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Villalobos-González L, Carreras C, Beltrán MF, Figueroa F, Rubilar-Hernández C, Opazo I, Toro G, Salvatierra A, Sagredo B, Pizarro L, Fiore N, Pinto M, Arbona V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Pimentel P. Sweet Cherry Plants Prioritize Their Response to Cope with Summer Drought, Overshadowing the Defense Response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1737. [PMID: 38999578 PMCID: PMC11243571 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Disease severity and drought due to climate change present significant challenges to orchard productivity. This study examines the effects of spring inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) on sweet cherry plants, cvs. Bing and Santina with varying defense responses, assessing plant growth, physiological variables (water potential, gas exchange, and plant hydraulic conductance), and the levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) under two summer irrigation levels. Pss inoculation elicited a more pronounced response in 'Santina' compared to 'Bing' at 14 days post-inoculation (dpi), and those plants inoculated with Pss exhibited a slower leaf growth and reduced transpiration compared to control plants during 60 dpi. During differential irrigations, leaf area was reduced 14% and 44% in Pss inoculated plants of 'Bing' and 'Santina' respectively, under well-watered (WW) conditions, without changes in plant water status or gas exchange. Conversely, water-deficit (WD) conditions led to gas exchange limitations and a 43% decrease in plant biomass compared to that under WW conditions, with no differences between inoculation treatments. ABA levels were lower under WW than under WD at 90 dpi, while SA levels were significantly higher in Pss-inoculated plants under WW conditions. These findings underscore the influence on plant growth during summer in sweet cherry cultivars that showed a differential response to Pss inoculations and how the relationship between ABA and SA changes in plant drought level responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Carreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana 8820808, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuaria y Veterinarias, Campus Sur, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana 8820808, Chile
| | - María Francisca Beltrán
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana 8820808, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuaria y Veterinarias, Campus Sur, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana 8820808, Chile
| | - Franco Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando 3070000, Chile
| | - Carlos Rubilar-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando 3070000, Chile
| | - Ismael Opazo
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Fruticultura (CEAF), Rengo 2940000, Chile
| | - Guillermo Toro
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Fruticultura (CEAF), Rengo 2940000, Chile
| | - Ariel Salvatierra
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Fruticultura (CEAF), Rengo 2940000, Chile
| | - Boris Sagredo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA Rayentué, Rengo 2940000, Chile
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando 3070000, Chile
- Centro de Biología de Sistemas para el Estudio de Comunidades Extremófilas de Relaves Mineros (SYSTEMIX), Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Nicola Fiore
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana 8820808, Chile
| | - Manuel Pinto
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales, Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando 3070000, Chile
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Department Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat de Jaume I, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Department Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat de Jaume I, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Paula Pimentel
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Fruticultura (CEAF), Rengo 2940000, Chile
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Jia X, Pan Y, Zhu X. Salinization and heavy metal cadmium impair growth but have contrasting effects on defensive colony formation of Scenedesmus obliquus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160693. [PMID: 36481135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Driven by anthropogenic activities, freshwater salinization has become an emerging global environmental issue. Recent studies indicate that salinization increases the mobility of heavy metals in soil and causes higher flux into surface waterbodies. The present study assessed the combined effects of salinization (0, 3, 6 PSU) and the heavy metal Cd2+ (0, 0.2, 0.4 mg L-1) on the anti-grazing colony formation and population growth of Scenedesmus obliquus, a common freshwater alga. The results showed that the increase in salinity promoted colony formation of S. obliquus with or without the presence of grazing cues and, in contrast, Cd2+ contamination depressed the defensive colony formation of S. obliquus to Daphnia filtrate. The increase in both salinity and Cd2+ concentration depressed the population growth of S. obliquus, including impaired photosynthesis and a decreased population growth rate. Salinization moderated the negative effects of Cd2+ on defensive colony formation of S. obliquus, suggesting increased absorption of Cd2+ ions by a thicker outer layer of the algal cell wall under saltier conditions. As a result, larger defensive colonies of S. obliquus under freshwater salinization may cause higher bioaccumulation of heavy metals by algal cells and heavier influence on zooplankton. This study provides evidence that freshwater salinization could interfere with plankton interactions by affecting algal defense and growth, which may lead to bottom-up cascading effects on freshwater food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhe Jia
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Yueqiang Pan
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Xuexia Zhu
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China; College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China.
