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Roberts LE, Williams CEC, Oni L, Barratt J, Selvaskandan H. IgA Nephropathy: Emerging Mechanisms of Disease. Indian J Nephrol 2024; 34:297-309. [PMID: 39156850 PMCID: PMC11326799 DOI: 10.25259/ijn_425_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis reported across the world and is characterized by immunoglobulin A (IgA) dominant mesangial deposits, which are poorly O-glycosylated. This deposition leads to a cascade of glomerular and tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis, which can progress to chronic kidney disease. The variability in rate of progression reflects the many genetic and environmental factors that drive IgAN. Here, we summarize the contemporary understanding of the disease mechanisms that drive IgAN and provide an overview of new and emerging therapies, which target these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia E Roberts
- John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe E C Williams
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trusts, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Oni
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Barratt
- John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Haresh Selvaskandan
- John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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2
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Uetz P, Göritzer K, Vergara E, Melnik S, Grünwald-Gruber C, Figl R, Deghmane AE, Groppelli E, Reljic R, Ma JKC, Stöger E, Strasser R. Implications of O-glycan modifications in the hinge region of a plant-produced SARS-CoV-2-IgA antibody on functionality. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1329018. [PMID: 38511130 PMCID: PMC10953500 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1329018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Prolyl-4-hydroxylases (P4H) catalyse the irreversible conversion of proline to hydroxyproline, constituting a common posttranslational modification of proteins found in humans, plants, and microbes. Hydroxyproline residues can be further modified in plants to yield glycoproteins containing characteristic O-glycans. It is currently unknown how these plant endogenous modifications impact protein functionality and they cause considerable concerns for the recombinant production of therapeutic proteins in plants. In this study, we carried out host engineering to generate a therapeutic glycoprotein largely devoid of plant-endogenous O-glycans for functional characterization. Methods: Genome editing was used to inactivate two genes coding for enzymes of the P4H10 subfamily in the widely used expression host Nicotiana benthamiana. Using glycoengineering in plants and expression in human HEK293 cells we generated four variants of a potent, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody, COVA2-15 IgA1. The variants that differed in the number of modified proline residues and O-glycan compositions of their hinge region were assessed regarding their physicochemical properties and functionality. Results: We found that plant endogenous O-glycan formation was strongly reduced on IgA1 when transiently expressed in the P4H10 double mutant N. benthamiana plant line. The IgA1 glycoforms displayed differences in proteolytic stability and minor differences in receptor binding thus highlighting the importance of O-glycosylation in the hinge region of human IgA1. Discussion: This work reports the successful protein O-glycan engineering of an important plant host for recombinant protein expression. While the complete removal of endogenous hydroxyproline residues from the hinge region of plant-produced IgA1 is yet to be achieved, our engineered line is suitable for structure-function studies of O-glycosylated recombinant glycoproteins produced in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Uetz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emil Vergara
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stanislav Melnik
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Figl
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ala-Eddine Deghmane
- Invasive Bacterial Infections Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Elisabetta Groppelli
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Jiang P, Yao C, Guo DA. Traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of immune-related nephropathy: A review. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:38-66. [PMID: 38239236 PMCID: PMC10793104 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune-related nephropathy (IRN) refers to immune-response-mediated glomerulonephritis and is the main cause of end-stage renal failure. The pathogenesis of IRN is not fully understood; therefore, treatment is challenging. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have potent clinical effects in the treatment of the IRN conditions immunoglobulin A nephropathy, lupus nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy. The underlying mechanisms mainly include its inhibition of inflammation; improvements to renal interstitial fibrosis, oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis; and regulation of immunity. In this review, we summarize the clinical symptoms of the three IRN subtypes and the use of TCM prescriptions, herbs, and bioactive compounds in treating IRN, as well as the potential mechanisms, intending to provide a reference for the future study of TCM as IRN treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changliang Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - De-an Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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4
