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Abdelghany TM, Hedya SA, Charlton A, Aljehani FA, Alanazi K, Budastour AA, Marin L, Wright MC. Undifferentiated HepaRG cells show reduced sensitivity to the toxic effects of M8OI through a combination of CYP3A7-mediated oxidation and a reduced reliance on mitochondrial function. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114681. [PMID: 38677401 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The methylimidazolium ionic liquid M8OI (1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, also known as [C8mim]Cl) has been detected in the environment and may represent a hazard trigger for the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cholangitis, based in part on studies using a rat liver progenitor cell. The effect of M8OI on an equivalent human liver progenitor (undifferentiated HepaRG cells; u-HepaRG) was therefore examined. u-HepaRG cells were less sensitive (>20-fold) to the toxic effects of M8OI. The relative insensitivity of u-HepaRG cells to M8OI was in part, associated with a detoxification by monooxygenation via CYP3A7 followed by further oxidation to a carboxylic acid. Expression of CYP3A7 - in contrast to the related adult hepatic CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 forms - was confirmed in u-HepaRG cells. However, blocking M8OI metabolism with ketoconazole only partly sensitized u-HepaRG cells. Despite similar proliferation rates, u-HepaRG cells consumed around 75% less oxygen than B-13 cells, reflective of reduced dependence on mitochondrial activity (Crabtree effect). Replacing glucose with galactose, resulted in an increase in u-HepaRG cell sensitivity to M8OI, near similar to that seen in B-13 cells. u-HepaRG cells therefore show reduced sensitivity to the toxic effects of M8OI through a combination of metabolic detoxification and their reduced reliance on mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresthill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Shireen A Hedya
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Alex Charlton
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, NE1 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Fahad A Aljehani
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alanazi
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Alaa A Budastour
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Larissa Marin
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Wright
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, United Kingdom.
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Kersten R, Trampert DC, Herta T, Hubers LM, Maillette de Buy Wenniger LJ, Verheij J, van de Graaf SFJ, Beuers U. IgG4-related cholangitis - a mimicker of fibrosing and malignant cholangiopathies. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1502-1523. [PMID: 37598939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
IgG4-related cholangitis (IRC) is the major hepatobiliary manifestation of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), a systemic fibroinflammatory disorder. The pathogenesis of IgG4-RD and IRC is currently viewed as multifactorial, as there is evidence of a genetic predisposition while environmental factors, such as blue-collar work, are major risk factors. Various autoantigens have been described in IgG4-RD, including annexin A11 and laminin 511-E8, proteins which may exert a partially protective function in cholangiocytes by enhancing secretion and barrier function, respectively. For the other recently described autoantigens, galectin-3 and prohibitin 1, a distinct role in cholangiocytes appears less apparent. In relation to these autoantigens, oligoclonal expansions of IgG4+ plasmablasts are present in patients with IRC and disappear upon successful treatment. More recently, specific T-cell subtypes including regulatory T cells, follicular T helper 2 cells, peripheral T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+ and CD4+ SLAMF7+ T cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD. The clinical presentation of IRC often mimics other biliary diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis or cholangiocarcinoma, which may lead to inappropriate medical and potentially invalidating surgical interventions. As specific biomarkers are lacking, diagnosis is made according to the HISORt criteria comprising histopathology, imaging, serology, other organ manifestations and response to therapy. Treatment of IRC aims to prevent or alleviate organ damage and to improve symptoms and consists of (i) remission induction, (ii) remission maintenance and (iii) long-term management. Glucocorticosteroids are highly effective for remission induction, after which immunomodulators can be introduced for maintenance of remission as glucocorticosteroid-sparing alternatives. Increased insight into the pathogenesis of IRC will lead to improved diagnosis and novel therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco Kersten
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AGEM, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David C Trampert
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AGEM, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Toni Herta
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AGEM, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lowiek M Hubers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AGEM, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AGEM, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, AGEM, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Mackinnon AC, Tonev D, Jacoby B, Pinzani M, Slack RJ. Galectin-3: therapeutic targeting in liver disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:779-791. [PMID: 37705214 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2258280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rising incidence of liver diseases is a worldwide healthcare concern. However, the therapeutic options to manage chronic inflammation and fibrosis, the processes at the basis of morbidity and mortality of liver diseases, are very limited. Galectin 3 (Gal-3) is a protein implicated in fibrosis in multiple organs. Several Gal-3 inhibitors are currently in clinical development. AREAS COVERED This review describes our current understanding of the role of Gal-3 in chronic liver diseases, with special emphasis on fibrosis. Also, we review therapeutic advances based on Gal-3 inhibition, describing drug properties and their current status in clinical research. EXPERT OPINION Currently, the known effects of Gal-3 point to a direct activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome leading to its activation in liver macrophages and activated macrophages play a key role in tissue fibrogenesis. However, more research is needed to elucidate the role of Gal-3 in the different activation pathways, dissecting the intracellular and extracellular mechanisms of Gal-3, and its role in pathogenesis. Gal-3 could be a target for early therapy of numerous hepatic diseases and, given the lack of therapeutic options for liver fibrosis, there is a strong pharmacologic potential for Gal-3-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitar Tonev
