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Du L, Zong Y, Li H, Wang Q, Xie L, Yang B, Pang Y, Zhang C, Zhong Z, Gao J. Hyperuricemia and its related diseases: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:212. [PMID: 39191722 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01916-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia, characterized by elevated levels of serum uric acid (SUA), is linked to a spectrum of commodities such as gout, cardiovascular diseases, renal disorders, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, etc. Significantly impairing the quality of life for those affected, the prevalence of hyperuricemia is an upward trend globally, especially in most developed countries. UA possesses a multifaceted role, such as antioxidant, pro-oxidative, pro-inflammatory, nitric oxide modulating, anti-aging, and immune effects, which are significant in both physiological and pathological contexts. The equilibrium of circulating urate levels hinges on the interplay between production and excretion, a delicate balance orchestrated by urate transporter functions across various epithelial tissues and cell types. While existing research has identified hyperuricemia involvement in numerous biological processes and signaling pathways, the precise mechanisms connecting elevated UA levels to disease etiology remain to be fully elucidated. In addition, the influence of genetic susceptibilities and environmental determinants on hyperuricemia calls for a detailed and nuanced examination. This review compiles data from global epidemiological studies and clinical practices, exploring the physiological processes and the genetic foundations of urate transporters in depth. Furthermore, we uncover the complex mechanisms by which the UA induced inflammation influences metabolic processes in individuals with hyperuricemia and the association with its relative disease, offering a foundation for innovative therapeutic approaches and advanced pharmacological strategies.
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Grants
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82002339, 81820108020 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Du
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yao Zong
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Haorui Li
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Qiyue Wang
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yidan Pang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Zhigang Zhong
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Junjie Gao
- Sports Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Ichida K. [Uric Acid Metabolism, Uric Acid Transporters and Dysuricemia]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2024; 144:659-674. [PMID: 38825475 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.23-00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Serum urate levels are determined by the balance between uric acid production and uric acid excretion capacity from the kidneys and intestinal tract. Dysuricemia, including hyperuricemia and hypouricemia, develops when the balance shifts towards an increase or a decrease in the uric acid pool. Hyperuricemia is mostly a multifactorial genetic disorder involving several disease susceptibility genes and environmental factors. Hypouricemia, on the other hand, is caused by genetic abnormalities. The main genes involved in dysuricemia are xanthine oxidoreductase, an enzyme that produces uric acid, and the urate transporters urate transporter 1/solute carrier family 22 member 12 (URAT1/SLC22A12), glucose transporter 9/solute carrier family 2 member 9 (GLUT9/SLC2A9) and ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2). Deficiency of xanthine oxidoreductase results in xanthinuria, a rare disease with marked hypouricemia. Xanthinuria can be due to a single deficiency of xanthine oxidoreductase or in combination with aldehyde oxidase deficiency as well. The latter is caused by a deficiency in molybdenum cofactor sulfurase, which is responsible for adding sulphur atoms to the molybdenum cofactor required for xanthine oxidoreductase and aldehyde oxidase to exert their action. URAT1/SLC22A12 and GLUT9/SLC2A9 are involved in urate reabsorption and their deficiency leads to renal hypouricemia, a condition that is common in Japanese due to URAT1/SLC22A12 deficiency. On the other hand, ABCG2 is involved in the secretion of urate, and many Japanese have single nucleotide polymorphisms that result in its reduced function, leading to hyperuricemia. In particular, severe dysfunction of ABCG2 leads to hyperuricemia with reduced extrarenal excretion.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Hyperuricemia/etiology
- Hyperuricemia/metabolism
- Hyperuricemia/genetics
- Uric Acid/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Organic Anion Transporters/metabolism
- Organic Anion Transporters/genetics
- Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative/metabolism
- Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Xanthine Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Xanthine Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Xanthine Dehydrogenase/deficiency
- Animals
- Organic Cation Transport Proteins/genetics
- Organic Cation Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/etiology
- Renal Tubular Transport, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Urinary Calculi/etiology
- Urinary Calculi/metabolism
- Urinary Calculi/genetics
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, The Jikei University School of Medicine
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Nakayama A, Kurajoh M, Toyoda Y, Takada T, Ichida K, Matsuo H. Dysuricemia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3169. [PMID: 38137389 PMCID: PMC10740884 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout results from elevated serum urate (SU) levels, or hyperuricemia, and is a globally widespread and increasingly burdensome disease. Recent studies have illuminated the pathophysiology of gout/hyperuricemia and its epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. The genetic involvement of urate transporters and enzymes is also proven. URAT1, a molecular therapeutic target for gout/hyperuricemia, was initially derived from research into hereditary renal hypouricemia (RHUC). RHUC is often accompanied by complications such as exercise-induced acute kidney injury, which indicates the key physiological role of uric acid. Several studies have also revealed its physiological role as both an anti-oxidant and a pro-oxidant, acting as both a scavenger and a generator of reactive oxygen species (ROSs). These discoveries have prompted research interest in SU and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), an enzyme that produces both urate and ROSs, as status or progression biomarkers of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. The notion of "the lower, the better" is therefore incorrect; a better understanding of uric acid handling and metabolism/transport comes from an awareness that excessively high and low levels both cause problems. We summarize here the current body of evidence, demonstrate that uric acid is much more than a metabolic waste product, and finally propose the novel disease concept of "dysuricemia" on the path toward "normouricemia", or optimal SU level, to take advantage of the dual roles of uric acid. Our proposal should help to interpret the spectrum from hypouricemia to hyperuricemia/gout as a single disease category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kurajoh
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yu Toyoda
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
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Ueda M, Fukui K, Kamatani N, Kamitsuji S, Matsuo A, Sasase T, Nishiu J, Matsushita M. GLUT9 as a potential drug target for chronic kidney disease: Drug target validation by a Mendelian randomization study. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:699-704. [PMID: 37308567 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although chronic kidney disease (CKD) is recognized as a major public health concern, effective treatment strategies have yet to be developed. Identification and validation of drug targets are key issues in the development of therapeutic agents for CKD. Uric acid (UA), a major risk factor for gout, has also been suggested to be a risk factor for CKD, but the efficacy of existing urate-lowering therapies for CKD is controversial. We focused on five uric acid transporters (ABCG2, SLC17A1, SLC22A11, SLC22A12, SLC2A9) as potential drug targets and evaluated the causal association between serum UA levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using single-SNP Mendelian Randomization. The results showed a causal association between genetically predicted changes in serum UA levels and eGFR when genetic variants were selected from the SLC2A9 locus. Estimation based on a loss-of-function mutation (rs16890979) showed that the changes in eGFR per unit increase in serum UA level was -0.0082 ml/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI -0.014 to -0.0025, P = 0.0051). These results indicate that SLC2A9 may be a novel drug target for CKD that preserves renal function through its urate-lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ueda