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3
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Xu R, Zhang L, Yu W, Liu J. A strategy for interfering with the formation of thick cell walls in Haematococcus pluvialis by down-regulating the mannan synthesis pathway. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127783. [PMID: 35970497 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The challenges associated with effective cell wall disruption remain an important bottleneck that has restricted efforts to extract astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. Here, available transcriptomic data and an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system were used to establish an H. pluvialis strain in which the key cell wall formation-related enzyme α-1,6-mannosyltransferase (HpOCH1) was downregulated in an effort to thin cell walls and thereby simplify the astaxanthin extraction process. The cell wall remodeling activity observed in these HpOch1 knockdown H. pluvialis cells resulted in dramatic reductions in the mannan organization and protective ability of the established cell walls. The cell fragmentation rate increased by 58% in HpOch1- group relative to the control group. Critically, astaxanthin synthesis was not altered in the HpOch1 knockdown cells. Overall, this study highlights a novel technical approach to artificial cell wall thinning, offering a foundation for further efforts to more effectively leverage the astaxanthin resources of H. pluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Litao Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- CAS and Shandong Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Shandong Engineering Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Edible Microalgae, Qingdao Langyatai Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266400, China.
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4
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The evolution of convex trade-offs enables the transition towards multicellularity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4222. [PMID: 34244514 PMCID: PMC8270964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary transition towards multicellular life often involves growth in groups of undifferentiated cells followed by differentiation into soma and germ-like cells. Theory predicts that germ soma differentiation is facilitated by a convex trade-off between survival and reproduction. However, this has never been tested and these transitions remain poorly understood at the ecological and genetic level. Here, we study the evolution of cell groups in ten isogenic lines of the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with prolonged exposure to a rotifer predator. We confirm that growth in cell groups is heritable and characterized by a convex trade-off curve between reproduction and survival. Identical mutations evolve in all cell group isolates; these are linked to survival and reducing associated cell costs. Overall, we show that just 500 generations of predator selection were sufficient to lead to a convex trade-off and incorporate evolved changes into the prey genome. Multicellularity is a major evolutionary transition that remains poorly characterized at the ecological and genetic level. Exposing unicellular green algae to a rotifer predator showed that just 500 generations of predator selection were sufficient to lead to a convex trade-off and incorporate evolved changes into the prey genome.
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Ryderheim F, Selander E, Kiørboe T. Predator-induced defence in a dinoflagellate generates benefits without direct costs. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2107-2116. [PMID: 33580210 PMCID: PMC8245491 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inducible defences in phytoplankton are often assumed to come at a cost to the organism, but trade-offs have proven hard to establish experimentally. A reason for this may be that some trade-off costs only become evident under resource-limiting conditions. To explore the effect of nutrient limitation on trade-offs in toxin-producing dinoflagellates, we induced toxin production in Alexandrium minutum by chemical cues from copepods under different levels of nitrogen limitation. The effects were both nitrogen- and grazer-concentration dependent. Induced cells had higher cellular toxin content and a larger fraction of the cells was rejected by a copepod, demonstrating the clear benefits of toxin production. Induced cells also had a higher carbon and nitrogen content, despite up to 25% reduction in cell size. Unexpectedly, induced cells seemed to grow faster than controls, likely owing to a higher specific nutrient affinity due to reduced size. We thus found no clear trade-offs, rather the opposite. However, indirect ecological costs that do not manifest under laboratory conditions may be important. Inducing appropriate defence traits in response to threat-specific warning signals may also prevent larger cumulative costs from expressing several defensive traits simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Ryderheim
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Erik Selander
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Sun Y, Chen Y, Wei J, Zhang X, Zhang L, Yang Z, Huang Y. Ultraviolet-B radiation stress alters the competitive outcome of algae: Based on analyzing population dynamics and photosynthesis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 272:129645. [PMID: 33465615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) is increasingly affecting the aquatic ecosystems due to the long-term antropic damage to the stratospheric ozone. The distrupted interspecies competition is one of the primary causes driving the plankton community composition shifts under UVB stress. To reveal the competitive responses to enhanced UVB radiation, we grew two green algae Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and the unicellular cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in monocultures and in cocultures under differerent UVB intensities (0, 0.3 and 0.7 W m-2), respectively. Results showed that elevated UVB radiation consistently decreased the population carrying capacies and the photosynthesis of the three species in monocultures. While cocultivated, C. pyrenoidosa was competively excluded by the presence of S. obliquus, and the competitive outcome was not affected by UVB exposure. By contrast, unicellular M. aeruginosa overwhelmingly suppressed the population growth of S. obliquus under no UVB, yet S. obliquus tended to be a better competitor under 0.3-0.7 W m-2 UVB exposure. The species-specific photosynthesis sensitivity to UVB can partly explain the different tolerance of the algae to UVB and the change of competition