- Galecto Biotech AB, Cobis Science Park, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Jacoby
- Galecto Biotech AB, Cobis Science Park, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert J Slack
- Galecto Biotech AB, Cobis Science Park, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wang J, Sun Z, Xie J, Ji W, Cui Y, Ai Z, Liang G. Inflammasome and pyroptosis in autoimmune liver diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1150879. [PMID: 36969233 PMCID: PMC10030845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1150879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) are the four main forms of autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs), which are all defined by an aberrant immune system attack on the liver. Most previous studies have shown that apoptosis and necrosis are the two major modes of hepatocyte death in AILDs. Recent studies have reported that inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis is critical for the inflammatory response and severity of liver injury in AILDs. This review summarizes our present understanding of inflammasome activation and function, as well as the connections among inflammasomes, pyroptosis, and AILDs, thus highlighting the shared features across the four disease models and gaps in our knowledge. In addition, we summarize the correlation among NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the liver-gut axis, liver injury, and intestinal barrier disruption in PBC and PSC. We summarize the differences in microbial and metabolic characteristics between PSC and IgG4-SC, and highlight the uniqueness of IgG4-SC. We explore the different roles of NLRP3 in acute and chronic cholestatic liver injury, as well as the complex and controversial crosstalk between various types of cell death in AILDs. We also discuss the most up-to-date developments in inflammasome- and pyroptosis-targeted medicines for autoimmune liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixuan Wang
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiwen Sun
- Department of Liver, Spleen and Stomach Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jingri Xie
- Department of Liver, Spleen and Stomach Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wanli Ji
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Cui
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zongxiong Ai
- School of First Clinical Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Guoying Liang, ; Zongxiong Ai,
| | - Guoying Liang
- Department of Liver, Spleen and Stomach Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Guoying Liang, ; Zongxiong Ai,
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5
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Ezhilarasan D. Unraveling the pathophysiologic role of galectin-3 in chronically injured liver. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:673-686. [PMID: 36745560 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) previously referred to as S-type lectins, is a soluble protein that specifically binds to β-galactoside carbohydrates with high specificity. Gal-3 plays a pivotal role in a variety of pathophysiological processes such as cell proliferation, inflammation, differentiation, angiogenesis, transformation and apoptosis, pre-mRNA splicing, metabolic syndromes, fibrosis, and host defense. The role of Gal-3 has also been implicated in liver diseases. Gal-3 is activated upon a hepatotoxic insult to the liver and its level has been shown to be upregulated in fatty liver diseases, inflammation, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cholangitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Gal-3 directly interacts with the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3, and activates the inflammasome in macrophages of the liver. In the chronically injured liver, Gal-3 secreted by injured hepatocytes and immune cells, activates hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in a paracrine fashion to acquire a myofibroblast like collagen-producing phenotype. Activated HSCs in the fibrotic liver secrete Gal-3 which acts via autocrine signaling to exacerbate extracellular matrix synthesis and fibrogenesis. In the stromal microenvironment, Gal-3 activates cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and metastasis. Clinically, increased serum levels and Gal-3 expression were observed in the liver tissue of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrotic/cirrhotic, and HCC patients. The pathological role of Gal-3 has been experimentally and clinically reported in the progression of chronic liver disease. Therefore, this review discusses the pathological role of Gal-3 in the progression of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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The Expression of IL-1β Correlates with the Expression of Galectin-3 in the Tissue at the Maternal-Fetal Interface during the Term and Preterm Labor. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11216521. [PMID: 36362749 PMCID: PMC9656499 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory processes that occur at the maternal−fetal interface are considered one of the factors that are responsible for preterm birth. The pro-inflammatory roles of the Gal-3-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the consecutive production of IL-1β have been described in several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, but the role of this inflammatory axis in parturition has not been studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the protein expression of Gal-3, NLRP3, and IL-1β in the decidua, villi, and fetal membranes, and to analyze their mutual correlation and correlation with the clinical parameters of inflammation in preterm birth (PTB) and term birth (TB). The study included 40 women that underwent a preterm birth (gestational age of 25.0−36.6) and histological chorioamnionitis (PTB) and control subjects, 22 women that underwent a term birth (gestational age of 37.0−41.6) without histological chorioamnionitis (TB). An analysis of the tissue sections that were stained with anti- Gal-3, -NLRP3, and -IL-1β antibodies was assessed by three independent investigators. The expression levels of Gal-3 and IL-1β were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the decidua, villi, and fetal membranes in the PTB group when they compared to those of the TB group, while there was no difference in the expression of NLRP3. A further analysis revealed that there was no correlation between the protein expression of NLRP3 and the expression of Gal-3 and IL-1β, but there was a correlation between the expression of Gal-3 and IL-1β in decidua (R = 0.401; p = 0.008), villi (R = 0.301; p = 0.042) and the fetal membranes (R = 0.428; p = 0.002) in both of the groups, PTB and TB. In addition, the expression of Gal-3 and IL-1β in decidua and the fetal membranes was in correlation with the parameters of inflammation in the maternal and fetal blood (C-reactive protein, leukocyte number, and fibrinogen). The strong correlation between the expression of Gal-3 and IL-1β in the placental and fetal tissues during labor indicates that Gal-3 may participate in the regulation of the inflammatory processes in the placenta, leading to increased production of IL-1β, a cytokine that plays the main role in both term and preterm birth.