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van Dalen R, Elsherbini AMA, Harms M, Alber S, Stemmler R, Peschel A. Secretory IgA impacts the microbiota density in the human nose. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:233. [PMID: 37865781 PMCID: PMC10589987 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory mucosal host defense relies on the production of secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies, but we currently lack a fundamental understanding of how sIgA is induced by contact with microbes and how such immune responses may vary between humans. Defense of the nasal mucosal barrier through sIgA is critical to protect from infection and to maintain homeostasis of the microbiome, which influences respiratory disorders and hosts opportunistic pathogens. METHODS We applied IgA-seq analysis to nasal microbiota samples from male and female healthy volunteers, to identify which bacterial genera and species are targeted by sIgA on the level of the individual host. Furthermore, we used nasal sIgA from the same individuals in sIgA deposition experiments to validate the IgA-seq outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We observed that the amount of sIgA secreted into the nasal mucosa by the host varied substantially and was negatively correlated with the bacterial density, suggesting that nasal sIgA limits the overall bacterial capacity to colonize. The interaction between mucosal sIgA antibodies and the nasal microbiota was highly individual with no obvious differences between potentially invasive and non-invasive bacterial species. Importantly, we could show that for the clinically relevant opportunistic pathogen and frequent nasal resident Staphylococcus aureus, sIgA reactivity was in part the result of epitope-independent interaction of sIgA with the antibody-binding protein SpA through binding of sIgA Fab regions. This study thereby offers a first comprehensive insight into the targeting of the nasal microbiota by sIgA antibodies. It thereby helps to better understand the shaping and homeostasis of the nasal microbiome by the host and may guide the development of effective mucosal vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob van Dalen
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Department of Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence EXC2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Present Address: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ahmed M A Elsherbini
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Department of Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mareike Harms
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Department of Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svenja Alber
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Department of Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Regine Stemmler
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Department of Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Department of Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence EXC2124 Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Amatruda M, Carucci NS, Chimenz R, Conti G. Immunoglobulin A vasculitis nephritis: Current understanding of pathogenesis and treatment. World J Nephrol 2023; 12:82-92. [PMID: 37766840 PMCID: PMC10520755 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v12.i4.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical spectrum of immunoglobulin A vasculitis nephritis (IgAVN) ranges from the relatively common transitory microscopic hematuria and/or low-grade proteinuria to nephritic or nephrotic syndrome, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, or even renal failure. Clinical and experimental studies have shown a multifactor pathogenesis: Infection triggers, impaired glycosylation of IgA1, complement activation, Toll-like-receptor activation and B cell proliferation. This knowledge can identify IgAVN patients at a greater risk for adverse outcome and increase the evidence for treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Amatruda
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology Unit, AOU G Martino, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Nicolina Stefania Carucci
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology Unit, AOU G Martino, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Roberto Chimenz
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology Unit, AOU G Martino, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Giovanni Conti
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology Unit, AOU G Martino, University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