outcome under elevated UVB. The present study elucidated the potential role of increased UVB radiation in determining the competitions between phytoplankton species, contributing to the understanding of phytoplankton community shifts under enhanced UVB stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yitong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Junjun Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Zhang L, Sun Y, Cheng J, Cui G, Huang Y, Yang Z. Warming mitigates the enhancement effect of elevated air CO 2 on anti-grazer morphological defense in Scenedesmus obliquus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145341. [PMID: 33517020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 and temperature are increasing, which will have substantial impacts on interactions among organisms. While each stressor in isolation has been studied extensively, there has been less focus on their combined effects on the interspecies interaction. In order to reveal how warming and elevated CO2 interact on the induced defense of phytoplankton, we investigated the combined influences of elevated CO2 (750 ppm vs 390 ppm) and high temperature (28 °C and 31 °C vs 25 °C) on grazer Daphnia-induced morphological defense in Scenedesmus obliquus. Results showed that S. obliquus formed big-sized colonies (e.g., four- and eight-celled colonies) as response to Daphnia infochemicals, resulting in an increase in the number of cells per particle. Elevated CO2 further decreased the proportion of unicells from >40% in the populations growing at 390 ppm CO2 without Daphnia filtrate to <7% in the populations growing at 750 ppm CO2 with Daphnia filtrate, with the formation of more than 90% colonies, thus enhancing this morphological defense in S. obliquus. However, under elevated CO2, increasing temperature up to 31 °C remarkably increased the four-celled colonies by at least 159% but decreased the eight-celled colonies by 37% compared with 25 °C. As a result, the maximum cells per particle were significantly decreased to the 390 ppm CO2-grown level at high temperature. The time to reach the maximum cells per particle was also shortened by high temperature under elevated CO2. These results suggest that high temperature has an overwhelming inhibitory effect on the enhanced anti-grazer defense by elevated CO2, which provides significant implications for forecasting the predator-prey interaction changes in freshwater ecosystem under future climate regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiahui Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guilian Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Abinandan S, Perera IA, Subashchandrabose SR, Venkateswarlu K, Cole N, Megharaj M. Acid-adapted microalgae exhibit phenotypic changes for their survival in acid mine drainage samples. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5851742. [PMID: 32501474 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation in an organism provides phenotypic changes when exposed to the extreme environmental conditions. The resultant physiological and metabolic changes greatly enhance the organism's potential for its survival in such harsh environments. In the present novel approach, we tested the hypothesis whether acid-adapted microalgae, initially isolated from non-acidophilic environments, can survive and grow in acid-mine-drainage (AMD) samples. Two acid-adapted microalgal strains, Desmodesmus sp. MAS1 and Heterochlorella sp. MAS3, were tested individually or in combination (co-culture) for phenotypic changes during their growth in samples collected from AMD. The acid-adapted microalgae in AMD exhibited a two-fold increase in growth when compared with those grown at pH 3.5 in BBM up to 48 h and then declined. Furthermore, oxidative stress triggered several alterations such as increased cell size, granularity, and enhanced lipid accumulation in AMD-grown microalgae. Especially, the apparent limitation of phosphate in AMD inhibited the uptake of copper and iron in the cultures. Interestingly, growth of the acid-adapted microalgae in AMD downregulated amino acid metabolic pathways as a survival mechanism. This study demonstrates for the first time that acid-adapted microalgae can survive under extreme environmental conditions as exist in AMD by effecting significant phenotypic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudharsanam Abinandan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Isiri Adhiwarie Perera
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Suresh R Subashchandrabose
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Nicole Cole
- Analytical and Biomolecular Research Facility (ABRF), University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia
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Xu R, Zhang L, Liu J. Chemical inhibition of Chlorella sp. by rotifers. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:1255-1263. [PMID: 32428985 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that rotifers release one or more chemical microalgal growth inhibitors in addition to devouring the microalgal cells, the effects of different concentrations of filtered, bacteria-free, rotifer culture filtrate (RCF) on the growth and physiological parameters of Chlorella sp., and the response of Chlorella sp. at different starting cell densities to 10% RCF, were studied. The results show that RCF significantly decreased Chlorella cell densities during the incubation, suggesting that rotifers release some chemical(s) that inhibit microalgal cell growth. Chlorella cell densities decreased with increasing RCF concentration. Increasing the initial cell density of Chlorella dispersed the inhibitory chemical(s) present in 10% RCF over more cells, reducing their effect. The results confirm that the action of the chemical(s) released by rotifers on microalgal cell growth was dependent on both the RCF concentration and the exposure time. They also demonstrate that ≥10% RCF significantly inhibited photosynthesis and respiration, which would account for some of the decreased Chlorella cell growth in the presence of RCF. Calculations based on the data indicate that the rotifer-derived chemical(s) released hourly from each rotifer inhibits growth by 45.5 microalgal cells in addition to the rotifer predation, with a 48 h LC50 value of 18.8% RCF. Based on these results, fresh medium instead of the old culture medium was contaminated by the rotifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Litao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Zhu X, Wang Z, Sun Y, Gu L, Zhang L, Wang J, Huang Y, Yang Z. Surfactants at environmentally relevant concentrations interfere the inducible defense of Scenedesmus obliquus and the implications for ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114131. [PMID: 