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Yoeli D, Mack CL, Navarro‐Alvarez N. Role of galectin-3 in the pathogenesis and progression of biliary atresia. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2022; 20:170-174. [PMID: 36447904 PMCID: PMC9700053 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Content available: Audio Recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dor Yoeli
- Division of Transplant SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Cara L. Mack
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and NutritionDepartment of PediatricsChildren's Wisconsin, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Nalu Navarro‐Alvarez
- Division of Transplant SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
- Department of GastroenterologyInstituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador ZubiránMexico CityMexico
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Velickovic M, Arsenijevic A, Acovic A, Arsenijevic D, Milovanovic J, Dimitrijevic J, Todorovic Z, Milovanovic M, Kanjevac T, Arsenijevic N. Galectin-3, Possible Role in Pathogenesis of Periodontal Diseases and Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:638258. [PMID: 33815121 PMCID: PMC8017193 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.638258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases that occur due to the imbalance between microbial communities in the oral cavity and the immune response of the host that lead to destruction of tooth supporting structures and finally to alveolar bone loss. Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin with important roles in numerous biological processes. By direct binding to microbes and modulation of their clearence, Galectin-3 can affect the composition of microbial community in the oral cavity. Galectin-3 also modulates the function of many immune cells in the gingiva and gingival sulcus and thus can affect immune homeostasis. Few clinical studies demonstrated increased expression of Galectin-3 in different forms of periodontal diseases. Therefore, the objective of this mini review is to discuss the possible effects of Galectin-3 on the process of immune homeostasis and the balance between oral microbial community and host response and to provide insights into the potential therapeutic targeting of Gal-3 in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Velickovic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Acovic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Dimitrijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Zeljko Todorovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Kanjevac
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Srejovic IM, Lukic ML. Galectin-3 in T cell-mediated immunopathology and autoimmunity. Immunol Lett 2021; 233:57-67. [PMID: 33753135 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is the only member of galectin family able to form pentamers and heterodimers with chemokines. Its presence in various cells and tissues suggests variety of regulatory functions in physiological conditions, but increasing body of evidence indicates involvement of Gal-3 in pathological cascades of many diseases. Gal-3 exerts different, sometimes opposite, effects in various disorders or in different phases of the same disease. These differences in action of Gal-3 are related to the localization of Gal-3 in the cell, types of receptors through which it acts, or the types of cells that secrete it. As a regulator of immune response and T-cell activity, Gal-3 appears to have important role in development of autoimmunity mediated by T cells. Absence of Gal-3 in C57Bl6 mice favors Th2 mediated inflammatory myocarditis but attenuate fibrosis. Recent data also indicate Gal-3 involvement in development atherosclerosis. In pathogenesis of diabetes type 1 and autoimmune components of diabetes type 2 Gal-3 may have detrimental or protective role depending on its intracellular or extracellular localization. Gal-3 mediates autoimmune hepatic damage through activation of T-cells or natural killer T cells. Gal-3 is an important mediator in neurodevelopment, neuropathology and behavior due to its expression both in neurons and glial cells. All together, assessing the role of Gal-3 in immunopathology and autoimmunity it could be concluded that it is an important participant in pathogenesis, as well as promising monitoring marker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Srejovic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia; University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Galectin-3 in Inflammasome Activation and Primary Biliary Cholangitis Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145097. [PMID: 32707678 PMCID: PMC7404314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune liver disease characterized by inflammation and damage of small bile ducts. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multimeric complex of proteins that after activation with various stimuli initiates an inflammatory process. Increasing data obtained from animal studies implicate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin that plays important roles in various biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, transformation and apoptosis, pre-mRNA splicing, inflammation, fibrosis and host defense. The multilineage immune response at various stages of PBC development includes the involvement of Gal-3 in the pathogenesis of this disease. The role of Galectin-3 in the specific binding to NLRP3, and inflammasome activation in models of primary biliary cholangitis has been recently described. This review provides a brief pathogenesis of PBC and discusses the current knowledge about the role of Gal-3 in NLRP3 activation and PBC development.