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kenji Fukui
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Akira Matsuo
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasase
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Nishiu
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
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Miyagi Y, Sasano T, Kin K. Laboratory Findings of Benign Convulsions With Mild Gastroenteritis: A Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e36784. [PMID: 37123782 PMCID: PMC10145619 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating factors associated with benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG) is important for early detection and treatment. In previous studies, uric acid (UA) has been reported to be associated with CwG. However, the association between CwG and abnormal laboratory values remains inconclusive. We performed a meta-analysis of recent reports to determine the association between CwG and laboratory findings, including UA, in patients with acute gastroenteritis without convulsions. We conducted electronic searches of three databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library) and one scholarly search engine (Google Scholar (Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA)) up to February 2023 for studies on CwG. Eligible studies were observational studies that assessed patients with CwG, reported laboratory data, and stated the presence or absence of convulsions during illness episodes. Patients were children with mild gastroenteritis, with the exposure group developing convulsions and the control group not. The outcome was a comparison of laboratory data between the two groups. The effect size was calculated using the standardized mean difference (SMD), and random-effects models were used for the analysis because of high heterogeneity. In total, 148 articles were included in this study. After the screening, nine studies, including 8,367 patients, were selected for the meta-analysis. The most prevalent laboratory finding was an increased serum UA level, with an SMD of 1.42 (N = 6,411; 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.12, 1.72); Z = 9.242, p< 0.001; I 2 = 81.68%, p= 0.002). The optimal serum UA cutoff value was 7.21 mg/dL, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.827 (95% CI: (0.807, 0.846)). This meta-analysis suggests that CwG is strongly associated with increased serum UA levels. These results demonstrate that more attention should be paid when interpreting laboratory findings in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis.
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Ohashi Y, Kuriyama S, Nakano T, Sekine M, Toyoda Y, Nakayama A, Takada T, Kawamura Y, Nakamura T, Matsuo H, Yokoo T, Ichida K. Urate Transporter ABCG2 Function and Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study of CKD Progression. Am J Kidney Dis 2023; 81:134-144.e1. [PMID: 35810827 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia is not commonly implemented. However, it is unclear whether urate deposition that begins during asymptomatic hyperuricemia can induce nephropathy. Dysfunction of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), a urate efflux transporter, leads to elevated serum uric acid concentration (SUA). We investigated the association between asymptomatic hyperuricemia and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and the impact of ABCG2 on this relationship. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 1,885 Japanese adults undergoing routine health care follow-up between 2007 and 2017 who had eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2, of which 311 had asymptomatic hyperuricemia (SUA >7.0 mg/dL). Study participants were classified into 3 categories of estimated ABCG2 function (full, 75%, and ≤50% function). PREDICTORS Baseline SUA and estimated ABCG2 function. OUTCOME Change in eGFR over time. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Linear mixed-effect models were used to analyze the relationship between asymptomatic hyperuricemia, ABCG2 function, and eGFR decline. RESULTS Asymptomatic hyperuricemia was negligibly associated with eGFR decline overall. However, among those with eGFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2 and ≤50% ABCG2 function, eGFR decline was associated with asymptomatic hyperuricemia (P = 0.03). ABCG2 was not associated with eGFR reductions when the SUA was <6.0 mg/dL. Among participants with SUA ≥6.0 mg/dL and eGFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2, ≤50% ABCG2 function was associated with approximately 1.2-fold faster eGFR decline compared with fully functional ABCG2 (P = 0.02). Among the participants with SUA ≥6.0 mg/dL and eGFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2, the adjusted eGFR slopes (given as mean ± standard error of the mean, in mL/min/1.73 m2 per year) were -0.946 ± 0.049, -1.040 ± 0.046, and -1.148 ± 0.069 for full, 75%, and ≤50% ABCG2 function, respectively. LIMITATIONS Lack of measurement of urinary urate and uremic toxins that are known to be transported by ABCG2, and no independent validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS Asymptomatic hyperuricemia was not associated with eGFR decline, except when in the presence of ≤50% ABCG2 function. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY The urate transporter ABCG2 is a protein that regulates serum urate concentrations; when dysfunctional, it can lead to elevated serum concentrations of this compound (ie, hyperuricemia). Although persistent hyperuricemia induces gout and kidney injury, the effects on organs during the asymptomatic phase have yet to be established. Therefore, to clarify the relationship between ABCG2, asymptomatic hyperuricemia, and kidney function, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1,885 healthy participants, including 311 participants with asymptomatic hyperuricemia. We found that the coexistence of asymptomatic hyperuricemia and severe ABCG2 dysfunction was associated with the age-dependent decline in kidney function. We concluded that asymptomatic hyperuricemia represents a risk factor for chronic kidney disease, at least in individuals with highly dysfunctional ABCG2. This new finding highlights the potential importance of ABCG2 in the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia-induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ohashi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | - Mai Sekine
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Toyoda
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan; Third Division, Aeromedical Laboratory, Japan Air Self-Defense Force, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Laboratory for Mathematics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Evaluation of ABCG2-mediated extra-renal urate excretion in hemodialysis patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:93. [PMID: 36639673 PMCID: PMC9839766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-thirds of urate is excreted via the renal pathway and the remaining one-third via the extra-renal pathway, the latter mainly via the intestine in healthy individuals. ABCG2, a urate exporter, is expressed in various tissues including the kidney and intestine, and its dysfunction leads to hyperuricemia and gout. ABCG2 is regarded as being responsible for most of the extra-renal urate excretion. However, the extra-renal urate excretion capacity via ABCG2 remains undefined in end-stage kidney diseases. Therefore, we evaluated the capacity of extra-renal ABCG2 using 123 anuric hemodialysis patients whose urate excretion depended on only the extra-renal pathway. ABCG2 function in each participant was estimated based on ABCG2 dysfunctional variants. We computed the uric acid pool (PoolUA) from bodyweight and serum urate level (SUA) using previously reported radio-isotopic data, and we analyzed the association between ABCG2 function and the PoolUA. SUA and PoolUA increased significantly with ABCG2 dysfunction, and extra-renal ABCG2 could excrete up to approximately 60% of the daily uric acid turnover in hemodialysis patients. Our findings indicate that the extra-renal urate excretion capacity can expand with renal function decline and highlight that the extra-renal pathway is particularly important in the uric acid homeostasis for patients with renal dysfunction.