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Xu W, Song W, Chen S, Jin S, Xue X, Min J, Wang X, You P. Tetrandrine inhibits the proliferation of mesangial cells induced by enzymatically deglycosylated human IgA1 via IgA receptor/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1150829. [PMID: 37397485 PMCID: PMC10308221 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1150829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Despite the use of renin-angiotensin system blockade and immunosuppressive drugs, including corticosteroids, the current treatment regimens for Immunoglobulins A nephropathy (IgAN) are severely limited. The proliferation of mesangial cell and deposition of deglycosylated human IgA1 immune complex are the most common pathologic features of IgAN. We examined the tetrandrine potential of suppressing the proliferation of mesangial cells and explored its underlying mechanisms with a focus on IgA receptor/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Methods: Standard human IgA (native IgA) were enzymatically desialylated (deS IgA) or further degalactosylated (deS/deGal IgA) using neuraminidase and β-galactosidase. Rat glomerular mesangial cells (HBZY-1) and human renal mesangial cells (HRMC) stimulated by IgA were used to observe the suppressive effect of tetrandrine. The MTT assay was used to detect the cell viability. The protein expression of IgA receptor/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway was examined by Western blot. Cell cycle analysis was measured by flow cytometer. Results: Native IgA and deS IgA showed limited stimulation effect on both HBZY-1 cells and HRMCs, whereas deS/deGal IgA significantly stimulated the proliferation of both HBZY-1 cells and HRMCs (p < 0.05). Compared with non-stimulation of deS/deGal IgA, 1-3 μM of tetrandrine had stronger inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HBZY-1 cells and HRMCs with the stimulation of deS/deGal IgA (p < 0.05), suggesting that tetrandrine possibly inhibited the proliferation of mesangial cells induced by deglycosylated human IgA1 specifically. Molecular mechanism study revealed that tetrandrine decreased the expression of IgA1 receptor, CD71 and β4GALT1, and inhibited the activation of MAPK/NF-κB significantly (p < 0.05). Moreover, these inhibitory effect of tetrandrine caused cell cycle arrest and stopped the cell growth in the S phase companied with the upregulating of cyclin A2 and downregulating of cyclin D1. Conclusion: Taken together, tetrandrine inhibited the proliferation of mesangial cells induced by enzymatically deglycosylated human IgA1 via IgA receptor/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Based on these potential molecular mechanisms, tetrandrine would be an appealing therapeutic option for IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanci Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhe Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Xue
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinwen Min
- The First Clinical Medical College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengtao You
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Du Y, Cheng T, Liu C, Zhu T, Guo C, Li S, Rao X, Li J. IgA Nephropathy: Current Understanding and Perspectives on Pathogenesis and Targeted Treatment. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13020303. [PMID: 36673113 PMCID: PMC9857562 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, with varied clinical and histopathological features between individuals, particularly across races. As an autoimmune disease, IgAN arises from consequences of increased circulating levels of galactose-deficient IgA1 and mesangial deposition of IgA-containing immune complexes, which are recognized as key events in the widely accepted "multi-hit" pathogenesis of IgAN. The emerging evidence further provides insights into the role of genes, environment, mucosal immunity and complement system. These developments are paralleled by the increasing availability of diagnostic tools, potential biomarkers and therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize current evidence and outline novel findings in the prognosis, clinical trials and translational research from the updated perspectives of IgAN pathogenesis.
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Lin DW, Chang CC, Hsu YC, Lin CL. New Insights into the Treatment of Glomerular Diseases: When Mechanisms Become Vivid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3525. [PMID: 35408886 PMCID: PMC8998908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment for glomerular diseases has been extrapolated from the experience of other autoimmune disorders while the underlying pathogenic mechanisms were still not well understood. As the classification of glomerular diseases was based on patterns of juries instead of mechanisms, treatments were typically the art of try and error. With the advancement of molecular biology, the role of the immune agent in glomerular diseases is becoming more evident. The four-hit theory based on the discovery of gd-IgA1 gives a more transparent outline of the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), and dysregulation of Treg plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of minimal change disease (MCD). An epoch-making breakthrough is the discovery of PLA2R antibodies in the primary membranous nephropathy (pMN). This is the first biomarker applied for precision medicine in kidney disease. Understanding the immune system's role in glomerular diseases allows the use of various immunosuppressants or other novel treatments, such as complement inhibitors, to treat glomerular diseases more reasonable. In this era of advocating personalized medicine, it is inevitable to develop precision medicine with mechanism-based novel biomarkers and novel therapies in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi 60069, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Chih Chang
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Chien Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan
- Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 613016, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 613016, Taiwan
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833253, Taiwan
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Xie X, Li J, Liu P, Wang M, Gao L, Wan F, Lv J, Zhang H, Jin J. Chimeric Fusion between Clostridium ramosum IgA Protease and IgG Fc Provides Long-lasting Clearance of IgA deposits in Mouse Models of IgA Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:918-935. [PMID: 35172987 PMCID: PMC9063903 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgA nephropathy is a common primary glomerulonephritis caused by mesangial deposition of poly-IgA complexes. The disease follows a variable course of clinical progression with a high risk of kidney failure. While no specific therapy is available, enzymatic strategies to clear IgA deposits are being considered for the treatment of rapidly progressive IgA nephropathy. METHODS We chose an IgA protease of commensal bacterium Clostridium ramosum, termed AK183, as the template for constructing a recombinant biologic. To extend the half-life in blood, we fused AK183 to the Fc segment of human IgG1. Activities of this Fc-AK183 fusion protein towards the cleavage and subsequent clearance of IgA were tested in mouse models. RESULTS First, we discovered an autocleavage activity of AK183 that separates the N-terminal protease from its C-terminal autotransporter β domain. Therefore, we grafted Fc to the N-terminus of AK183 and demonstrated its week-long enzymatic activity in mice. In addition, the proteolytic fragments of IgA generated in the reaction with Fc-AK183 were effectively removed from circulation via kidney filtration. The combined actions of Fc-AK183-mediated cleavage and subsequent renal clearance of IgA resulted in a lasting obliteration of blood IgA, as demonstrated in a human IgA-injection model and in a humanized α1KI transgenic model. Fc-AK183 was also able to remove chronic IgA and associated complement C3 deposits in the glomerulus. CONCLUSION We constructed a chimeric fusion of IgA protease with Fc and demonstrated its long-lasting efficacy as a promising targeted therapy for IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Xie
- X Xie, Department of Medicine-Nephrology and Hypertension, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Jingyi Li
- J Li, Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Liu
- P Liu, Department of Medicine-Nephrology and Hypertension, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Manliu Wang
- M Wang, Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Gao
- L Gao, Department of Medicine-Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Feng Wan
- F Wan, Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jicheng Lv
- J Lv, Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- H Zhang, Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jin
- J Jin, Department of Medicine-Nephrology and Hypertension, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
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Xie X, Gao L, Liu P, Lv J, Lu WH, Zhang H, Jin J. Propensity of IgA to self-aggregate via tailpiece cysteine-471 and treatment of IgA nephropathy using cysteamine. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e150551. [PMID: 34428184 PMCID: PMC8525636 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy is caused by deposition of circulatory IgA1 in the kidney. Hypogalactosylated IgA1 has the propensity to form poly-IgA aggregates that are prone to deposition. Herein, we purified poly-IgA from the plasma of patients with IgA nephropathy and showed that the complex is susceptible to reducing conditions, suggesting intermolecular disulfide connections between IgA units. We sought to find the cysteine residue(s) that form intermolecular disulfide. Naturally assembled dimeric IgA, also known as secretory IgA, involves a J chain subunit connected with 2 IgA1 molecules via their penultimate cysteine-471 residue on a “tailpiece” segment of IgA heavy chain. It is plausible that, with the absence of J chain, the cysteine residue of mono-IgA1 might aberrantly form a disulfide bond in poly-IgA formation. Mutagenesis confirmed that cysteine-471 is capable of promoting IgA aggregation. These discoveries prompted us to test thiol-based drugs for stabilizing cysteine. Specifically, the cystine-reducing drug cysteamine used for treatment of cystinosis showed a remarkable potency in preventing self-aggregation of IgA. When administrated to rat and mouse models of IgA nephropathy, cysteamine significantly reduced glomerular IgA deposition. Collectively, our results reveal a potentially novel molecular mechanism for aberrant formation of IgA aggregates, to which the repurposed cystinosis drug cysteamine was efficacious in preventing renal IgA deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Xie
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology and Hypertension, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Nephrology and
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology and Hypertension, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology and Hypertension, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jicheng Lv
