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Kudaibergen G, Mukhlis S, Mukhambetova A, Issabekova A, Sekenova A, Sarsenova M, Temirzhan A, Baidarbekov M, Umbayev B, Ogay V. Repair of Rat Calvarial Critical-Sized Defects Using Heparin-Conjugated Fibrin Hydrogel Containing BMP-2 and Adipose-Derived Pericytes. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:437. [PMID: 38790304 PMCID: PMC11117777 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The repair of critical-sized calvarial defects is a challenging problem for orthopedic surgery. One of the promising strategies of bone bioengineering to enhance the efficacy of large bone defect regeneration is the combined delivery of stem cells with osteoinductive factors within polymer carriers. The purpose of the research was to study the regenerative effects of heparin-conjugated fibrin (HCF) hydrogel containing bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and adipose-derived pericytes (ADPs) in a rat critical-sized calvarial defect model. In vitro analysis revealed that the HCF hydrogel was able to control the BMP-2 release and induce alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in neonatal rat osteoblasts. In addition, it was found that eluted BMP-2 significantly induced the osteogenic differentiation of ADPs. It was characterized by the increased ALP activity, osteocalcin expression and calcium deposits in ADPs. In vivo studies have shown that both HCF hydrogel with BMP-2 and HCF hydrogel with pericytes are able to significantly increase the regeneration of critical-sized calvarial defects in comparison with the control group. Nevertheless, the greatest regenerative effect was found after the co-delivery of ADPs and BMP-2 into a critical-sized calvarial defect. Thus, our findings suggest that the combined delivery of ADPs and BMP-2 in HCF hydrogel holds promise to be applied as an alternative biopolymer for the critical-sized bone defect restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshakhar Kudaibergen
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (G.K.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (A.I.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Sholpan Mukhlis
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (G.K.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (A.I.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Ainur Mukhambetova
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (G.K.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (A.I.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Assel Issabekova
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (G.K.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (A.I.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Aliya Sekenova
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (G.K.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (A.I.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Madina Sarsenova
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (G.K.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (A.I.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Abay Temirzhan
- National Scientific Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics Named after Academician N.D. Batpenov, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Murat Baidarbekov
- National Scientific Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics Named after Academician N.D. Batpenov, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Baurzhan Umbayev
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Vyacheslav Ogay
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (G.K.); (S.M.); (A.M.); (A.I.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
- National Scientific Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics Named after Academician N.D. Batpenov, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.T.); (M.B.)
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Issabekova A, Kudaibergen G, Sekenova A, Dairov A, Sarsenova M, Mukhlis S, Temirzhan A, Baidarbekov M, Eskendirova S, Ogay V. The Therapeutic Potential of Pericytes in Bone Tissue Regeneration. Biomedicines 2023; 12:21. [PMID: 38275382 PMCID: PMC10813325 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pericytes, as perivascular cells, are present in all vascularized organs and tissues, and they actively interact with endothelial cells in capillaries and microvessels. Their involvement includes functions like blood pressure regulation, tissue regeneration, and scarring. Studies have confirmed that pericytes play a crucial role in bone tissue regeneration through direct osteodifferentiation processes, paracrine actions, and vascularization. Recent preclinical and clinical experiments have shown that combining perivascular cells with osteogenic factors and tissue-engineered scaffolds can be therapeutically effective in restoring bone defects. This approach holds promise for addressing bone-related medical conditions. In this review, we have emphasized the characteristics of pericytes and their involvement in angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Furthermore, we have explored recent advancements in the use of pericytes in preclinical and clinical investigations, indicating their potential as a therapeutic resource in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assel Issabekova
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.I.); (G.K.); (A.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Gulshakhar Kudaibergen
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.I.); (G.K.); (A.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Aliya Sekenova
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.I.); (G.K.); (A.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Aidar Dairov
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.I.); (G.K.); (A.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Madina Sarsenova
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.I.); (G.K.); (A.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Sholpan Mukhlis
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.I.); (G.K.); (A.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Abay Temirzhan
- National Scientific Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics Named after Academician N.D. Batpenov, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Murat Baidarbekov
- National Scientific Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics Named after Academician N.D. Batpenov, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Saule Eskendirova
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.I.); (G.K.); (A.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Vyacheslav Ogay
- Stem Cell Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.I.); (G.K.); (A.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.E.)
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Bowles-Welch AC, Jimenez AC, Stevens HY, Frey Rubio DA, Kippner LE, Yeago C, Roy K. Mesenchymal stromal cells for bone trauma, defects, and disease: Considerations for manufacturing, clinical translation, and effective treatments. Bone Rep 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Zhu S, Chen M, Ying Y, Wu Q, Huang Z, Ni W, Wang X, Xu H, Bennett S, Xiao J, Xu J. Versatile subtypes of pericytes and their roles in spinal cord injury repair, bone development and repair. Bone Res 2022; 10:30. [PMID: 35296645 PMCID: PMC8927336 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular regeneration is a challenging topic in tissue repair. As one of the important components of the neurovascular unit (NVU), pericytes play an essential role in the maintenance of the vascular network of the spinal cord. To date, subtypes of pericytes have been identified by various markers, namely the PDGFR-β, Desmin, CD146, and NG2, each of which is involved with spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. In addition, pericytes may act as a stem cell source that is important for bone development and regeneration, whilst specific subtypes of pericyte could facilitate bone fracture and defect repair. One of the major challenges of pericyte biology is to determine the specific markers that would clearly distinguish the different subtypes of pericytes, and to develop efficient approaches to isolate and propagate pericytes. In this review, we discuss the biology and roles of pericytes, their markers for identification, and cell differentiation capacity with a focus on the potential application in the treatment of SCI and bone diseases in orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.,Molecular Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yibo Ying
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Qiuji Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Zhiyang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Molecular Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China. .,Molecular Pharmacology Research Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China. .,Molecular Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Lamblet H, Ferreira LM. Fat obtained from plastic surgery procedures—stem cells derived from adipose tissue and their potential in technological innovation: a narrative literature review and perspective on dissociative methods. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2022; 45:701-731. [PMID: 35308897 PMCID: PMC8916487 DOI: 10.1007/s00238-022-01951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Throughout its illustrious history, plastic surgery has searched for novel regenerative therapies and procedures. Recently, interest has emerged in using adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) in an ethical, easy, and reproducible manner. ASCs are generally not administered alone but as a constituent of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) in clinical practice. Herein, we searched for innovative fat collection and ASC isolation technologies and applications and evaluated each study’s relevance to plastic surgery. Methods A narrative literature review was carried out using the MEDLINE/PubMed databases. Studies published from January 1993 to August 2020 and written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish were considered. Results The selection process yielded 33 articles for subsequent review, involving exploratory, selective, and interpretive reading, material choice, and text analysis. Twenty-three articles employed enzymatic dissociation methods to isolate ASCs, and 25 employed liposuction as the plastic surgery technique. Moreover, articles describing new devices (n = 2), techniques (n = 4), computational models (n = 1), tissue scaffolds (n = 21), and therapies and/or treatments (n = 5) were identified. Conclusions Given the importance of fat tissue for plastic surgery purposes, innovative ASC isolation and liposuction technologies could change how the surgeon conducts surgeries and improve surgical outcomes. Furthermore, many articles investigating tissue scaffolds demonstrate the importance of this area of research and development in plastic surgery and regenerative medicine. Continued efforts in the identified research areas will eventually bring in vivo human plastic surgery applications and regenerative medicine into the operating room. Level of evidence: Not gradable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebert Lamblet
- Plastic Surgery Division at Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Lydia Masako Ferreira
- Plastic Surgery Division at Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP Brazil
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Abstract
Despite major research efforts to elucidate mechanisms of non-union formation, failed fracture healing remains a common complication in orthopedic surgery. Adequate vascularization has been recognized as a crucial factor for successful bone regeneration, as newly formed microvessels guarantee the supply of the callus tissue with vital oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors. Accordingly, a vast number of preclinical studies have focused on the development of vascularization strategies to stimulate fracture repair. However, recent evidence suggests that stimulation of blood vessel formation is an oversimplified approach to support bone regeneration. This review discusses the role of vascularization during bone regeneration and delineates a phenomenon, for which we coin the term “the vascularization paradox of non-union-formation”. This view is based on the results of a variety of experimental studies that suggest that the callus tissue of non-unions is indeed densely vascularized and that pro-angiogenic mediators, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, are sufficiently expressed at the facture site. By gaining further insights into the molecular and cellular basis of non-union vascularization, it may be possible to develop more optimized treatment approaches or even prevent the non-union formation in the future.