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11
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Srejovic I, Selakovic D, Jovicic N, Jakovljević V, Lukic ML, Rosic G. Galectin-3: Roles in Neurodevelopment, Neuroinflammation, and Behavior. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050798. [PMID: 32455781 PMCID: PMC7277476 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a plethora of evidence to suggest that Galectin-3 plays an important role in normal functions of mammalian cells, as well as in different pathogenic conditions. This review highlights recent data published by researchers, including our own team, on roles of Galectin-3 in the nervous system. Here, we discuss the roles of Galectin-3 in brain development, its roles in glial cells, as well as the interactions of glial cells with other neural and invading cells in pathological conditions. Galectin-3 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. On the other hand, there is also evidence of the protective role of Galectin-3 due to its anti-apoptotic effect in target cells. Interestingly, genetic deletion of Galectin-3 affects behavioral patterns in maturing and adult mice. The results reviewed in this paper and recent development of highly specific inhibitors suggests that Galectin-3 may be an important therapeutic target in pathological conditions including the disorders of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Srejovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Dragica Selakovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
- Department of Human Pathology, 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Department of Physiology—Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Correspondence: (M.L.L.); (G.R.)
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac Serbia; (I.S.); (D.S.); (V.J.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.L.); (G.R.)
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Jovanovic M, Simovic Markovic B, Gajovic N, Jurisevic M, Djukic A, Jovanovic I, Arsenijevic N, Lukic A, Zdravkovic N. Metabolic syndrome attenuates ulcerative colitis: Correlation with interleukin-10 and galectin-3 expression. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:6465-6482. [PMID: 31798282 PMCID: PMC6881509 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i43.6465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation of intestinal epithelium, primarily of the colon. An increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients with UC has been documented recently. Still, there is no evidence that MetS alters the course of the UC.
AIM To test the influence of the MetS on the severity of UC and the local and systemic immune status.
METHODS Eighty nine patients with de novo histologically confirmed UC were divided in two groups, according to ATP III criteria: Group without MetS (no MetS) and group with MetS.
RESULTS Clinically and histologically milder disease with higher serum level of immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) and fecal content of Galectin-3 (Gal-3) was observed in subjects with UC and MetS, compared to subjects suffering from UC only. This was accompanied with predomination of IL-10 over pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in the sera as well as Gal-3 over TNF-α and IL-17 in feces of UC patients with MetS. Further, the patients with both conditions (UC and MetS) had higher percentage of IL-10 producing and Gal-3 expressing innate and acquired immune cells in lamina propria.