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology and Hypertension, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Scionti K, Molyneux K, Selvaskandan H, Barratt J, Cheung CK. New Insights into the Pathogenesis and Treatment Strategies in IgA Nephropathy. GLOMERULAR DISEASES 2021; 2:15-29. [PMID: 36751267 PMCID: PMC9677740 DOI: 10.1159/000519973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. It is defined by mesangial IgA deposition, with consequent mesangial cell proliferation, inflammation, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Summary Approximately 30% of affected patients will progress to end-stage kidney disease within 20 years of diagnosis. Currently, there is no disease-specific treatment available and management recommendations are, in general, limited to optimization of lifestyle measures and use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers. More recently, advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of IgAN have informed the development of novel therapeutic strategies that are now being tested in clinical trials. These have focused on different areas that include modulating the production of poorly galactosylated IgA1, which is central to the development of IgAN, and inhibiting the downstream signaling pathways and complement activation that are triggered following mesangial IgA1 deposition. In this review, we will summarize important pathogenic mechanisms in IgAN and highlight important areas of interest where treatment strategies are being developed. Key messages IgAN is a common form of primary glomerulonephritis for which there is no current approved specific therapy. Recent advances in the understanding of its pathogenesis have led to the development of novel therapies, with the hope that new treatment options will be available soon to treat this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Scionti
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Molyneux
- John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Haresh Selvaskandan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom,John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Barratt
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom,John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom,*Jonathan Barratt,
| | - Chee Kay Cheung
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom,John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Huang X, Xu G. An Update on Targeted Treatment of IgA Nephropathy: An Autoimmune Perspective. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:715253. [PMID: 34497518 PMCID: PMC8419281 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.715253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) A nephropathy (IgAN) is the commonest form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide and is, considered a significant cause of end-stage renal disease in young adults. The precise pathogenesis of IgAN is unclear. The clinical and pathological features vary significantly between individuals and races, which makes treating IgAN difficult. Currently, the therapeutic strategies in IgAN are still optimal blood pressure control and proteinuria remission to improve the renal function in most cases. Immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids can be considered in patients with persistent proteinuria and a high risk of renal function decline; however, they include a high toxicity profile. Therefore, the safety and selectivity of medications are critical concerns in the treatment of IgAN. Various pharmacological therapeutic targets have emerged based on the evolving understanding of the autoimmune pathogenesis of IgAN, which involves the immune response, mucosal immunity, renal inflammation, complement activation, and autophagy; treatments based on these mechanisms have been explored in preclinical and clinical studies. This review summarizes the progress concerning targeted therapeutic strategies and the relevant autoimmune pathogenesis in IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gaosi Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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13
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Abstract
Infants are born without an established gut microbiota, which develops rapidly after birth and is shaped by the maternal microbiota. However, how the maternal microbiota, through shaping the neonatal microbiota, would affect the establishment of a strong immune system in neonates remains unclear. Here, we show mechanistically how the maternal microbiota regulates the de novo production of neonatal IgA. Infants are prone to enteric infections due to an underdeveloped immune system. The maternal microbiota, through shaping the neonatal microbiota, helps establish a strong immune system in infants. We and others have observed the phenomenon of enhanced early neonatal immunoglobulin A (IgA) production in preweaning immunocompetent mice nursed by immunodeficient dams. Here, we show that this enhancement of IgA in neonates results from maternally derived microbiota. In addition, we have found that the neonatal IgA production can be induced by Lactobacillus reuteri, which is enriched in the milk of immunodeficient dams. Moreover, we show that while the production of neonatal IgA is dependent on neonatal T cells, the immunodeficient maternal microbiota-mediated enhancement of neonatal IgA has a T cell–independent component. Indeed, this enhancement may be dependent on type 3 innate lymphoid cells in the neonatal small intestinal lamina propria. Interestingly, maternal microbiota-induced neonatal IgA does not cross-react with common enteric pathogens. Future investigations will determine the functional consequences of having this extra IgA.