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Kirankumar S, Gurusamy N, Rajasingh S, Sigamani V, Vasanthan J, Perales SG, Rajasingh J. Modern approaches on stem cells and scaffolding technology for osteogenic differentiation and regeneration. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 247:433-445. [PMID: 34648374 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211052927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of bone repair has always been a natural mystery. Although bones do repair themselves, supplemental treatment is required for the initiation of the self-regeneration process. Predominantly, surgical procedures are employed for bone regeneration. Recently, cell-based therapy for bone regeneration has proven to be more effective than traditional methods, as it eliminates the immune risk and painful surgeries. In clinical trials, various stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells, have shown to be more efficient for the treatment of several bone-related diseases, such as non-union fracture, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteosarcoma, and osteoporosis. Furthermore, the stem cells grown in a suitable three-dimensional scaffold support were found to be more efficient for osteogenesis. It has been shown that the three-dimensional bioscaffolds support and simulate an in vivo environment, which helps in differentiation of stem cells into bone cells. Bone regeneration in patients with bone disorders can be improved through modification of stem cells with several osteogenic factors or using stem cells as carriers for osteogenic factors. In this review, we focused on the various types of stem cells and scaffolds that are being used for bone regeneration. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of various transcription factors, signaling pathways that support bone regeneration and the senescence of the stem cells, which limits bone regeneration, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaani Kirankumar
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,Department of Genetic Engineering, 93104SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Narasimman Gurusamy
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sheeja Rajasingh
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Vinoth Sigamani
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jayavardini Vasanthan
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,Department of Genetic Engineering, 93104SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Selene G Perales
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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8
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Dong X, Shen LH, Yi Z, He LH, Yi Z. Exosomes from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Can Prevent Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e929684. [PMID: 33690263 PMCID: PMC7958499 DOI: 10.12659/msm.929684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment measures of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a worldwide challenge in oral and maxillofacial surgery because of its unclear pathogenesis. Previous studies suggested that mesenchymal stem cells played important roles in promoting MRONJ lesion healing, but the detailed mechanisms were unknown. Increasing numbers of studies have demonstrated that exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells, especially adipose-derived stem cells, have key roles in stem cell-based therapies by accelerating bone remodeling, facilitating angiogenesis, and promoting wound healing. We hypothesized that exosomes derived from adipose-derived stem cells can prevent MRONJ by accelerating gingival healing and enhancing bone remodeling processes. Our results may provide a promising therapeutic option for MRONJ clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Dong
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Li-Hang Shen
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zheng Yi
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Lin-Hai He
- First Clinical Division, Peking University School Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhang Yi
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China (mainland)
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9
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Hu H, Wang D, Li L, Yin H, He G, Zhang Y. Role of microRNA-335 carried by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles in bone fracture recovery. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:156. [PMID: 33542183 PMCID: PMC7862274 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to reduce healing time and treat nonunion in fracture patients. In this study, bone marrow MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (B-EVs) were firstly extracted and identified. CD9-/- and normal mice were enrolled for the establishment of fracture models and then injected with B-EVs. Osteoblast differentiation and fracture recovery were estimated. The levels of osteoblast-related genes were detected, and differentially expressed microRNAs (miRs) in B-EVs-treated normal fracture mice were screened and verified. The downstream mechanisms of miR were predicted and assessed. The loss-of functions of miR-335 in B-EV and gain-of-functions of VapB were performed in animal and cell experiments to evaluate their roles in bone fracture. Collectively, B-EVs promoted bone fracture recovery and osteoblast differentiation by releasing miR-335. miR-335 downregulation in B-EVs impaired B-EV functions in fracture recovery and osteoblast differentiation. miR-335 could target VapB, and VapB overexpression reversed the effects of B-EVs on osteoblast differentiation. B-EV treatment activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in fracture mice and osteoblasts-like cells. Taken together, the study suggested that B-EVs carry miR-335 to promote bone fracture recovery via VapB and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This study may offer insights into bone fracture treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haiyang Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Guoyu He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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10
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Forbes S, Bond AR, Thirlwell KL, Burgoyne P, Samuel K, Noble J, Borthwick G, Colligan D, McGowan NWA, Lewis PS, Fraser AR, Mountford JC, Carter RN, Morton NM, Turner ML, Graham GJ, Campbell JDM. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells improve human pancreatic islet transplant function by increasing vascularization. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/526/eaan5907. [PMID: 31941825 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is an efficacious therapy for type 1 diabetes; however, islets from multiple donor pancreata are required, and a gradual attrition in transplant function is seen. Here, we manufactured human umbilical cord perivascular mesenchymal stromal cells (HUCPVCs) to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards. HUCPVCs showed a stable phenotype while undergoing rapid ex vivo expansion at passage 2 (p2) to passage 4 (p4) and produced proregenerative factors, strongly suppressing T cell responses in the resting state and in response to inflammation. Transplanting an islet equivalent (IEQ):HUCPVC ratio of 1:30 under the kidney capsule in diabetic NSG mice demonstrated the fastest return to normoglycemia by 3 days after transplant: Superior glycemic control was seen at both early (2.7 weeks) and later stages (7, 12, and 16 weeks) versus ratios of 1:0, 1:10, and 1:50, respectively. Syngeneic islet transplantation in immunocompetent mice using the clinically relevant hepatic portal route with a marginal islet mass showed that mice transplanted with an IEQ:HUCPVC ratio of 1:150 had superior glycemic control versus ratios of 1:0, 1:90, and 1:210 up to 6 weeks after transplant. Immunodeficient mice transplanted with human islets (IEQ:HUCPVC ratio of 1:150) exhibited better glycemic control for 7 weeks after transplant versus islet transplant alone, and islets transplanted via the hepatic portal vein in an allogeneic mouse model using a curative islet mass demonstrated delayed rejection of islets when cotransplanted with HUCPVCs (IEQ:HUCPVC ratio of 1:150). The immunosuppressive and proregenerative properties of HUCPVCs demonstrated long-term positive effects on graft function in vivo, indicating that they may improve long-term human islet allotransplantation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Forbes
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK. .,Clinical Islet Transplantation Programme, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK
| | - Andrew R Bond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kayleigh L Thirlwell
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK.,Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Paul Burgoyne
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.,Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK.,Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Kay Samuel
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - June Noble
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Gary Borthwick
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David Colligan
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - Neil W A McGowan
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - Philip Starkey Lewis
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Alasdair R Fraser
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - Joanne C Mountford
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - Roderick N Carter
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Marc L Turner
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - John D M Campbell
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, UK. .,Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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Abstract
Human pericytes are a perivascular cell population with mesenchymal stem cell properties, present in all vascularized tissues. Human pericytes have a distinct immunoprofile, which may be leveraged for purposes of cell purification. Adipose tissue is the most commonly used cell source for human pericyte derivation. Pericytes can be isolated by FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting), most commonly procured from liposuction aspirates. Pericytes have clonal multilineage differentiation potential, and their potential utility for bone regeneration has been described across multiple animal models. The following review will discuss in vivo methods for assessing the bone-forming potential of purified pericytes. Potential models include (1) mouse intramuscular implantation, (2) mouse calvarial defect implantation, and (3) rat spinal fusion models. In addition, the presented surgical protocols may be used for the in vivo analysis of other osteoprogenitor cell types.