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Li LZ, Wang XM, Feng XJ, Liu K, Li B, Zhu LJ, Xu WF, Zheng X, Dong YJ, He XL, Guan HR, Ding YY, Wu HS, Zhou CJ, Ye SY, Zhang BB, Lv GY, Chen SH. Effects of a Macroporous Resin Extract of Dendrobium officinale Leaves in Rats with Hyperuricemia Induced by Anthropomorphic Unhealthy Lifestyle. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:9990843. [PMID: 36644440 PMCID: PMC9839412 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9990843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aim Hyperuricemia (HUA) has received increased attention in the last few decades due to its global prevalence. Our previous study found that administration of a macroporous resin extract of Dendrobium officinale leaves (DoMRE) to rats with HUA that was induced by exposure to potassium oxazine combined with fructose and a high-purine diet led to a significant reduction in serum uric acid (SUA) levels. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of DoMRE on hyperuricemia induced by anthropomorphic unhealthy lifestyle and to elucidate its possible mechanisms of action. Methods Dosages (5.0 and 10.0 g/kg/day) of DoMRE were administered to rats daily after induction of HUA by anthropomorphic unhealthy lifestyle for 12 weeks. The levels of UA in the serum, urine, and feces; the levels of creatinine (Cr) in the serum and urine; and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum were all measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer. The activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) in the serum, liver, and intestine tissue supernatant were measured using appropriate kits for each biological target. The expressions levels of UA transporters (ABCG2 and GLUT9), tight junction (TJ) proteins (ZO-1 and occludin), and inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) in the intestine were assayed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to assess histological changes in the renal and intestinal tissues. Results DoMRE treatment significantly reduced SUA levels and concomitantly increased fecal UA (FUA) levels and the fractional excretion of UA (FEUA) in HUA rats. Furthermore, DoMRE significantly reduced both the XOD activity in the serum, liver, and intestine and the ADA activity in the liver and intestine. DoMRE also effectively regulated the expression of GLUT9 and ABCG2 in the intestine, and it significantly upregulated the expression of the intestinal TJ proteins ZO-1 and occludin. Therefore, DoMRE reduced the damage to the intestinal barrier function caused by the increased production of inflammatory factors due to HUA to ensure normal intestinal UA excretion. Conclusion DoMRE demonstrated anti-HUA effects in the HUA rat model induced by an anthropomorphic unhealthy lifestyle, and the molecular mechanism appeared to involve the regulation of urate transport-related transporters (ABCG2 and GLUT9) in the intestine, protection of the intestinal barrier function to promote UA excretion, and inhibition of XOD and ADA activity in the liver and intestine to inhibit UA production in the HUA-induced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Zi Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xi-Ming Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Feng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Bo Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Wan-Feng Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Ying-Jie Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xing-Lishang He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Hao-Ru Guan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yan-Yan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Han-Song Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Chuan-Jie Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Sen-Yu Ye
- Zhejiang Senyu Co., Ltd., Yiwu, Zhejiang 322099, China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- Center for Food Evaluation, State Administration for Market Regulation, No. 188 Western Road of South Fourth Ring Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Gui-Yuan Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Su-Hong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
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Bartochowski P, Gayrard N, Bornes S, Druart C, Argilés A, Cordaillat-Simmons M, Duranton F. Gut–Kidney Axis Investigations in Animal Models of Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090626. [PMID: 36136564 PMCID: PMC9502418 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an incurable disease in which renal function gradually declines, resulting in no noticeable symptoms during the early stages and a life-threatening disorder in the latest stage. The changes that accompany renal failure are likely to influence the gut microbiota, or the ecosystem of micro-organisms resident in the intestine. Altered gut microbiota can display metabolic changes and become harmful to the host. To study the gut–kidney axis in vivo, animal models should ideally reproduce the disorders affecting both the host and the gut microbiota. Murine models of CKD, but not dog, manifest slowed gut transit, similarly to patient. Animal models of CKD also reproduce altered intestinal barrier function, as well as the resulting leaky gut syndrome and bacterial translocation. CKD animal models replicate metabolic but not compositional changes in the gut microbiota. Researchers investigating the gut–kidney axis should pay attention to the selection of the animal model (disease induction method, species) and the setting of the experimental design (control group, sterilization method, individually ventilated cages) that have been shown to influence gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bartochowski
- RD Néphrologie SAS, 34090 Montpellier, France
- BC2M, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Gayrard
- RD Néphrologie SAS, 34090 Montpellier, France
- BC2M, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Stéphanie Bornes
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inrae, Vetagro Sup, UMRF0545, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Céline Druart
- Pharmabiotic Research Institute (PRI), 11100 Narbonne, France
| | - Angel Argilés
- RD Néphrologie SAS, 34090 Montpellier, France
- BC2M, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Flore Duranton
- RD Néphrologie SAS, 34090 Montpellier, France
- BC2M, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
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10
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Toyoda Y, Nakayama A, Nakatochi M, Kawamura Y, Nakaoka H, Yamamoto K, Shimizu S, Ooyama H, Ooyama K, Shimizu T, Nagase M, Hidaka Y, Ichida K, Inoue I, Shinomiya N, Matsuo H. Genome-wide meta-analysis between renal overload type and renal underexcretion type of clinically defined gout in Japanese populations. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 136:186-189. [PMID: 35148957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in understanding of the genetic basis of gout, the precise factors affecting differences in gout susceptibility among different gout subtypes remain unclear. Using clinically diagnosed gout patients, we conducted a genome-wide meta-analysis of two distinct gout subtypes: the renal overload type and the renal underexcretion type. We provide genetic evidence at a genome-wide level of significance that supports a positive association between ABCG2 dysfunction and acquisition of the renal overload type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Toyoda
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakaoka
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Cancer Genome Research, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiko Shimizu
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Toru Shimizu
- Midorigaoka Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ituro Inoue
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.