CONCLUSION Local dominance of Gal-3 and IL-10 over pro-inflammatory mediators in patients with MetS may present a mechanism for limiting the inflammatory process and subsequent tissue damage in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Jovanovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Bojana Simovic Markovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Nevena Gajovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Milena Jurisevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Djukic
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Ivan Jovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Lukic
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Natasa Zdravkovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
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13
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Volarevic V, Markovic BS, Jankovic MG, Djokovic B, Jovicic N, Harrell CR, Fellabaum C, Djonov V, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML. Galectin 3 protects from cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by promoting TLR-2-dependent activation of IDO1/Kynurenine pathway in renal DCs. Theranostics 2019; 9:5976-6001. [PMID: 31534532 PMCID: PMC6735380 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies targeting cross-talk between immunosuppressive renal dendritic cells (DCs) and T regulatory cells (Tregs) may be effective in treating cisplatin (CDDP)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Galectin 3 (Gal-3), expressed on renal DCs, is known as a crucial regulator of immune response in the kidneys. In this study, we investigated the role of Gal-3 for DCs-mediated expansion of Tregs in the attenuation of CDDP-induced AKI. Methods: AKI was induced in CDDP-treated wild type (WT) C57BL/6 and Gal-3 deficient (Gal-3-/-) mice. Biochemical, histological analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, magnetic cell sorting, flow cytometry and intracellular staining of renal-infiltrated immune cells were used to determine the differences between CDDP-treated WT and Gal-3-/- mice. Newly synthesized selective inhibitor of Gal-3 (Davanat) was used for pharmacological inhibition of Gal-3. Recombinant Gal-3 was used to demonstrate the effects of exogenously administered soluble Gal-3 on AKI progression. Pam3CSK4 was used for activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 in DCs. Cyclophosphamide or anti-CD25 antibody were used for the depletion of Tregs. 1-Methyl Tryptophan (1-MT) was used for pharmacological inhibition of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) in TLR-2-primed DCs which were afterwards used in passive transfer experiments. Results: CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity was significantly more aggravated in Gal-3-/- mice. Significantly reduced number of immunosuppressive TLR-2 and IDO1-expressing renal DCs, lower serum levels of KYN, decreased presence of IL-10-producing Tregs and significantly higher number of inflammatory IFN-γ and IL-17-producing neutrophils, Th1 and Th17 cells were observed in the CDDP-injured kidneys of Gal-3-/- mice. Pharmacological inhibitor of Gal-3 aggravated CDDP-induced AKI in WT animals while recombinant Gal-3 attenuated renal injury and inflammation in CDDP-treated Gal-3-/- mice. CDDP-induced apoptosis, driven by Bax and caspase-3, was aggravated in Gal-3-/- animals and in WT mice that received Gal-3 inhibitor (CDDP+Davanat-treated mice). Recombinant Gal-3 managed to completely attenuate CDDP-induced apoptosis in CDDP-injured kidneys of Gal-3-/- mice. Genetic deletion as well as pharmacological inhibition of Gal-3 in renal DCs remarkably reduced TLR-2-dependent activation of IDO1/KYN pathway in these cells diminishing their capacity to prevent transdifferentiation of Tregs in inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells. Additionally, Tregs generated by Gal-3 deficient DCs were not able to suppress production of IFN-γ and IL-17 in activated neutrophils. TLR-2-primed DCs significantly enhanced capacity of Tregs for attenuation of CDDP-induced AKI and inflammation and expression of Gal-3 on TLR-2-primed DCs was crucially important for their capacity to enhance nephroprotective and immunosuppressive properties of Tregs. Adoptive transfer of TLR-2-primed WTDCs significantly expanded Tregs in the kidneys of CDDP-treated WT and Gal-3-/- recipients resulting in the suppression of IFN-γ and IL-17-driven inflammation and alleviation of AKI. Importantly, this phenomenon was not observed in CDDP-treated WT and Gal-3-/- recipients of TLR-2-primed Gal-3-/-DCs. Gal-3-dependent nephroprotective and immunosuppressive effects of renal DCs was due to the IDO1-induced expansion of renal Tregs since either inhibition of IDO1 activity in TLR-2-primed DCs or depletion of Tregs completely diminished DCs-mediated attenuation of CDDP-induced AKI. Conclusions: Gal-3 protects from CDDP-induced AKI by promoting TLR-2-dependent activation of IDO1/KYN pathway in renal DCs resulting in increased expansion of immunosuppressive Tregs in injured kidneys. Activation of Gal-3:TLR-2:IDO1 pathway in renal DCs should be further explored as new therapeutic approach for DC-based immunosuppression of inflammatory renal diseases.
