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Haimovici A, Rupp V, Amer T, Moeed A, Weber A, Häcker G. The caspase-activated DNase promotes cellular senescence. EMBO J 2024; 43:3523-3544. [PMID: 38977850 PMCID: PMC11329656 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a response to many stressful insults. DNA damage is a consistent feature of senescent cells, but in many cases its source remains unknown. Here, we identify the cellular endonuclease caspase-activated DNase (CAD) as a critical factor in the initiation of senescence. During apoptosis, CAD is activated by caspases and cleaves the genomic DNA of the dying cell. The CAD DNase is also activated by sub-lethal signals in the apoptotic pathway, causing DNA damage in the absence of cell death. We show that sub-lethal signals in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway induce CAD-dependent senescence. Inducers of cellular senescence, such as oncogenic RAS, type-I interferon, and doxorubicin treatment, also depend on CAD presence for senescence induction. By directly activating CAD experimentally, we demonstrate that its activity is sufficient to induce senescence in human cells. We further investigate the contribution of CAD to senescence in vivo and find substantially reduced signs of senescence in organs of ageing CAD-deficient mice. Our results show that CAD-induced DNA damage in response to various stimuli is an essential contributor to cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aladin Haimovici
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Valentin Rupp
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tarek Amer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Abdul Moeed
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arnim Weber
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Häcker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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2
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Qin H, Yang J, Jiang H, Huang S, Fu Q, Zhu B, Liu M, Chen G. Effect of 460 nm blue light PBM on human MeWo melanoma cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202400071. [PMID: 38937982 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202400071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) using 460 nm blue light has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on skin cancer cells. In this study, we used a continuous LED light source with a wavelength of 460 nm and designed various combinations of power density (ranging from 6.4 to 25.6 mW) and dose (ranging from 0.96 to 30.72 J/cm2) to conduct treatment experiments on MeWo cells to investigate the effects of blue light on MeWo melanoma cells. We are focusing on cell viability, cytotoxicity, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. We found that blue light inhibits these melanoma cells through oxidative stress and DNA damage, and this inhibition intensifies at higher irradiance levels. Although the cells initially attempt to resist the stress induced by the treatment, they eventually undergo apoptosis over time. These findings contribute to understanding melanoma's molecular response to blue light PBM, lay the groundwork for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haokuan Qin
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, China
| | - Shijie Huang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqi Fu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baohua Zhu
- Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan City, China
| | - Muqing Liu
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, China
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, China
| | - Gaofei Chen
- Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan City, China
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3
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Killarney ST, Tait SWG, Green DR, Wood KC. Sublethal engagement of apoptotic pathways in residual cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:225-238. [PMID: 37573235 PMCID: PMC10858294 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic chemo-, radio-, and targeted therapies frequently elicit apoptotic cancer cell death. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is a critical, regulated step in this apoptotic pathway. The residual cancer cells that survive treatment serve as the seeds of eventual relapse and are often functionally characterized by their transient tolerance of multiple therapeutic treatments. New studies suggest that, in these cells, a sublethal degree of MOMP, reflective of incomplete apoptotic commitment, is widely observed. Here, we review recent evidence that this sublethal MOMP drives the aggressive features of residual cancer cells while templating a host of unique vulnerabilities, highlighting how failed apoptosis may counterintuitively enable new therapeutic strategies to target residual disease (RD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane T Killarney
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Kris C Wood
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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4
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Yoon H, Lee J, Kwon S, Seo SY, Cho S. (S)-3-(3-Fluoro-4-Methoxybenzyl)-5,6,7-Trimethoxychroman-4-One Suppresses the Proliferation of Huh7 Cells by Up-regulating P21 and Inducing G 2/M Phase Arrest. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2023; 20:754-762. [PMID: 38035711 PMCID: PMC10687728 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent type of cancer worldwide. Although sorafenib is the only chemotherapy agent used for HCC, there is a need to discover a more potent anticancer agent with reduced side-effects. The compound, (S)-3-(3-fluoro-4-methoxybenzyl)-5,6,7-trimethoxychroman-4-one (FMTC), was designed to inhibit tubulin assembly but its specific mechanisms of action have not been previously investigated. Herein, we investigated the regulation mechanisms by which FMTC affects the proliferation of the HCC cell line, Huh7. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of FMTC on cell viability and growth were analyzed in the HCC cell line, Huh7. Cell cycle and apoptosis regulated by FMTC were analyzed using flow cytometry. To verify the regulation of mRNA and protein expression of cell proliferation-related factors by FMTC in Huh7 cells, RT-qPCR and western blot analyses were employed. RESULTS FMTC suppressed cell division dose-dependently by triggering cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase via p21 up-regulation. The increased phosphorylation of histone H3 on Ser-10 and the condensation of chromatin in FMTC-treated cells indicated mitotic arrest. Prolonged FMTC-induced cell cycle arrest triggered apoptosis. CONCLUSION FMTC inhibits the proliferation of human liver cancer cells by up-regulating p21, thereby inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. These findings highlight FMTC as a novel agent for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haelim Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangil Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;
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5
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Park SE, Chung KS, Heo SW, Kim SY, Lee JH, Hassan AHE, Lee YS, Lee JY, Lee KT. Therapeutic role of 2-stearoxyphenethyl phosphocholine targeting microtubule dynamics and Wnt/β-catenin/EMT signaling in human colorectal cancer cells. Life Sci 2023; 334:122227. [PMID: 37926298 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of cell death, perturbation of microtubule dynamics, and acceleration of Wnt/β-catenin/epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling are fundamental processes in the progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). To explore the role of 2-stearoxyphenethyl phosphocholine (stPEPC), an alkylphospholipid-based compound, in CRC, we conducted an MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence staining, Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining, small interfering RNA gene silencing, a wound-healing assay, an invasion assay, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay in the human CRC cell lines HT29 and HCT116. stPEPC showed anti-proliferative properties and mitotic cell accumulation via upregulated phosphorylation of BUBR1 and an association between mitotic arrest deficiency 2 (MAD2) and cell division cycle protein 20 homolog (CDC20). These results suggest that activation of the mitotic checkpoint complex and tubulin polymerization occurred, resulting in mitotic catastrophe in HT29 and HCT116 cells. In addition, stPEPC attenuated cell migration and invasion by regulating proteins mediated by EMT, such as E-cadherin and occludin. stPEPC altered the protein expression of Wnt3a and phosphorylation of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and β-catenin as well as their target genes, including cMyc and cyclin D1, in CRC cells. Thus, stPEPC may be useful for developing new drugs to treat human CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Eun Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Won Heo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed H E Hassan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Yeol Lee
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Bleiler M, Cyr A, Wright DL, Giardina C. Incorporation of 53BP1 into phase-separated bodies in cancer cells during aberrant mitosis. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260027. [PMID: 36606487 PMCID: PMC10112977 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
53BP1 (also known as TP53BP1) is a key mediator of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway, which is the primary repair pathway in interphase cells. However, the mitotic functions of 53BP1 are less well understood. Here, we describe 53BP1 mitotic stress bodies (MSBs) formed in cancer cell lines in response to delayed mitosis. These bodies displayed liquid-liquid phase separation characteristics, were close to centromeres, and included lamin A/C and the DNA repair protein RIF1. After release from mitotic arrest, 53BP1 MSBs decreased in number and moved away from the chromatin. Using GFP fusion constructs, we found that the 53BP1 oligomerization domain region was required for MSB formation, and that inclusion of the 53BP1 N terminus increased MSB size. Exogenous expression of 53BP1 did not increase MSB size or number but did increase levels of MSB-free 53BP1. This was associated with slower mitotic progression, elevated levels of DNA damage and increased apoptosis, which is consistent with MSBs suppressing a mitotic surveillance by 53BP1 through sequestration. The 53BP1 MSBs, which were also found spontaneously in a subset of normally dividing cancer cells but not in non-transformed cells (ARPE-19), might facilitate the survival of cancer cells following aberrant mitoses. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bleiler
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Aiyana Cyr
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Dennis L. Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Charles Giardina
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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7
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Weiss JG, Gallob F, Rieder P, Villunger A. Apoptosis as a Barrier against CIN and Aneuploidy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010030. [PMID: 36612027 PMCID: PMC9817872 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is the gain or loss of entire chromosomes, chromosome arms or fragments. Over 100 years ago, aneuploidy was described to be a feature of cancer and is now known to be present in 68-90% of malignancies. Aneuploidy promotes cancer growth, reduces therapy response and frequently worsens prognosis. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is recognized as the main cause of aneuploidy. CIN itself is a dynamic but stochastic process consisting of different DNA content-altering events. These can include impaired replication fidelity and insufficient clearance of DNA damage as well as chromosomal mis-segregation, micronuclei formation, chromothripsis or cytokinesis failure. All these events can disembogue in segmental, structural and numerical chromosome alterations. While low levels of CIN can foster malignant disease, high levels frequently trigger cell death, which supports the "aneuploidy paradox" that refers to the intrinsically negative impact of a highly aberrant karyotype on cellular fitness. Here, we review how the cellular response to CIN and aneuploidy can drive the clearance of karyotypically unstable cells through the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, we discuss the different modes of p53 activation triggered in response to mitotic perturbations that can potentially trigger CIN and/or aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G. Weiss
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Filip Gallob
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Rieder
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43–512-9003-70380; Fax: +43–512-9003-73960
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8
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Dutta R, Guruvaiah P, Reddi KK, Bugide S, Reddy Bandi D, Edwards YJK, Singh K, Gupta R. UBE2T promotes breast cancer tumor growth by suppressing DNA replication stress. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac035. [PMID: 36338541 PMCID: PMC9629447 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women, and current therapies benefit only a subset of these patients. Here, we show that ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T (UBE2T) is overexpressed in patient-derived breast cancer samples, and UBE2T overexpression predicts poor prognosis. We demonstrate that the transcription factor AP-2 alpha (TFAP2A) is necessary for the overexpression of UBE2T in breast cancer cells, and UBE2T inhibition suppresses breast cancer tumor growth in cell culture and in mice. RNA sequencing analysis identified interferon alpha-inducible protein 6 (IFI6) as a key downstream mediator of UBE2T function in breast cancer cells. Consistently, UBE2T inhibition downregulated IFI6 expression, promoting DNA replication stress, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis and suppressing breast cancer cell growth. Breast cancer cells with IFI6 inhibition displayed similar phenotypes as those with UBE2T inhibition, and ectopic IFI6 expression in UBE2T-knockdown breast cancer cells prevented DNA replication stress and apoptosis and partly restored breast cancer cell growth. Furthermore, UBE2T inhibition enhanced the growth-suppressive effects of DNA replication stress inducers. Taken together, our study identifies UBE2T as a facilitator of breast cancer tumor growth and provide a rationale for targeting UBE2T for breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Praveen Guruvaiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Kiran Kumar Reddi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Suresh Bugide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Dhana Sekhar Reddy Bandi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Yvonne J K Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Kamaljeet Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Romi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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9
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Lee AH, Mejia Peña C, Dawson MR. Comparing the Secretomes of Chemorefractory and Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Cell Populations. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1418. [PMID: 35326569 PMCID: PMC8946241 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) constitutes the majority of all ovarian cancer cases and has staggering rates of both refractory and recurrent disease. While most patients respond to the initial treatment with paclitaxel and platinum-based drugs, up to 25% do not, and of the remaining that do, 75% experience disease recurrence within the subsequent two years. Intrinsic resistance in refractory cases is driven by environmental stressors like tumor hypoxia which alter the tumor microenvironment to promote cancer progression and resistance to anticancer drugs. Recurrent disease describes the acquisition of chemoresistance whereby cancer cells survive the initial exposure to chemotherapy and develop adaptations to enhance their chances of surviving subsequent treatments. Of the environmental stressors cancer cells endure, exposure to hypoxia has been identified as a potent trigger and priming agent for the development of chemoresistance. Both in the presence of the stress of hypoxia or the therapeutic stress of chemotherapy, cancer cells manage to cope and develop adaptations which prime populations to survive in future stress. One adaptation is the modification in the secretome. Chemoresistance is associated with translational reprogramming for increased protein synthesis, ribosome biogenesis, and vesicle trafficking. This leads to increased production of soluble proteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs) involved in autocrine and paracrine signaling processes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that these factors are largely altered between the secretomes of chemosensitive and chemoresistant patients. Such factors include cytokines, growth factors, EVs, and EV-encapsulated microRNAs (miRNAs), which serve to induce invasive molecular, biophysical, and chemoresistant phenotypes in neighboring normal and cancer cells. This review examines the modifications in the secretome of distinct chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell populations and specific secreted factors, which may serve as candidate biomarkers for aggressive and chemoresistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H. Lee
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
| | - Carolina Mejia Peña
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
| | - Michelle R. Dawson
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
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10
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Ashraf SM, Mahanty S, Rathinasamy K. Securinine induces mitotic block in cancer cells by binding to tubulin and inhibiting microtubule assembly: A possible mechanistic basis for its anticancer activity. Life Sci 2021; 287:120105. [PMID: 34756929 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Analysis of the anticancer and antimitotic activity of the plant derived alkaloid securinine along with its effect on the organization of cellular microtubules as well as its binding with purified goat brain tubulin in-vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cytotoxicity of securinine on different cell lines was conducted using SRB assay. The effect of securinine on the cellular microtubules was analyzed using immunofluorescence microscopy. The binding of securinine on purified goat brain tubulin was evaluated using fluorescent spectroscopy. KEY FINDINGS Securinine effectively prevented the proliferation of cervical, breast and lung cancer cells with an IC50 of 6, 10 and 11 μM respectively and induced minimal toxicity in HEK cell line. Securinine at concentrations higher than IC50 induced significant depolymerization in interphase and mitotic microtubules and it suppressed the reassembly of cold depolymerized spindle microtubules in HeLa cells. In the wound healing assay, securinine effectively suppressed the migration of HeLa cells to close the wound. Securinine bound to tubulin with a Kd of 9.7 μM and inhibited the assembly of tubulin into microtubules. The treatment with securinine induced a mitochondrial dependent ROS response in HeLa cells which enhanced the cytotoxic effect of securinine. The result from gene expression studies indicates that securinine induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through p53 dependent pathway. SIGNIFICANCE Considering the strong anticancer and anti-metastatic property and low toxicity in non-malignant cell lines, we suggest that securinine can be used as a chemotherapeutic drug either alone or in combination with other known anticancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabeeba M Ashraf
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Susobhan Mahanty
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Krishnan Rathinasamy
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India.
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11
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DFF40 deficiency in cancerous T cells is implicated in chemotherapy drug sensitivity and resistance through the regulation of the apoptotic pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114801. [PMID: 34678222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of the apoptotic pathway is one of the most studied mechanisms regarding cancer cell resistance. Many mutations have been linked to drug resistance. The DNA fragmentation factor 40 (DFF40) has been gaining interest regarding cancer cell response to chemotherapy and patient outcomes. Glioblastomas and uterine leiomyosarcomas have been shown to have a downregulation of DFF40 expression, conferring a poor patient prognosis. In concordance with these observations, in this study, we showed that DFF40 gene is also downregulated in breast, endocervical, ovarian, lung, pancreas and glioblastomas. DFF40 is the endonuclease responsible of DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. In this study, we sought to determine if a DFF40 deficiency in Jurkat T cells could impact the sensitivity to conventional chemotherapy drugs. CRISPR-cas9 generated DFF40 knockout (DFF40 KO) stable Jurkat cells and wild-type (DFF40 WT) cells were treated with different antimetabolites and topoisomerase II (TOP2) inhibitors, and cell viability was subsequently assessed. DFF40 deficient cells show chemoresistance to antimetabolites (e.g. methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine and cytarabine) and surprisingly, they are more sensitive to TOP2 inhibitors (e.g. etoposide and teniposide). DFF40 deficient cells exposed to cytarabine present lower phosphatidylserine translocation levels to the outer cell membrane layer. Etoposide exposure in DFF40 deficient cells induces higher mortality levels and downregulation of Bcl-xL cells compared to DFF40 expressing T cells. The abolition of DFF40 expression in Jurkat cells significantly impairs histone H2AX phosphorylation following etoposide and cytarabine treatments. Our findings suggest that DFF40 is a novel key target in cancer cell resistance that potentially regulates genomic stability.
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12
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Hawkins CJ, Miles MA. Mutagenic Consequences of Sublethal Cell Death Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116144. [PMID: 34200309 PMCID: PMC8201051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many human cancers exhibit defects in key DNA damage response elements that can render tumors insensitive to the cell death-promoting properties of DNA-damaging therapies. Using agents that directly induce apoptosis by targeting apoptotic components, rather than relying on DNA damage to indirectly stimulate apoptosis of cancer cells, may overcome classical blocks exploited by cancer cells to evade apoptotic cell death. However, there is increasing evidence that cells surviving sublethal exposure to classical apoptotic signaling may recover with newly acquired genomic changes which may have oncogenic potential, and so could theoretically spur the development of subsequent cancers in cured patients. Encouragingly, cells surviving sublethal necroptotic signaling did not acquire mutations, suggesting that necroptosis-inducing anti-cancer drugs may be less likely to trigger therapy-related cancers. We are yet to develop effective direct inducers of other cell death pathways, and as such, data regarding the consequences of cells surviving sublethal stimulation of those pathways are still emerging. This review details the currently known mutagenic consequences of cells surviving different cell death signaling pathways, with implications for potential oncogenic transformation. Understanding the mechanisms of mutagenesis associated (or not) with various cell death pathways will guide us in the development of future therapeutics to minimize therapy-related side effects associated with DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J. Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Mark A. Miles
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia;
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Kulbay M, Bernier-Parker N, Bernier J. The role of the DFF40/CAD endonuclease in genomic stability. Apoptosis 2021; 26:9-23. [PMID: 33387146 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of genomic stability in cells is primordial for cellular integrity and protection against tumor progression. Many factors such as ultraviolet light, oxidative stress, exposure to chemical reagents, particularly mutagens and radiation, can alter the integrity of the genome. Thus, human cells are equipped with many mechanisms that prevent these irreversible lesions in the genome, as DNA repair pathways, cell cycle checkpoints, and telomeric function. These mechanisms activate cellular apoptosis to maintain DNA stability. Emerging studies have proposed a new protein in the maintenance of genomic stability: the DNA fragmentation factor (DFF). The DFF40 is an endonuclease responsible of the oligonucleosomal fragmentation of the DNA during apoptosis. The lack of DFF in renal carcinoma cells induces apoptosis without oligonucleosomal fragmentation, which poses a threat to genetic information transfer between cancerous and healthy cells. In this review, we expose the link between the DFF and genomic instability as the source of disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kulbay
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier-Santé-Biotechnologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Blvd. Edouard Montpetit, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathan Bernier-Parker
- Toronto Animal Health Partners Emergency and Specialty Hospital, 1 Scarsdale Road, North York, ON, M3B 2R2, Canada
| | - Jacques Bernier
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier-Santé-Biotechnologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada.
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Engin AB, Engin A. The Connection Between Cell Fate and Telomere. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:71-100. [PMID: 33539012 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abolition of telomerase activity results in telomere shortening, a process that eventually destabilizes the ends of chromosomes, leading to genomic instability and cell growth arrest or death. Telomere shortening leads to the attainment of the "Hayflick limit", and the transition of cells to state of senescence. If senescence is bypassed, cells undergo crisis through loss of checkpoints. This process causes massive cell death concomitant with further telomere shortening and spontaneous telomere fusions. In functional telomere of mammalian cells, DNA contains double-stranded tandem repeats of TTAGGG. The Shelterin complex, which is composed of six different proteins, is required for the regulation of telomere length and stability in cells. Telomere protection by telomeric repeat binding protein 2 (TRF2) is dependent on DNA damage response (DDR) inhibition via formation of T-loop structures. Many protein kinases contribute to the DDR activated cell cycle checkpoint pathways, and prevent DNA replication until damaged DNA is repaired. Thereby, the connection between cell fate and telomere length-associated telomerase activity is regulated by multiple protein kinase activities. Contrarily, inactivation of DNA damage checkpoint protein kinases in senescent cells can restore cell-cycle progression into S phase. Therefore, telomere-initiated senescence is a DNA damage checkpoint response that is activated with a direct contribution from dysfunctional telomeres. In this review, in addition to the above mentioned, the choice of main repair pathways, which comprise non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination in telomere uncapping telomere dysfunctions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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In vitro analysis reveals necroptotic signaling does not provoke DNA damage or HPRT mutations. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:680. [PMID: 32826875 PMCID: PMC7442655 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most anticancer drugs provoke apoptotic signaling by damaging DNA or other means. Genotoxic therapies may enhance a patient’s risk of developing “therapy-related cancers” due to the accumulation of oncogenic mutations that may occur in noncancerous cells. Mutations can also form upon apoptotic signaling due to sublethal caspase activity, implying that apoptosis activating drugs may also be oncogenic. Necroptosis is a different way of killing cancer cells: this version of caspase-independent cell death is characterized by receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase-like domain protein (MLKL) activation, leading to cell membrane rupture and controlled cell lysis. The mutagenic potential of sublethal necroptotic signaling has not yet been directly investigated. Smac mimetics drugs, which activate apoptotic or necroptotic cell death, do not induce mutations but the mechanistic basis for this lack of mutagenic activity has not been determined. In this study, we compared the mutagenic potential of these two cell death pathways by engineering cells to activate either apoptotic or necroptotic signaling by exposing them to Smac mimetics with or without TNFα, and/or enforcing or preventing expression of apoptotic or necroptotic regulators. We discovered that sublethal concentrations of Smac mimetics in contexts that activated apoptotic signaling provoked DNA damage and mutations in surviving cells. Mutagenesis was dependent on executioner caspase activation of the nuclease CAD. In contrast, RIPK3- and MLKL-dependent necroptotic signaling following Smac mimetic treatment was not mutagenic. Likewise, DNA damage was not provoked in cells expressing a lethal constitutively active MLKL mutant. These data reveal that cells surviving sublethal necroptotic signaling do not sustain genomic damage and provide hope for a reduced risk of therapy-related malignancies in patients treated with necroptosis-inducing drugs.
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16
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Hsieh CL, Xia J, Lin H. MIWI prevents aneuploidy during meiosis by cleaving excess satellite RNA. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103614. [PMID: 32677148 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MIWI, a murine member of PIWI proteins mostly expressed during male meiosis, is crucial for piRNA biogenesis, post-transcriptional regulation, and spermiogenesis. However, its meiotic function remains unknown. Here, we report that MIWI deficiency alters meiotic kinetochore assembly, significantly increases chromosome misalignment at the meiosis metaphase I plate, and causes chromosome mis-segregation. Consequently, Miwi-deficient mice show elevated aneuploidy in metaphase II and spermatid death. Furthermore, in Miwi-null and Miwi slicer-deficient mutants, major and minor satellite RNAs from centromeric and pericentromeric satellite repeats accumulate in excess. Over-expression of satellite repeats in wild-type spermatocytes also causes elevated chromosome misalignment, whereas reduction of both strands of major or minor satellite RNAs results in lower frequencies of chromosome misalignment. We show that MIWI, guided by piRNA, cleaves major satellite RNAs, generating RNA fragments that may form substrates for subsequent Dicer cleavage. Furthermore, Dicer cleaves all satellite RNAs in conjunction with MIWI. These findings reveal a novel mechanism in which MIWI- and Dicer-mediated cleavage of the satellite RNAs prevents the over-expression of satellite RNAs, thus ensuring proper kinetochore assembly and faithful chromosome segregation during meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Hsieh
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jing Xia
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Haifan Lin
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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17
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Connolly P, Garcia-Carpio I, Villunger A. Cell-Cycle Cross Talk with Caspases and Their Substrates. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:a036475. [PMID: 31727679 PMCID: PMC7263087 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Caspases play central roles in mediating both cell death and inflammation. It has more recently become evident that caspases also drive other biological processes. Most prominently, caspases have been shown to be involved in differentiation. Several stem and progenitor cell types rely on caspases to initiate and execute their differentiation processes. These range from neural and glial cells, to skeletal myoblasts and osteoblasts, and several cell types of the hematopoietic system. Beyond differentiation, caspases have also been shown to play roles in other "noncanonical" processes, including cell proliferation, arrest, and senescence, thereby contributing to the mechanisms that regulate tissue homeostasis at multiple levels. Remarkably, caspases directly influence the course of the cell cycle in both a positive and negative manner. Caspases both cleave elements of the cell-cycle machinery and are themselves substrates of cell-cycle kinases. Here we aim to summarize the breadth of interactions between caspases and cell-cycle regulators. We also highlight recent developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Connolly
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Irmina Garcia-Carpio
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna 1090, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
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18
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Ma Q, Liao H, Xu L, Li Q, Zou J, Sun R, Xiao D, Liu C, Pu W, Cheng J, Zhou X, Huang G, Yao L, Zhong X, Guo X. Autophagy-dependent cell cycle arrest in esophageal cancer cells exposed to dihydroartemisinin. Chin Med 2020; 15:37. [PMID: 32351616 PMCID: PMC7183693 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a derivate of artemisinin, is an effective antimalarial agent. DHA has been shown to exert anticancer activities to numerous cancer cells in the past few years, while the exact molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated, especially in esophageal cancer. Methods Crystal violet assay was conducted to determine the cell viability of human esophageal cancer cell line Eca109 treated with DHA. Tumor-bearing nude mice were employed to evaluate the anticancer effect of DHA in vivo. Soft agar and crystal violet assays were used to measure the tumorigenicity of Eca109 cells. Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate ROS or cell cycle distribution. GFP-LC3 plasmids were delivered into Eca109 cells to visualize autophagy induced by DHA under a fluorescence microscope. The mRNA and protein levels of each gene were tested by qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Results Our results proved that DHA significantly reduced the viability of Eca109 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further investigation showed that DHA evidently induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in Eca109 cells. Mechanistically, DHA induced intracellular ROS generation and autophagy in Eca109 cells, while blocking ROS by an antioxidant NAC obviously inhibited autophagy. Furthermore, we found that telomere shelterin component TRF2 was down-regulated in Eca109 cells exposed to DHA through autophagy-dependent degradation, which could be rescued after autophagy was blocked by ROS inhibition. Moreover, the DNA damage response (DDR) was induced obviously in DHA treated cells. To further explore whether ROS or autophagy played a vital role in DHA induced cell cycle arrest, the cell cycle distribution of Eca109 cells was evaluated after ROS or autophagy blocking, and the results showed that autophagy, but not ROS, was essential for cell cycle arrest in DHA treated cells. Conclusion Taken together, DHA showed anticancer effect on esophageal cancer cells through autophagy-dependent cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, which unveiled a novel mechanism of DHA as a chemotherapeutic agent, and the degradation of TRF2 followed by DDR might be responsible for this cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Hebin Liao
- 2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Xu
- 2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Qingrong Li
- 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zou
- 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Sun
- 3Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,4Department of Blood Transfusion, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xiao
- 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Pu
- 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jibing Cheng
- 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhou
- 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcheng Huang
- 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Yao
- 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowu Zhong
- 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,2Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China.,3Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000 People's Republic of China
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Ovejero S, Bueno A, Sacristán MP. Working on Genomic Stability: From the S-Phase to Mitosis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E225. [PMID: 32093406 PMCID: PMC7074175 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fidelity in chromosome duplication and segregation is indispensable for maintaining genomic stability and the perpetuation of life. Challenges to genome integrity jeopardize cell survival and are at the root of different types of pathologies, such as cancer. The following three main sources of genomic instability exist: DNA damage, replicative stress, and chromosome segregation defects. In response to these challenges, eukaryotic cells have evolved control mechanisms, also known as checkpoint systems, which sense under-replicated or damaged DNA and activate specialized DNA repair machineries. Cells make use of these checkpoints throughout interphase to shield genome integrity before mitosis. Later on, when the cells enter into mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is activated and remains active until the chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle apparatus to ensure an equal segregation among daughter cells. All of these processes are tightly interconnected and under strict regulation in the context of the cell division cycle. The chromosomal instability underlying cancer pathogenesis has recently emerged as a major source for understanding the mitotic processes that helps to safeguard genome integrity. Here, we review the special interconnection between the S-phase and mitosis in the presence of under-replicated DNA regions. Furthermore, we discuss what is known about the DNA damage response activated in mitosis that preserves chromosomal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ovejero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Avelino Bueno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María P. Sacristán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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20
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Matuszyk J, Klopotowska D. miR‐125b lowers sensitivity to apoptosis following mitotic arrest: Implications for breast cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6335-6344. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Matuszyk
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of Sciences 12 R. Weigla Street 53‐114 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Dagmara Klopotowska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental TherapyPolish Academy of Sciences 12 R. Weigla Street 53‐114 Wroclaw Poland
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21
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Zanetti TA, Biazi BI, Coatti GC, Baranoski A, Marques LA, Corveloni AC, Mantovani MS. Mitotic spindle defects and DNA damage induced by dimethoxycurcumin lead to an intrinsic apoptosis pathway in HepG2/C3A cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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22
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Ghelli Luserna di Rorà A, Martinelli G, Simonetti G. The balance between mitotic death and mitotic slippage in acute leukemia: a new therapeutic window? J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:123. [PMID: 31771633 PMCID: PMC6880427 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is the process whereby an eukaryotic cell divides into two identical copies. Different multiprotein complexes are involved in the fine regulation of cell division, including the mitotic promoting factor and the anaphase promoting complex. Prolonged mitosis can result in cellular division, cell death, or mitotic slippage, the latter leading to a new interphase without cellular division. Mitotic slippage is one of the causes of genomic instability and has an important therapeutic and clinical impact. It has been widely studied in solid tumors but not in hematological malignancies, in particular, in acute leukemia. We review the literature data available on mitotic regulation, alterations in mitotic proteins occurring in acute leukemia, induction of prolonged mitosis and its consequences, focusing in particular on the balance between cell death and mitotic slippage and on its therapeutic potentials. We also present the most recent preclinical and clinical data on the efficacy of second-generation mitotic drugs (CDK1-Cyclin B1, APC/CCDC20, PLK, Aurora kinase inhibitors). Despite the poor clinical activity showed by these drugs as single agents, they offer a potential therapeutic window for synthetic lethal combinations aimed to selectively target leukemic cells at the right time, thus decreasing the risk of mitotic slippage events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghelli Luserna di Rorà
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giorgia Simonetti
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
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23
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Kulbay M, Johnson B, Bernier J. DNA fragmentation factor 40 expression in T cells confers sensibility to tributyltin-induced apoptosis. Toxicology 2019; 426:152255. [PMID: 31401084 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA fragmentation factor 40 (DFF40), an endonuclease, mediates the final and irreversible step of apoptosis by conducting oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. New emerging studies have proposed a role of DFF40 in genomic stability, besides its nuclease activity. Overexpression of DFF40 in tumoral cells increases their sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. In this study, we sought to determine if DFF40 expression influences the toxicity of tributyltin (TBT), a well-known immunotoxic and apoptosis-inducing compound. The strategy used was to knockout DFF40 expression by CRISPR-cas9 method in Jurkat T cells and to determine the toxicity of TBT in DFF40 KO cells and DFF40 WT Jurkat cells. DFF40 KO Jurkat cells show an increase of cell viability following a 24-h TBT exposure (p < 0.05). There is a resistance to TBT-induced apoptosis determined by annexin V/PI am labeling (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the basal level of ROS rises in DFF40 KO Jurkat cells, but ROS production levels after TBT exposure remains at the same basal level. Other apoptosis or DNA damage makers (procaspase-3, caspase-6, and PARP cleavage) are significantly delayed and decreased. DFF40 deficient cells do not present histone H2AX phosphorylation, whereas wild-type cells present a phosphorylation following a 6-h exposure to TBT (p < 0.001). The re-expression of DFF40 in DFF40 KO cells restores the cytotoxic effects of TBT. Overall, these data suggest a role of DFF40 in cells sensitivity to TBT and possibly in DNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kulbay
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, H7V 1B7, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruno Johnson
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, H7V 1B7, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacques Bernier
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, H7V 1B7, Laval, Québec, Canada.
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24
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Atalay PB, Çavuşoğlu EE, Aşci Ö, Aygüneş D. Examining the involvement of Slx5 in the apoptotic response to chronic activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 43:189-197. [PMID: 31320817 PMCID: PMC6620037 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1812-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-targeting agents represent one of the most successful groups of anticancer drugs used in cancer therapy today. These drugs induce a prolonged mitotic arrest through chronic spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) activation. Apoptosis, an outcome of the prolonged mitotic arrest, is the main mechanism by which these anticancer drugs kill cancer cells. However, not much is known about the mechanism that directs chronic SAC activation to apoptosis among other possible outcomes. The aim of this study is to investigate whether Slx5, a sumo-targeted ubiquitin E3 ligase, is involved in directing chronic SAC activation to apoptosis. We show that chronic SAC activation triggered by a 10-h nocodazole incubation leads to a prolonged mitotic arrest in the slx5Δ strain similar to wild type (WT). However, the proportion of cells displaying apoptotic features such as nuclear fragmentation, DNA fragmentation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were increased more in the WT strain during the chronic SAC activation compared to slx5Δ, indicating that Slx5 may be involved in the chronic SAC-activation-apoptosis relation. We also showed that the possible role of Slx5 in the chronic SAC activation-apoptosis association was not through ubiquitin dependent degradation of 3 apoptosis-related and sumoylated candidate proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Buket Atalay
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Ergin Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Maltepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maltepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Öykü Aşci
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Maltepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maltepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu Aygüneş
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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25
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Lee JH, Leem DG, Chung KS, Kim KT, Choi SY, Lee KT. Panaxydol Derived from Panax ginseng Inhibits G 1 Cell Cycle Progression in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer via Upregulation of Intracellular Ca 2+ Levels. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 41:1701-1707. [PMID: 30381670 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Panaxydol, a polyacetylenic compound derived from Panax ginseng has been reported to suppress the growth of cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cell cycle arrest by this compound in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are unknown. Our study found that panaxydol treatment induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in NSCLC cells. The cell cycle arrest was accompanied by down-regulation of the protein expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D1 and cyclin E, and decrease in the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Furthermore, up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p21CIP1/WAF1 and p27KIP1 was observed in panaxydol-treated NSCLC cells. In addition, panaxydol also induced accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). (Acetyloxy)methyl 2-({2-[(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxoethyl}[2-(2-{2-[bis({2-[(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxoethyl})amino]phenoxy}ethoxy)phenyl]amino)acetate (BAPTA-AM), the Ca2+ chelator, attenuated not only panaxydol-induced accumulation of [Ca2+]i, but also G1 cell cycle arrest and decrease of CDK6 and cyclin D1 protein expression level. These results demonstrated that the anti-proliferative effects of panaxydol were caused by cell cycle arrest, which is closely linked to the up-regulation of [Ca2+]i and represents a promising approach for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Dong Gyu Leem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Kyung-Tack Kim
- Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute
| | - Sang Yoon Choi
- Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
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26
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Allan LA, Skowyra A, Rogers KI, Zeller D, Clarke PR. Atypical APC/C-dependent degradation of Mcl-1 provides an apoptotic timer during mitotic arrest. EMBO J 2018; 37:e96831. [PMID: 29987118 PMCID: PMC6120658 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of apoptosis in response to the disruption of mitosis provides surveillance against chromosome instability. Here, we show that proteolytic destruction of the key regulator Mcl-1 during an extended mitosis requires the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) and is independent of another ubiquitin E3 ligase, SCFFbw7 Using live-cell imaging, we show that the loss of Mcl-1 during mitosis is dependent on a D box motif found in other APC/C substrates, while an isoleucine-arginine (IR) C-terminal tail regulates the manner in which Mcl-1 engages with the APC/C, converting Mcl-1 from a Cdc20-dependent and checkpoint-controlled substrate to one that is degraded independently of checkpoint strength. This mechanism ensures a relatively slow but steady rate of Mcl-1 degradation during mitosis and avoids its catastrophic destruction when the mitotic checkpoint is satisfied, providing an apoptotic timer that can distinguish a prolonged mitotic delay from normal mitosis. Importantly, we also show that inhibition of Cdc20 promotes mitotic cell death more effectively than loss of APC/C activity through differential effects on Mcl-1 degradation, providing an improved strategy to kill cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Allan
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Agnieszka Skowyra
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Katie I Rogers
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Désirée Zeller
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul R Clarke
- Division of Cancer Research, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Faculty of Medicine Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia
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27
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Tang HM, Tang HL. Anastasis: recovery from the brink of cell death. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180442. [PMID: 30839720 PMCID: PMC6170572 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Anastasis is a natural cell recovery phenomenon that rescues cells from the brink of death. Programmed cell death such as apoptosis has been traditionally assumed to be an intrinsically irreversible cascade that commits cells to a rapid and massive demolition. Interestingly, recent studies have demonstrated recovery of dying cells even at the late stages generally considered immutable. Here, we examine the evidence for anastasis in cultured cells and in animals, review findings illuminating the potential mechanisms of action, discuss the challenges of studying anastasis and explore new strategies to uncover the function and regulation of anastasis, the identification of which has wide-ranging physiological, pathological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Man Tang
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Lam Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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28
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Lorz A, Botesteanu DA, Levy D. Universal response in the RKO colon cancer cell line to distinct antimitotic therapies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8979. [PMID: 29895957 PMCID: PMC5997697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both classic and newer antimitotics commonly induce a prolonged mitotic arrest in cell culture. During arrest, cells predominantly undergo one of two fates: cell death by apoptosis, or mitotic slippage and survival. To refine this binary description, a quantitative understanding of these cell responses is needed. Herein, we propose a quantitative description of the kinetics of colon carcinoma RKO cell fates in response to different antimitotics, using data from the single cell experiments of Gascoigne and Taylor (2008). The mathematical model is calibrated using the in vitro experiments of Gascoigne and Taylor (2008). We show that the time-dependent probability of cell death or slippage is universally identical for monastrol, nocodazole and two different doses of AZ138, but significantly different for taxol. Death and slippage responses across drugs can be characterized by Gamma distributions. We demonstrate numerically that these rates increase with prolonged mitotic arrest. Our model demonstrates that RKO cells exhibit a triphasic response - first, remain in mitosis, then undergo fast and slow transition, respectively- dependent on the length of mitotic arrest and irrespective of cell fate, drug type or dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lorz
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Unité mixte de recherche 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, Paris, France
| | - Dana-Adriana Botesteanu
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.,Department of Mathematics and Center for Scientific Computation and Mathematical Modeling, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.,Department of Discovery ADME, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doron Levy
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Scientific Computation and Mathematical Modeling, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.
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29
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Saatci Ö, Borgoni S, Akbulut Ö, Durmuş S, Raza U, Eyüpoğlu E, Alkan C, Akyol A, Kütük Ö, Wiemann S, Şahin Ö. Targeting PLK1 overcomes T-DM1 resistance via CDK1-dependent phosphorylation and inactivation of Bcl-2/xL in HER2-positive breast cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:2251-2269. [PMID: 29391599 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trastuzumab-refractory, HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)-positive breast cancer is commonly treated with trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), an antibody-drug conjugate of trastuzumab and the microtubule-targeting agent, DM1. However, drug response reduces greatly over time due to acquisition of resistance whose molecular mechanisms are mostly unknown. Here, we uncovered a novel mechanism of resistance against T-DM1 by combining whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), proteomics and a targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) sensitization screen for molecular level analysis of acquired and de novo T-DM1-resistant models of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. We identified Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a mitotic kinase, as a resistance mediator whose genomic as well as pharmacological inhibition restored drug sensitivity. Both acquired and de novo resistant models exhibited synergistic growth inhibition upon combination of T-DM1 with a selective PLK1 inhibitor, volasertib, at a wide concentration range of the two drugs. Mechanistically, T-DM1 sensitization upon PLK1 inhibition with volasertib was initiated by a spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC)-dependent mitotic arrest, leading to caspase activation, followed by DNA damage through CDK1-dependent phosphorylation and inactivation of Bcl-2/xL. Furthermore, we showed that Ser70 phosphorylation of Bcl-2 directly regulates apoptosis by disrupting the binding to and sequestration of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim. Importantly, T-DM1 resistance signature or PLK1 expression correlated with cell cycle progression and DNA repair, and predicted a lower sensitivity to taxane/trastuzumab combination in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Finally, volasertib in combination with T-DM1 greatly synergized in models of T-DM1 resistance in terms of growth inhibition both in three dimensional (3D) cell culture and in vivo. Altogether, our results provide promising pre-clinical evidence for potential testing of T-DM1/volasertib combination in T-DM1 refractory HER2-positive breast cancer patients for whom there is currently no treatment available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Saatci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Simone Borgoni
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF580, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Özge Akbulut
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selvi Durmuş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umar Raza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erol Eyüpoğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Can Alkan
- Department of Computer Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aytekin Akyol
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, 06410, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özgür Kütük
- Department of Medical Genetics, Başkent University, 01250, Adana, Turkey
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF580, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Özgür Şahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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30
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Hou H, Cooper JP. Stretching, scrambling, piercing and entangling: Challenges for telomeres in mitotic and meiotic chromosome segregation. Differentiation 2018; 100:12-20. [PMID: 29413748 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of telomere loss or dysfunction become most prominent when cells enter the nuclear division stage of the cell cycle. At this climactic stage when chromosome segregation occurs, telomere fusions or entanglements can lead to chromosome breakage, wreaking havoc on genome stability. Here we review recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of detangling and breaking telomere associations at mitosis, as well as the unique ways in which telomeres are processed to allow regulated sister telomere separation. Moreover, we discuss unexpected roles for telomeres in orchestrating nuclear envelope breakdown and spindle formation, crucial processes for nuclear division. Finally, we discuss the discovery that telomeres create microdomains in the nucleus that are conducive to centromere assembly, cementing the unexpectedly influential role of telomeres in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitong Hou
- Telomere Biology Section, LBMB, NCI, NIH, Building 37, Room 6050, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Julia Promisel Cooper
- Telomere Biology Section, LBMB, NCI, NIH, Building 37, Room 6050, Bethesda MD 20892, USA.
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31
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Telomeres: Implications for Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010294. [PMID: 29351238 PMCID: PMC5796239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres facilitate the protection of natural ends of chromosomes from constitutive exposure to the DNA damage response (DDR). This is most likely achieved by a lariat structure that hides the linear telomeric DNA through protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. The telomere shortening associated with DNA replication in the absence of a compensatory mechanism culminates in unmasked telomeres. Then, the subsequent activation of the DDR will define the fate of cells according to the functionality of cell cycle checkpoints. Dysfunctional telomeres can suppress cancer development by engaging replicative senescence or apoptotic pathways, but they can also promote tumour initiation. Studies in telomere dynamics and karyotype analysis underpin telomere crisis as a key event driving genomic instability. Significant attainment of telomerase or alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT)-pathway to maintain telomere length may be permissive and required for clonal evolution of genomically-unstable cells during progression to malignancy. We summarise current knowledge of the role of telomeres in the maintenance of chromosomal stability and carcinogenesis.
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32
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Executioner caspases and CAD are essential for mutagenesis induced by TRAIL or vincristine. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3062. [PMID: 28981092 PMCID: PMC5680576 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs interfere with cellular processes to generate genotoxic lesions that activate cell death pathways. Sustained DNA damage induced by these drugs can provoke mutations in surviving non-cancerous cells, potentially increasing the risk of therapy-related cancers. Ligation of death receptors by ligands such as TRAIL, and subsequent activation of extrinsic apoptotic pathways, also provokes mutations. In this study, we show that executioner caspase activation of the apoptotic nuclease CAD/DFF40 is essential for TRAIL-induced mutations in surviving cells. As exposure to chemotherapy drugs also activates apoptotic caspases and presumably CAD, we hypothesized that these pathways may also contribute to the mutagenesis induced by conventional chemotherapy drugs, perhaps augmenting the mutations that arise from direct DNA damage provoked by these agents. Interestingly, vincristine-mediated mutations were caspase and CAD dependent. Executioner caspases accounted for some of the mutations caused by the topoisomerase poisons doxorubicin and SN38, but were dispensable for mutagenesis following treatment with cisplatin or temozolomide. These data highlight a non-apoptotic role of caspases in mutagenesis mediated by death receptor agonists, microtubule poisons and topoisomerase inhibitors, and provide further evidence for a potential carcinogenic consequence of sublethal apoptotic signaling stimulated by anticancer therapies.
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33
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Shi J, Mitchison TJ. Cell death response to anti-mitotic drug treatment in cell culture, mouse tumor model and the clinic. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T83-T96. [PMID: 28249963 PMCID: PMC5557680 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anti-mitotic cancer drugs include classic microtubule-targeting drugs, such as taxanes and vinca alkaloids, and the newer spindle-targeting drugs, such as inhibitors of the motor protein; Kinesin-5 (aka KSP, Eg5, KIF11); and Aurora-A, Aurora-B and Polo-like kinases. Microtubule-targeting drugs are among the first line of chemotherapies for a wide spectrum of cancers, but patient responses vary greatly. We still lack understanding of how these drugs achieve a favorable therapeutic index, and why individual patient responses vary. Spindle-targeting drugs have so far shown disappointing results in the clinic, but it is possible that certain patients could benefit if we understand their mechanism of action better. Pre-clinical data from both cell culture and mouse tumor models showed that the cell death response is the most variable point of the drug action. Hence, in this review we focus on current mechanistic understanding of the cell death response to anti-mitotics. We first draw on extensive results from cell culture studies, and then cross-examine them with the more limited data from animal tumor models and the clinic. We end by discussing how cell type variation in cell death response might be harnessed to improve anti-mitotic chemotherapy by better patient stratification, new drug combinations and identification of novel targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Shi
- Department of Physics and Department of BiologyCenter for Quantitative Systems Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothy J Mitchison
- Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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34
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Lorz A, Botesteanu DA, Levy D. Modeling Cancer Cell Growth Dynamics In vitro in Response to Antimitotic Drug Treatment. Front Oncol 2017; 7:189. [PMID: 28913178 PMCID: PMC5582072 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the role of intrinsic cell heterogeneity emerging from variations in cell-cycle parameters and apoptosis is a crucial step toward better informing drug administration. Antimitotic agents, widely used in chemotherapy, target exclusively proliferative cells and commonly induce a prolonged mitotic arrest followed by cell death via apoptosis. In this paper, we developed a physiologically motivated mathematical framework for describing cancer cell growth dynamics that incorporates the intrinsic heterogeneity in the time individual cells spend in the cell-cycle and apoptosis process. More precisely, our model comprises two age-structured partial differential equations for the proliferative and apoptotic cell compartments and one ordinary differential equation for the quiescent compartment. To reflect the intrinsic cell heterogeneity that governs the growth dynamics, proliferative and apoptotic cells are structured in "age," i.e., the amount of time remaining to be spent in each respective compartment. In our model, we considered an antimitotic drug whose effect on the cellular dynamics is to induce mitotic arrest, extending the average cell-cycle length. The prolonged mitotic arrest induced by the drug can trigger apoptosis if the time a cell will spend in the cell cycle is greater than the mitotic arrest threshold. We studied the drug's effect on the long-term cancer cell growth dynamics using different durations of prolonged mitotic arrest induced by the drug. Our numerical simulations suggest that at confluence and in the absence of the drug, quiescence is the long-term asymptotic behavior emerging from the cancer cell growth dynamics. This pattern is maintained in the presence of small increases in the average cell-cycle length. However, intermediate increases in cell-cycle length markedly decrease the total number of cells and can drive the cancer population to extinction. Intriguingly, a large "switch-on/switch-off" increase in the average cell-cycle length maintains an active cell population in the long term, with oscillating numbers of proliferative cells and a relatively constant quiescent cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lorz
- CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, Paris, France
| | - Dana-Adriana Botesteanu
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Scientific Computation and Mathematical Modeling (CSCAMM), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Doron Levy
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Scientific Computation and Mathematical Modeling (CSCAMM), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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35
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Larsen BD, Sørensen CS. The caspase-activated DNase: apoptosis and beyond. FEBS J 2016; 284:1160-1170. [PMID: 27865056 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Organismal development and function requires multiple and accurate signal transduction pathways to ensure that proper balance between cell proliferation, differentiation, inactivation, and death is achieved. Cell death via apoptotic caspase signal transduction is extensively characterized and integral to this balance. Importantly, the view of apoptotic signal transduction has expanded over the previous decades. Subapoptotic caspase signaling has surfaced as mechanism that can promote the adoption of a range of cellular fates. An emerging mechanism of subapoptotic caspase signaling is the activation of the caspase-activated DNase (CAD) through controlled cleavage of the inhibitor of CAD (ICAD). CAD-induced DNA breaks incite a DNA damage response, frequently invoking p53 signaling, that transduces a change in cell fate. Cell differentiation and senescence are fates demonstrated to arise from CAD-induced DNA breaks. Furthermore, an apparent consequence of CAD activity is also emerging, as a potential source of oncogenic mutations. This review will discuss the mechanisms underlying CAD-induced DNA breaks and highlight how CAD activity promotes diverse cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Larsen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus S Sørensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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