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11
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Potential Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MJM60396 Prevents Hyperuricemia in a Multiple Way by Absorbing Purine, Suppressing Xanthine Oxidase and Regulating Urate Excretion in Mice. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050851. [PMID: 35630296 PMCID: PMC9146106 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disorder caused by increased uric acid (UA) synthesis or decreased UA excretion. Changes in eating habits have led to an increase in the consumption of purine-rich foods, which is closely related to hyperuricemia. Therefore, decreased purine absorption, increased UA excretion, and decreased UA synthesis are the main strategies to ameliorate hyperuricemia. This study aimed to screen the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with purine degrading ability and examine the serum UA-lowering effect in a hyperuricemia mouse model. As a result, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MJM60396 was selected from 22 LAB isolated from fermented foods for 100% assimilation of inosine and guanosine. MJM60396 showed probiotic characteristics and safety properties. In the animal study, the serum uric acid was significantly reduced to a normal level after oral administration of MJM60396 for 3 weeks. The amount of xanthine oxidase, which catalyzes the formation of uric acid, decreased by 81%, and the transporters for excretion of urate were upregulated. Histopathological analysis showed that the damaged glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and tubules of the kidney caused by hyperuricemia was relieved. In addition, the impaired intestinal barrier was recovered and the expression of tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and occludin, was increased. Analysis of the microbiome showed that the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae and Lachnospiraceae bacteria, which were related to the intestinal barrier integrity, was increased in the MJM60396 group. Therefore, these results demonstrated that L. paracasei MJM60396 can prevent hyperuricemia in multiple ways by absorbing purines, decreasing UA synthesis by suppressing xanthine oxidase, and increasing UA excretion by regulating urate transporters.
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12
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:919-929. [DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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13
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Sheng S, Chen J, Zhang Y, Qin Q, Li W, Yan S, Wang Y, Li T, Gao X, Tang L, Li A, Ding S. Structural and Functional Alterations of Gut Microbiota in Males With Hyperuricemia and High Levels of Liver Enzymes. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:779994. [PMID: 34869502 PMCID: PMC8640097 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.779994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the correlation between the structure and function alterations of gut microbiota and biochemical indicators in males with hyperuricemia (HUA) and high levels of liver enzymes, in order to provide new evidences and therapeutic targets for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of HUA. Methods: A total of 69 patients with HUA (HUA group) and 118 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Their age, height, waist circumference, weight, and pressure were measured. The clinical parameters such as fasting plasma glucose (FBG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum uric acid (SUA), serum creatinine (Scr), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), white blood cell (WBC), platelet (PLT), and absolute value of neutrophils (NEUT) were examined. We used whole-genome shotgun sequencing technology and HUMAnN2 MetaCyc pathway database to detect the composition and pathways of the gut microbiota. The main statistical methods were student's t test, chi-square tests, and Wilcoxon rank sum test. The correlations among bacterial diversity, microbial pathways, and biochemical indicators were evaluated by the R function "cor.test" with spearman method. Results: The gut bacterial diversity in HUA group reduced significantly and the community of the microbiota was of significant difference between the two groups. The pathways that can produce 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (PWY-6122, PWY-6277, and PWY-6121), aromatic amino acids, and chorismate (COMPLETE-ARO-PWY, ARO-PWY, and PWY-6163) were enriched in the HUA group; while the pathways that can produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs, such as CENTFERM-PWY and PWY-6590) and the gut microbiotas that can produce SCFAs (Roseburia hominis, Odoribacter splanchnicus, Ruminococcus callidus, Lachnospiraceae bacterium 3_1_46FAA, Bacteroides uniformis, Butyricimonas synergistica) and equol (Adlercreutzia equolifaciens) were enriched in healthy controls. Conclusion: The structure and function of the gut microbiota in males with HUA and high levels of liver enzymes have altered apparently. In-depth study of related mechanisms may provide new ideas for the treatment of HUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Sheng
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingfeng Chen
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Zhang
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qian Qin
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weikang Li
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Su Yan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Youxiang Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ang Li
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Gene Hospital of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suying Ding
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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14
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Abstract
Circulation of urate levels is determined by the balance between urate production and excretion, homeostasis regulated by the function of urate transporters in key epithelial tissues and cell types. Our understanding of these physiological processes and identification of the genes encoding the urate transporters has advanced significantly, leading to a greater ability to predict risk for urate-associated diseases and identify new therapeutics that directly target urate transport. Here, we review the identified urate transporters and their organization and function in the renal tubule, the intestinal enterocytes, and other important cell types to provide a fuller understanding of the complicated process of urate homeostasis and its role in human diseases. Furthermore, we review the genetic tools that provide an unbiased catalyst for transporter identification as well as discuss the role of transporters in determining the observed significant gender differences in urate-associated disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen M Woodward
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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15
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Kukal S, Guin D, Rawat C, Bora S, Mishra MK, Sharma P, Paul PR, Kanojia N, Grewal GK, Kukreti S, Saso L, Kukreti R. Multidrug efflux transporter ABCG2: expression and regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6887-6939. [PMID: 34586444 PMCID: PMC11072723 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette efflux transporter G2 (ABCG2) was originally discovered in a multidrug-resistant breast cancer cell line. Studies in the past have expanded the understanding of its role in physiology, disease pathology and drug resistance. With a widely distributed expression across different cell types, ABCG2 plays a central role in ATP-dependent efflux of a vast range of endogenous and exogenous molecules, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis and providing tissue protection against xenobiotic insults. However, ABCG2 expression is subjected to alterations under various pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation, infection, tissue injury, disease pathology and in response to xenobiotics and endobiotics. These changes may interfere with the bioavailability of therapeutic substrate drugs conferring drug resistance and in certain cases worsen the pathophysiological state aggravating its severity. Considering the crucial role of ABCG2 in normal physiology, therapeutic interventions directly targeting the transporter function may produce serious side effects. Therefore, modulation of transporter regulation instead of inhibiting the transporter itself will allow subtle changes in ABCG2 activity. This requires a thorough comprehension of diverse factors and complex signaling pathways (Kinases, Wnt/β-catenin, Sonic hedgehog) operating at multiple regulatory levels dictating ABCG2 expression and activity. This review features a background on the physiological role of transporter, factors that modulate ABCG2 levels and highlights various signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms and genetic polymorphisms in ABCG2 regulation. This understanding will aid in identifying potential molecular targets for therapeutic interventions to overcome ABCG2-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) and to manage ABCG2-related pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Kukal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Debleena Guin