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12
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Negri S, Wang Y, Sono T, Lee S, Hsu GC, Xu J, Meyers CA, Qin Q, Broderick K, Witwer KW, Peault B, James AW. Human perivascular stem cells prevent bone graft resorption in osteoporotic contexts by inhibiting osteoclast formation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1617-1630. [PMID: 32697440 PMCID: PMC7695633 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular wall stores mesenchymal progenitor cells which are able to induce bone regeneration, via direct and paracrine mechanisms. Although much is known regarding perivascular cell regulation of osteoblasts, their regulation of osteoclasts, and by extension utility in states of high bone resorption, is not known. Here, human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) were used as a means to prevent autograft resorption in a gonadectomy-induced osteoporotic spine fusion model. Furthermore, the paracrine regulation by PSCs of osteoclast formation was evaluated, using coculture, conditioned medium, and purified extracellular vesicles. Results showed that PSCs when mixed with autograft bone induce an increase in osteoblast:osteoclast ratio, promote bone matrix formation, and prevent bone graft resorption. The confluence of these factors resulted in high rates of fusion in an ovariectomized rat lumbar spine fusion model. Application of PSCs was superior across metrics to either the use of unpurified, culture-defined adipose-derived stromal cells or autograft bone alone. Under coculture conditions, PSCs negatively regulated osteoclast formation and did so via secreted, nonvesicular paracrine factors. Total RNA sequencing identified secreted factors overexpressed by PSCs which may explain their negative regulation of graft resorption. In summary, PSCs reduce osteoclast formation and prevent bone graft resorption in high turnover states such as gonadectomy-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Negri
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, DentistryPaediatrics and Gynaecology of the University of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Takashi Sono
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Seungyong Lee
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Jiajia Xu
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Qizhi Qin
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kristen Broderick
- Department of Plastic SurgeryJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Departments of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and NeurologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Bruno Peault
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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13
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Xu J, Wang Y, Hsu CY, Negri S, Tower RJ, Gao Y, Tian Y, Sono T, Meyers CA, Hardy WR, Chang L, Hu S, Kahn N, Broderick K, Péault B, James AW. Lysosomal protein surface expression discriminates fat- from bone-forming human mesenchymal precursor cells. eLife 2020; 9:e58990. [PMID: 33044169 PMCID: PMC7550188 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) occupy perivascular spaces. Profiling human adipose perivascular mesenchyme with antibody arrays identified 16 novel surface antigens, including endolysosomal protein CD107a. Surface CD107a expression segregates MSCs into functionally distinct subsets. In culture, CD107alow cells demonstrate high colony formation, osteoprogenitor cell frequency, and osteogenic potential. Conversely, CD107ahigh cells include almost exclusively adipocyte progenitor cells. Accordingly, human CD107alow cells drove dramatic bone formation after intramuscular transplantation in mice, and induced spine fusion in rats, whereas CD107ahigh cells did not. CD107a protein trafficking to the cell surface is associated with exocytosis during early adipogenic differentiation. RNA sequencing also suggested that CD107alow cells are precursors of CD107ahigh cells. These results document the molecular and functional diversity of perivascular regenerative cells, and show that relocation to cell surface of a lysosomal protein marks the transition from osteo- to adipogenic potential in native human MSCs, a population of substantial therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xu
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ching-Yun Hsu
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Stefano Negri
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Robert J Tower
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
- Departments of Orthopaedics, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Yongxing Gao
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ye Tian
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Takashi Sono
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Carolyn A Meyers
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Winters R Hardy
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research CenterLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Leslie Chang
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Shuaishuai Hu
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research CenterLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Nusrat Kahn
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research CenterLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Kristen Broderick
- Departments of Plastic Surgery, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Bruno Péault
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research CenterLos AngelesUnited States
- Center For Cardiovascular Science and Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Aaron W James
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research CenterLos AngelesUnited States
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14
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Menger MM, Laschke MW, Orth M, Pohlemann T, Menger MD, Histing T. Vascularization Strategies in the Prevention of Nonunion Formation. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:107-132. [PMID: 32635857 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Delayed healing and nonunion formation are major challenges in orthopedic surgery, which require the development of novel treatment strategies. Vascularization is considered one of the major prerequisites for successful bone healing, providing an adequate nutrient supply and allowing the infiltration of progenitor cells to the fracture site. Hence, during the last decade, a considerable number of studies have focused on the evaluation of vascularization strategies to prevent or to treat nonunion formation. These involve (1) biophysical applications, (2) systemic pharmacological interventions, and (3) tissue engineering, including sophisticated scaffold materials, local growth factor delivery systems, cell-based techniques, and surgical vascularization approaches. Accumulating evidence indicates that in nonunions, these strategies are indeed capable of improving the process of bone healing. The major challenge for the future will now be the translation of these strategies into clinical practice to make them accessible for the majority of patients. If this succeeds, these vascularization strategies may markedly reduce the incidence of nonunion formation. Impact statement Delayed healing and nonunion formation are a major clinical problem in orthopedic surgery. This review provides an overview of vascularization strategies for the prevention and treatment of nonunions. The successful translation of these strategies in clinical practice is of major importance to achieve adequate bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian M Menger
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Orth
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tim Pohlemann
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Tina Histing
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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15
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Luck J, Weil BD, Lowdell M, Mosahebi A. Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Regenerative Wound Healing Applications: Understanding the Clinical and Regulatory Environment. Aesthet Surg J 2020; 40:784-799. [PMID: 31406975 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjz214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the regenerative potential of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) for wound healing applications. ADSCs have been shown to promote revascularization, activate local stem cell niches, reduce oxidative stress, and modulate immune responses. Combined with the fact that they can be harvested in large numbers with minimal donor site morbidity, ADSC products represent promising regenerative cell therapies. This article provides a detailed description of the defining characteristics and therapeutic potential of ADSCs, with a focus on understanding how ADSCs promote tissue regeneration and repair. It summarizes the current regulatory environment governing the use of ADSC products across Europe and the United States and examines how various adipose-derived products conform to the current UK legislative framework. Advice is given to clinicians and researchers on how novel ADSC therapeutics may be developed in accordance with regulatory guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin D Weil
- Centre for Cell, Gene and Tissue Therapeutics, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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16
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Comparison of skeletal and soft tissue pericytes identifies CXCR4 + bone forming mural cells in human tissues. Bone Res 2020; 8:22. [PMID: 32509378 PMCID: PMC7244476 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-0097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human osteogenic progenitors are not precisely defined, being primarily studied as heterogeneous multipotent cell populations and termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Notably, select human pericytes can develop into bone-forming osteoblasts. Here, we sought to define the differentiation potential of CD146+ human pericytes from skeletal and soft tissue sources, with the underlying goal of defining cell surface markers that typify an osteoblastogenic pericyte. CD146+CD31-CD45- pericytes were derived by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from human periosteum, adipose, or dermal tissue. Periosteal CD146+CD31-CD45- cells retained canonical features of pericytes/MSC. Periosteal pericytes demonstrated a striking tendency to undergo osteoblastogenesis in vitro and skeletogenesis in vivo, while soft tissue pericytes did not readily. Transcriptome analysis revealed higher CXCR4 signaling among periosteal pericytes in comparison to their soft tissue counterparts, and CXCR4 chemical inhibition abrogated ectopic ossification by periosteal pericytes. Conversely, enrichment of CXCR4+ pericytes or stromal cells identified an osteoblastic/non-adipocytic precursor cell. In sum, human skeletal and soft tissue pericytes differ in their basal abilities to form bone. Diversity exists in soft tissue pericytes, however, and CXCR4+ pericytes represent an osteoblastogenic, non-adipocytic cell precursor. Indeed, enrichment for CXCR4-expressing stromal cells is a potential new tactic for skeletal tissue engineering.
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17
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O'Keefe RJ, Tuan RS, Lane NE, Awad HA, Barry F, Bunnell BA, Colnot C, Drake MT, Drissi H, Dyment NA, Fortier LA, Guldberg RE, Kandel R, Little DG, Marshall MF, Mao JJ, Nakamura N, Proffen BL, Rodeo SA, Rosen V, Thomopoulos S, Schwarz EM, Serra R. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research-Orthopaedic Research Society Joint Task Force Report on Cell-Based Therapies - Secondary Publication. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:485-502. [PMID: 31994782 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies, defined here as the delivery of cells in vivo to treat disease, have recently gained increasing public attention as a potentially promising approach to restore structure and function to musculoskeletal tissues. Although cell-based therapy has the potential to improve the treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, there is also the possibility of misuse and misrepresentation of the efficacy of such treatments. The medical literature contains anecdotal reports and research studies, along with web-based marketing and patient testimonials supporting cell-based therapy. Both the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) and the Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) are committed to ensuring that the potential of cell-based therapies is realized through rigorous, reproducible, and clinically meaningful scientific discovery. The two organizations convened a multidisciplinary and international Task Force composed of physicians, surgeons, and scientists who are recognized experts in the development and use of cell-based therapies. The Task Force was charged with defining the state-of-the art in cell-based therapies and identifying the gaps in knowledge and methodologies that should guide the research agenda. The efforts of this Task Force are designed to provide researchers and clinicians with a better understanding of the current state of the science and research needed to advance the study and use of cell-based therapies for skeletal tissues. The design and implementation of rigorous, thorough protocols will be critical to leveraging these innovative treatments and optimizing clinical and functional patient outcomes. In addition to providing specific recommendations and ethical considerations for preclinical and clinical investigations, this report concludes with an outline to address knowledge gaps in how to determine the cell autonomous and nonautonomous effects of a donor population used for bone regeneration. © 2020 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:485-502, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis J O'Keefe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hani A Awad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Frank Barry
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Matthew T Drake
- Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory Healthcare, Emory University, Tucker, GA, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa A Fortier
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Rita Kandel
- Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David G Little
- Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology, Kids Research Institute, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mary F Marshall
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Humanities, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Institute for Medical Science in Sports, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Benedikt L Proffen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Harvard Medical School/Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rosa Serra
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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18
