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Akano A, Sadauki AH, Adelabu AM, Malgwi A, Fagbola M, Ogunbode O, Usman A, Ameh C, Balogun MS, Ilori E, Badaru S, Adetunji A, Adebayo A, Mba N, Iniobong A, Eze E, Akerele I, Grema B, Sodipo O, Enemuo E, Ochu C, Ihekweazu C, Adetifa I. Epidemiology of influenza in Nigeria: A secondary analysis of the sentinel surveillance data in Nigeria from 2010 - 2020. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:495-502. [PMID: 38290192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Little is known of the true burden and epidemiology of influenza in Africa. Nigeria has a sentinel surveillance system for influenza virus (IFV). This study seeks to describe the epidemiological characteristics of influenza cases in Nigeria through secondary data analysis of the sentinel surveillance data from 2010 to 2020. METHODOLOGY A retrospective secondary data analysis of data collected from patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in the four Nigeria Influenza Sentinel Surveillance sites from January 2010 to December 2020. Data was cleaned and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Epi info 7.2 for frequencies and proportions. The results of the analysis were summarized in tables and charts. RESULTS A total of 13,828 suspected cases of influenza were recorded at the sentinel sites during the study period. About 10.3% (1421/13,828) of these tested positive for IFV of which 1243 (87.5%) were ILI patients, 175 (12.3%) SARI patients, and 3 (0.2%) novel H1N1 patients. Males accounted for 54.2% (770/1421) of the confirmed cases. The median age of confirmed cases was 3 years (range: <1month-97 years). Children 0-4 years accounted for 69.3% (985/1421) of all cases. The predominant subtypes were B lineage not determined (32.3%), A/H1N1 pdm09 (28.8%) and A/H3 (23.0%). There were periods of sustained transmission in most years with 2011 having the highest number of cases. Overall, there were more cases around January to March and August to November. Heart disease and chronic shortness of breath were the most common co-morbidities identified among confirmed cases. CONCLUSION Influenza remains a significant cause of respiratory illness, especially among children aged less than 4 years. Influenza cases occur all year round with irregular seasonality in Nigeria. Children less than 4 years and those with co-morbidities should be prioritized for vaccination. Vaccine composition in the country should take cognizance of the prevailing strains which are type B (lineage not determined), A/H1N1 pdm09 and A/H3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Akano
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Aisha Habib Sadauki
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Adeyemi Mark Adelabu
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Arhyel Malgwi
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Motunrayo Fagbola
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Oladipo Ogunbode
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Elsie Ilori
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Sikiru Badaru
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Adewusi Adetunji
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Adedeji Adebayo
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nwando Mba
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Akanimo Iniobong
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Eze
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Emeka Enemuo
- Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra, Nigeria
| | - Chinwe Ochu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ifedayo Adetifa
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
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Hossain S, Mihrshahi S. Exclusive Breastfeeding and Childhood Morbidity: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14804. [PMID: 36429518 PMCID: PMC9691199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Globally, diarrheal diseases and acute respiratory infections are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old. The benefits of exclusive breastfeeding in reducing the risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections are well documented. Optimal breastfeeding may potentially save the lives of about 800,000 children in low-income settings. Despite the evidence, around 63% of infants from birth to 6 months are not exclusively breastfed worldwide. We searched the literature published between 2010 and 2022 in Medline, Embase, and Scopus on the association between exclusive breastfeeding and infectious diseases. We selected and reviewed 70 relevant studies. Our findings expand and confirm the positive association between exclusive breastfeeding and reduced risk of a number of gastrointestinal, respiratory, and other infections in 60 out of 70 studies observed in both low- and high-income settings. Several studies analyzing exclusive breastfeeding duration reported that a longer exclusive breastfeeding duration is protective against many infectious diseases. This review also reported a lack of standardized definition for measuring exclusive breastfeeding in many studies. Overall, the results highlight the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding in many studies and suggests reporting exclusive breastfeeding in future studies using a consistent definition to enable better monitoring of exclusive breastfeeding rates.
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Serum Vitamin D Level and Risk of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Case-Control Study. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2021; 2021:2157337. [PMID: 34876900 PMCID: PMC8645408 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2157337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent research has shown conflicting evidence on the connection between vitamin D deficiency and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. Thus, we hypothesized that vitamin D deficiency could be a risk factor for CAP. Methods Hospitalized children between 2 and 60 months with physician-diagnosed, radiologically confirmed severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were enrolled as cases. Age-matched controls were enrolled from immunization and weighing clinics. A blood sample was collected to assess serum 25-(OH)D concentration. Unconditional logistic regression was done to examine the independent association of vitamin D level with community-acquired pneumonia. Results Seventy-four children (females: 68%) were included. Overall, 27% had vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) and 37.8% had insufficiency (20-29 ng/mL). The vitamin D level ranged from 8.67 to 46.2 ng/mL. There was no statistically significant difference in 25(OH)D levels in controls and cases (p=0.694). In unconditional logistic regression, 25(OH)D concentration was not a determinant of CAP (OR: 0.99, CI: 0.937-1.044, p=0.689). This lack of association remained after adjustment for age, gender, income, crowding, and exposure to passive smoke (OR: 0.99, CI: 0.937-1.065, p=0.973). Household income was significantly associated with CAP (OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.021-0.567, p=0.008). Conclusion Two-thirds of the children with CAP had vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency. In comparison with healthy controls, vitamin D level was not a significant determinant of community-acquired pneumonia. It informs that further multisite research is required using more rigorous scientific methods for conclusive evidence on the relationship between vitamin D and CAP.
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Gul A, Khan S, Arshad M, Anjum SI, Attaullah S, Ali I, Rauf A, Arshad A, Alghanem SM, Khan SN. Peripheral blood T cells response in human parainfluenza virus-associated lower respiratory tract infection in children. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2847-2852. [PMID: 32994745 PMCID: PMC7499292 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Parainfluenza virus (HPIV) causes lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) mostly in young children. Respiratory viral infections may decline T cells in circulation and display enhanced pathogenicity. This study is aimed to analyze T cells alterations due to HPIV in children with LRTIs. Children (N = 152) with bronchitis or pneumonia, admitted in tertiary care hospitals were included in the study. Respiratory samples (throat or nasopharyngeal swabs) were taken and HPIV genotypes (1-4) were analyzed through RT-PCR. Peripheral blood T cells, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+, were analyzed in confirmed HPIV positive and healthy control group children through flow cytometry. The positivity rate of HPIV was 24.34% and the most prevalent genotype was HPIV-3 (20.40%). HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 were detected in 0.66% and 02% children respectively. The T lymphocyte counts were observed significantly reduced in children infected with HPIV-3. CD4+ cell (1580 ± 97.87) counts did not change significantly but the lowest CD8+ T cell counts (518.5 ± 74.00) were recorded. Similarly, CD3+ and CD19 cell ratios were also reduced. The CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly higher (3.12 ± 0.59) in the study population as compared to the control group (2.18 ± 0.654). Changes in the count of CD8+ T cells were more pronounced in patients with bronchiolitis and pneumonia. It is concluded that CD8+ T cells show a reduced response to HPIV-3 in children with severe LRTIs suggesting a strong association of these cells with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Gul
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sanaullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Syed Ishtiaq Anjum
- Department of Zoology Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Attaullah
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Zoology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
| | - Abida Arshad
- Department of Zoology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Suliman M. Alghanem
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Niaz Khan
- Department of Zoology Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
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Rashidi M, Mohammadpoorasl A, Sahebihagh MH. Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Educational Self-Regulation and Achievement in First Grade High School Students. J Med Life 2020; 13:229-234. [PMID: 32742519 PMCID: PMC7378345 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2020-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke, containing many toxic gases, suggests inevitable contact of humans with the damaging factors of cigarettes. On average, approximately 40% of children, 35% of women and 32% of men worldwide are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. This study aims at investigating the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke in adolescents and their educational self-regulation and achievement. In this study, 770 students aged between 13 and 15 were selected and studied using the multistage sampling method. The tools used in this study consisted of four questionnaires, demographic characteristics, environmental tobacco smoke, educational self-regulation, and educational achievement. The validity and reliability of tools have been approved, and the data were analyzed using SPSS v22. The results indicated a significant inverse relationship between environmental tobacco smoke and students' educational self-regulation and achievement (p-value > 0.001). Given the relationship between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and educational self-regulation and achievement, it is essential to keep children away from tobacco smoke. Family health and education policy-makers are recommended to design and operate fundamental schemes in order to deal with environmental tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Rashidi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Community Health Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asghar Mohammadpoorasl
