conjugate gradient (NCG) descent algorithm with backtracking line search was adopted to solve the reconstruction problem. We compared the L1 + TV regularization method with filtered back projection (FBP), maximum likelihood expectation maximization (ML-EM), L1 regularization, and TV regularization methods. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and localization error (LE) metrics were used to compare the performance of different methods. The CT and XFT imaging doses were also measured using EBT2 radiochromic films. Results The 3D printed pencil-beam collimator shaped an excitation beam with a 2 mm full width at half maximum at the imaging isocenter. Based on the phantom imaging experiments, the joint L1 and TV regularization method performed better than FBP, ML-EM, L1 regularization and TV regularization methods, with higher localization accuracy (offset <0.6 mm), CNR and DSC values. Compared with CT, XFT with L1 + TV regularized reconstruction demonstrated higher sensitivity in GNP imaging, and could detect GNP at a concentration of 0.02 wt.% or lower. Moreover, there existed a significant linear correlation (R2>0.99) between the reconstructed and true GNP concentration. The estimated XFT imaging dose is about 41.22 cGy under current setting. Conclusions The joint L1 + TV regularized reconstruction algorithm performed better in noise suppression and shape preservation. Using the L1 + TV regularized reconstruction, the XFT system is able to localize GNP targets with submillimeter accuracy and quantify GNP distribution at a concentration of 0.02 wt.% or lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Shi
- The Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Blaine Granger
- The Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Keying Xu
- The Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yidong Yang
- The Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.,Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
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Kim J, Lee SK, Schellingerhout D, Nahrendorf M, Kim K, Kim J, Kim DE. Spectroscopic Assessment of Gold Nanoparticle Biodistribution Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Phenomena. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6389-6394. [PMID: 33417791 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluation of nanomaterials are crucial for further clinical development of imaging nanomaterials. In spite of huge advances in nanoparticle-based biomedical research, PK assessment typically requires substantial resources. Here, we show a simple, inexpensive, and yet precise analytical method applicable to the PK interrogation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the body. We have developed a UV-vis spectroscopic technique that utilizes mechanochemical treatments to separate AuNPs from tissues and then employs surface plasmon of extracted AuNPs to quantify their distribution in the body. This method allows the detection of 10 μg/mL of AuNPs in solution, as was confirmed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We demonstrate biodistribution of fibrin-targeted AuNPs that enable microCT-based visualization of arterial thrombi in mice: blood and thrombi as well as various organs. We believe that our method is generally applicable to most PK studies utilizing AuNPs in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Kim
- Molecular Imaging and Neurovascular Research (MINER) Laboratory, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Korea
| | - Su-Kyoung Lee
- Molecular Imaging and Neurovascular Research (MINER) Laboratory, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Korea
| | - Dawid Schellingerhout
- Departments of Radiology and Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Jongseong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Dong-Eog Kim
- Molecular Imaging and Neurovascular Research (MINER) Laboratory, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang 10326, Korea
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Sancho-Albero M, Encabo-Berzosa MDM, Beltrán-Visiedo M, Fernández-Messina L, Sebastián V, Sánchez-Madrid F, Arruebo M, Santamaría J, Martín-Duque P. Efficient encapsulation of theranostic nanoparticles in cell-derived exosomes: leveraging the exosomal biogenesis pathway to obtain hollow gold nanoparticle-hybrids. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18825-18836. [PMID: 31595912 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes can be considered natural targeted delivery systems able to carry exogenous payloads, drugs or theranostic nanoparticles (NPs). This work aims to combine the therapeutic capabilities of hollow gold nanoparticles (HGNs) with the unique tumor targeting properties provided by exosomes. Here, we tested different methods to encapsulate HGNs (capable of absorbing light in the NIR region for selective thermal ablation) into murine melanoma cells derived exosomes (B16-F10-exos), including electroporation, passive loading by diffusion, thermal shock, sonication and saponin-assisted loading. These methods gave less than satisfactory results: although internalization of relatively large NPs into B16-F10-exos was achieved by almost all the physicochemical methods tested, only about 15% of the exosomes were loaded with NPs and several of those processes had a negative effect regarding the morphology and integrity of the loaded exosomes. In a different approach, B16-F10 cells were pre-incubated with PEGylated HGNs (PEG-HGNs) in an attempt to incorporate the NPs into the exosomal biogenesis pathway. The results were highly successful: exosomes recovered from the supernatant of the cell culture showed up to 50% of HGNs internalization. The obtained hybrid HGN-exosome vectors were characterized with a battery of techniques to make sure that internalization of HGNs did not affect exosome characteristics compared with other strategies. PEG-HGNs were released through the endosomal-exosome biogenesis pathway confirming that the isolated vesicles were exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sancho-Albero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Encabo-Berzosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Beltrán-Visiedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Lola Fernández-Messina