32066053 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicology of surfactants is attracting wide attention due to the rapidly expanding global application. As interspecific relationships play one of the central roles in structuring biological communities, it is necessary to take it into risk assessments on surfactants. With this aim, our study investigated the interference of three common surfactants on the inducible defense of a freshwater phytoplankton Scenedesmus obliquus. Nonlethal environmentally relevant concentrations (10 and 100 μg L-1) of several surfactants were set up. Results showed that growth and photosynthetic efficiency of Scenedesmus were inhibited during first 96 h, but recovered in the later stage. Surfactants interfered inducible defense of Scenedesmus against Daphnia grazing, and the interference was related to chemical characteristics of surfactants. The anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) enhanced the colony formation even without grazing cues, whereas fewer defensive colonies were formed under the effects of cationic surfactant benzalkonium bromide (BZK) and nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene (40) nonylphenol ether (NPE). These findings highlighted the sensitivity of grazer-induced morphological defense of Scenedesmus to surfactants even at nonlethal concentrations, which potentially affects the energy and information flow between trophic levels. This study appeals for more attention to take interspecific relationships into consideration in assessing the potential ecological risk of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zeshuang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Roccuzzo S, Couto N, Karunakaran E, Kapoore RV, Butler TO, Mukherjee J, Hansson EM, Beckerman AP, Pandhal J. Metabolic Insights Into Infochemicals Induced Colony Formation and Flocculation in Scenedesmus subspicatus Unraveled by Quantitative Proteomics. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:792. [PMID: 32457714 PMCID: PMC7220994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae can respond to natural cues from crustacean grazers, such as Daphnia, by forming colonies and aggregations called flocs. Combining microalgal biology, physiological ecology, and quantitative proteomics, we identified how infochemicals from Daphnia trigger physiological and cellular level changes in the microalga Scenedesmus subspicatus, underpinning colony formation and flocculation. We discovered that flocculation occurs at an energy-demanding ‘alarm’ phase, with an important role proposed in cysteine synthesis. Flocculation appeared to be initially stimulated by the production of an extracellular matrix where polysaccharides and fatty acids were present, and later sustained at an ‘acclimation’ stage through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades. Colony formation required investment into fatty acid metabolism, likely linked to separation of membranes during cell division. Higher energy demands were required at the alarm phase, which subsequently decreased at the acclimation stage, thus suggesting a trade-off between colony formation and flocculation. From an ecological and evolutionary perspective, our findings represent an improved understanding of the effect of infochemicals on microalgae-grazers interactions, and how they can therefore potentially impact on the structure of aquatic communities. Moreover, the mechanisms revealed are of interest in algal biotechnology, for exploitation in low-cost, sustainable microalgal biomass harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiana Roccuzzo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Narciso Couto
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Karunakaran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Vijay Kapoore
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas O Butler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Erika M Hansson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Beckerman
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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12
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Sun Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Huang Y, Yang Z, Montagnes D. UVB Radiation Suppresses Antigrazer Morphological Defense in Scenedesmus obliquus by Inhibiting Algal Growth and Carbohydrate-Regulated Gene Expression. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4495-4503. [PMID: 32108484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation reaching the earth's surface is increasing due to stratospheric ozone depletion. How the elevated UVB affects the trophic interactions is critical for predicting the ecosystem functioning under this global-scale stressor. Usually, inducible defenses in phytoplankton stabilize community dynamics within aquatic environments. To assess the effects of elevated UVB on induced defense, we examined the changes in antigrazer colony formation in Scenedesmus obliquus under environmentally relevant UVB. S. obliquus exposed to Daphnia infochemicals consistently formed multicelled colonies, traits confirmed to be adaptive under predation risk. However, the suppressed photochemical activity and the metabolic cost from colony formation resulted in the severer reductions in algal growth by UVB under predation risk. The transcriptions of key enzyme-encoding genes, regulating the precursor synthesis during polysaccharide production, were also inhibited by UVB. Combination of the reduced production of daughter cells and the ability of daughter cells to remain attached, the antigrazing colony formation was interrupted, leading to the dominant morphs of algal population shifting from larger-sized colonies to smaller ones at raised UVB. The present study revealed that elevated UVB will not only reduce the phytoplankton growth but also increase their vulnerability to predation, probably leading to potential shifts in plankton food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - David Montagnes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
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13
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Wang H, Qi B, Jiang X, Jiang Y, Yang H, Xiao Y, Jiang N, Deng L, Wang W. Microalgal interstrains differences in algal-bacterial biofloc formation during liquid digestate treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121741. [PMID: 31323710 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of microalgal strains on the formation of algal-bacterial biofloc was investigated in liquid digestate pretreated by a sequencing batch reactor (SBR), which loaded much aerobic bacteria from activated sludge. Six microalgal strains resulted in three cases: no-bioflocculation (Scenedesmus obliquus and Botryococcus braunii), optimal-bioflocculation with high flocculation activity and good growth (Chlorella sp. BWY-1, Haematococcus pluvialis and Dictyosphaerium ehnenbergianum) and over-bioflocculation with high flocculation activity and bad growth (Chlorella vulgaris). Chlorella sp. BWY-1 provided a better level of flocculation activity and growth. Polysaccharides and proteins were present in EPS of algal-bacterial biofloc, and their distribution was confirmed by staining with alcian blue and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Bufan Qi