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Gomez-Salazar M, Gonzalez-Galofre ZN, Casamitjana J, Crisan M, James AW, Péault B. Five Decades Later, Are Mesenchymal Stem Cells Still Relevant? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:148. [PMID: 32185170 PMCID: PMC7058632 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are culture-derived mesodermal progenitors isolatable from all vascularized tissues. In spite of multiple fundamental, pre-clinical and clinical studies, the native identity and role in tissue repair of MSCs have long remained elusive, with MSC selection in vitro from total cell suspensions essentially unchanged as a mere primary culture for half a century. Recent investigations have helped understand the tissue origin of these progenitor cells, and uncover alternative effects of MSCs on tissue healing via growth factor secretion and interaction with the immune system. In this review, we describe current trends in MSC biology and discuss how these may improve the use of these therapeutic cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gomez-Salazar
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zaniah N Gonzalez-Galofre
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Casamitjana
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mihaela Crisan
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron W James
- Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bruno Péault
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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19
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O'Keefe RJ, Tuan RS, Lane NE, Awad HA, Barry F, Bunnell BA, Colnot C, Drake MT, Drissi H, Dyment NA, Fortier LA, Guldberg RE, Kandel R, Little DG, Marshall MF, Mao JJ, Nakamura N, Proffen BL, Rodeo SA, Rosen V, Thomopoulos S, Schwarz EM, Serra R. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research-Orthopaedic Research Society Joint Task Force Report on Cell-Based Therapies. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:3-17. [PMID: 31545883 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies, defined here as the delivery of cells in vivo to treat disease, have recently gained increasing public attention as a potentially promising approach to restore structure and function to musculoskeletal tissues. Although cell-based therapy has the potential to improve the treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, there is also the possibility of misuse and misrepresentation of the efficacy of such treatments. The medical literature contains anecdotal reports and research studies, along with web-based marketing and patient testimonials supporting cell-based therapy. Both the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) and the Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) are committed to ensuring that the potential of cell-based therapies is realized through rigorous, reproducible, and clinically meaningful scientific discovery. The two organizations convened a multidisciplinary and international Task Force composed of physicians, surgeons, and scientists who are recognized experts in the development and use of cell-based therapies. The Task Force was charged with defining the state-of-the art in cell-based therapies and identifying the gaps in knowledge and methodologies that should guide the research agenda. The efforts of this Task Force are designed to provide researchers and clinicians with a better understanding of the current state of the science and research needed to advance the study and use of cell-based therapies for skeletal tissues. The design and implementation of rigorous, thorough protocols will be critical to leveraging these innovative treatments and optimizing clinical and functional patient outcomes. In addition to providing specific recommendations and ethical considerations for preclinical and clinical investigations, this report concludes with an outline to address knowledge gaps in how to determine the cell autonomous and nonautonomous effects of a donor population used for bone regeneration. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis J O'Keefe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hani A Awad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Frank Barry
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Matthew T Drake
- Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory Healthcare, Emory University, Tucker, GA, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa A Fortier
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Rita Kandel
- Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David G Little
- Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology, Kids Research Institute, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mary F Marshall
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Humanities, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Institute for Medical Science in Sports, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Benedikt L Proffen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Harvard Medical School/Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rosa Serra
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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20
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Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: Useful Tools with New Applications. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:3673857. [PMID: 31781238 PMCID: PMC6875209 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3673857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose stem cells (ASCs) are a crucial element in bone tissue engineering (BTE). They are easy to harvest and isolate, and they are available in significative quantities, thus offering a feasible and valid alternative to other sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), like bone marrow. Together with an advantageous proliferative and differentiative profile, they also offer a high paracrine activity through the secretion of several bioactive molecules (such as growth factors and miRNAs) via a sustained exosomal release which can exert efficient conditioning on the surrounding microenvironment. BTE relies on three key elements: (1) scaffold, (2) osteoprogenitor cells, and (3) bioactive factors. These elements have been thoroughly investigated over the years. The use of ASCs has offered significative new advancements in the efficacy of each of these elements. Notably, the phenotypic study of ASCs allowed discovering cell subpopulations, which have enhanced osteogenic and vasculogenic capacity. ASCs favored a better vascularization and integration of the scaffolds, while improvements in scaffolds' materials and design tried to exploit the osteogenic features of ASCs, thus reducing the need for external bioactive factors. At the same time, ASCs proved to be an incredible source of bioactive, proosteogenic factors that are released through their abundant exosome secretion. ASC exosomes can exert significant paracrine effects in the surroundings, even in the absence of the primary cells. These paracrine signals recruit progenitor cells from the host tissues and enhance regeneration. In this review, we will focus on the recent discoveries which have involved the use of ASCs in BTE. In particular, we are going to analyze the different ASCs' subpopulations, the interaction between ASCs and scaffolds, and the bioactive factors which are secreted by ASCs or can induce their osteogenic commitment. All these advancements are ultimately intended for a faster translational and clinical application of BTE.
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21
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Curley M, Gonzalez ZN, Milne L, Hadoke P, Handel I, Péault B, Smith LB. Human Adipose-derived Pericytes Display Steroidogenic Lineage Potential in Vitro and Influence Leydig Cell Regeneration in Vivo in Rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15037. [PMID: 31636275 PMCID: PMC6803635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous androgen replacement is used to treat symptoms associated with low testosterone in males. However, adverse cardiovascular risk and negative fertility impacts impel development of alternative approaches to restore/maintain Leydig cell (LC) androgen production. Stem Leydig cell (SLC) transplantation shows promise in this regard however, practicality of SLC isolation/transplantation impede clinical translation. Multipotent human adipose-derived perivascular stem cells (hAd-PSCs) represent an attractive extragonadal stem cell source for regenerative therapies in the testis but their therapeutic potential in this context is unexplored. We asked whether hAd-PSCs could be converted into Leydig-like cells and determined their capacity to promote regeneration in LC-ablated rat testes. Exposure of hAd-PSCs to differentiation-inducing factors in vitro upregulated steroidogenic genes but did not fully induce LC differentiation. In vivo, no difference in LC-regeneration was noted between Sham and hAd-PSC-transplanted rats. Interestingly, Cyp17a1 expression increased in hAd-PSC-transplanted testes compared to intact vehicle controls and the luteinising hormone/testosterone ratio returned to Vehicle control levels which was not the case in EDS + Sham animals. Notably, hAd-PSCs were undetectable one-month after transplantation suggesting this effect is likely mediated via paracrine mechanisms during the initial stages of regeneration; either directly by interacting with regenerating LCs, or through indirect interactions with trophic macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Curley
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Zaniah N Gonzalez
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Milne
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Hadoke
- The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Handel
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Péault
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, United Kingdom.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Broad Stem Cell Center, University of California at Los Angeles, 615 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lee B Smith
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom. .,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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22
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Xu J, Wang Y, Hsu CY, Gao Y, Meyers CA, Chang L, Zhang L, Broderick K, Ding C, Peault B, Witwer K, James AW. Human perivascular stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles mediate bone repair. eLife 2019; 8:e48191. [PMID: 31482845 PMCID: PMC6764819 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular wall is a source of progenitor cells that are able to induce skeletal repair, primarily by paracrine mechanisms. Here, the paracrine role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bone healing was investigated. First, purified human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) were observed to induce mitogenic, pro-migratory, and pro-osteogenic effects on osteoprogenitor cells while in non-contact co-culture via elaboration of EVs. PSC-derived EVs shared mitogenic, pro-migratory, and pro-osteogenic properties of their parent cell. PSC-EV effects were dependent on surface-associated tetraspanins, as demonstrated by EV trypsinization, or neutralizing antibodies for CD9 or CD81. Moreover, shRNA knockdown in recipient cells demonstrated requirement for the CD9/CD81 binding partners IGSF8 and PTGFRN for EV bioactivity. Finally, PSC-EVs stimulated bone repair, and did so via stimulation of skeletal cell proliferation, migration, and osteodifferentiation. In sum, PSC-EVs mediate the same tissue repair effects of perivascular stem cells, and represent an 'off-the-shelf' alternative for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Xu
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ching-Yun Hsu
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Yongxing Gao
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | | | - Leslie Chang
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Leititia Zhang
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of StomatologyChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | | | - Catherine Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research CenterUCLA, Orthopaedic HospitalLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Bruno Peault
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research CenterUCLA, Orthopaedic HospitalLos AngelesUnited States
- Centre For Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
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Häussling V, Deninger S, Vidoni L, Rinderknecht H, Ruoß M, Arnscheidt C, Athanasopulu K, Kemkemer R, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. Impact of Four Protein Additives in Cryogels on Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E67. [PMID: 31394780 PMCID: PMC6784125 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (Ad-MSCs) have great potential for bone tissue engineering. Cryogels, mimicking the three-dimensional structure of spongy bone, represent ideal carriers for these cells. We developed poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) cryogels, containing hydroxyapatite to mimic inorganic bone matrix. Cryogels were additionally supplemented with different types of proteins, namely collagen (Coll), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), immune cells-conditioned medium (CM), and RGD peptides (RGD). The different protein components did not affect scaffolds' porosity or water-uptake capacity, but altered pore size and stiffness. Stiffness was highest in scaffolds with PRP (82.3 kPa), followed by Coll (55.3 kPa), CM (45.6 kPa), and RGD (32.8 kPa). Scaffolds with PRP, CM, and Coll had the largest pore diameters (~60 µm). Ad-MSCs were osteogenically differentiated on these scaffolds for 14 days. Cell attachment and survival rates were comparable for all four scaffolds. Runx2 and osteocalcin levels only increased in Ad-MSCs on Coll, PRP and CM cryogels. Osterix levels increased slightly in Ad-MSCs differentiated on Coll and PRP cryogels. With differentiation alkaline phosphatase activity decreased under all four conditions. In summary, besides Coll cryogel our PRP cryogel constitutes as an especially suitable carrier for bone tissue engineering. This is of special interest, as this scaffold can be generated with patients' PRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Häussling
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Deninger
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Vidoni
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Helen Rinderknecht
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Ruoß
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Arnscheidt
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kiriaki Athanasopulu
- Department of Applied Chemistry Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Kemkemer
- Department of Applied Chemistry Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Research Institute, BG Unfallklinik Tuebingen, Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Besides seminal functions in angiogenesis and blood pressure regulation, microvascular pericytes possess a latent tissue regenerative potential that can be revealed in culture following transition into mesenchymal stem cells. Endowed with robust osteogenic potential, pericytes and other related perivascular cells extracted from adipose tissue represent a potent and abundant cell source for refined bone tissue engineering and improved cell therapies of fractures and other bone defects. The use of diverse bone formation assays in vivo, which include mouse muscle pocket osteogenesis and calvaria replenishment, rat and dog spine fusion, and rat non-union fracture healing, has confirmed the superiority of purified perivascular cells for skeletal (re)generation. As a surprising observation though, despite strong endogenous bone-forming potential, perivascular cells drive bone regeneration essentially indirectly, via recruitment by secreted factors of local osteo-progenitors.