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14
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Arsenijevic A, Milovanovic J, Stojanovic B, Djordjevic D, Stanojevic I, Jankovic N, Vojvodic D, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML, Milovanovic M. Gal-3 Deficiency Suppresses Novosphyngobium aromaticivorans Inflammasome Activation and IL-17 Driven Autoimmune Cholangitis in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1309. [PMID: 31231399 PMCID: PMC6568238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gal-3 has the role in multiple inflammatory pathways. Multiple-hit etiology of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and evolving immune response at various stages of the disease includes involvement of Gal-3 in PBC pathogenesis. In this study we aimed to clarify the role of Gal-3 in Novosphingobium aromaticivorans (N. aromaticivorans) induced biliary disease. Autoimmune cholangitis was induced in mice by two intra-peritoneal injections of N. aromaticivorans within 2 weeks. The role of Gal-3 was evaluated by using Lgals3−/− mice and mice treated with Gal-3 inhibitor. The histological and serological parameters of disease, phenotype of dendritic, NK, NKT, and T cells and inflammasome expression were evaluated. Marked attenuation of the disease in Lgals3−/− and Gal-3 inhibitor, DAVANAT®, treated mice is manifested by the absence of bile duct damage, granulomas and fibrosis. Liver infiltrates of N. aromaticivorans infected wild type mice had higher incidence of pro-inflammatory macrophages, dendritic cells, NK, NKT, and T cells. Lgals3 deletion and treatment with Gal-3 inhibitor reduced inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrate, expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in the liver infiltrates and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production in the livers of N. aromaticivorans infected mice. In vitro stimulation of wild type peritoneal macrophages with N. aromaticivorans caused increased NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activity and IL-1β production compared with Lgals3−/− cells. Our data highlight the importance of Gal-3 in promotion of inflammation in N. aromaticivorans induced PBC by enhancing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and production of IL-1β and indicate Gal-3 as possible therapeutical target in autoimmune cholangitis. Galectin-3 appears involved in inflammatory response to gut commensal leading to PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Histology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bojana Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Djordjevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Stanojevic
- Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nenad Jankovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Danilo Vojvodic
- Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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15
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Stajic D, Selakovic D, Jovicic N, Joksimovic J, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML, Rosic G. The role of galectin-3 in modulation of anxiety state level in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 78:177-187. [PMID: 30682502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of lectin family that binds to oligosaccharides, is involved in several biological processes, including maturation and function of nervous system. It had been reported that Gal-3 regulates oligodendrocytes differentiation and that Gal-3/Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) axis is involved in neuroinflammation. As both, central nervous system (CNS) maturation and neuroinflammation may affect behavior, the principle aim of this study was to examine the effects of Gal-3 gene deletion on behavior. Here we provide the evidence that Gal-3 deficiency shows clear anxiogenic effect in mature untreated animals (basal conditions). This was accompanied with lower interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) relative gene expression and hippocampal content, with no effect on TLR4 expression. Gal-3 deficiency was also accompanied with lower brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) relative gene expression and immunoreactivity in hippocampus (predominantly in CA1 region). Besides, the Gal-3 gene deletion resulted in attenuation of the hippocampal relative gene expression of GABA-A receptor subunits 2 and 5 (GABA-AR2S and GABA-AR5S), On the other hand, Gal-3 deficiency attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammation. The anxiogenic effect of acute neuroinflammation was accompanied with increased hippocampal IL-6, TNF-α and TLR4 gene expression, as well as decreased gene and immunohistochemical BDNF expression in hippocampus, with significant decline in GABA-AR2S in wild type (WT) mice in comparison to basal conditions. Gal-3 gene deletion prevented the increase in IL-6, the decline in BDNF gene expression and immunoreactivity, and reduction in hippocampal GABA-AR2S, and therefore attenuated the anxiogenic effect of neuroinflammation. In summary, our data demonstrate that apparently opposite effects of Gal-3 deficiency on anxiety levels (anxiogenic effect under basal conditions and anxiolytic action during neuroinflammation) seem to be related to the shift in IL-6, TNF-α and hippocampal BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Stajic
- Department of Hygiene and Ecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia; Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragica Selakovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Joksimovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Gvozden Rosic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
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16