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2205, Cheng Luo Road, Chengdu 610106, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yiqi Jiang
- Environmental Science & Engineering Research Center, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Han Yang
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Youqian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Na Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Liangwei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Wenguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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14
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Sun Y, Xu W, Gu Q, Chen Y, Zhou Q, Zhang L, Gu L, Huang Y, Lyu K, Yang Z. Small-Sized Microplastics Negatively Affect Rotifers: Changes in the Key Life-History Traits and Rotifer- Phaeocystis Population Dynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9241-9251. [PMID: 31268695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Most coastal waters are at risk from microplastics, which vary in concentration and size. Rotifers, as important primary consumers linking primary producers and higher trophic consumers, usually coexist with the harmful alga Phaeocystis and microplastics in coastal waters; this coexistence may interfere with rotifer life-history traits and ingestion of Phaeocystis. To evaluate the effects of microplastics on rotifers, we designed a series of experiments concerning rotifer Brachionus plicatilis life-history traits and rotifer-Phaeocystis (predator-prey) population dynamics under different concentrations and sizes of microplastics. The results showed that small-sized microplastics (0.07 μm) at high levels (≥5 μg mL-1) decreased rotifer survival and reproduction, prolonged the time to maturation, and reduced the body size at maturation, whereas large-sized microplastics (0.7 and 7 μm) had no effect on rotifer life-history traits. For rotifer-Phaeocystis population levels, small-sized microplastics (0.07 μm) significantly delayed the elimination of Phaeocystis by rotifers; this is the first study to test the effects of microplastics on predator-prey dynamics. The results of rotifer-Phaeocystis population dynamics are consistent with the changes in the life-history traits of rotifers and further confirm the negative effects of small-sized microplastics (0.07 μm) on rotifers. These findings help to reveal the effect of pollutants on predator-prey population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Qiujin Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yitong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Qiming Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Kai Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
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15
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Kapsetaki SE, West SA. The costs and benefits of multicellular group formation in algae. Evolution 2019; 73:1296-1308. [PMID: 30883720 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first step in the evolution of complex multicellular organisms involves single cells forming a cooperative group. Consequently, to understand multicellularity, we need to understand the costs and benefits associated with multicellular group formation. We found that in the facultatively multicellular algae Chlorella sorokiniana: (1) the presence of the flagellate Ochromonas danica or the crustacean Daphnia magna leads to the formation of multicellular groups; (2) the formation of multicellular groups reduces predation by O. danica, but not by the larger predator D. magna; (3) under conditions of relatively low light intensity, where competition for light is greater, multicellular groups grow slower than single cells; (4) in the absence of live predators, the proportion of cells in multicellular groups decreases at a rate that does not vary with light intensity. These results can explain why, in cases such as this algae species, multicellular group formation is facultative, in response to the presence of predators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
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16
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Zhu X, Wang Y, Hou X, Kong Q, Sun Y, Wang J, Huang Y, Yang Z. High temperature promotes the inhibition effect of Zn 2+ on inducible defense of Scenedesmus obliquus. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:203-212. [PMID: 30368085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Morphological defense is assumed to be an effective anti-grazer strategy in phytoplankton. Scenedesmus obliquus, a globally widespread freshwater chlorophyte, can form colonies in response to the infochemicals of herbivorous zooplankton and survive in coexistence with grazers. However, the inducible defense response is often disturbed by abiotic or biotic factors, especially under the increasing global warming and environmental pollution. In this study, two nonlethal environmental factors, namely, elevated temperature and environmentally relevant Zn2+ concentrations, decreased colony formation of S. obliquus induced by Daphnia grazing infochemicals. Elevated temperature (30 °C) reduced the inducible colony size and shortened the maintenance time of defensive colonies. Decreased colony size was detected with increased Zn2+ concentration. Colony formation was inhibited even at low Zn2+ concentration (0.131 μmol L-1), which neither retarded growth nor affected photosynthesis. Warming promoted the inhibition effect of Zn2+ on inducible colony formation of S. obliquus. Warming also enhanced Zn2+ toxicity, which caused the growth rate of S. obliquus to be hindered by high Zn2+ concentrations at elevated temperature. Specially, S. obliquus which formed inducible colonies under the condition of Daphnia infochemicals had higher tolerance to Zn2+ toxicity and thus likely exerted protective effects against heavy metals. The results indicated the combined effects of global warming and heavy-metal pollution result in more severe impact on the inducible defense of S. obliquus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Zhu
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xinying Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qingdan Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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17