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25
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Li X, Guo W, Zha K, Jing X, Wang M, Zhang Y, Hao C, Gao S, Chen M, Yuan Z, Wang Z, Zhang X, Shen S, Li H, Zhang B, Xian H, Zhang Y, Sui X, Qin L, Peng J, Liu S, Lu S, Guo Q. Enrichment of CD146 + Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Combination with Articular Cartilage Extracellular Matrix Scaffold Promotes Cartilage Regeneration. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:5105-5121. [PMID: 31410204 PMCID: PMC6691381 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) influences the cell therapy outcome and the application in tissue engineering. Also, the application of subpopulations of MSCs in cartilage regeneration remains poorly characterized. CD146+ MSCs are identified as the natural ancestors of MSCs and the expression of CD146 are indicative of greater pluripotency and self-renewal potential. Here, we sorted a CD146+ subpopulation from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) for cartilage regeneration. Methods: CD146+ ADSCs were sorted using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). Cell surface markers, viability, apoptosis and proliferation were evaluated in vitro. The molecular signatures were analyzed by mRNA and protein expression profiling. By intra-articular injections of cells in a rat osteochondral defect model, we assessed the role of the specific subpopulation in cartilage microenvironment. Finally, CD146+ ADSCs were combined with articular cartilage extracellular matrix (ACECM) scaffold for long term (3, 6 months) cartilage repair. Results: The enriched CD146+ ADSCs showed a high expression of stem cell and pericyte markers, good viability, and immune characteristics to avoid allogeneic rejection. Gene and protein expression profiles revealed that the CD146+ ADSCs had different cellular functions especially in regulation inflammation. In a rat model, CD146+ ADSCs showed a better inflammation-modulating property in the early stage of intra-articular injections. Importantly, CD146+ ADSCs exhibited good biocompatibility with the ACECM scaffold and the CD146+ cell-scaffold composites produced less subcutaneous inflammation. The combination of CD146+ ADSCs with ACECM scaffold can promote better cartilage regeneration in the long term. Conclusion: Our data elucidated the function of the CD146+ ADSC subpopulation, established their role in promoting cartilage repair, and highlighted the significance of cell subpopulations as a novel therapeutic for cartilage regeneration.
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26
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James AW, Péault B. Perivascular Mesenchymal Progenitors for Bone Regeneration. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1221-1228. [PMID: 30908717 PMCID: PMC6546547 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitor cells reside in all assayed vascularized tissues, and are broadly conceptualized to participate in homeostasis/renewal and repair. The application of mesenchymal progenitor cells has been studied for diverse orthopaedic conditions related to skeletal degeneration, regeneration, and tissue fabrication. One common niche for mesenchymal progenitors is the perivascular space, and in both mouse and human tissues, perivascular progenitor cells have been isolated and characterized. Of these "perivascular stem cells" or PSC, pericytes are the most commonly studied cells. Multiple studies have demonstrated the regenerative properties of PSC when applied to bone, including direct osteochondral differentiation, paracrine-induced osteogenesis and vasculogenesis, and immunomodulatory functions. The confluence of these effects have resulted in efficacious bone regeneration across several preclinical models. Yet, key topics of research in perivascular progenitors highlight our lack of knowledge regarding these cell populations. These ongoing areas of study include cellular diversity within the perivascular niche, tissue-specific properties of PSC, and factors that influence PSC-mediated regenerative potential. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1221-1228, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bruno Péault
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Center For Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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27
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Pericytes as a Source of Osteogenic Cells in Bone Fracture Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051079. [PMID: 30832329 PMCID: PMC6429337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are mesenchymal cells that surround the endothelial cells of small vessels in various organs. These cells express several markers, such as NG2, CD146, and PDGFRβ, and play an important role in the stabilization and maturation of blood vessels. It was also recently revealed that like mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), pericytes possess multilineage differentiation capacity, especially myogenic, adipogenic, and fibrogenic differentiation capacities. Although some previous studies have reported that pericytes also have osteogenic potential, the osteogenesis of pericytes can still be further elucidated. In the present study, we established novel methods for isolating and culturing primary murine pericytes. An immortalized pericyte line was also established. Multilineage induction of the pericyte line induced osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis of the cells in vitro. In addition, pericytes that were injected into the fracture site of a bone fracture mouse model contributed to callus formation. Furthermore, in vivo pericyte-lineage-tracing studies demonstrated that endogenous pericytes also differentiate into osteoblasts and osteocytes and contribute to bone fracture healing as a cellular source of osteogenic cells. Pericytes can be a promising therapeutic candidate for treating bone fractures with a delayed union or nonunion as well as bone diseases causing bone defects.
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28
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Zhang Y, Grosfeld EC, Camargo WA, Tang H, Magri AMP, van den Beucken JJJP. Efficacy of intraoperatively prepared cell-based constructs for bone regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:283. [PMID: 30359312 PMCID: PMC6203202 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional cell-based bone regeneration suffers from the major disadvantage of limited cell supply, time-consuming in vitro expansion cultures, and limited patient-friendliness related to cell isolation and multiple visits to the clinic. Here, we utilized an alternative concept using "easy access cells" that can be obtained in an intraoperative manner to prepare cell-based constructs. METHODS We used stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from human adipose tissue and human monocytes for intraoperative preparation of bone constructs. Conventional constructs grafted with expanded human adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) derived from the same donor were set as positive controls. Additionally, we combined both cell types either or not with monocytes. The cellular interaction of human SVF and ADMSCs with human monocytes was evaluated in vitro. The feasibility and bone-regenerative capacity of intraoperative constructs were determined histologically and histomorphometrically in a rat femoral condyle bone defect model. RESULTS SVF displayed equal in vitro osteogenic differentiation compared to donor-matched expanded ADMSCs, which for both was significantly enhanced upon co-culture with monocytes. Moreover, SVF and ADMSCs displayed different immunoregulatory effects on monocytes/macrophages. Upon implantation in rat femoral bone defects, SVF constructs demonstrated superior bone formation compared to ADMSC constructs and cell-free controls; no effects of monocyte addition were observed. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we here demonstrate the feasibility of intraoperative SVF construct preparation and superior bone-regenerative capacity thereof compared to donor-matched ADMSC constructs. The superiority of SVF constructs was found to be linked to the distinct differences between immunoregulatory effects of SVF and ADMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Biomaterials, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eline C Grosfeld
- Department of Biomaterials, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Winston A Camargo
- Department of Biomaterials, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hongbo Tang
- Department of Biomaterials, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Angela M P Magri
- Department of Biomaterials, PO Box 9101, 6500HB Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Devana SK, Kelley BV, McBride OJ, Kabir N, Jensen AR, Park SJ, Eliasberg CD, Dar A, Mosich GM, Kowalski TJ, Péault B, Petrigliano FA, SooHoo NF. Adipose-derived Human Perivascular Stem Cells May Improve Achilles Tendon Healing in Rats. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2018; 476:2091-2100. [PMID: 30179944 PMCID: PMC6259872 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achilles tendon rupture is a common injury and the best treatment option remains uncertain between surgical and nonoperative methods. Biologic approaches using multipotent stem cells such as perivascular stem cells pose a possible treatment option, although there is currently a paucity of evidence regarding their clinical therapeutic use. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES The purpose of this study was to determine whether injected perivascular stem cells (PSCs) would (1) improve histologic signs of tendon healing (such as percent area of collagen); and (2) improve biomechanical properties (peak load or stiffness) in a rat model of Achilles tendon transection. METHODS Two subtypes of PSCs were derived from human adipose tissue: pericytes (CD146CD34CD45CD31) and adventitial cells (CD146CD34CD45CD31). Thirty-two athymic rats underwent right Achilles transection and were randomized to receive injection with saline (eight tendons), hydrogel (four tendons), pericytes in hydrogel (four tendons), or adventitial cells in hydrogel (eight tendons) 3 days postoperatively with the left serving as an uninjured control. Additionally, a subset of pericytes was labeled with CM-diI to track cell viability and localization. At 3 weeks, the rats were euthanized, and investigators blinded to treatment group allocation evaluated tendon healing by peak load and stiffness using biomechanical testing and percent area of collagen using histologic analysis with picrosirius red staining. RESULTS Histologic analysis showed a higher mean percent area collagen for pericytes (30%) and adventitial cells (28%) than hydrogel (21%) or saline (26%). However, a nonparametric statistical analysis yielded no statistical difference. Mechanical testing demonstrated that the pericyte group had a higher peak load than the saline group (41 ± 7 N versus 26 ± 9 N; mean difference 15 N; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4-27 N; p = 0.003) and a higher peak load than the hydrogel group (41 ± 7 N versus 25 ± 3 N; mean difference 16; 95% CI, 8-24 N; p = 0.001). The pericyte group demonstrated higher stiffness than the hydrogel group (36 ± 12 N/mm versus 17 ± 6 N/mm; mean difference 19 N/mm; 95% CI, 5-34 N/mm; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that injection of PSCs improves mechanical but not the histologic properties of early Achilles tendon healing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This is a preliminary study that provides more insight into the use of adipose-derived PSCs as a percutaneous therapy in the setting of Achilles tendon rupture. Further experiments to characterize the function of these cells may serve as a pathway to development of minimally invasive intervention aimed at improving nonoperative management while avoiding the complications associated with surgical treatment down the line.