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Sahebihagh
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Department of Community Health Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Zhuge Y, Qian H, Zheng X, Huang C, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhao Z, Deng Q, Yang X, Sun Y, Zhang X, Sundell J. Effects of parental smoking and indoor tobacco smoke exposure on respiratory outcomes in children. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4311. [PMID: 32152374 PMCID: PMC7062804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive literature has reported adverse effects on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on children's health. We aim to analyze associations of ETS with dry night cough, croup, pneumonia, and frequent common cold and to disentangle the effects of prenatal, infancy and childhood exposure by multilevel logistic regression. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 41,176 children aged 3-8 years in 8 major cities of China during 2010-2011, and obtained demographic information, smoke exposure information, and respiratory outcomes. Parents' smoking habit and indoor tobacco smoke odor were considered as two indicators of ETS. The prevalences of respiratory outcomes were 6.0% for croup, 9.5% for frequency common cold, 17.1% for dry night cough and 32.3% for pneumonia respectively in the study. The associations between respiratory outcomes and parental smoking were not obvious, while indoor tobacco smoke odor was clearly and strongly associated with most respiratory outcomes, with adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.06 to 1.95. Both infancy and childhood exposure to tobacco smoke odor were independent risk factors, but infancy exposure had a higher risk. The results explore that ETS increased the risk of respiratory outcomes in children, highlighting the need for raising awareness about the detrimental effects of tobacco smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhuge
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jan Sundell
- Beijing Key Lab of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Goodarzi E, Sohrabivafa M, Darvishi I, Naemi H, Khazaei Z. Epidemiology of mortality induced by acute respiratory infections in infants and children under the age of 5 years and its relationship with the Human Development Index in Asia: an updated ecological study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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MacGinty R, Lesosky M, Barnett W, Nduru PM, Vanker A, Stein DJ, Zar HJ. Maternal psychosocial risk factors and lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) during infancy in a South African birth cohort. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226144. [PMID: 31887159 PMCID: PMC6936815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the association between maternal antenatal and/or postnatal psychosocial risk factors (including depression, psychological distress, alcohol abuse and intimate partner violence (IPV) and infant lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in a low- and middle-income-country (LMIC). Study design Pregnant women (n = 1137) enrolled in a South African birth cohort study, the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS) were longitudinally assessed for psychosocial risk factors including depression, psychological distress, alcohol abuse and/or intimate partner violence (IPV). Infants were followed from birth until one year of age for the development of LRTI by active surveillance. Two outcomes were evaluated: any LRTI, and severe and/or hospitalised LRTI. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between individual maternal psychosocial risk factors and LRTI outcomes. Analyses stratified by age were also performed to determine which age groups related to infant LRTI were linked with maternal psychosocial risk factors. Results There were 606 LRTI episodes in 369 infants in the first year (crude incidence rate = 0.53 episodes per person-year, 95%CI: 0.50; 0.56); 31% (n = 186) of episodes were severe or hospitalised events. Maternal psychosocial risk factors were associated with LRTI and severe LRTI, particularly postnatal and long-term maternal psychological distress, antenatal maternal alcohol consumption, and postnatal maternal IPV. Age stratified analyses found that antenatal maternal alcohol consumption was associated with early infant LRTI, while antenatal maternal depression was linked with infant severe LRTI between 3 and 6 months of age, and postnatal maternal IPV was associated with early LRTI and severe forms of LRTI. Conclusion The associations between maternal psychosocial risk factors and infant LRTI highlight the potential value of screening for maternal psychosocial risk factors in clinical settings and developing targeted interventions. Such interventions may not only improve maternal well-being, but also help reduce the burden of infant LRTI in LMIC settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae MacGinty
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Maia Lesosky
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Whitney Barnett
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Polite M. Nduru
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aneesa Vanker
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J. Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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von Mollendorf C, La Vincente S, Ulziibayar M, Suuri B, Luvsantseren D, Narangerel D, de Campo J, de Campo M, Nguyen C, Demberelsuren S, Mungun T, Mulholland EK. Epidemiology of pneumonia in the pre-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era in children 2-59 months of age, in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 2015-2016. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222423. [PMID: 31509593 PMCID: PMC6738602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory diseases, including pneumonia, are the second largest cause of under-five mortality in Mongolia and the most common cause of childhood hospitalization. However information regarding the contribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae to pneumonia causation in Mongolia is limited. We aimed to describe the epidemiology of hospitalized children aged 2-59 months with pneumonia, enrolled into a surveillance program in the period prior to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction, in Mongolia. METHODS An expanded pneumonia surveillance program enrolled children, who met the surveillance case definition, at participating hospitals, between April 2015 and May 2016. Cumulative incidence rates were calculated by district for all pneumonia endpoints using district specific denominators from the Mongolian Health Department census for 2016. Socio-economic and disease-associated factors were compared between districts using chi-squared tests. RESULTS A total of 4318 eligible children with pneumonia were enrolled over the 14 month period. Overall the incidence for all-cause pneumonia in children aged 12-59 months was 31.8 per 1000 population; children aged 2-11 months had an almost four-fold higher incidence than children aged 12-59 months. Differences were found between districts with regards to housing type, fuel used for cooking, hospital admission practices and the proportions of severe and primary endpoint pneumonia. DISCUSSION This study shows a high burden of pneumonia in children aged 2-59 months in Mongolia prior to PCV introduction. Rates differed somewhat by district and age group and were influenced by a number of socio-economic factors. It will be important to consider these differences and risk factors when assessing the impact of PCV introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire von Mollendorf
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie La Vincente
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Mukhchuluun Ulziibayar
- National Center of Communicable Diseases (NCCD), Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bujinlkham Suuri
- National Center of Communicable Diseases (NCCD), Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | | | - John de Campo
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
- Department of Radiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Margaret de Campo
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
- Department of Radiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cattram Nguyen
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Tuya Mungun
- National Center of Communicable Diseases (NCCD), Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - E. Kim Mulholland
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
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Anderson G, Vaillancourt C, Maes M, Reiter RJ. Breastfeeding and the gut-brain axis: is there a role for melatonin? Biomol Concepts 2017; 8:185-195. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2017-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe benefits of breastfeeding over formula feed are widely appreciated. However, for many mothers breastfeeding is not possible, highlighting the need for a significant improvement in the contents of formula feed. In this article, the overlooked role of melatonin and the melatonergic pathways in breast milk and in the regulation of wider breast milk components are reviewed. There is a growing appreciation that the benefits of breastfeeding are mediated by its effects in the infant gut, with consequences for the development of the gut-brain axis and the immune system. The melatonergic pathways are intimately associated with highly researched processes in the gut, gut microbiome and gut-brain axis. As the melatonergic pathways are dependent on the levels of serotonin availability as a necessary precursor, decreased melatonin is linked to depression and depression-associated disorders. The association of breastfeeding and the gut-brain axis with a host of medical conditions may be mediated by their regulation of processes that modulate depression susceptibility. The biological underpinnings of depression include increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, kynurenine pathway activity and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis, all of which can decrease melatonergic pathway activity. The inclusion of the melatonergic pathways in the biological interactions of breast milk and gut development has significant theoretical and treatment implications, as well as being important to the prevention of a host of infant-, child- and adult-onset medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London SWIV 1PG, UK
| | - Cathy Vaillancourt
- INRS-Armand-Frappier Institute and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, Department of Psychiatry, Geelong, Australia
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Causes and Risk Factors of Hospitalization Among Infants Less than Six Months Old in Tehran. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.33722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Anderson G, Vaillancourt C, Maes M, Reiter RJ. Breast Feeding and Melatonin: Implications for Improving Perinatal Health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.14302/issn.2644-0105.jbfb-16-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biological underpinnings that drive the plethora of breastfeeding benefits over formula-feeding is an area of intense research, given the cognitive and emotional benefits as well as the offsetting of many childhood- and adult-onset medical conditions that breast-feeding provides. In this article, we review the research on the role of melatonin in driving some of these breastfeeding benefits. Melatonin is a powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive as well as optimizing mitochondrial function. Melatonin is produced by the placenta and, upon parturition, maternal melatonin is passed to the infant upon breastfeeding with higher levels in night-time breast milk. As such, some of the benefits of breastfeeding may be mediated by the higher levels of maternal circulating night-time melatonin, allowing for circadian and antioxidant effects, as well as promoting the immune and mitochondrial regulatory aspects of melatonin; these actions may positively modulate infant development. Herein, it is proposed that some of the benefits of breastfeeding may be mediated by melatonin's regulation of the infant's gut microbiota and immune responses. As such, melatonin is likely to contribute to the early developmental processes that affect the susceptibility to a range of adult onset conditions. Early research on animal models has shown promising results for the regulatory role of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathy Vaillancourt
- INRS-Armand-Frappier Institute and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Well-Being, Health, Society and Environment (CINBIOSE), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, Department of Psychiatry, Geelong , Australia
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