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Chitra Rawat
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shivangi Bora
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Manish Kumar Mishra
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Priya Sharma
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Priyanka Rani Paul
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Neha Kanojia
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Grewal
- Department of Biotechnology, Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144004, India
| | - Shrikant Kukreti
- Nucleic Acids Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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16
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Ogura M, Toyoda Y, Sakiyama M, Kawamura Y, Nakayama A, Yamanashi Y, Takada T, Shimizu S, Higashino T, Nakajima M, Naito M, Hishida A, Kawai S, Okada R, Sasaki M, Ayaori M, Suzuki H, Takata K, Ikewaki K, Harada-Shiba M, Shinomiya N, Matsuo H. Increase of serum uric acid levels associated with APOE ε2 haplotype: a clinico-genetic investigation and in vivo approach. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1727-1733. [PMID: 34532841 PMCID: PMC8490264 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Elevated serum uric acid (SUA)-hyperuricemia-is caused by overproduction of urate or by its decreased renal and/or intestinal excretion. This disease, which is increasing in prevalence worldwide, is associated with both gout and metabolic diseases. Several studies have reported relationships between apolipoprotein E (APOE) haplotypes and SUA levels in humans; however, their results remain inconsistent. This prompted us to investigate the relationship between APOE polymorphisms and SUA levels. Our subjects were 5,272 Japanese men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed the ε2 haplotype of APOE to be independently associated with higher SUA in men (N = 1,726) and postmenopausal women (N = 1,753), but not in premenopausal women (N = 1,793). In contrast, the ε4 haplotype was little related to SUA levels in each group. Moreover, to examine the effect of Apoe deficiency on SUA levels, we conducted animal experiments using Apoe knockout mice, which mimics ε2/ε2 carriers. We found that SUA levels in Apoe knockout mice were significantly higher than those in wild-type mice, which is consistent with the SUA-raising effect of the ε2 haplotype observed in our clinico-genetic analyses. Further analyses suggested that renal rather than intestinal underexcretion of urate could be involved in Apoe deficiency-related SUA increase. In conclusion, we successfully demonstrated that the ε2 haplotype, but not the ε4 haplotype, increases SUA levels. These findings will improve our understanding of genetic factors affecting SUA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatsune Ogura
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, 3-6-2 Okayamadai, Togane, Chiba, 283-8686, Japan.
- Department of General Medical Science, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-shinmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan.
| | - Yu Toyoda
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sakiyama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Yamanashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Seiko Shimizu
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Toshihide Higashino
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Mariko Naito
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Oral Epidemiology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Asahi Hishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Sayo Kawai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yazako-karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Rieko Okada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Division of Anti-Aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Makoto Ayaori
- Division of Anti-Aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koki Takata
- Takata Clinic, 10-15 Wakakusa-cho, Higashi-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 732-0053, Japan
| | - Katsunori Ikewaki
- Division of Anti-Aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-shinmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
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17
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Droździk M, Oswald S, Droździk A. Impact of kidney dysfunction on hepatic and intestinal drug transporters. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112125. [PMID: 34474348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging information suggests that pathology of the kidney may not only affect expression and function of membrane transporters in the organ, but also in the gastrointestinal tract and the liver. Transporter dysfunction may cause effects on handling of drug as well as endogenous compounds with subsequent clinical consequences. A literature search was conducted on Ovid and PubMed databases to select relevant in vitro, animal and human studies that have reported expression, protein abundance and function of the gastrointestinal and liver localized ABC transporters and SLC carriers in kidney dysfunction or uremia states. The altered function of drug transporters in the liver and intestines in kidney failure subjects may provide compensatory activity in handling endogenous compounds (e.g. uremic toxins), which is expected to affect drug pharmacokinetics and local drug actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Droździk
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Agnieszka Droździk
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
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18
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Wang YZ, Zhou C, Zhu LJ, He XLS, Li LZ, Zheng X, Xu WF, Dong YJ, Li B, Yu QX, Lv GY, Chen SH. Effects of Macroporous Resin Extract of Dendrobium officinale Leaves in Rats with Hyperuricemia Induced by Fructose and Potassium Oxonate. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 25:1294-1303. [PMID: 34053424 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210528114345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE Fructose, as a ubiquitous monosaccharide, can promote ATP consumption and elevate circulating uric acid (UA) levels. Our previous studies confirmed that the macroporous resin extract of Dendrobium officinale leaves (DoMRE) could reduce the UA level of rats with hyperuricemia induced by a high-purine diet. This study aimed to investigate whether DoMRE had a UA-lowering effect on rats with hyperuricemia caused by fructose combined with potassium oxonate, so as to further clarify the UA-lowering effect of DoMRE, and to explore the UA-lowering effect of DoMRE on both UA production and excretion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats with hyperuricemia induced by fructose and potassium oxonate were administered with DoMRE and vehicle control, respectively, to compare the effects of the drugs. At the end of the experiment, the serum uric acid (SUA) and creatinine (Cr) levels were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer, the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD) were measured using an assay kit, and the protein expression of urate transporter 1 (URAT1), glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), and ATP-binding cassette superfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) were assessed using immunohistochemical and western blot analyses. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to assess the histological changes in the kidney, liver, and intestine. RESULTS Rats with hyperuricemia were induced by fructose and potassiumFructose and potassium induced hyperuricemia in rats. Meanwhile, the activities of XOD were markedly augmented, the expression of URAT1 and GLUT9 was promoted, and the expression of ABCG2 was reduced, which were conducive to the elevation of UA. However, exposure to DoMRE reversed these fructose- and potassium oxonate-induced negative alternations in rats. The activities of XOD were recovered to the normal level, reducing UA formation; the expression of URAT1, ABCG2, and GLUT9 returned to the normal level, resulting in an increase in renal urate excretion. CONCLUSION DoMRE reduces UA levels in rats with hyperuricemia induced by fructose combined with potassium oxonate by inhibiting XOD activity and regulating the expression of ABCG2, URAT1, and GLUT9. DoMRE is a potential therapeutic agent for treating hyperuricemia through inhibiting UA formation and promoting UA excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhi Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Xing-Li-Shang He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Lin-Zi Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Wan-Feng Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Ying-Jie Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Bo Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Qiao-Xian Yu
- Zhejiang Senyu Co., Ltd, Yiwu, Zhejiang, 322099, China
| | - Gui-Yuan Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Su-Hong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
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Huang Z, Xie N, Illes P, Di Virgilio F, Ulrich H, Semyanov A, Verkhratsky A, Sperlagh B, Yu SG, Huang C, Tang Y. From purines to purinergic signalling: molecular functions and human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:162. [PMID: 33907179 PMCID: PMC8079716 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purines and their derivatives, most notably adenosine and ATP, are the key molecules controlling intracellular energy homoeostasis and nucleotide synthesis. Besides, these purines support, as chemical messengers, purinergic transmission throughout tissues and species. Purines act as endogenous ligands that bind to and activate plasmalemmal purinoceptors, which mediate extracellular communication referred to as "purinergic signalling". Purinergic signalling is cross-linked with other transmitter networks to coordinate numerous aspects of cell behaviour such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis and other physiological processes critical for the proper function of organisms. Pathological deregulation of purinergic signalling contributes to various diseases including neurodegeneration, rheumatic immune diseases, inflammation, and cancer. Particularly, gout is one of the most prevalent purine-related disease caused by purine metabolism disorder and consequent hyperuricemia. Compelling evidence indicates that purinoceptors are potential therapeutic targets, with specific purinergic agonists and antagonists demonstrating prominent therapeutic potential. Furthermore, dietary and herbal interventions help to restore and balance purine metabolism, thus addressing the importance of a healthy lifestyle in the prevention and relief of human disorders. Profound understanding of molecular mechanisms of purinergic signalling provides new and exciting insights into the treatment of human diseases.
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Grants
- National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFC1709101,2020YFA0509400, 2020YFC2002705), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81821002, 81790251, 81373735, 81972665), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2019B030302012), the Project First-Class Disciplines Development of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CZYHW1901), São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP 2018/07366-4), Russian Science Foundation grant 20-14-00241, NSFC-BFBR;and Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province, China (2019YFH0108)
- National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFA0509400, 2020YFC2002705), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81821002, 81790251).
- National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFA0509400, 2020YFC2002705), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81821002, 81790251), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2019B030302012).
- the Project First-Class Disciplines Development of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CZYHW1901) and Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province, China (2019YFH0108).
- the Project First-Class Disciplines Development of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CZYHW1901), and Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province, China (2019YFH0108).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Peter Illes
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitaet Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Henning Ulrich
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Beata Sperlagh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shu-Guang Yu
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yong Tang
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
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20
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Severe hyperuricemia in two children with acute gastroenteritis: answers. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:1431-1435. [PMID: 32052152 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Ishikawa T, Maeda T, Hashimoto T, Nakagawa T, Ichikawa K, Sato Y, Kanno Y. Long-Term Safety and Effectiveness of the Xanthine Oxidoreductase Inhibitor, Topiroxostat in Japanese Hyperuricemic Patients with or Without Gout: A 54-week Open-label, Multicenter, Post-marketing Observational Study. Clin Drug Investig 2020; 40:847-859. [PMID: 32621143 PMCID: PMC7452866 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-020-00941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Topiroxostat, a selective xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, is used for the management of hyperuricemic patients with or without gout in Japan. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the efficacy of topiroxostat for the treatment of hyperuricemia with or without gout. However, the safety and efficacy of topiroxostat in the clinical setting remain unclear, and there is little large-scale clinical evidence. We conducted a post-marketing observational study over 54 weeks. Patients and Methods Patients were centrally enrolled, and case report forms of 4491 patients were collected between April 2014 and March 2019 from 825 medical sites. Results Overall, 4329 patients were assessed for safety and 4253 patients for effectiveness. The overall incidence of adverse drug reactions was 6.95%, and the incidence rates of adverse drug reactions of gouty arthritis, hepatic dysfunction, and skin disorders, which are of special interest in this study, were 0.79%, 1.73%, and 0.95%, respectively. No case of serious gouty arthritis was observed. Serum urate levels decreased stably over time and showed a significant reduction rate at 54 weeks (21.19% ± 22.07%) and on the final visit (19.91% ± 23.35%) compared to the baseline. The rates for subjects who achieved serum uric acid levels ≤ 6.0 mg/dL at 18 and 54 weeks after administration were 43.80% and 48.28%, respectively. Conclusions This study suggests that there is no particular concern about adverse drug reactions or the efficacy of topiroxostat for hyperuricemic patients with or without gout in a post-marketing setting in Japan. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40261-020-00941-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Ishikawa
- Medical Affairs Department, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 9F Kanda Square Building, 2-2-1 Kandanishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8189, Japan.