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Stojanovic B, Milovanovic J, Arsenijevic A, Stojanovic B, Strazic Geljic I, Arsenijevic N, Jonjic S, Lukic ML, Milovanovic M. Galectin-3 Deficiency Facilitates TNF-α-Dependent Hepatocyte Death and Liver Inflammation in MCMV Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:185. [PMID: 30800112 PMCID: PMC6376859 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has a role in multiple inflammatory pathways. Various, opposite roles of Gal-3 in liver diseases have been described but there are no data about the role of Gal-3 in development of hepatitis induced with cytomegalovirus infection. In this study we aimed to clarify the role of Gal-3 in murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-induced hepatitis by using Gal-3-deficient (Gal-3 KO) mice. Here we provide the evidence that Gal-3 has the protective role in MCMV-induced hepatitis. Enhanced hepatitis manifested by more inflammatory and necrotic foci and serum level of ALT, enhanced apoptosis and necroptosis of hepatocytes and enhanced viral replication were detected in MCMV-infected Gal-3 deficient mice. NK cells does not contribute to more severe liver damage in MCMV-infected Gal-3 KO mice. Enhanced expression of TNF-α in the hepatocytes of Gal-3 KO mice after MCMV infection, abrogated hepatocyte death, and attenuated inflammation in the livers of Gal-3 KO mice after TNF-α blockade suggest that TNF-α plays the role in enhanced disease in Gal-3 deficient animals. Treatment with recombinant Gal-3 reduces inflammation and especially necrosis of hepatocytes in the livers of MCMV-infected Gal-3 KO mice. Our data highlight the protective role of Gal-3 in MCMV-induced hepatitis by attenuation of TNF-α-mediated death of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Histology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bojan Stojanovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivana Strazic Geljic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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17
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Tang YM, Yu HY. Progress in research of mechanism of biliary epithelial cell injury in primary biliary cholangitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:36-42. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by chronic biliary cholestasis and progressive intrahepatic and small bile duct non- suppurative inflammation with early infiltration of inflammatory cells around biliary epithelial cells (BECs). BECs lining the bile duct express multiple receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns and can activate intracellular signaling pathways and participate in immune regulation. The etiology and pathogenesis of PBC are not fully understood yet, but the key step found in its pathogenesis is the targeted destruction of biliary cells. Since bile duct epithelial cells participate in a series of intrahepatic immune regulation processes, bile duct epithelial cell injury is an important mechanism involved in the development of intrahepatic inflammation in PBC. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of BEC injury can help us find some new targets for the treatment of PBC. This article briefly reviews the progress in the research of mechanism of biliary epithelial cell injury in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Mei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, Yunnan Province, China
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18
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Nangia-Makker P, Hogan V, Raz A. Galectin-3 and cancer stemness. Glycobiology 2018; 28:172-181. [PMID: 29315388 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades galectin-3, a carbohydrate binding protein, with affinity for N-acetyllactosamine residues, has been unique due to the regulatory roles it performs in processes associated with tumor progression and metastasis such as cell proliferation, homotypic/heterotypic aggregation, dynamic cellular transformation, migration and invasion, survival and apoptosis. Structure-function association of galectin-3 reveals that it consists of a short amino terminal motif, which regulates its nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling; a collagen α-like domain, susceptible to cleavage by matrix metalloproteases and prostate specific antigen; accountable for its oligomerization and lattice formation, and a carbohydrate-recognition/binding domain containing the anti-death motif of the Bcl2 protein family. This structural complexity permits galectin-3 to associate with numerous molecules utilizing protein-protein and/or protein-carbohydrate interactions in the extra-cellular as well as intracellular milieu and regulate diverse signaling pathways, a number of which appear directed towards epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stemness. Self-renewal, differentiation, long-term culturing and drug-resistance potential characterize cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small cell subpopulation within the tumor that is thought to be accountable for heterogeneity, recurrence and metastasis of tumors. Despite the fact that association of galectin-3 to the tumor stemness phenomenon is still in its infancy, there is sufficient direct evidence of its regulatory roles in CSC-associated phenotypes and signaling pathways. In this review, we have highlighted the available data on galectin-3 regulated functions pertinent to cancer stemness and explored the opportunities of its exploitation as a CSC marker and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Victor Hogan
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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19
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Moritoki Y, Tsuneyama K, Nakamura Y, Kikuchi K, Shiota A, Ohsugi Y, Lian ZX, Zhang W, Yang GX, Ueki S, Takeda M, Omokawa A, Saga T, Saga A, Watanabe D, Miura M, Ueno Y, Leung PSC, Tanaka A, Gershwin ME, Hirokawa M. Anti-drug Antibodies Against a Novel Humanized Anti-CD20 Antibody Impair Its Therapeutic Effect on Primary Biliary Cholangitis in Human CD20- and FcγR-Expressing Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2534. [PMID: 30450101 PMCID: PMC6224429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in expanding B cell-targeted therapies in human autoimmune diseases. However, clinical trials in human primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) using a chimeric antibody against human CD20 (hCD20) have showed limited efficacy. Two potential explanations for these disappointing results are the appearance of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) and the high frequency of patients with moderate PBC or patients who had failed ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. Here, we studied a novel humanized IgG1 antibody against hCD20 and explored its efficacy in early stage PBC using a well-defined murine model. We developed