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A simulation study on how the resource competition and anti-predator cooperation impact the motile-phytoplankton groups’ formation under predation stress. Ecol Modell 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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18
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Chakraborty S, Pančić M, Andersen KH, Kiørboe T. The cost of toxin production in phytoplankton: the case of PST producing dinoflagellates. THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:64-75. [PMID: 30108304 PMCID: PMC6298997 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Many species of phytoplankton produce toxins that may provide protection from grazing. In that case one would expect toxin production to be costly; else all species would evolve toxicity. However, experiments have consistently failed to show any costs. Here, we show that costs of toxin production are environment dependent but can be high. We develop a fitness optimization model to estimate rate, costs, and benefits of toxin production, using PST (paralytic shellfish toxin) producing dinoflagellates as an example. Costs include energy and material (nitrogen) costs estimated from well-established biochemistry of PSTs, and benefits are estimated from relationship between toxin content and grazing mortality. The model reproduces all known features of PST production: inducibility in the presence of grazer cues, low toxicity of nitrogen-starved cells, but high toxicity of P-limited and light-limited cells. The model predicts negligible reduction in cell division rate in nitrogen replete cells, consistent with observations, but >20% reduction when nitrogen is limiting and abundance of grazers high. Such situation is characteristic of coastal and oceanic waters during summer when blooms of toxic algae typically develop. The investment in defense is warranted, since the net growth rate is always higher in defended than in undefended cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Chakraborty
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kgs.2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Marina Pančić
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kgs.2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ken H Andersen
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kgs.2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kgs.2800, Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Hou X, Zhou Q, Wang Z, Kong Q, Sun Y, Zhang L, Zhu X, Huang Y, Yang Z. Magnesium depletion suppresses the anti-grazer colony formation in Scenedesmus obliquus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34228-34235. [PMID: 30291607 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic ecosystems, many phytoplankton species have evolved various inducible defense mechanisms against the predation. The expression of these defenses is affected by environmental conditions such as nutrient availability. Here, we investigated the anti-grazer colony formation in Scenedesmus obliquus at different magnesium concentrations (0-7.3 mg L-1 Mg2+) in the presence of zooplankton (Daphnia)-derived infochemicals. Results showed that at adequate Mg2+, S. obliquus formed high proportions of multi-celled (e.g., four- and eight-celled) colonies, resulting in significantly increased number of cells per colony in response to Daphnia filtrate. On the other hand, in Mg2+-deficient treatment, the proportion of multi-celled colonies decreased, together with reduced algal growth rate and photosynthetic efficiency. Finally, the treatment without Mg2+ strongly suppressed the formation of large colony (mainly eight-celled colonies), whereas the algal growth rate was comparable to that in Mg2+ sufficient treatment. Despite the inhibition of colony formation, the time reaching the maximum number of cells per colony was not affected by the Mg2+ concentration, which generally took three days in all groups. Our results indicate that Mg2+ deficient/absent environments significantly reduced anti-grazing colony formation but not the algal growth, suggesting strong dependability of this morphological defensive trait to magnesium fluctuation in S. obliquus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiming Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zeshuang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qingdan Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xuexia Zhu
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
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20
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Chung TY, Kuo CY, Lin WJ, Wang WL, Chou JY. Indole-3-acetic-acid-induced phenotypic plasticity in Desmodesmus algae. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10270. [PMID: 29980731 PMCID: PMC6035231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a single genotype of an organism to exhibit variable phenotypes in response to fluctuating environments. It plays a crucial role in their evolutionary success. In natural environments, the importance of interactions between microalgae and other microorganisms is generally well appreciated, but the effects of these interactions on algal phenotypic plasticity has not been investigated. In this study, it revealed that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most common naturally occurring plant hormone, can exert stimulatory at low concentrations and inhibitory effects at high concentrations on the growth of the green alga Desmodesmus. The morphological characteristics of Desmodesmus changed drastically under exposure to IAA compared with the algae in the control environment. The proportion of Desmodesmus unicells in monocultures increased with the IAA concentration, and these unicells exhibited less possibility of sedimentation than large cells. Furthermore, we discovered that lipid droplets accumulated in algal cells grown at a high IAA concentration. Results also demonstrated that the presence of algal competitor further stimulated inducible morphological changes in Desmodesmus populations. The relative abundance of competitors influenced the proportion of induced morphological changes. The results indicate that phenotypic plasticity in microalgae can be a response to fluctuating environments, in which algae optimize the cost–benefit ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan-Ya Chung
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Kuo
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jiun Lin
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lung Wang
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Chou
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, 500, Taiwan.