| | - Tatsushi Maeda
- Pharmacovigilance Department, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan
| | - Teruo Hashimoto
- Pharmacovigilance Department, Reliability and Quality Assurance Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakagawa
- Pharmacovigilance Department, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Ichikawa
- Pharmacovigilance Department, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Reliability and Quality Assurance Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kanno
- Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Sex Differences in Urate Handling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124269. [PMID: 32560040 PMCID: PMC7349092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia, or elevated serum urate, causes urate kidney stones and gout and also increases the incidence of many other conditions including renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. As we gain mechanistic insight into how urate contributes to human disease, a clear sex difference has emerged in the physiological regulation of urate homeostasis. This review summarizes our current understanding of urate as a disease risk factor and how being of the female sex appears protective. Further, we review the mechanisms of renal handling of urate and the significant contributions from powerful genome-wide association studies of serum urate. We also explore the role of sex in the regulation of specific renal urate transporters and the power of new animal models of hyperuricemia to inform on the role of sex and hyperuricemia in disease pathogenesis. Finally, we advocate the use of sex differences in urate handling as a potent tool in gaining a further understanding of physiological regulation of urate homeostasis and for presenting new avenues for treating the constellation of urate related pathologies.
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23
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Nakashima A, Ichida K, Ohkido I, Yokoyama K, Matsuo H, Ohashi Y, Takada T, Nakayama A, Suzuki H, Shinomiya N, Urashima M, Yokoo T. Dysfunctional ABCG2 gene polymorphisms are associated with serum uric acid levels and all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients. Hum Cell 2020; 33:559-568. [PMID: 32180207 PMCID: PMC7324430 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional variants of ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), a urate transporter in the kidney and intestine, are the major causes of hyperuricemia and gout. A recent study found that ABCG2 is a major transporter of uremic toxins; however, few studies have investigated the relationship between ABCG2 gene polymorphisms and mortality. This prospective cohort study of 1214 hemodialysis patients investigated the association between serum uric acid levels and ABCG2 genotype and mortality. Genotyping of dysfunctional ABCG2 variants, Q126X (rs72552713) and Q141K (rs2231142), was performed using the patients’ DNA. During the study period, 220 patients died. Lower serum uric acid levels were associated with higher mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14–3.10, P ≤ 0.001). ABCG2 dysfunction, estimated by genetic variants, had a significant positive association with serum uric acid levels (full function: 7.4 ± 1.2 mg/dl, 3/4 function: 7.9 ± 1.3 mg/dl, 1/2 function: 8.2 ± 1.4 mg/dl, ≤ 1/4 function: 8.7 ± 1.3 mg/dl, P ≤ 0.001). This association remained significant on multiple regression analysis. The Cox proportional hazard analysis indicated that the ABCG2 ≤ 1/4 function type was significantly associated with higher mortality (HR 6.66, 95% CI 2.49 to 17.8, P ≤ 0.001) than the other function types. These results showed that ABCG2 plays a physiologically important role in uric acid excretion, and that ABCG2 dysfunction is a risk factor for mortality in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Nakashima
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Ohkido
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yokoyama
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohashi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Urashima
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Cai L, Li Q, Deng Y, Liu X, Du W, Jiang X. Construction and expression of recombinant uricase‑expressing genetically engineered bacteria and its application in rat model of hyperuricemia. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1488-1500. [PMID: 32323736 PMCID: PMC7138262 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, the treatment of hyperuricemia is designed primarily to decrease the production of uric acid using xanthine oxidase inhibitors; however, the therapeutic effect is not satisfactory. Therefore, the key to the successful treatment of hyperuricemia is to increase the excretion of uric acid. The aim of present study was to construct uricase-expressing genetically engineered bacteria and analyze the effects of these engineered bacteria on the lowering of uric acid levels in a rat model of hyperuricemia. The uricase expression vector was constructed by gene recombination technology and transfected into Escherichia coli. The expression and activity of uricase were analyzed by SDS-PAGE analysis and Bradford assay. The water consumption, food intake, body weight, eosinophil count and intestinal histology, in addition to the levels of serum uric acid (SUA) and allantoin in the feces of the rats, were assessed. The intestinal contents of the rats were analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing technology. The results demonstrated that uricase-expressing genetically engineered bacteria secreted active uricase. All rats exhibited a natural growth trend during the entire experiment, and the SUA of hyperuricemic rats treated with uricase-expressing engineered bacteria was significantly decreased. In conclusion, these results indicate that uricase secreted by recombinant uricase-expressing genetically engineered bacteria served an important role in decreasing SUA levels in a rat model of hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yongbing Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Weihong Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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25
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Yoo IH, Kim W, Cho J, Kim H, Lim BC, Hwang H, Chae JH, Choi J, Kim KJ. Elevated Serum Uric Acid in Benign Convulsions with Mild Gastroenteritis in Children. J Clin Neurol 2019; 15:496-501. [PMID: 31591838 PMCID: PMC6785459 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2019.15.4.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose To identify whether serum uric acid levels are significantly higher in patients with benign convulsion associated with mild gastroenteritis (CwG) than in patients with acute gastroenteritis. Methods This retrospective study compared the serum levels of uric acid between CwG, acute gastroenteritis, and febrile seizure after correcting for the varying degree of mild dehydration using serum HCO3− levels. We also compared the serum uric acid levels between patients with CwG and febrile seizures in order to exclude the effect of seizures on uric acid. Results This study included 154 CwG patients (age range 0.73–3.19 years), 2,938 patients with acute gastroenteritis, and 154 patients with febrile seizure. The serum uric acid level was significantly higher in CwG patients than in patients with acute gastroenteritis [9.79±2.16 mg/dL vs. 6.04±2.3 mg/dL (mean±SD), p<0.001]. This difference was also significant after correcting for dehydration. The serum uric acid level was significantly higher in CwG patients than in dehydration-corrected acute gastroenteritis patients (9.79±2.16 mg/dL vs. 6.67±2.48 mg/dL, p<0.001). The serum uric acid level was not elevated in patients with febrile seizure. Conclusions We have confirmed that serum uric acid is elevated in CwG patients even after correcting for their dehydration status, and that this was not a postictal phenomenon. Highly elevated serum uric acid in CwG could be a useful clinical indicator of CwG in patients with acute gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Han Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Woojoong Kim
- Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeso Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hunmin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
| | - Byung Chan Lim
- Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chae
- Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Joong Kim
- Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Guo Y, Li H, Liu Z, Li C, Chen Y, Jiang C, Yu Y, Tian Z. Impaired intestinal barrier function in a mouse model of hyperuricemia. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3292-3300. [PMID: 31432190 PMCID: PMC6755192 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the effects of hyperuricemia on the damage to target organs, including the kidneys, joints and the heart. However, it is unclear whether hyperuricemia results in damage to the intestines. The aim of the present study was to investigate intestinal barrier dysfunction in a mouse model of hyperuricemia constructed by knocking out the urate oxidase (Uox) gene. The morphology of the intestine was assessed via hematoxylin and eosin, and alcian blue staining. The serum and intestinal tissue levels of uric acid, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and interleukin (IL)‑6, in addition to the presence of uremic toxins in the serum, were assessed. The levels of diamine oxidase (DAO), D‑lactate (D‑LAC) and endotoxins in the serum, which are markers of the intestinal permeability, were measured using ELISA. The expression of the intestinal tight junction proteins zona occludens‑1 (ZO‑1) and occludin were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis. The Uox‑knockout mice spontaneously developed hyperuricemia. Histopathological analysis indicated notable intestinal defects including sparse villi, mucosal edema and a declining mucus layer in hyperuricemic mice. The expression levels of ZO‑1 and occludin in the intestines were downregulated, and the serum levels of DAO, D‑LAC and endotoxins were higher in the hyperuricemic mice, compared with control mice. The serum and intestinal tissue levels of IL‑6 and TNF‑α were significantly increased. Additionally, the expression levels of the serum uremic toxins, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen were significantly increased in hyperuricemic mice compared with the control mice, while only a marked increase in indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p‑cresol sulfate was reported. Collectively, the results of the present study suggested that intestinal barrier dysfunction and subsequent enhanced intestinal permeability may occur as a result of hyperuricemia in mice. Furthermore, we proposed that the loss of intestinal epithelium barrier function may be associated with uric acid‑induced inflammatory responses; however, further investigation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Li
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Changgui Li
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yunqing Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zibin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
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Abstract
Gout is a chronic disease caused by monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposition. Gout typically presents as an acute, self-limiting inflammatory monoarthritis that affects the joints of the lower limb. Elevated serum urate level (hyperuricaemia) is the major risk factor for MSU crystal deposition and development of gout. Although traditionally considered a disorder of purine metabolism, altered urate transport, both in the gut and the kidneys, has a key role in the pathogenesis of hyperuricaemia. Anti-inflammatory agents, such corticosteroids, NSAIDs and colchicine, are widely used for the treatment of gout flare; recognition of the importance of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and bioactive IL-1β release in initiation of the gout flare has led to the development of anti-IL-1β biological therapy for gout flares. Sustained reduction in serum urate levels using urate-lowering therapy is vital in the long-term management of gout, which aims to dissolve MSU crystals, suppress gout flares and resolve tophi. Allopurinol is the first-line urate-lowering therapy and should be started at a low dose, with gradual dose escalation. Low-dose anti-inflammatory therapies can reduce gout flares during initiation of urate-lowering therapy. Models of care, such as nurse-led strategies that focus on patient engagement and education, substantially improve clinical outcomes and now represent best practice for gout management.
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Zhang K, Li C. ABCG2 gene polymorphism rs2231142 is associated with gout comorbidities but not allopurinol response in primary gout patients of a Chinese Han male population. Hereditas 2019; 156:26. [PMID: 31367212 PMCID: PMC6651898 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-019-0103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One common ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) gene variant, which is encoded by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2231142, was identified to take an essential part in gouty arthritis. However, the relationship between rs2231142, gout comorbidities and therapeutic effect of allopurinol in Chinese Han male population is still unclear. Wherefore, this study explored into the association between ABCG2 SNP rs2231142 affecting common comorbidities and the therapeutic effect of allopurinol in Chinese Han male gout patients. Results ABCG2 SNP rs2231142 and the gout comorbidities including nephrolithiasis and CKD were associated (P = 0.014 and P = 0.026). Group CKD stage = 1 were significantly different from those in group CKD stage≥2 regarding genotypes of ABCG2 gene polymorphism, while they were not significantly different from those in group CKD stage≥3. Meanwhile, the genotypes of rs2231142 and allopurinol response were not significantly associated (P = 0.588). Conclusions ABCG2 rs2231142 may predict the risk of kidney comorbidities for Chinese Han male gout patients, but not allopurinol response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Zhang
- 1Qingdao University, 38 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266003 China.,2Institute of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Changgui Li
- 1Qingdao University, 38 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266003 China.,2Institute of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003 China
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Kawamura Y, Nakaoka H, Nakayama A, Okada Y, Yamamoto K, Higashino T, Sakiyama M, Shimizu T, Ooyama H, Ooyama K, Nagase M, Hidaka Y, Shirahama Y, Hosomichi K, Nishida Y, Shimoshikiryo I, Hishida A, Katsuura-Kamano S, Shimizu S, Kawaguchi M, Uemura H, Ibusuki R, Hara M, Naito M, Takao M, Nakajima M, Iwasawa S, Nakashima H, Ohnaka K, Nakamura T, Stiburkova B, Merriman TR, Nakatochi M, Ichihara S, Yokota M, Takada T, Saitoh T, Kamatani Y, Takahashi A, Arisawa K, Takezaki T, Tanaka K, Wakai K, Kubo M, