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Ichida K. [Uric Acid Metabolism, Uric Acid Transporters and Dysuricemia]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2024; 144:659-674. [PMID: 38825475 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.23-00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Serum urate levels are determined by the balance between uric acid production and uric acid excretion capacity from the kidneys and intestinal tract. Dysuricemia, including hyperuricemia and hypouricemia, develops when the balance shifts towards an increase or a decrease in the uric acid pool. Hyperuricemia is mostly a multifactorial genetic disorder involving several disease susceptibility genes and environmental factors. Hypouricemia, on the other hand, is caused by genetic abnormalities. The main genes involved in dysuricemia are xanthine oxidoreductase, an enzyme that produces uric acid, and the urate transporters urate transporter 1/solute carrier family 22 member 12 (URAT1/SLC22A12), glucose transporter 9/solute carrier family 2 member 9 (GLUT9/SLC2A9) and ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2). Deficiency of xanthine oxidoreductase results in xanthinuria, a rare disease with marked hypouricemia. Xanthinuria can be due to a single deficiency of xanthine oxidoreductase or in combination with aldehyde oxidase deficiency as well. The latter is caused by a deficiency in molybdenum cofactor sulfurase, which is responsible for adding sulphur atoms to the molybdenum cofactor required for xanthine oxidoreductase and aldehyde oxidase to exert their action. URAT1/SLC22A12 and GLUT9/SLC2A9 are involved in urate reabsorption and their deficiency leads to renal hypouricemia, a condition that is common in Japanese due to URAT1/SLC22A12 deficiency. On the other hand, ABCG2 is involved in the secretion of urate, and many Japanese have single nucleotide polymorphisms that result in its reduced function, leading to hyperuricemia. In particular, severe dysfunction of ABCG2 leads to hyperuricemia with reduced extrarenal excretion.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Hyperuricemia/etiology
- Hyperuricemia/metabolism
- Hyperuricemia/genetics
- Uric Acid/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Organic Anion Transporters/metabolism
- Organic Anion Transporters/genetics
- Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative/metabolism
- Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Xanthine Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Xanthine Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Xanthine Dehydrogenase/deficiency
- Animals
- Organic Cation Transport Proteins/genetics
- Organic Cation Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/etiology
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Urinary Calculi/etiology
- Urinary Calculi/metabolism
- Urinary Calculi/genetics
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, The Jikei University School of Medicine
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Türk D, Müller F, Fromm MF, Selzer D, Dallmann R, Lehr T. Renal Transporter-Mediated Drug-Biomarker Interactions of the Endogenous Substrates Creatinine and N 1 -Methylnicotinamide: A PBPK Modeling Approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:687-698. [PMID: 35527512 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous biomarkers for transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) predictions represent a promising approach to facilitate and improve conventional DDI investigations in clinical studies. This approach requires high sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers for the targets of interest (e.g., transport proteins), as well as rigorous characterization of their kinetics, which can be accomplished utilizing physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop PBPK models of the endogenous organic cation transporter (OCT)2 and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE)1 substrates creatinine and N1 -methylnicotinamide (NMN). Additionally, this study aimed to predict kinetic changes of the biomarkers during administration of the OCT2 and MATE1 perpetrator drugs trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and cimetidine. Whole-body PBPK models of creatinine and NMN were developed utilizing studies investigating creatinine or NMN exogenous administration and endogenous synthesis. The newly developed models accurately describe and predict observed plasma concentration-time profiles and urinary excretion of both biomarkers. Subsequently, models were coupled to the previously built and evaluated perpetrator models of trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and cimetidine for interaction predictions. Increased creatinine plasma concentrations and decreased urinary excretion during the drug-biomarker interactions with trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and cimetidine were well-described. An additional inhibition of NMN synthesis by trimethoprim and pyrimethamine was hypothesized, improving NMN plasma and urine interaction predictions. To summarize, whole-body PBPK models of creatinine and NMN were built and evaluated to better assess creatinine and NMN kinetics while uncovering knowledge gaps for future research. The models can support investigations of renal transporter-mediated DDIs during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Türk
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Fabian Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Selzer
