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Plummer NW, Smith KG, Jensen P. A knock-in allele of Hand2 expressing Dre recombinase. Genesis 2024; 62:e23601. [PMID: 38703044 PMCID: PMC11088872 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
HAND2 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor with diverse functions during development. To facilitate the investigation of genetic and functional diversity among Hand2-expressing cells in the mouse, we have generated Hand2Dre, a knock-in allele expressing Dre recombinase. To avoid disrupting Hand2 function, the Dre cDNA is inserted at the 3' end of the Hand2 coding sequence following a viral 2A peptide. Hand2Dre homozygotes can therefore be used in complex crosses to increase the proportion of useful genotypes among offspring. Dre expression in mid-gestation Hand2Dre embryos is indistinguishable from wild-type Hand2 expression, and HandDre efficiently recombines rox target sites in vivo. In combination with existing Cre and Flp mouse lines, Hand2Dre will therefore extend the ability to perform genetic intersectional labeling, fate mapping, and functional manipulation of subpopulations of cells characterized by developmental expression of Hand2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Kathleen G. Smith
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Ferguson CA, Firulli BA, Zoia M, Osterwalder M, Firulli AB. Identification and characterization of Hand2 upstream genomic enhancers active in developing stomach and limbs. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:215-232. [PMID: 37551791 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bHLH transcription factor HAND2 plays important roles in the development of the embryonic heart, face, limbs, and sympathetic and enteric nervous systems. To define how and when HAND2 regulates these developmental systems, requires understanding the transcriptional regulation of Hand2. RESULTS Remarkably, Hand2 is flanked by an extensive upstream gene desert containing a potentially diverse enhancer landscape. Here, we screened the regulatory interval 200 kb proximal to Hand2 for putative enhancers using evolutionary conservation and histone marks in Hand2-expressing tissues. H3K27ac signatures across embryonic tissues pointed to only two putative enhancer regions showing deep sequence conservation. Assessment of the transcriptional enhancer potential of these elements using transgenic reporter lines uncovered distinct in vivo enhancer activities in embryonic stomach and limb mesenchyme, respectively. Activity of the identified stomach enhancer was restricted to the developing antrum and showed expression within the smooth muscle and enteric neurons. Surprisingly, the activity pattern of the limb enhancer did not overlap Hand2 mRNA but consistently yielded a defined subectodermal anterior expression pattern within multiple transgenic lines. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results start to uncover the diverse regulatory potential inherent to the Hand2 upstream regulatory interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A Ferguson
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Beth A Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Matteo Zoia
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco Osterwalder
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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3
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Gupta S, Fernandes R, Natarajan S, Jose NP, Giri J, Dahal S. Comparative evaluation of arch form among the Nepalese population: A morphological study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2024; 28:111-118. [PMID: 38800435 PMCID: PMC11126270 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_280_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aims The study aims to identify sexual dimorphic features in the arch patterns based on tooth arrangement patterns and the maxillary and mandibular arches using Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA). Settings and Design A total of 96 Nepalese subjects, aged 18 to 25 were assessed using casts and photographs. Materials and Methods Thirteen landmarks representing the most facial portions of the proximal contact areas on the maxillary and mandibular casts were digitised. Seventy-eight possible, Euclidean distances between the 13 landmarks were calculated using the Analysis ToolPak of Microsoft Excel®. The male-to-female ratios of the corresponding distances were computed and ratios were compared to evaluate the arch form for variation in the genders, among the Nepalese population. Statistical Analysis Used Microsoft Excel Analysis ToolPak and SPSS 20.0 (IBM Chicago) were used to perform EDMA and an independent t-test to compare the significant differences between the two genders. Results The maxillary arch's largest ratio (1.008179001) was discovered near the location of the right and left lateral incisors, indicating that the anterior region may have experienced the greatest change. The posterior-molar region is where the smallest ratio was discovered, suggesting less variation. At the intercanine region, female arches were wider than male ones; however, at the interpremolar and intermolar sections, they were similar in width. Females' maxillary arches were discovered to be bigger antero-posteriorly than those of males. The highest ratio (1.014336113) in the mandibular arch was discovered at the intermolar area, suggesting that males had a larger mandibular posterior arch morphology. At the intercanine area, the breadth of the arch form was greater in males and nearly the same in females at the interpremolar and intermolar regions. Female mandibular arch forms were also discovered to be longer than those of males from the anterior to the posterior. Conclusions The male and female arches in the Nepalese population were inferred to be different in size and shape. With references to the landmarks demonstrating such a shift, the EDMA established objectively the presence of square arch forms in Nepali males and tapering arch forms in Nepalese females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Gupta