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21
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Yang J, Tang H, Zhang X, Zhu X, Huang Y, Yang Z. High temperature and pH favor Microcystis aeruginosa to outcompete Scenedesmus obliquus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4794-4802. [PMID: 29198029 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Competition between cyanobacteria and green algae affects phytoplankton succession and the well-known cyanobacteria blooms. Climate warming and water acidification are two concerned environmental issues changing the freshwater ecosystems. To investigate the competitive responses of phytoplankton to warming and acidification, we co-cultured Microcystis aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliquus at a temperature range of 15-35 °C and a pH range of 5-9. Results showed that S. obliquus was superior competitor at 15 °C. At 20-30 °C, the populations of both Scenedesmus and Microcystis were inhibited by the presence of each other. S. obliquus was in competitive domination at the initial phase of cultivation, but was finally replaced by M. aeruginosa. Microcystis kept competition advantage at 35 °C, whereas Scenedesmus outcompeted Microcystis at acidic conditions (pH ≤ 6). Neutral and weakly alkaline conditions (pH 7-9) supported the replacement of competition domination from Scenedesmus to Microcystis. The present study revealed that climate warming may accelerate the phytoplankton succession from green algae to cyanobacteria, with the predicted promoted cyanobacteria blooms. Nonetheless, water acidification causes Microcystis to be a weak competitor with green algae, suggesting that the advantageous effect of Microcystis toward green algae at high temperatures was controlled by other variables like the water pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hengxing Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xuexia Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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22
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Akbar S, Du J, Lin H, Kong X, Sun S, Tian X. Understanding interactive inducible defenses of Daphnia and its phytoplankton prey. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 66:47-56. [PMID: 28602253 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial and zooplankton inducible defenses are important but understudied process that regulate the trophic interactions of freshwater ecosystem. Daphnia due to its large size is considered an important zooplankton with the high potential to control cyanobacterial blooms. It has been shown that Daphnia through maternal induction transfer tolerance to their next generation against Microcystis toxicity. Maternal induction has been investigated in different Daphnia species without considering phenotypic plasticity of prey. Laboratory experiments were performed to explore cyanobacteria-Daphnia inducible defenses in order to better understand their interactions. Two Daphnia species were fed either with Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 (Ma) or Microcystis flos-aquae (Mf) mixed with Chlorella vulgaris (Cv) (exposed Daphnia), and or pure Cv (unexposed Daphnia). Exposed prey cultures were produced by prior exposure to Daphnia infochemicals. Neonates produced by exposed and unexposed Daphnia were fed with mixed diet (Microcystis+Cv) of either exposed and or unexposed prey. Growth parameters and toxin production of exposed prey cultures were significantly different than that of control. Exposed Daphnia fecundity and survival was higher as compared to unexposed Daphnia. Growth and reproduction was reduced in exposed Daphnia when fed with exposed prey as compared to those fed with unexposed prey. This study provides information on the interactive inducible defenses between cyanobacteria and its grazer under laboratory conditions and may increase our understanding of cyanobacteria and Daphnia interactions in the freshwater ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddiq Akbar
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Jingjing Du
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Hong Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiangshi Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shucun Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xingjun Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Akbar S, Du J, Jia Y, Tian X. The importance of calcium in improving resistance of Daphnia to Microcystis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175881. [PMID: 28414773 PMCID: PMC5393884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing environmental calcium (Ca) and rising cyanobacterial blooms in lake habitats could strongly reduce Daphnia growth and survival. Here, we assessed the effects of maternal Ca in Daphnia on transfer of resistance to their offspring against Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 (M. aeruginosa). Laboratory microcosm experiments were performed to examine effects in Daphnia carinata (D. carinata) and Daphnia pulex (D. pulex), and that how Ca induce responses in their offspring. The results showed that growth and survival were increased in offspring from exposed Daphnia as compared to unexposed, when raised in high Ca and increasing M. aeruginosa concentration. Among exposed Daphnia, offspring from high Ca mothers, produced more neonates with large size and higher survival as compared