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Diego de León 62, 28006-Madrid, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER- CV), 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Sebastián
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Diego de León 62, 28006-Madrid, Spain and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER- CV), 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Santamaría
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Nanoscience (INA), University of Zaragoza, Campus Rio Ebro-Edificio I+D+I, C/Mariano Esquillor S/N, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain. and Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Martín-Duque
- Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029-Madrid, Spain and Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA), 50009-Zaragoza, Spain and IIS Aragón(IISA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA), 50009-Zaragoza, Spain and Fundación ARAID. Avda. Ranillas, 1-D, planta 2ª, oficina b, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain
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47
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Vernekohl D, Ahmad M, Dai X, Zhao W, Cheng K, Xing L. Reduced acquisition time for L‐shell x‐ray fluorescence computed tomography using polycapillary x‐ray optics. Med Phys 2019; 46:5696-5702. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Don Vernekohl
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford University 450 Serra Mall Stanford CA 94305USA
| | - Moiz Ahmad
- Department of Imaging Physics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX 77030USA
| | - Xianjin Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford University 450 Serra Mall Stanford CA 94305USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford University 450 Serra Mall Stanford CA 94305USA
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford University 450 Serra Mall Stanford CA 94305USA
| | - Lei Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford University 450 Serra Mall Stanford CA 94305USA
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48
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Falahati M, Attar F, Sharifi M, Saboury AA, Salihi A, Aziz FM, Kostova I, Burda C, Priecel P, Lopez-Sanchez JA, Laurent S, Hooshmand N, El-Sayed MA. Gold nanomaterials as key suppliers in biological and chemical sensing, catalysis, and medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1864:129435. [PMID: 31526869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with unique physicochemical properties have received a great deal of interest in the field of biological, chemical and biomedical implementations. Despite the widespread use of AuNPs in chemical and biological sensing, catalysis, imaging and diagnosis, and more recently in therapy, no comprehensive summary has been provided to explain how AuNPs could aid in developing improved sensing and catalysts systems as well as medical settings. SCOPE OF REVIEW The chemistry of Au-based nanosystems was followed by reviewing different applications of Au nanomaterials in biological and chemical sensing, catalysis, imaging and diagnosis by a number of approaches, and finally synergistic combination therapy of different cancers. Afterwards, the clinical impacts of AuNPs, future application of AuNPs, and opportunities and challenges of AuNPs application were also discussed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AuNPs show exclusive colloidal stability and are considered as ideal candidates for colorimetric detection, catalysis, imaging, and photothermal transducers, because their physicochemical properties can be tuned by adjusting their structural dimensions achieved by the different manufacturing methods. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review provides some details about using AuNPs in sensing and catalysis applications as well as promising theranostic nanoplatforms for cancer imaging and diagnosis, and sensitive, non-invasive, and synergistic methods for cancer treatment in an almost comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry & Agriculture, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Salihi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Falah Mohammad Aziz
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Irena Kostova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 2 Dunav St., Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Peter Priecel
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jose A Lopez-Sanchez
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZD Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Laurent
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Avenue Maistriau, 19, B-7000 Mons, Belgium; Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Rue A. Bolland, 8 B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Nasrin Hooshmand
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Mostafa A El-Sayed
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
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49