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert Dallmann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Ramírez-Jarquín UN, Sharma M, Zhou W, Shahani N, Subramaniam S. Deletion of SUMO1 attenuates behavioral and anatomical deficits by regulating autophagic activities in Huntington disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2107187119. [PMID: 35086928 PMCID: PMC8812691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107187119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The CAG expansion of huntingtin (mHTT) associated with Huntington disease (HD) is a ubiquitously expressed gene, yet it prominently damages the striatum and cortex, followed by widespread peripheral defects as the disease progresses. However, the underlying mechanisms of neuronal vulnerability are unclear. Previous studies have shown that SUMO1 (small ubiquitin-like modifier-1) modification of mHtt promotes cellular toxicity, but the in vivo role and functions of SUMO1 in HD pathogenesis are unclear. Here, we report that SUMO1 deletion in Q175DN HD-het knockin mice (HD mice) prevented age-dependent HD-like motor and neurological impairments and suppressed the striatal atrophy and inflammatory response. SUMO1 deletion caused a drastic reduction in soluble mHtt levels and nuclear and extracellular mHtt inclusions while increasing cytoplasmic mHtt inclusions in the striatum of HD mice. SUMO1 deletion promoted autophagic activity, characterized by augmented interactions between mHtt inclusions and a lysosomal marker (LAMP1), increased LC3B- and LAMP1 interaction, and decreased interaction of sequestosome-1 (p62) and LAMP1 in DARPP-32-positive medium spiny neurons in HD mice. Depletion of SUMO1 in an HD cell model also diminished the mHtt levels and enhanced autophagy flux. In addition, the SUMOylation inhibitor ginkgolic acid strongly enhanced autophagy and diminished mHTT levels in human HD fibroblasts. These results indicate that SUMO is a critical therapeutic target in HD and that blocking SUMO may ameliorate HD pathogenesis by regulating autophagy activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manish Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Wuyue Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Neelam Shahani
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
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Takaoka N, Sanoh S, Ohta S, Esmaeeli M, Leimkühler S, Kurosaki M, Terao M, Garattini E, Kotake Y. Involvement of aldehyde oxidase in the metabolism of aromatic and aliphatic aldehyde-odorants in the mouse olfactory epithelium. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 715:109099. [PMID: 34856193 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) expressed in the olfactory epithelium (OE) are known to metabolize odorants. Aldehyde oxidase (AOX) recognizes a wide range of substrates among which are substrates with aldehyde groups. Some of these AOX substrates are odorants, such as benzaldehyde and n-octanal. One of the mouse AOX isoforms, namely AOX2 (mAOX2), was shown to be specifically expressed in mouse OE but its role to metabolize odorants in this tissue remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated the involvement of mouse AOX isoforms in the oxidative metabolism of aldehyde-odorants in the OE. Mouse OE extracts effectively metabolized aromatic and aliphatic aldehyde-odorants. Gene expression analysis revealed that not only mAOX2 but also the mAOX3 isoform is expressed in the OE. Furthermore, evaluation of inhibitory effects using the purified recombinant enzymes led us to identify specific inhibitors of each isoform, namely chlorpromazine, 17β-estradiol, menadione, norharmane, and raloxifene. Using these specific inhibitors, we defined the contribution of mAOX2 and mAOX3 to the metabolism of aldehyde-odorants in the mouse OE. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that mAOX2 and mAOX3 are responsible for the oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehyde-odorants in the mouse OE, implying their involvement in odor perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takaoka
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mariam Esmaeeli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mami Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Italy
| | - Mineko Terao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Italy
| | - Enrico Garattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Italy
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Novel Candidate Genes Related to Hippocampal Dysfunction in SREBP-1c Knockout Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114131. [PMID: 32531902 PMCID: PMC7313053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid homeostasis is an important component of brain function, and its disturbance causes several neurological disorders, such as Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases as well as mood disorders. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) is a key modulatory molecule involved in lipid homeostasis in the central nervous system. However, little is known about the biological effects of SREBP-1c in the brain. Our previous study uncovered that mice deficient in SREBP-1c exhibit schizophrenia-like behaviors. To investigate whether there are novel molecular mechanisms involved in the neurological aberrations caused by SREBP-1c deficiency, we analyzed the transcriptomes of the hippocampus of SREBP-1c knockout (KO) mice and wild-type mice. We found seven differentially expressed genes (three up-regulated and four down-regulated genes) in the hippocampus of SREBP-1c KO mice. For further verification, we selected the three most significantly changed genes: glucagon-like peptide 2 receptors (GLP2R) involved in hippocampal neurogenesis and neuroplasticity as well as in cognitive impairments; necdin (NDN) which is related to neuronal death and neurodevelopmental disorders; and Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ERBB4) which is a receptor for schizophrenia-linked protein, neuregulin-1. The protein levels of GLP2R and NDN were considerably decreased, but the level of ERBB4 was significantly increased in the hippocampus of SREBP-1c KO mice. However, further confirmation is warranted to establish the translatability of these findings from this rodent model into human patients. We suggest that these data provide novel molecular evidence for the modulatory role of SREBP-1c in the mouse hippocampus.
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Terao M, Garattini E, Romão MJ, Leimkühler S. Evolution, expression, and substrate specificities of aldehyde oxidase enzymes in eukaryotes. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5377-5389. [PMID: 32144208 PMCID: PMC7170512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.007741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidases (AOXs) are a small group of enzymes belonging to the larger family of molybdo-flavoenzymes, along with the well-characterized xanthine oxidoreductase. The two major types of reactions that are catalyzed by AOXs are the hydroxylation of heterocycles and the oxidation of aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. Different animal species have different complements of AOX genes. The two extremes are represented in humans and rodents; whereas the human genome contains a single active gene (AOX1), those of rodents, such as mice, are endowed with four genes (Aox1-4), clustering on the same chromosome, each encoding a functionally distinct AOX enzyme. It still remains enigmatic why some species have numerous AOX enzymes, whereas others harbor only one functional enzyme. At present, little is known about the physiological relevance of AOX enzymes in humans and their additional forms in other mammals. These enzymes are expressed in the liver and play an important role in the metabolisms of drugs and other xenobiotics. In this review, we discuss the expression, tissue-specific roles, and substrate specificities of the different mammalian AOX enzymes and highlight insights into their physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineko Terao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Garattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria João Romão
- UCIBIO-Applied Biomolecular Sciences Unit, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Inhibition of vertebrate aldehyde oxidase as a therapeutic treatment for cancer, obesity, aging and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 187:111948. [PMID: 31877540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aldehyde oxidases (AOXs) are a small sub-family of cytosolic molybdo-flavoenzymes, which are structurally conserved proteins and broadly distributed from plants to animals. AOXs play multiple roles in both physiological and pathological processes and AOX inhibition is of increasing significance in the development of novel drugs and therapeutic strategies. This review provides an overview of the evolution and the action mechanism of AOX and the role of each domain. The review provides an update of the polymorphisms in the human AOX. This review also summarises the physiology of AOX in different organs and its role in drug metabolism. The inhibition of AOX is a promising therapeutic treatment for cancer, obesity, aging and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Terao M, Goracci L, Celestini V, Kurosaki M, Bolis M, Di Veroli A, Vallerga A, Fratelli M, Lupi M, Corbelli A, Fiordaliso F, Gianni M, Paroni G, Zanetti A, Cruciani G, Garattini E. Role of mitochondria and cardiolipins in growth inhibition of breast cancer cells by retinoic acid. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:436. [PMID: 31665044 PMCID: PMC6821005 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background All-trans-retinoic-acid (ATRA) is a promising agent in the prevention/treatment of breast-cancer. There is growing evidence that reprogramming of cellular lipid metabolism contributes to malignant transformation and progression. Lipid metabolism is implicated in cell differentiation and metastatic colonization and it is involved in the mechanisms of sensitivity/resistance to different anti-tumor agents. The role played by lipids in the anti-tumor activity of ATRA has never been studied. Methods We used 16 breast cancer cell-lines whose degree of sensitivity to the anti-proliferative action of ATRA is known. We implemented a non-oriented mass-spectrometry based approach to define the lipidomic profiles of each cell-line grown under basal conditions and following treatment with ATRA. To complement the lipidomic data, untreated and retinoid treated cell-lines were also subjected to RNA-sequencing to define the perturbations afforded by ATRA on the whole-genome gene-expression profiles. The number and functional activity of mitochondria were determined in selected ATRA-sensitive and –resistant cell-lines. Bio-computing approaches were used to analyse the high-throughput lipidomic and transcriptomic data. Results ATRA perturbs the homeostasis of numerous lipids and the most relevant effects are observed on cardiolipins, which are located in the mitochondrial inner membranes and play a role in oxidative-phosphorylation. ATRA reduces the amounts of cardiolipins and the effect is associated with the growth-inhibitory activity of the retinoid. Down-regulation of cardiolipins is due to a reduction of mitochondria, which is caused by an ATRA-dependent decrease in the expression of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. This demonstrates that ATRA anti-tumor activity is due to a decrease in the amounts of mitochondria causing deficits in the respiration/energy-balance of breast-cancer cells. Conclusions The observation that ATRA anti-proliferative activity is caused by a reduction in the respiration and energy balance of the tumor cells has important ramifications for the therapeutic action of ATRA in breast cancer. The study may open the way to the development of rational therapeutic combinations based on the use of ATRA and anti-tumor agents targeting the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineko Terao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Goracci
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Celestini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Mami Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bolis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Veroli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Arianna Vallerga
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Fratelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Lupi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corbelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gianni
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriela Paroni