a unique murine model consisting of dnTGF-βRII mice expressing hCD20 and human Fcγ receptors (hFcγRs). Beginning at 4–6 weeks of age, equivalent to stage I/II human PBC, female mice were given weekly injections of an anti-hCD20 antibody (TKM-011) or vehicle control, and monitored for liver histology as well as a broad panel of immunological readouts. After 16 weeks' treatment, we observed a significant reduction in portal inflammation, a decrease in liver-infiltrating mononuclear cells as well as a reduction in liver CD8+ T cells. Importantly, direct correlations between numbers of liver non-B cells and B cells (r = 0.7426, p = 0.0006) and between numbers of liver memory CD8+ T cells and B cells (r = 0.6423, p = 0.0054) were apparent. Accompanying these changes was a dramatic reduction in anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs), interleukin (IL)-12p40 and IL-5, and elevated levels of the anti-inflammatory chemokine CXCL1/KC. In mice that developed ADAs, clinical improvements were less pronounced. Sustained treatment with B cell-targeted therapies may broadly inhibit effector pathways in PBC, but may need to be administered early in the natural history of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Moritoki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.,Center for Medical Education and Training, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan.,SimTiki Simulation Center, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakamura
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kikuchi
- Department of Fourth Internal Medicine, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Shiota
- Institute of Immunology, Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masahide Takeda
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Ayumi Omokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomoo Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akiko Saga
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Masahito Miura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Omagari Kosei Medical Center, Omagari, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Makoto Hirokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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20
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Tanaka A, Leung PS, Young HA, Gershwin ME. Therapeutic and immunological interventions in primary biliary cholangitis: from mouse models to humans. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:930-940. [PMID: 30002712 PMCID: PMC6040118 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.70995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Patrick S.C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Howard A. Young
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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21
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells as New Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2017; 2017:7492836. [PMID: 29410945 PMCID: PMC5749170 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7492836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune cholestatic liver disease characterized by the progressive destruction of small- and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts with resultant cholestasis and progressive fibrosis. Ursodeoxycholic acid and obethicholic acid are the only agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of PBC. However, for patients with advanced, end-stage PBC, liver transplantation is still the most effective treatment. Accordingly, the alternative approaches, such as mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation, have been suggested as an effective alternative therapy for these patients. Due to their immunomodulatory characteristics, MSCs are considered as promising therapeutic agents for the therapy of autoimmune liver diseases, including PBC. In this review, we have summarized the therapeutic potential of MSCs for the treatment of these diseases, emphasizing molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for MSC-based effects in an animal model of PBC and therapeutic potential observed in recently conducted clinical trials. We have also presented several outstanding problems including safety issues regarding unwanted differentiation of transplanted MSCs which limit their therapeutic use. Efficient and safe MSC-based therapy for PBC remains a challenging issue that requires continuous cooperation between clinicians, researchers, and patients.
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Markovic BS, Milosavljevic N, Arsenijevic A, Gazdic M, Lukic ML, Volarevic V. Bacterial Flora Play Important Roles in Acute Dextran Sulphate Sodium-Induced Colitis But Are Not Involved in Gal-3 Dependent Modulation of Colon Inflammation. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
An altered immune response to normal gut microflora is important for the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Galectin- 3 (Gal-3) is an endogenous lectin that plays an important pro-inflammatory role in the induction phase of acute colitis by promoting activation of the NLRP3 infl ammasome and production of IL-1β in macrophages. By using dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) induced colitis, a well-established animal model of UC, we determined whether Gal-3 affects the function of colon infiltrating macrophages by interfering with intestinal microfl ora. Our results showed that genetic deletion of Gal-3 significantly attenuates DSS-induced colitis by down-regulating infiltration of phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells) in colon tissue of DSS-treated mice, and this correlated with differences in bacterial flora of the gut. Antibiotic treatment attenuates DSS-induced colitis in WT and Gal-3-/- mice without affecting differences between the groups. In conclusion, Gram negative bacterial flora play an important role in DSS-induced acute colitis of mice but are not involved in Gal-3 dependent modulation of colon inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Simovic Markovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Neda Milosavljevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Marina Gazdic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac , Serbia
- 69 Svetozara Markovica Street, 34000 Kragujevac , Serbia
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