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Malano F, Mattea F, Geser FA, Pérez P, Barraco D, Santibáñez M, Figueroa R, Valente M. Assessment of FLUKA, PENELOPE and MCNP6 Monte Carlo codes for estimating gold fluorescence applied to the detection of gold-infused tumoral volumes. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 151:280-288. [PMID: 31229928 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Different kinds of nanoparticles have been widely studied for biomedical purposes, including applications like dose enhancement in radiotherapy treatments and contrast agent in radiological studies. Recent work suggests that gold nanoparticles can be used as contrast agents in K-edge imaging and X-ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography, mainly due to their high K-edge energy value and good biocompatibility. However, the gold X-ray fluorescence (XRF) signal obtained in these procedures is relatively week when compared with Compton or bremsstrahlung radiation emitted in the surrounding tissues, mainly because it is not possible to achieve large gold nanoparticles concentrations within biological tissues added to the XRF is attenuated by other tissues when leaving the patient body. This work presents a feasibility study on implementation of FLUKA, PENELOPE and MCNP6 Monte Carlo codes to model the detection of gold XRF emitted by a small volume containing different gold concentrations and located at different depths in a tissue-equivalent phantom. Results indicate that there is good agreement between PENELOPE and FLUKA for gold Kα and Kβ lines estimations when highly symmetric simulation scenario and kilovoltage X-ray beam were used, achieving differences lower than 2%; however, differences up to 6 times were observed between FLUKA and MCNP6 under the same conditions. In addition, remarkable differences were obtained when megavoltage X-ray beam was used, being up to 11 times between PENELOPE and FLUKA and up to 4 times between FLUKA and MCNP6 for gold Kα and Kβ lines estimations. In this regard, a suitable normalization method was proposed and implemented to perform cross-comparisons of XRF estimations obtained from the Monte Carlo codes. By means of the proposed method, FLUKA, PENELOPE and MCNP6 can be successfully implemented to assess which configuration (gold concentration and target volume depth) leads to a better detection of gold XRF, despite differences in XRF estimation between the codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Malano
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Centro de Física e Ingeniería en Medicina (CFIM), Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina; Laboratorio de Investigación e Instrumentación en Física Aplicada a la Medicina e Imágenes de Rayos X (LIIFAMIRx), FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Facundo Mattea
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Federico Alejandro Geser
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina; Laboratorio de Investigación e Instrumentación en Física Aplicada a la Medicina e Imágenes de Rayos X (LIIFAMIRx), FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pedro Pérez
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina; Laboratorio de Investigación e Instrumentación en Física Aplicada a la Medicina e Imágenes de Rayos X (LIIFAMIRx), FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel Barraco
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina; Laboratorio de Energías Sustentables (LAES), FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mauricio Santibáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Centro de Física e Ingeniería en Medicina (CFIM), Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Figueroa
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Centro de Física e Ingeniería en Medicina (CFIM), Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mauro Valente
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Centro de Física e Ingeniería en Medicina (CFIM), Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina; Laboratorio de Investigación e Instrumentación en Física Aplicada a la Medicina e Imágenes de Rayos X (LIIFAMIRx), FaMAF, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
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50
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Shaker K, Larsson JC, Hertz HM. Quantitative predictions in small-animal X-ray fluorescence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3773-3788. [PMID: 31452974 PMCID: PMC6701525 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) tomography from nanoparticles (NPs) shows promise for high-spatial-resolution molecular imaging in small-animals. Quantitative reconstruction algorithms aim to reconstruct the true distribution of NPs inside the small-animal, but so far there has been no feasible way to predict signal levels or evaluate the accuracy of reconstructions in realistic scenarios. Here we present a GPU-based computational model for small-animal XRF tomography. The unique combination of a highly accelerated Monte Carlo tool combined with an accurate small-animal phantom allows unprecedented realistic full-body simulations. We use this model to simulate our experimental system to evaluate the quantitative performance and accuracy of our reconstruction algorithms on large-scale organs as well as mm-sized tumors. Furthermore, we predict the detection limits for sub-mm tumors at realistic NP concentrations. The computational model will be a valuable tool for optimizing next-generation experimental arrangements and reconstruction algorithms.
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