to offspring from low maternal Ca. Exposed D. carinata and D. pulex offspring, when reared in Ca deficient medium and increasing M. aeruginosa concentration, time to first brood increased, size become large and total offspring decreased subsequently in three alternative broods in offspring from low maternal Ca. In contrast, growth and reproduction in offspring from high Ca exposed mothers were consistent in three alternative broods. Despite species specific responses in growth, survival and variant life history traits in two Daphnia species, our results not only show maternal induction in Daphnia but also highlight that offspring response to M. aeruginosa varies with maternal Ca. This study demonstrates that Ca have role in Daphnia maternal induction against Microcystis, and recent Ca decline and increasing Microcystis concentration in lakes may decrease Daphnia growth and survival. Our data provide insights into the interactive effect of maternal Ca and Microcystis exposure on Daphnia and their outcome on offspring life history traits and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddiq Akbar
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Du
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingjun Tian
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Karasov TL, Chae E, Herman JJ, Bergelson J. Mechanisms to Mitigate the Trade-Off between Growth and Defense. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:666-680. [PMID: 28320784 PMCID: PMC5435432 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved an array of defenses against pathogens. However, mounting a defense response frequently comes with the cost of a reduction in growth and reproduction, carrying critical implications for natural and agricultural populations. This review focuses on how costs are generated and whether and how they can be mitigated. Most well-characterized growth-defense trade-offs stem from antagonistic crosstalk among hormones rather than an identified metabolic expenditure. A primary way plants mitigate such costs is through restricted expression of resistance; this can be achieved through inducible expression of defense genes or by the concentration of defense to particular times or tissues. Defense pathways can be primed for more effective induction, and primed states can be transmitted to offspring. We examine the resistance (R) genes as a case study of how the toll of defense can be generated and ameliorated. The fine-scale regulation of R genes is critical to alleviate the burden of their expression, and the genomic organization of R genes into coregulatory modules reduces costs. Plants can also recruit protection from other species. Exciting new evidence indicates that a plant's genotype influences the microbiome composition, lending credence to the hypothesis that plants shape their microbiome to enhance defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia L Karasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Jacob J Herman
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Joy Bergelson
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Zhu X, Sun Y, Zhang X, Heng H, Nan H, Zhang L, Huang Y, Yang Z. Herbicides interfere with antigrazer defenses in Scenedesmus obliquus. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 162:243-251. [PMID: 27501311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The extensive application of herbicides has led to a serious threat of herbicide contamination to aquatic ecosystem. Herbicide exposure affects aquatic communities not only by exerting toxicity on single species but also by changing interspecific interactions. This study investigated the antigrazer defenses of the common green alga Scenedesmus obliquus against different herbicides [glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and atrazine] at various concentrations (0-2.0 mg L(-1)). In the presence of grazer (Daphnia)-derived cues, S. obliquus populations without herbicides formed high proportions of multicelled (e.g., four- and eight-celled) colonies. This result confirms that S. obliquus exhibits a morphological defense against grazing risk. At the low concentration range of 0.002-0.02 mg L(-1), the three herbicides exerted no influence on the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of S. obliquus, and multicelled colonies showed constant proportions. At the high concentration range of 0.20-2.0 mg L(-1), atrazine significantly inhibited the algal growth and photosynthesis whereas glyphosate or 2,4-D did not. Nonetheless, these levels of glyphosate or 2,4-D remarkably decreased the proportion of multicelled colonies, with reduced numbers of cells per particle in Daphnia filtrate-treated population. No eight-celled colony was formed after treatment with atrazine at 0.20-2.0 mg L(-1) despite the addition of Daphnia filtrate. These results suggest that herbicide exposure impairs antigrazer colonial morphs in phytoplankton although it is not sufficient to hamper algal growth. This phenomenon can increase the risk of predation by herbivores, thereby disrupting the inducible phytoplankton community. Furthermore, the predator-prey interactions between herbivores and phytoplankton can be potentially changed more seriously than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hailu Heng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Haihong Nan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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