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14
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Hammers D, Carothers K, Lee S. The Role of Bacterial Proteases in Microbe and Host-microbe Interactions. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:222-239. [PMID: 34370632 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210809094100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted proteases are an important class of factors used by bacterial to modulate their extracellular environment through the cleavage of peptides and proteins. These proteases can range from broad, general proteolytic activity to high degrees of substrate specificity. They are often involved in interactions between bacteria and other species, even across kingdoms, allowing bacteria to survive and compete within their niche. As a result, many bacterial proteases are of clinical importance. The immune system is a common target for these enzymes, and bacteria have evolved ways to use these proteases to alter immune responses for their benefit. In addition to the wide variety of human proteins that can be targeted by bacterial proteases, bacteria also use these secreted factors to disrupt competing microbes, ranging from outright antimicrobial activity to disrupting processes like biofilm formation. OBJECTIVE In this review, we address how bacterial proteases modulate host mechanisms of protection from infection and injury, including immune factors and cell barriers. We also discuss the contributions of bacterial proteases to microbe-microbe interactions, including antimicrobial and anti-biofilm dynamics. CONCLUSION Bacterial secreted proteases represent an incredibly diverse group of factors that bacteria use to shape and thrive in their microenvironment. Due to the range of activities and targets of these proteases, some have been noted for having potential as therapeutics. The vast array of bacterial proteases and their targets remains an expanding field of research, and this field has many important implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hammers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Katelyn Carothers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Shaun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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15
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Classification, structural biology, and applications of mucin domain-targeting proteases. Biochem J 2021; 478:1585-1603. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces throughout the body are coated by mucins, a class of proteins carrying domains characterized by a high density of O-glycosylated serine and threonine residues. The resulting mucosal layers form crucial host-microbe interfaces that prevent the translocation of microbes while also selecting for distinct bacteria via the presented glycan repertoire. The intricate interplay between mucus production and breakdown thus determines the composition of the microbiota maintained within these mucosal environments, which can have a large influence on the host during both homeostasis and disease. Most research to date on mucus breakdown has focused on glycosidases that trim glycan structures to release monosaccharides as a source of nutrients. More recent work has uncovered the existence of mucin-type O-glycosylation-dependent proteases that are secreted by pathogens, commensals, and mutualists to facilitate mucosal colonization and penetration. Additionally, immunoglobulin A (IgA) proteases promote bacterial colonization in the presence of neutralizing secretory IgA through selective cleavage of the heavily O-glycosylated hinge region. In this review, we summarize families of O-glycoproteases and IgA proteases, discuss known structural features, and review applications of these enzymes to glycobiology.
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16
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Bai C, Nie N, Li Y, Zhang C, Xu M, Li Z. Long noncoding RNA Mirt2 prohibits lipopolysaccharide-evoked HK-2 cell injury via modulation of microRNA-126. Biofactors 2020; 46:465-474. [PMID: 31889348 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA myocardial infarction-associated transcript 2 (lncRNA Mirt2) is a burgeoning lncRNA, its anti-inflammatory capacity has been testified. Nonetheless, the functions of Mirt2 in immunoglobulin A nephropathy are unexplored. We tried to impart the influences of Mirt2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-evoked HK-2 cells damage. HK-2 cells were manipulated with 10 ng/ml LPS, next cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, pro-inflammatory factors and Mirt2 expression were evaluated. After pc-Mirt2 vector transfection, the aforementioned trials were performed. Meanwhile, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiment was used to detect miR-126 expression. Subsequently, functions of miR-126 in LPS-treated HK-2 cells were further delved after transfection with miR-126 mimic. Western blot was used to evaluate NF-κB pathway. The data showed that LPS invoked HK-2 cells inflammatory damage via the suppression of cell viability and the acceleration of apoptosis, ROS level, and IL-1β and IL-6 secretion. LPS inhibited Mirt2 expression and overexpression of Mirt2 mitigated LPS-caused inflammatory damage in HK-2 cells. Additionally, overexpression of Mirt2 repressed miR-126 expression in LPS-stimulated cells. Meanwhile the anti-inflammatory effect of Mirt2 was inverted by upregulating miR-126 expression. Besides, overexpressed Mirt2 retarded LPS-activated NF-κB pathway via repressing miR-126. The research certified the anti-inflammatory impacts of Mirt2 on LPS-impaired HK-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Nana Nie
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yushan Li
- Emergency Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zipu Li
- Heart Center, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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de Sousa-Pereira P, Woof JM. IgA: Structure, Function, and Developability. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040057. [PMID: 31817406 PMCID: PMC6963396 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a key role in defending mucosal surfaces against attack by infectious microorganisms. Such sites present a major site of susceptibility due to their vast surface area and their constant exposure to ingested and inhaled material. The importance of IgA to effective immune defence is signalled by the fact that more IgA is produced than all the other immunoglobulin classes combined. Indeed, IgA is not just the most prevalent antibody class at mucosal sites, but is also present at significant concentrations in serum. The unique structural features of the IgA heavy chain allow IgA to polymerise, resulting in mainly dimeric forms, along with some higher polymers, in secretions. Both serum IgA, which is principally monomeric, and secretory forms of IgA are capable of neutralising and removing pathogens through a range of mechanisms, including triggering the IgA Fc receptor known as FcαRI or CD89 on phagocytes. The effectiveness of these elimination processes is highlighted by the fact that various pathogens have evolved mechanisms to thwart such IgA-mediated clearance. As the structure–function relationships governing the varied capabilities of this immunoglobulin class come into increasingly clear focus, and means to circumvent any inherent limitations are developed, IgA-based monoclonal antibodies are set to emerge as new and potent options in the therapeutic arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Sousa-Pereira
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- CIBIO-InBIO, Campus Agrário de Vairão, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Jenny M. Woof
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382-383389
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18
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Tabrez S, Jabir NR, Khan MI, Khan MS, Shakil S, Siddiqui AN, Zaidi SK, Ahmed BA, Kamal MA. Association of autoimmunity and cancer: An emphasis on proteolytic enzymes. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 64:19-28. [PMID: 31100322 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and autoimmune diseases are the two devastating conditions that together constitute a leading health problem worldwide. The rising burden of these disorders in the developing world demands a multifaceted approach to address the challenges it poses. Understanding the root causes and specific molecular mechanisms by which the progression of the diseases takes place is need of the hour. A strong inflammatory background and common developmental pathways, such as activation of immune cells, proliferation, increased cell survival and migration which are controlled by growth factors and inflammatory cytokines have been considered as the critical culprits in the progression and complications of these disorders. Enzymes are the potential immune modulators which regulate various inflammatory events and can break the circulating immune complexes via macrophages production. In the current manuscript, we have uncovered the possible role of proteolytic enzymes in the pathogenesis and progression of cancer and autoimmune diseases. In the light of the available scientific literature, we advocate in-depth comprehensive studies which will shed light towards the role of proteolytic enzymes in the modulation of inflammatory responses in cancer and autoimmune diseases together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nasimudeen R Jabir
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazi Shakil
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Syed Kashif Zaidi
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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19
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Abstract
Autoimmunity is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and loss of native and transplanted kidneys. Conventional immunosuppressive therapies can be effective but are non-specific, noncurative, and risk serious side effects such as life-threatening infection and cancer. Novel therapies and targeted interventions are urgently needed. In this brief review we explore diverse strategies currently in development and under consideration to interrupt underlying disease mechanisms in immune-mediated renal injury. Because autoantibodies are prominent in diagnosis and pathogenesis in multiple human glomerulopathies, we highlight several promising therapies that interfere with functions of early mediators (IgG and complement) of the effector arm and with an epicenter (the germinal center) for induction of humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Helen Foster
- a Department of Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.,b Medical and Research Services , Durham VA Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA
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20
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Wang H, Zhong X, Li J, Zhu M, Wang L, Ji X, Fan J, Wang L. Cloning and Expression of H. influenzae 49247 IgA Protease in E. coli. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:134-140. [PMID: 29318516 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
IgA protease is secreted by various mucosal pathogenic bacteria which can cleave human immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) in its hinge region. In addition to be considered as a virulence factor, it's reported that IgA protease can also be used for IgA nephropathy (IgAN) treatment. Our previous study identified bacteria H. influenzae 49247 expressed high activity of IgA protease with promised application in IgAN therapy. In this study, we cloned the IgA protease gene of H. influenzae 49247 with degenerate primers. Alignment analysis indicated that H. influenzae 49247 IgA protease showed unique DNA and amino acid sequence but with typical endopeptidase domain and beta transporter domain compared with known IgA proteases from the same species. To facilitate expression and purification, the H. influenzae 49247 IgA protease gene was sub-cloned into the pET28-A(+) vector with insertion of a 6xHis tag downstream of the endopeptidase domain and upstream of the potential autocleavage site. The recombined IgA protease can be constitutively expressed in E. coli and secreted into the culture medium. With a simple nickel affinity binding, the secreted IgA protease can be purified with high purity (95%) and a molecular weight of about 130 kDa. The identity of the IgA protease was validated by the presence of 6xHis tag in the purified protein by western blotting and its ability to cleave human IgA1 molecule. Collectively, the successful cloning, expression and purification of H. influenzae 49247 IgA protease will augment its therapeutic study in IgAN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Wang
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Zhong
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianchun Li
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Menglian Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingli Ji
- College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Junming Fan
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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21
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Heineke MH, Ballering AV, Jamin A, Ben Mkaddem S, Monteiro RC, Van Egmond M. New insights in the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura). Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:1246-1253. [PMID: 29037908 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV), also referred to as Henoch-Schönlein purpura, is the most common form of childhood vasculitis. The pathogenesis of IgAV is still largely unknown. The disease is characterized by IgA1-immune deposits, complement factors and neutrophil infiltration, which is accompanied with vascular inflammation. Incidence of IgAV is twice as high during fall and winter, suggesting an environmental trigger associated to climate. Symptoms can resolve without intervention, but some patients develop glomerulonephritis with features similar to IgA nephropathy that include hematuria, proteinuria and IgA deposition in the glomerulus. Ultimately, this can lead to end-stage renal disease. In IgA nephropathy immune complexes containing galactose-deficient (Gd-)IgA1 are found and thought to play a role in pathogenesis. Although Gd-IgA1 complexes are also present in patients with IgAV with nephritis, their role in IgAV is disputed. Alternatively, it has been proposed that in IgAV IgA1 antibodies are generated against endothelial cells. We anticipate that such IgA complexes can activate neutrophils via the IgA Fc receptor FcαRI (CD89), thereby inducing neutrophil migration and activation, which ultimately causes tissue damage in IgAV. In this Review, we discuss the putative role of IgA, IgA receptors, neutrophils and other factors such as infections, genetics and the complement system in the pathogenesis of IgA vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke H Heineke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1109, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aranka V Ballering
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1109, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnès Jamin
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1149, Centre de Recherche Sur l'Inflammation, 16 Rue Henri Huchard, Paris 75018, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 Rue Henri Huchard, Paris 75018, France; Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat Site, Paris, France
| | - Sanae Ben Mkaddem
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1149, Centre de Recherche Sur l'Inflammation, 16 Rue Henri Huchard, Paris 75018, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 Rue Henri Huchard, Paris 75018, France; Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat Site, Paris, France
| | - Renato C Monteiro
- National French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1149, Centre de Recherche Sur l'Inflammation, 16 Rue Henri Huchard, Paris 75018, France; National French Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL8252, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Site Xavier Bichat, 16 Rue Henri Huchard, Paris 75018, France; Laboratory of Inflamex Excellency, Faculty of Medicine, Xavier Bichat Site, Paris, France
| | - Marjolein Van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1109, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Immunoglobulins and their receptors, and subversion of their protective roles by bacterial pathogens. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1651-1658. [PMID: 27913674 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) play critical roles in immune defence against infectious disease. They elicit potent elimination processes such as triggering complement activation and engaging specific Fc receptors present on immune cells, resulting in phagocytosis and other killing mechanisms. Many important pathogens have evolved mechanisms to subvert or evade Ig-mediated defence. One such mechanism used by several pathogenic bacteria features proteins that bind the Ig Fc region and compromise engagement of host effector molecules. Examples include different IgA-binding proteins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and group B streptococci, all of which interact with the same interdomain region on IgA Fc. Since this region also forms the interaction site for the major human IgA-specific Fc receptor CD89, the bacteria are able to evade CD89-mediated clearance mechanisms. Similar disruption of Ig effector function by pathogen Ig-binding proteins is evident in other species. Remarkably, all the Ig-binding proteins studied in detail to date are seen to target the CH2-CH3 domain interface in the Ig Fc region, suggesting a common mode of immune evasion. A second Ig subversion mechanism that has evolved independently in numerous pathogens involves proteases that cleave Ig molecules within their hinge regions, uncoupling the antigen recognition capability of the Fab region from clearance mechanisms elicited by the Fc region. The emerging understanding of the structural basis for the recognition of Igs as substrates for these proteases and as interaction partners for Ig-binding proteins may open up new avenues for treatment or vaccination.
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