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The identity and functional roles of stem cell population(s) that contribute to fracture repair remains unclear. This review provides a brief history of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) and provides an updated view of the many stem/progenitor cell populations contributing to fracture repair. RECENT FINDINGS Functional studies show MSCs are not the multipotential stem cell population that form cartilage and bone during fracture repair. Rather, multiple studies have confirmed the periosteum is the primary source of stem/progenitor cells for fracture repair. Newer work is also identifying other stem/progenitor cells that may also contribute to healing. Although the heterogenous periosteal cells migrate to the fracture site and contribute directly to callus formation, other cell populations are involved. Pericytes and bone marrow stromal cells are now thought of as key secretory centers that mostly coordinate the repair process. Other populations of stem/progenitor cells from the muscle and transdifferentiated chondroctyes may also contribute to repair, and their functional role is an area of active research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Bragdon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, Evans 243, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Chelsea S Bahney
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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31
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Reumann MK, Linnemann C, Aspera-Werz RH, Arnold S, Held M, Seeliger C, Nussler AK, Ehnert S. Donor Site Location Is Critical for Proliferation, Stem Cell Capacity, and Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Implications for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071868. [PMID: 29949865 PMCID: PMC6073876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (Ad-MSCs) have been proposed as a suitable option for bone tissue engineering. However, donor age, weight, and gender might affect the outcome. There is still a lack of knowledge of the effects the donor tissue site might have on Ad-MSCs function. Thus, this study investigated proliferation, stem cell, and osteogenic differentiation capacity of human Ad-MSCs obtained from subcutaneous fat tissue acquired from different locations (abdomen, hip, thigh, knee, and limb). Ad-MSCs from limb and knee showed strong proliferation despite the presence of osteogenic stimuli, resulting in limited osteogenic characteristics. The less proliferative Ad-MSCs from hip and thigh showed the highest alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and matrix mineralization. Ad-MSCs from the abdomen showed good proliferation and osteogenic characteristics. Interestingly, the observed differences were not dependent on donor age, weight, or gender, but correlated with the expression of Sox2, Lin28A, Oct4α, and Nanog. Especially, low basal Sox2 levels seemed to be pivotal for osteogenic differentiation. Our data clearly show that the donor tissue site affects the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of Ad-MSCs significantly. Thus, for bone tissue engineering, the donor site of the adipose tissue from which the Ad-MSCs are derived should be adapted depending on the requirements, e.g., cell number and differentiation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie K Reumann
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Caren Linnemann
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Romina H Aspera-Werz
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sigrid Arnold
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Manuel Held
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
- Department of Hand, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Claudine Seeliger
- Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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32
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Shaw I, Rider S, Mullins J, Hughes J, Péault B. Pericytes in the renal vasculature: roles in health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:521-534. [DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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33
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Zhang Y, Husch JFA, van den Beucken JJJP. Intraoperative Construct Preparation: A Practical Route for Cell-Based Bone Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2018; 24:403-417. [PMID: 29631489 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based bone tissue engineering based on the combination of a scaffold and expanded autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represents the current state-of-the-art treatment for bone defects and fractures. However, the procedure of such construct preparation requires extensive ex vivo manipulation of patient's cells to achieve enough stem cells. Therefore, it is impractical and not cost-effective compared to other therapeutic interventions. For these reasons, a more practical strategy circumventing any ex vivo manipulation and an additional surgery for the patient would be advantageous. Intraoperative concept-based bone tissue engineering, where constructs are prepared with easily accessible autologous cells within the same surgical procedure, allows for such a simplification. In this study, we discuss the concept of intraoperative construct preparation for bone tissue engineering and summarize the available cellular options for intraoperative preparation. Furthermore, we propose methods to prepare intraoperative constructs, and review data of currently available preclinical and clinical studies using intraoperatively prepared constructs for bone regenerative applications. We identify several obstacles hampering the application of this emerging approach and highlight perspectives of technological innovations to advance the future developments of intraoperative construct preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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34
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Harrell CR, Simovic Markovic B, Fellabaum C, Arsenijevic A, Djonov V, Volarevic V. Molecular mechanisms underlying therapeutic potential of pericytes. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:21. [PMID: 29519245 PMCID: PMC5844098 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pericytes are multipotent cells present in every vascularized tissue in the body. Despite the fact that they are well-known for more than a century, pericytes are still representing cells with intriguing properties. This is mainly because of their heterogeneity in terms of definition, tissue distribution, origin, phenotype and multi-functional properties. The body of knowledge illustrates importance of pericytes in the regulation of homeostatic and healing processes in the body. MAIN BODY In this review, we summarized current knowledge regarding identification, isolation, ontogeny and functional characteristics of pericytes and described molecular mechanisms involved in the crosstalk between pericytes and endothelial or immune cells. We highlighted the role of pericytes in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, diabetes-related complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and erectile dysfunction), ischemic organ failure, pulmonary hypertension, Alzheimer disease, tumor growth and metastasis with the focus on their therapeutic potential in the regenerative medicine. The functions and capabilities of pericytes are impressive and, as yet, incompletely understood. Molecular mechanisms responsible for pericyte-mediated regulation of vascular stability, angiogenesis and blood flow are well described while their regenerative and immunomodulatory characteristics are still not completely revealed. Strong evidence for pericytes' participation in physiological, as well as in pathological conditions reveals a broad potential for their therapeutic use. Recently published results obtained in animal studies showed that transplantation of pericytes could positively influence the healing of bone, muscle and skin and could support revascularization. However, the differences in their phenotype and function as well as the lack of standardized procedure for their isolation and characterization limit their use in clinical trials. CONCLUSION Critical to further progress in clinical application of pericytes will be identification of tissue specific pericyte phenotype and function, validation and standardization of the procedure for their isolation that will enable establishment of precise clinical settings in which pericyte-based therapy will be efficiently applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Randall Harrell
- Regenerative Processing Plant, LLC, 34176 US Highway 19 N Palm Harbor, Palm Harbor, Florida USA
| | - Bojana Simovic Markovic
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, Kragujevac, 34000 Serbia
| | - Crissy Fellabaum
- Regenerative Processing Plant, LLC, 34176 US Highway 19 N Palm Harbor, Palm Harbor, Florida USA
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, Kragujevac, 34000 Serbia
| | - Valentin Djonov
- University of Bern, Institute of Anatomy, Baltzerstrasse 2, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, Kragujevac, 34000 Serbia
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Abstract
Pericytes have crucial roles in blood-brain barrier function, blood vessel function/stability, angiogenesis, endothelial cell proliferation/differentiation, wound healing, and hematopoietic stem cells maintenance. They can be isolated from fetal and adult tissues and have multipotential differentiation capacity as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). All of these properties make pericytes as preferred cells in the field of tissue engineering. Current developments have shown that tissue-engineered three-dimensional (3D) systems including multiple cell layers (or types) and a supporting biological matrix represent the in vivo environment better than those monolayers on plastic dishes. Tissue-engineered models are also more ethical and cheaper systems than animal models. This chapter describes the role of pericytes in tissue engineering for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Çelebi-Saltik
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Regenerative Medicine Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1089:115-141. [PMID: 29767289 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A major research challenge is to develop therapeutics that assist with healing damaged tissues and organs because the human body has limited ability to restore the majority of these tissues and organs to their original state. Tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine (RM) promises to offer efficient therapeutic biological strategies that use mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs possess the capability for self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and immunomodulatory properties that make them attractive for clinical applications. They have been extensively investigated in numerous preclinical and clinical settings in an attempt to overcome their challenges and promote tissue regeneration and repair. This review explores the exciting opportunities afforded by MSCs, their desirable properties as cellular therapeutics in RM, and implicates their potential use in clinical practice. Here, we attempt to identify challenges and issues that determine the clinical efficacy of MSCs as treatment for skeletal and non-skeletal tissues.
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Esteves CL, Donadeu FX. Pericytes and their potential in regenerative medicine across species. Cytometry A 2017; 93:50-59. [PMID: 28941046 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that pericytes are in vivo counterparts of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) has placed these perivascular cells in the research spotlight, bringing up hope for a well-characterized cell source for clinical applications, alternative to poorly defined, heterogeneous MSCs preparations currently in use. Native pericytes express typical MSC markers and, after isolation by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, display an MSC phenotype in culture. These features have been demonstrated in different species, including humans and horses, the main targets of regenerative treatments. Significant clinical potential of pericytes has been shown by transplantation of human cells into rodent models of tissue injury, and it is hoped that future studies will demonstrate clinical potential in veterinary species. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on pericytes across different species including humans, companion and large animal models, in relation to their identification in different body tissues, methodology for prospective isolation, characterization, and potential for tissue regeneration. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Esteves
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - F X Donadeu
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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38
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Dynamics of plasma membrane surface related to the release of extracellular vesicles by mesenchymal stem cells in culture. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6767. [PMID: 28754913 PMCID: PMC5533874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (exosomes and shedding vesicles) released by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are regarded as a storable, cell-free alternative with comparable therapeutic potential to their parent cells. Shedding vesicles originate as bulges on the cell surface but little is known about their turnover or how their formation can be stimulated. We have used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to follow the formation dynamics of bulges in living adipose tissue-derived MSCs. AFM images showed that, in general, MSCs present hundreds of nanosized protrusions on their surface with life spans of 10-20 min. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed those images and showed that bulges are also formed on filamentous processes. Extracellular vesicles deposited on the culture surface have comparable sizes to those of bulges showing up on the cell surface. The amount of protrusions on cells treated with progesterone or PDGF-BB, two treatments that stimulate the secretion of extracellular vesicles in MSCs, was evaluated by AFM. Measurements of the cross-area at 50 nm over the cell surface provided estimates of the amount of protrusions and showed that these values increased with the stimulating treatments. Our study suggests that shedding vesicles constitute a large population of the extracellular vesicle pool.
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The Importance of Pericytes in Healing: Wounds and other Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061129. [PMID: 28538706 PMCID: PMC5485953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of current research investigates the beneficial properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a treatment for wounds and other forms of injury. In this review, we bring attention to and discuss the role of the pericyte, a cell type which shares much of the differentiation potential and regenerative properties of the MSC as well as specific roles in the regulation of angiogenesis, inflammation and fibrosis. Pericytes have been identified as dysfunctional or depleted in many disease states, and observing the outcomes of pericyte perturbation in models of disease and wound healing informs our understanding of overall pericyte function and identifies these cells as an important target in the development of therapies to encourage healing.
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James AW, Zhang X, Crisan M, Hardy WR, Liang P, Meyers CA, Lobo S, Lagishetty V, Childers MK, Asatrian G, Ding C, Yen YH, Zou E, Ting K, Peault B, Soo C. Isolation and characterization of canine perivascular stem/stromal cells for bone tissue engineering. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177308. [PMID: 28489940 PMCID: PMC5425216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For over 15 years, human subcutaneous adipose tissue has been recognized as a rich source of tissue resident mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC). The isolation of perivascular progenitor cells from human adipose tissue by a cell sorting strategy was first published in 2008. Since this time, the interest in using pericytes and related perivascular stem/stromal cell (PSC) populations for tissue engineering has significantly increased. Here, we describe a set of experiments identifying, isolating and characterizing PSC from canine tissue (N = 12 canine adipose tissue samples). Results showed that the same antibodies used for human PSC identification and isolation are cross-reactive with canine tissue (CD45, CD146, CD34). Like their human correlate, canine PSC demonstrate characteristics of MSC including cell surface marker expression, colony forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) inclusion, and osteogenic differentiation potential. As well, canine PSC respond to osteoinductive signals in a similar fashion as do human PSC, such as the secreted differentiation factor NEL-Like Molecule-1 (NELL-1). Nevertheless, important differences exist between human and canine PSC, including differences in baseline osteogenic potential. In summary, canine PSC represent a multipotent mesenchymogenic cell source for future translational efforts in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mihaela Crisan
- Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Winters R. Hardy
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pei Liang
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Carolyn A. Meyers
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sonja Lobo
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Martin K. Childers
- Rehabilitation Medicine Clinic, UWMC, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Greg Asatrian
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine Ding
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yu-Hsin Yen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erin Zou
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bruno Peault
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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41
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Esteves CL, Sheldrake TA, Mesquita SP, Pesántez JJ, Menghini T, Dawson L, Péault B, Donadeu FX. Isolation and characterization of equine native MSC populations. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:80. [PMID: 28420427 PMCID: PMC5395828 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0525-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to humans in which mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) therapies are still largely in the clinical trial phase, MSCs have been used therapeutically in horses for over 15 years, thus constituting a valuable preclinical model for humans. In human tissues, MSCs have been shown to originate from perivascular cells, namely pericytes and adventitial cells, which are identified by the presence of the cell surface markers CD146 and CD34, respectively. In contrast, the origin of MSCs in equine tissues has not been established, preventing the isolation and culture of defined cell populations in that species. Moreover, a comparison between perivascular CD146+ and CD34+ cell populations has not been performed in any species. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to identify adventitial cells (CD34+) and pericytes (CD146+) and to determine their localization in relation to MSCs in equine tissues. Isolation of CD34+ (CD34+/CD146–/CD144–/CD45–) and CD146+ (CD146+/CD34–/CD144–/CD45–) cell fractions from equine adipose tissue was achieved by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The isolated cell fractions were cultured and analyzed for the expression of MSC markers, using qPCR and flow cytometry, and for the ability to undergo trilineage differentiation. Angiogenic properties were analyzed in vivo using a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Results Both CD34+ and CD146+ cells displayed typical MSC features, namely growth in uncoated tissue culture dishes, clonal growth when seeded at low density, expression of typical MSC markers, and multipotency shown by the capacity for trilineage differentiation. Of note, CD146+ cells were distinctly angiogenic compared with CD34+ and non-sorted cells (conventional MSCs), demonstrated by the induction of blood vessels in a CAM assay, expression of elevated levels of VEGFA and ANGPT1, and association with vascular networks in cocultures with endothelial cells, indicating that CD146+ cells maintain a pericyte phenotype in culture. Conclusion This study reports for the first time the successful isolation and culture of CD146+ and CD34+ cell populations from equine tissues. Characterization of these cells evidenced their distinct properties and MSC-like phenotype, and identified CD146+ cells as distinctly angiogenic, which may provide a novel source for enhanced regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L Esteves
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | | | | | - Juan J Pesántez
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Lucy Dawson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bruno Péault
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Orthopaedic Hospital Research Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Dykstra JA, Facile T, Patrick RJ, Francis KR, Milanovich S, Weimer JM, Kota DJ. Concise Review: Fat and Furious: Harnessing the Full Potential of Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1096-1108. [PMID: 28186685 PMCID: PMC5388064 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their capacity to self-renew, proliferate and generate multi-lineage cells, adult-derived stem cells offer great potential for use in regenerative therapies to stop and/or reverse degenerative diseases such as diabetes, heart failure, Alzheimer's disease and others. However, these subsets of cells can be isolated from different niches, each with differing potential for therapeutic applications. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF), a stem cell enriched and adipose-derived cell population, has garnered interest as a therapeutic in regenerative medicine due to its ability to secrete paracrine factors that accelerate endogenous repair, ease of accessibility and lack of identified major adverse effects. Thus, one can easily understand the rush to employ adipose-derived SVF to treat human disease. Perhaps faster than any other cell preparation, SVF is making its way to clinics worldwide, while critical preclinical research needed to establish SVF safety, efficacy and optimal, standardized clinical procedures are underway. Here, we will provide an overview of the current knowledge driving this phenomenon, its regulatory issues and existing studies, and propose potential unmapped applications. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1096-1108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Dykstra
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux FallsSouth DakotaUSA
| | - Tiffany Facile
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux FallsSouth DakotaUSA
| | - Ryan J. Patrick
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux FallsSouth DakotaUSA
| | - Kevin R. Francis
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux FallsSouth DakotaUSA
- Department of PediatricsThe University of South Dakota Sanford School of MedicineVermillion, South DakotaUSA
| | - Samuel Milanovich
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux FallsSouth DakotaUSA
- Department of PediatricsThe University of South Dakota Sanford School of MedicineVermillion, South DakotaUSA
| | - Jill M. Weimer
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux FallsSouth DakotaUSA
- Department of PediatricsThe University of South Dakota Sanford School of MedicineVermillion, South DakotaUSA
| | - Daniel J. Kota
- Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux FallsSouth DakotaUSA
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43
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Xu J, Gong T, Heng BC, Zhang CF. A systematic review: differentiation of stem cells into functional pericytes. FASEB J 2017; 31:1775-1786. [PMID: 28119398 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600951rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes are an integral cellular component of vascular structures. Numerous studies have investigated various stem cell types as potential sources of pericytes for application in cell-based therapy. The diverse stem cell types and variable experimental protocols of these studies make it imperative to evaluate the relevant scientific literature on the basis of a unified standard. The purpose of this systematic review is to rigorously evaluate the relevant scientific literature for conclusive evidence that stem cells can differentiate into functional pericytes. An online literature search was conducted up to July 2016. Eligible papers were evaluated on 4 pertinent criteria: 1) appropriate controls, 2) markers to confirm pericyte phenotype, 3) techniques for assessing pericyte functionality, and 4) differentiation efficiency of the protocol. Our search yielded 20 eligible studies (from 2006 to 2016), 12 of which were published in the past 5 yr. Of these 20 articles, only 1 had positive control, and 5 papers evaluated differentiation efficiency. The most commonly used pericyte markers were neuron-glial antigen 2, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β, and α-smooth muscle actin. Three articles were associated with adipose stem cells, 4 with mesenchymal stem cells, and 7 with pluripotent stem cells, whereas the remaining 6 articles were based on other miscellaneous stem cell types. Stem cells can serve as a potential source of pericytes, but there should be standardized guidelines in future studies for assessing pericyte differentiation.-Xu, J., Gong, T., Heng, B. C., Zhang, C. F. A systematic review: differentiation of stem cells into functional pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Xu
- Comprehensive Dental Care, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and
| | - Ting Gong
- Comprehensive Dental Care, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Comprehensive Dental Care, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and
| | - Cheng Fei Zhang
- Comprehensive Dental Care, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and .,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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44
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Castillo-Cardiel G, López-Echaury AC, Saucedo-Ortiz JA, Fuentes-Orozco C, Michel-Espinoza LR, Irusteta-Jiménez L, Salazar-Parra M, González-Ojeda A. Bone regeneration in mandibular fractures after the application of autologous mesenchymal stem cells, a randomized clinical trial. Dent Traumatol 2016; 33:38-44. [PMID: 27513920 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Facial injury in adults can commonly result in fractures of the mandible. Autologous mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) transplantation is proposed as an alternative to conventional graft treatment to improve bone regeneration. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of AMSCs application in mandibular fractures to reduce regeneration time and increase bone quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was a single-blind controlled clinical trial conducted in patients with mandibular angle fractures. Patients were divided into two groups: study group fracture reduction plus application of AMSCs and control group only fracture reduction. AMSCs were obtained from adipose tissue 24 h before the procedure. Intensity and density were evaluated in normal bone and fractured bone at 4 and 12 weeks after surgery using panoramic radiography and computed tomography. RESULTS A total of 20 patients, 10 in each group, were included. The study group had a mean age of 31.2 ± 6.3 years, and the control group mean age was 29.7 ± 7.2 years. All patients were male. Bone quality measured in grey levels at week 4 was 108.82 ± 3.4 vs 93.92 ± 2.6 (P = 0.000) using panoramic radiography and 123 ± 4.53 vs 99.72 ± 5.72 (P = 0.000) using computed tomography. At week 12, the measurements were 153.53 ± 1.83 vs 101.81 ± 4.83 (P = 0.000) using panoramic radiography and 165.4 ± 4.2 vs 112.9 ± 2.0 (P = 0.000) using tomography in the study and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSION Similar ossification values were obtained after 4 weeks when the use of AMSCs was compared to simple fracture reduction. However, after 12 weeks, the AMSCs group had a 36.48% higher ossification rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Castillo-Cardiel
- Maxillofacial Surgical Department, Specialties Hospital, Western National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Alejandro César López-Echaury
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Specialties Hospital, Western National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - José Antonio Saucedo-Ortiz
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Specialties Hospital, Western National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Clotilde Fuentes-Orozco
- Biomedical Research Unit 02, Specialties Hospital, Western National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Luis Rodrigo Michel-Espinoza
- Biomedical Research Unit 02, Specialties Hospital, Western National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Leire Irusteta-Jiménez
- Biomedical Research Unit 02, Specialties Hospital, Western National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Marcela Salazar-Parra
- Biomedical Research Unit 02, Specialties Hospital, Western National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Alejandro González-Ojeda
- Biomedical Research Unit 02, Specialties Hospital, Western National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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45
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Murray IR, Baily JE, Chen WCW, Dar A, Gonzalez ZN, Jensen AR, Petrigliano FA, Deb A, Henderson NC. Skeletal and cardiac muscle pericytes: Functions and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 171:65-74. [PMID: 27595928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes are periendothelial mesenchymal cells residing within the microvasculature. Skeletal muscle and cardiac pericytes are now recognized to fulfill an increasing number of functions in normal tissue homeostasis, including contributing to microvascular function by maintaining vessel stability and regulating capillary flow. In the setting of muscle injury, pericytes contribute to a regenerative microenvironment through release of trophic factors and by modulating local immune responses. In skeletal muscle, pericytes also directly enhance tissue healing by differentiating into myofibers. Conversely, pericytes have also been implicated in the development of disease states, including fibrosis, heterotopic ossication and calcification, atherosclerosis, and tumor angiogenesis. Despite increased recognition of pericyte heterogeneity, it is not yet clear whether specific subsets of pericytes are responsible for individual functions in skeletal and cardiac muscle homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Murray
- BHF Center for Vascular Regeneration and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James E Baily
- BHF Center for Vascular Regeneration and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - William C W Chen
- Reseach Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ayelet Dar
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zaniah N Gonzalez
- BHF Center for Vascular Regeneration and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew R Jensen
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank A Petrigliano
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Deb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine & Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, and Eli and Edythe Broad Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine and College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Neil C Henderson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Vezzani B, Pierantozzi E, Sorrentino V. Not All Pericytes Are Born Equal: Pericytes from Human Adult Tissues Present Different Differentiation Properties. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1549-1558. [PMID: 27549576 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes (PCs) have been recognized for a long time only as structural cells of the blood vessels. The identification of tight contacts with endothelial cells and the ability to interact with surrounding cells through paracrine signaling revealed additional functions of PCs in maintaining the homeostasis of the perivascular environment. PCs got the front page, in the late 1990s, after the identification and characterization of a new embryonic cell population, the mesoangioblasts, from which PCs present in the adult organism are thought to derive. From these studies, it was clear that PCs were also endowed with multipotent mesodermal abilities. Furthermore, their ability to cross the vascular wall and to reconstitute skeletal muscle tissue after systemic injection opened the way to a number of studies aimed to develop therapeutic protocols for a cell therapy of muscular dystrophy. This has resulted in a major effort to characterize pericytic cell populations from skeletal muscle and other adult tissues. Additional studies also addressed their relationship with other cells of the perivascular compartment and with mesenchymal stem cells. These data have provided initial evidence that PCs from different adult tissues might be endowed with distinctive differentiation abilities. This would suggest that the multipotent mesenchymal ability of PCs might be restrained within different tissues, likely depending on the specific cell renewal and repair requirements of each tissue. This review presents current knowledge on human PCs and highlights recent data on the differentiation properties of PCs isolated from different adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Vezzani
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Pierantozzi
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
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47
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James AW, Hindle P, Murray IR, West CC, Tawonsawatruk T, Shen J, Asatrian G, Zhang X, Nguyen V, Simpson AH, Ting K, Péault B, Soo C. Pericytes for the treatment of orthopedic conditions. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 171:93-103. [PMID: 27510330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes and other perivascular stem cells are of growing interest in orthopedics and tissue engineering. Long regarded as simple regulators of angiogenesis and blood pressure, pericytes are now recognized to have MSC (mesenchymal stem cell) characteristics, including multipotentiality, self-renewal, immunoregulatory functions, and diverse roles in tissue repair. Pericytes are typified by characteristic cell surface marker expression (including αSMA, CD146, PDGFRβ, NG2, RGS5, among others). Although alone no marker is absolutely specific for pericytes, collectively these markers appear to selectively identify an MSC-like pericyte. The purification of pericytes is most well described as a CD146+CD34-CD45- cell population. Pericytes and other perivascular stem cell populations have been applied in diverse orthopedic applications, including both ectopic and orthotopic models. Application of purified cells has sped calvarial repair, induced spine fusion, and prevented fibrous non-union in rodent models. Pericytes induce these effects via both direct and indirect mechanisms. In terms of their paracrine effects, pericytes are known to produce and secrete high levels of a number of growth and differentiation factors both in vitro and after transplantation. The following review will cover existing studies to date regarding pericyte application for bone and cartilage engineering. In addition, further questions in the field will be pondered, including the phenotypic and functional overlap between pericytes and culture-derived MSC, and the concept of pericytes as efficient producers of differentiation factors to speed tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W James
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Paul Hindle
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Iain R Murray
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; BHF Center for Vascular Regeneration & MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher C West
- BHF Center for Vascular Regeneration & MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Johns Hospital, Livingston, United Kingdom
| | - Tulyapruek Tawonsawatruk
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; BHF Center for Vascular Regeneration & MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Orthopaedics, Ramathibodi Hospital, Madihol University, Thailand
| | - Jia Shen
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Greg Asatrian
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Xinli Zhang
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Vi Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - A Hamish Simpson
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kang Ting
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Bruno Péault
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; BHF Center for Vascular Regeneration & MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chia Soo
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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