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Zanetti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Enrico Garattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
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Cheshmazar N, Dastmalchi S, Terao M, Garattini E, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M. Aldehyde oxidase at the crossroad of metabolism and preclinical screening. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:428-452. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1667379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Cheshmazar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mineko Terao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Garattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Chen S, Austin-Muttitt K, Zhang LH, Mullins JGL, Lau AJ. In Vitro and In Silico Analyses of the Inhibition of Human Aldehyde Oxidase by Bazedoxifene, Lasofoxifene, and Structural Analogues. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:75-86. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Mota C, Coelho C, Leimkühler S, Garattini E, Terao M, Santos-Silva T, Romão MJ. Critical overview on the structure and metabolism of human aldehyde oxidase and its role in pharmacokinetics. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Direct comparison of the four aldehyde oxidase enzymes present in mouse gives insight into their substrate specificities. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191819. [PMID: 29370288 PMCID: PMC5784979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian aldehyde oxidases (AOXs) are molybdo-flavoenzymes which are present in many tissues in various mammalian species, including humans and rodents. Different species contain a different number of AOX isoforms. In particular, the reasons why mammals other than humans express a multiplicity of tissue-specific AOX enzymes is unknown. In mouse, the isoforms mAOX1, mAOX3, mAOX4 and mAOX2 are present. We previously established a codon-optimized heterologous expression systems for the mAOX1-4 isoforms in Escherichia coli that gives yield to sufficient amounts of active protein for kinetic characterizations and sets the basis in this study for site-directed mutagenesis and structure-function studies. A direct and simultaneous comparison of the enzymatic properties and characteristics of the four enzymes on a larger number of substrates has never been performed. Here, thirty different structurally related aromatic, aliphatic and N-heterocyclic compounds were used as substrates, and the kinetic parameters of all four mAOX enzymes were directly compared. The results show that especially mAOX4 displays a higher substrate selectivity, while no major differences between mAOX1, mAOX2 and mAOX3 were identified. Generally, mAOX1 was the enzyme with the highest catalytic turnover for most substrates. To understand the factors that contribute to the substrate specificity of mAOX4, site-directed mutagenesis was applied to substitute amino acids in the substrate-binding funnel by the ones present in mAOX1, mAOX3, and mAOX2. An increase in activity was obtained by the amino acid exchange M1088V in the active site identified to be specific for mAOX4, to the amino acid identified in mAOX3.
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Barzago MM, Kurosaki M, Fratelli M, Bolis M, Giudice C, Nordio L, Cerri E, Domenici L, Terao M, Garattini E. Generation of a new mouse model of glaucoma characterized by reduced expression of the AP-2β and AP-2δ proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11140. [PMID: 28894266 PMCID: PMC5593953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated 6 transgenic lines with insertion of an expression plasmid for the R883/M xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) mutant protein. Approximately 20% of the animals deriving from one of the transgenic lines show ocular abnormalities and an increase in intra-ocular pressure which are consistent with glaucoma. The observed pathologic phenotype is not due to expression of the transgene, but rather the consequence of the transgene insertion site, which has been defined by genome sequencing. The insertion site maps to chromosome 1qA3 in close proximity to the loci encoding AP-2β and AP-2δ, two proteins expressed in the eye. The insertion leads to a reduction in AP-2β and AP-2δ levels. Down-regulation of AP-2β expression is likely to be responsible for the pathologic phenotype, as conditional deletion of the Tfap2b gene in the neural crest has recently been shown to cause defective development of the eye anterior segment and early-onset glaucoma. In these conditional knock-out and our transgenic mice, the morphological/histological features of the glaucomatous pathology are surprisingly similar. Our transgenic mouse represents a model of angle-closure glaucoma and a useful tool for the study of the pathogenesis and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Monica Barzago
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Mami Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Maddalena Fratelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Bolis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Giudice
- DIVET, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy, Via Celoria 10, 20113, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Nordio
- DIVET, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Italy, Via Celoria 10, 20113, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Cerri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Neuroscience Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciano Domenici
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Neuroscience Institute, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology (DISCAB), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mineko Terao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy.
| | - Enrico Garattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via La Masa 19, 20156, Milano, Italy.
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Romão MJ, Coelho C, Santos-Silva T, Foti A, Terao M, Garattini E, Leimkühler S. Structural basis for the role of mammalian aldehyde oxidases in the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 37:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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