- Intern, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rhea Fernandes
- Intern, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Srikant Natarajan
- Department of Forensic Odontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nidhin P. Jose
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jamal Giri
- Department of Orthodontics, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, India
| | - Samarika Dahal
- Department of Oral Pathology and Forensic Dentistry, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Nepal, India
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4
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Kanai SM, Clouthier DE. Endothelin signaling in development. Development 2023; 150:dev201786. [PMID: 38078652 PMCID: PMC10753589 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of endothelin 1 (EDN1) in 1988, the role of endothelin ligands and their receptors in the regulation of blood pressure in normal and disease states has been extensively studied. However, endothelin signaling also plays crucial roles in the development of neural crest cell-derived tissues. Mechanisms of endothelin action during neural crest cell maturation have been deciphered using a variety of in vivo and in vitro approaches, with these studies elucidating the basis of human syndromes involving developmental differences resulting from altered endothelin signaling. In this Review, we describe the endothelin pathway and its functions during the development of neural crest-derived tissues. We also summarize how dysregulated endothelin signaling causes developmental differences and how this knowledge may lead to potential treatments for individuals with gene variants in the endothelin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M. Kanai
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David E. Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Selleri L, Rijli FM. Shaping faces: genetic and epigenetic control of craniofacial morphogenesis. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:610-626. [PMID: 37095271 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Major differences in facial morphology distinguish vertebrate species. Variation of facial traits underlies the uniqueness of human individuals, and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis during development leads to birth defects that significantly affect quality of life. Studies during the past 40 years have advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that establish facial form during development, highlighting the crucial roles in this process of a multipotent cell type known as the cranial neural crest cell. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in multi-omics and single-cell technologies that enable genes, transcriptional regulatory networks and epigenetic landscapes to be closely linked to the establishment of facial patterning and its variation, with an emphasis on normal and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis. Advancing our knowledge of these processes will support important developments in tissue engineering, as well as the repair and reconstruction of the abnormal craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuroepigenetics, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Liu B, Liu W, Zhao S, Ma L, Zang T, Huang C, Shu K, Gao H, Tang X. Transcriptome sequencing of facial adipose tissue reveals alterations in mRNAs of hemifacial microsomia. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1099841. [PMID: 36861077 PMCID: PMC9968928 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1099841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemifacial microsomia (HFM) is a common congenital malformation of the craniofacial region, including mandibular hypoplasia, microtia, facial palsy and soft tissue deficiencies. However, it remains unclear which specific genes are involved in the pathogenesis of HFM. By identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in deficient facial adipose tissue from HFM patients, we hope to provide a new insight into disease mechanisms from the transcriptome perspective. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed with 10 facial adipose tissues from patients of HFM and healthy controls. Differentially expressed genes in HFM were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Functional annotations of the DEGs were analyzed with DESeq2 R package (1.20.0). A total of 1,244 genes were identified as DEGs between HFM patients and matched controls. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that the increased expression of HOXB2 and HAND2 were associated with facial deformity of HFM. Knockdown and overexpression of HOXB2 were achieved with lentiviral vectors. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion assay was performed with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) to confirm the phenotype of HOXB2. We also found that PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and human papillomavirus infection were activated in HFM. In conclusion, we discovered potential genes, pathways and networks in HFM facial adipose tissue, which contributes to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of HFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyang Liu
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shanbaga Zhao
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lunkun Ma
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tianying Zang
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Changjin Huang
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyi Shu
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hengbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaojun Tang
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Vora SR, Tam S, Katsube M, Pliska B, Heda K. Craniofacial form differences between obese and nonobese children. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 162:744-752.e3. [PMID: 36216623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current evidence suggests that obesity is correlated with differences in craniofacial form in children and adolescents. Here, we sought to test this hypothesis by evaluating the craniofacial form of obese and nonobese preorthodontic patients, using 2D cephalometric data combined with cephalometric and geometric morphometric approaches. METHODS Height, weight, age, and lateral cephalometric radiographs were gathered from patients aged 7-16 years before beginning orthodontic treatment at the University of British Columbia. Based on their body mass index, 24 obese patients were age, sex, and Angle classification of malocclusion matched with nonobese controls. Cephalometric radiographs were annotated, and coordinates of landmarks were used to obtain linear and angular cephalometric measurements. Geometric morphometric analyses were performed to determine overall craniofacial form differences between cohorts. Dental maturation index scores and cervical vertebral maturation scores were recorded as an indicator of skeletal maturation. RESULTS Cephalometric analysis revealed that the maxillary length and gonial angle are the only marginally larger metrics in obese subjects than in control subjects. However, principal component and discriminant analyses (geometric morphometrics) confirmed that the overall craniofacial form of obese patients differs statistically from that of control patients. Obese patients tend to be slightly mandibular prognathic and brachycephalic. Dental maturation index scores were statistically higher in the obese group than in the control group, with no statistical difference in cervical vertebral maturation scores. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveals a subtle but significant difference in cranial skeletal morphology between obese and nonobese children and adolescents, suggesting a correlation between craniofacial form and physiological/metabolic phenotypes of subjects. It is likely that with continued growth, these differences may increase. Recording body mass index as part of the orthodontic records for patients may help in supporting the assessment of craniofacial form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth R Vora
- Oral Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Samuel Tam
- Oral Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Motoki Katsube
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Benjamin Pliska
- Oral Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kiran Heda
- Oral Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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8
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Liu C, Zhou N, Li N, Xu T, Chen X, Zhou H, Xie A, Liu H, Zhu L, Wang S, Xiao J. Disrupted tenogenesis in masseter as a potential cause of micrognathia. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:50. [PMID: 36257937 PMCID: PMC9579150 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Micrognathia is a severe craniofacial deformity affecting appearance and survival. Previous studies revealed that multiple factors involved in the osteogenesis of mandibular bone have contributed to micrognathia, but concerned little on factors other than osteogenesis. In the current study, we found that ectopic activation of Fgf8 by Osr2-cre in the presumptive mesenchyme for masseter tendon in mice led to micrognathia, masseter regression, and the disrupted patterning and differentiation of masseter tendon. Since Myf5-cre;Rosa26R-Fgf8 mice exhibited the normal masseter and mandibular bone, the possibility that the micrognathia and masseter regression resulted directly from the over-expressed Fgf8 was excluded. Further investigation disclosed that a series of chondrogenic markers were ectopically activated in the developing Osr2-cre;Rosa26R-Fgf8 masseter tendon, while the mechanical sensing in the masseter and mandibular bone was obviously reduced. Thus, it suggested that the micrognathia in Osr2-cre;Rosa26R-Fgf8 mice resulted secondarily from the reduced mechanical force transmitted to mandibular bone. Consistently, when tenogenic or myogenic components were deleted from the developing mandibles, both the micrognathia and masseter degeneration took place with the decreased mechanical sensing in mandibular bone, which verified that the loss of mechanical force transmitted by masseter tendon could result in micrognathia. Furthermore, it appeared that the micrognathia resulting from the disrupted tenogenesis was attributed to the impaired osteogenic specification, instead of the differentiation in the periosteal progenitors. Our findings disclose a novel mechanism for mandibular morphogenesis, and shed light on the prevention and treatment for micrognathia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China.,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China.,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Hailing Zhou
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Ailun Xie
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China.,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China.,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China. .,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University School of Stomatology, Dalian, China. .,Academician Laboratory of Immunology and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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9
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Fabik J, Psutkova V, Machon O. Meis2 controls skeletal formation in the hyoid region. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:951063. [PMID: 36247013 PMCID: PMC9554219 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.951063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A vertebrate skull is composed of many skeletal elements which display enormous diversity of shapes. Cranial bone formation embodies a multitude of processes, i.e., epithelial-mesenchymal induction, mesenchymal condensation, and endochondral or intramembranous ossification. Molecular pathways determining complex architecture and growth of the cranial skeleton during embryogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we present a model of the hyoid apparatus development in Wnt1-Cre2-induced Meis2 conditional knock-out (cKO) mice. Meis2 cKO embryos develop an aberrant hyoid apparatus—a complete skeletal chain from the base of the neurocranium to lesser horns of the hyoid, resembling extreme human pathologies of the hyoid-larynx region. We examined key stages of hyoid skeletogenesis to obtain a complex image of the hyoid apparatus formation. Lack of Meis2 resulted in ectopic loci of mesenchymal condensations, ectopic cartilage and bone formation, disinhibition of skeletogenesis, and elevated proliferation of cartilage precursors. We presume that all these mechanisms contribute to formation of the aberrant skeletal chain in the hyoid region. Moreover, Meis2 cKO embryos exhibit severely reduced expression of PBX1 and HAND2 in the hyoid region. Altogether, MEIS2 in conjunction with PBX1 and HAND2 affects mesenchymal condensation, specification and proliferation of cartilage precursors to ensure development of the anatomically correct hyoid apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fabik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Viktorie Psutkova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Ondrej Machon,
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10
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Fabik J, Psutkova V, Machon O. The Mandibular and Hyoid Arches-From Molecular Patterning to Shaping Bone and Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7529. [PMID: 34299147 PMCID: PMC8303155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandibular and hyoid arches collectively make up the facial skeleton, also known as the viscerocranium. Although all three germ layers come together to assemble the pharyngeal arches, the majority of tissue within viscerocranial skeletal components differentiates from the neural crest. Since nearly one third of all birth defects in humans affect the craniofacial region, it is important to understand how signalling pathways and transcription factors govern the embryogenesis and skeletogenesis of the viscerocranium. This review focuses on mouse and zebrafish models of craniofacial development. We highlight gene regulatory networks directing the patterning and osteochondrogenesis of the mandibular and hyoid arches that are actually conserved among all gnathostomes. The first part of this review describes the anatomy and development of mandibular and hyoid arches in both species. The second part analyses cell signalling and transcription factors that ensure the specificity of individual structures along the anatomical axes. The third part discusses the genes and molecules that control the formation of bone and cartilage within mandibular and hyoid arches and how dysregulation of molecular signalling influences the development of skeletal components of the viscerocranium. In conclusion, we notice that mandibular malformations in humans and mice often co-occur with hyoid malformations and pinpoint the similar molecular machinery controlling the development of mandibular and hyoid arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fabik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktorie Psutkova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Machon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.F.); (V.P.)
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11
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Hirschberger C, Sleight VA, Criswell KE, Clark SJ, Gillis JA. Conserved and unique transcriptional features of pharyngeal arches in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) and evolution of the jaw. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4187-4204. [PMID: 33905525 PMCID: PMC8476176 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of the jaw is a long-standing problem in vertebrate evolutionary biology. Classical hypotheses of serial homology propose that the upper and lower jaw evolved through modifications of dorsal and ventral gill arch skeletal elements, respectively. If the jaw and gill arches are derived members of a primitive branchial series, we predict that they would share common developmental patterning mechanisms. Using candidate and RNAseq/differential gene expression analyses, we find broad conservation of dorsoventral (DV) patterning mechanisms within the developing mandibular, hyoid, and gill arches of a cartilaginous fish, the skate (Leucoraja erinacea). Shared features include expression of genes encoding members of the ventralizing BMP and endothelin signaling pathways and their effectors, the joint markers nkx3.2 and gdf5 and prochondrogenic transcription factor barx1, and the dorsal territory marker pou3f3. Additionally, we find that mesenchymal expression of eya1/six1 is an ancestral feature of the mandibular arch of jawed vertebrates, whereas differences in notch signaling distinguish the mandibular and gill arches in skate. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of mandibular and gill arch tissues reveal additional genes differentially expressed along the DV axis of the pharyngeal arches, including scamp5 as a novel marker of the dorsal mandibular arch, as well as distinct transcriptional features of mandibular and gill arch muscle progenitors and developing gill buds. Taken together, our findings reveal conserved patterning mechanisms in the pharyngeal arches of jawed vertebrates, consistent with serial homology of their skeletal derivatives, as well as unique transcriptional features that may underpin distinct jaw and gill arch morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria A Sleight
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | | | | | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.,Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
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12
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The Transcription Factor HAND1 Is Involved in Cortical Bone Mass through the Regulation of Collagen Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228638. [PMID: 33207791 PMCID: PMC7697595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal and/or spatial alteration of collagen family gene expression results in bone defects. However, how collagen expression controls bone size remains largely unknown. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor HAND1 is expressed in developing long bones and is involved in their morphogenesis. To understand the functional role of HAND1 and collagen in the postnatal development of long bones, we overexpressed Hand1 in the osteochondroprogenitors of model mice and found that the bone volumes of cortical bones decreased in Hand1Tg/+;Twist2-Cre mice. Continuous Hand1 expression downregulated the gene expression of type I, V, and XI collagen in the diaphyses of long bones and was associated with decreased expression of Runx2 and Sp7/Osterix, encoding transcription factors involved in the transactivation of fibril-forming collagen genes. Members of the microRNA-196 family, which target the 3' untranslated regions of COL1A1 and COL1A2, were significantly upregulated in Hand1Tg/+;Twist2-Cre mice. Mass spectrometry revealed that the expression ratios of alpha 1(XI), alpha 2(XI), and alpha 2(V) in the diaphysis increased during postnatal development in wild-type mice, which was delayed in Hand1Tg/+;Twist2-Cre mice. Our results demonstrate that HAND1 regulates bone size and morphology through osteochondroprogenitors, at least partially by suppressing postnatal expression of collagen fibrils in the cortical bones.
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Long HK, Osterwalder M, Welsh IC, Hansen K, Davies JOJ, Liu YE, Koska M, Adams AT, Aho R, Arora N, Ikeda K, Williams RM, Sauka-Spengler T, Porteus MH, Mohun T, Dickel DE, Swigut T, Hughes JR, Higgs DR, Visel A, Selleri L, Wysocka J. Loss of Extreme Long-Range Enhancers in Human Neural Crest Drives a Craniofacial Disorder. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:765-783.e14. [PMID: 32991838 PMCID: PMC7655526 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding mutations at the far end of a large gene desert surrounding the SOX9 gene result in a human craniofacial disorder called Pierre Robin sequence (PRS). Leveraging a human stem cell differentiation model, we identify two clusters of enhancers within the PRS-associated region that regulate SOX9 expression during a restricted window of facial progenitor development at distances up to 1.45 Mb. Enhancers within the 1.45 Mb cluster exhibit highly synergistic activity that is dependent on the Coordinator motif. Using mouse models, we demonstrate that PRS phenotypic specificity arises from the convergence of two mechanisms: confinement of Sox9 dosage perturbation to developing facial structures through context-specific enhancer activity and heightened sensitivity of the lower jaw to Sox9 expression reduction. Overall, we characterize the longest-range human enhancers involved in congenital malformations, directly demonstrate that PRS is an enhanceropathy, and illustrate how small changes in gene expression can lead to morphological variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Long
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marco Osterwalder
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ian C Welsh
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences and Department of Anatomy, Institute of Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karissa Hansen
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences and Department of Anatomy, Institute of Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James O J Davies
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yiran E Liu
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mervenaz Koska
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexander T Adams
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert Aho
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences and Department of Anatomy, Institute of Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neha Arora
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kazuya Ikeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ruth M Williams
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew H Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tim Mohun
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Diane E Dickel
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tomek Swigut
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jim R Hughes
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Douglas R Higgs
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Laboratory of Gene Regulation, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Axel Visel
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences and Department of Anatomy, Institute of Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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14
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Elliott KH, Chen X, Salomone J, Chaturvedi P, Schultz PA, Balchand SK, Servetas JD, Zuniga A, Zeller R, Gebelein B, Weirauch MT, Peterson KA, Brugmann SA. Gli3 utilizes Hand2 to synergistically regulate tissue-specific transcriptional networks. eLife 2020; 9:e56450. [PMID: 33006313 PMCID: PMC7556880 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a common understanding that Gli TFs are utilized to convey a Hh morphogen gradient, genetic analyses suggest craniofacial development does not completely fit this paradigm. Using the mouse model (Mus musculus), we demonstrated that rather than being driven by a Hh threshold, robust Gli3 transcriptional activity during skeletal and glossal development required interaction with the basic helix-loop-helix TF Hand2. Not only did genetic and expression data support a co-factorial relationship, but genomic analysis revealed that Gli3 and Hand2 were enriched at regulatory elements for genes essential for mandibular patterning and development. Interestingly, motif analysis at sites co-occupied by Gli3 and Hand2 uncovered mandibular-specific, low-affinity, 'divergent' Gli-binding motifs (dGBMs). Functional validation revealed these dGBMs conveyed synergistic activation of Gli targets essential for mandibular patterning and development. In summary, this work elucidates a novel, sequence-dependent mechanism for Gli transcriptional activity within the craniofacial complex that is independent of a graded Hh signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Elliott
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research FoundationCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Joseph Salomone
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research FoundationCincinnatiUnited States
- Medical-Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Preston A Schultz
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Sai K Balchand
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | | | - Aimée Zuniga
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Rolf Zeller
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Brian Gebelein
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
| | | | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiUnited States
- Shriners Children’s HospitalCincinnatiUnited States
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15
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Svandova E, Anthwal N, Tucker AS, Matalova E. Diverse Fate of an Enigmatic Structure: 200 Years of Meckel's Cartilage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:821. [PMID: 32984323 PMCID: PMC7484903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meckel's cartilage was first described by the German anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger in 1820 from his analysis of human embryos. Two hundred years after its discovery this paper follows the development and largely transient nature of the mammalian Meckel's cartilage, and its role in jaw development. Meckel's cartilage acts as a jaw support during early development, and a template for the later forming jaw bones. In mammals, its anterior domain links the two arms of the dentary together at the symphysis while the posterior domain ossifies to form two of the three ear ossicles of the middle ear. In between, Meckel's cartilage transforms to a ligament or disappears, subsumed by the growing dentary bone. Several human syndromes have been linked, directly or indirectly, to abnormal Meckel's cartilage formation. Herein, the evolution, development and fate of the cartilage and its impact on jaw development is mapped. The review focuses on developmental and cellular processes that shed light on the mechanisms behind the different fates of this cartilage, examining the control of Meckel's cartilage patterning, initiation and maturation. Importantly, human disorders and mouse models with disrupted Meckel's cartilage development are highlighted, in order to understand how changes in this cartilage impact on later development of the dentary and the craniofacial complex as a whole. Finally, the relative roles of tissue interactions, apoptosis, autophagy, macrophages and clast cells in the removal process are discussed. Meckel's cartilage is a unique and enigmatic structure, the development and function of which is starting to be understood but many interesting questions still remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Svandova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Neal Anthwal
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Matalova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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16
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Motch Perrine SM, Wu M, Stephens NB, Kriti D, van Bakel H, Jabs EW, Richtsmeier JT. Mandibular dysmorphology due to abnormal embryonic osteogenesis in FGFR2-related craniosynostosis mice. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.038513. [PMID: 31064775 PMCID: PMC6550049 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One diagnostic feature of craniosynostosis syndromes is mandibular dysgenesis. Using three mouse models of Apert, Crouzon and Pfeiffer craniosynostosis syndromes, we investigated how embryonic development of the mandible is affected by fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2) mutations. Quantitative analysis of skeletal form at birth revealed differences in mandibular morphology between mice carrying Fgfr2 mutations and their littermates that do not carry the mutations. Murine embryos with the mutations associated with Apert syndrome in humans (Fgfr2+/S252W and Fgfr2+/P253R) showed an increase in the size of the osteogenic anlagen and Meckel's cartilage (MC). Changes in the microarchitecture and mineralization of the developing mandible were visualized using histological staining. The mechanism for mandibular dysgenesis in the Apert Fgfr2+/S252W mouse resulting in the most severe phenotypic effects was further analyzed in detail and found to occur to a lesser degree in the other craniosynostosis mouse models. Laser capture microdissection and RNA-seq analysis revealed transcriptomic changes in mandibular bone at embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5), highlighting increased expression of genes related to osteoclast differentiation and dysregulated genes active in bone mineralization. Increased osteoclastic activity was corroborated by TRAP assay and in situ hybridization of Csf1r and Itgb3. Upregulated expression of Enpp1 and Ank was validated in the mandible of Fgfr2+/S252W embryos, and found to result in elevated inorganic pyrophosphate concentration. Increased proliferation of osteoblasts in the mandible and chondrocytes forming MC was identified in Fgfr2+/S252W embryos at E12.5. These findings provide evidence that FGFR2 gain-of-function mutations differentially affect cartilage formation and intramembranous ossification of dermal bone, contributing to mandibular dysmorphogenesis in craniosynostosis syndromes. This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper. Summary: FGFR2 gain-of-function mutations differentially affect cartilage formation and intramembranous ossification of dermal bone, resulting in abnormal embryonic osteogenesis of the mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Motch Perrine
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas B Stephens
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Divya Kriti
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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17
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Minoux M, Holwerda S, Vitobello A, Kitazawa T, Kohler H, Stadler MB, Rijli FM. Gene bivalency at Polycomb domains regulates cranial neural crest positional identity. Science 2017; 355:355/6332/eaal2913. [PMID: 28360266 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cranial neural crest cells are multipotent cells that provide head skeletogenic mesenchyme and are crucial for craniofacial patterning. We analyzed the chromatin landscapes of mouse cranial neural crest subpopulations in vivo. Early postmigratory subpopulations contributing to distinct mouse craniofacial structures displayed similar chromatin accessibility patterns yet differed transcriptionally. Accessible promoters and enhancers of differentially silenced genes carried H3K27me3/H3K4me2 bivalent chromatin marks embedded in large enhancer of zeste homolog 2-dependent Polycomb domains, indicating transcriptional poising. These postmigratory bivalent chromatin regions were already present in premigratory progenitors. At Polycomb domains, H3K27me3 antagonized H3K4me2 deposition, which was restricted to accessible sites. Thus, bivalent Polycomb domains provide a chromatin template for the regulation of cranial neural crest cell positional identity in vivo, contributing insights into the epigenetic regulation of face morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Minoux
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,INSERM UMR 1121, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67 000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sjoerd Holwerda
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Vitobello
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Taro Kitazawa
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hubertus Kohler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Stadler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland. .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4051 Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Tavares ALP, Cox TC, Maxson RM, Ford HL, Clouthier DE. Negative regulation of endothelin signaling by SIX1 is required for proper maxillary development. Development 2017; 144:2021-2031. [PMID: 28455376 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Jaw morphogenesis is a complex event mediated by inductive signals that establish and maintain the distinct developmental domains required for formation of hinged jaws, the defining feature of gnathostomes. The mandibular portion of pharyngeal arch 1 is patterned dorsally by Jagged-Notch signaling and ventrally by endothelin receptor A (EDNRA) signaling. Loss of EDNRA signaling disrupts normal ventral gene expression, the result of which is homeotic transformation of the mandible into a maxilla-like structure. However, loss of Jagged-Notch signaling does not result in significant changes in maxillary development. Here we show in mouse that the transcription factor SIX1 regulates dorsal arch development not only by inducing dorsal Jag1 expression but also by inhibiting endothelin 1 (Edn1) expression in the pharyngeal endoderm of the dorsal arch, thus preventing dorsal EDNRA signaling. In the absence of SIX1, but not JAG1, aberrant EDNRA signaling in the dorsal domain results in partial duplication of the mandible. Together, our results illustrate that SIX1 is the central mediator of dorsal mandibular arch identity, thus ensuring separation of bone development between the upper and lower jaws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre L P Tavares
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Department of Pediatrics (Craniofacial Medicine), University of Washington, and Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Robert M Maxson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 87654, USA
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David E Clouthier
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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19
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Funato N, Nakamura M. Identification of shared and unique gene families associated with oral clefts. Int J Oral Sci 2017; 9:104-109. [PMID: 28106045 PMCID: PMC5518969 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral clefts, the most frequent congenital birth defects in humans, are multifactorial disorders caused by genetic and environmental factors. Epidemiological studies point to different etiologies underlying the oral cleft phenotypes, cleft lip (CL), CL and/or palate (CL/P) and cleft palate (CP). More than 350 genes have syndromic and/or nonsyndromic oral cleft associations in humans. Although genes related to genetic disorders associated with oral cleft phenotypes are known, a gap between detecting these associations and interpretation of their biological importance has remained. Here, using a gene ontology analysis approach, we grouped these candidate genes on the basis of different functional categories to gain insight into the genetic etiology of oral clefts. We identified different genetic profiles and found correlations between the functions of gene products and oral cleft phenotypes. Our results indicate inherent differences in the genetic etiologies that underlie oral cleft phenotypes and support epidemiological evidence that genes associated with CL/P are both developmentally and genetically different from CP only, incomplete CP, and submucous CP. The epidemiological differences among cleft phenotypes may reflect differences in the underlying genetic causes. Understanding the different causative etiologies of oral clefts is important as it may lead to improvements in diagnosis, counseling, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Funato
- Department of Signal Gene Regulation, Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakamura
- Department of Signal Gene Regulation, Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Funato N, Kokubo H, Saga Y. Transcriptomic analyses of Hand2 transgenic embryos. GENOMICS DATA 2016; 9:60-2. [PMID: 27408813 PMCID: PMC4932614 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we further provide the data generated for the previously published research article “Specification of jaw identity by the Hand2 transcription factor.” To better understand the downstream genes of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Hand2, we generated double-transgenic mice (Hand2NC) by intercrossing CAG-floxed CAT-Hand2 mice with Wnt1-Cre mice for conditional activation of Hand2 expression in the neural crest. Altered expression of Hand2 induces transformation of the upper jaw to the lower jaw in Hand2NC mutant mice. This data article provides Tables detailing the differentially expressed genes between wild-type and Hand2NC mutant embryos. The raw array data of our transcriptomes as generated using Affymetrix microarrays are available on the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) browser (Reference number GSE75805).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Funato
- Department of Signal Gene Regulation, Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kokubo
- Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minamiku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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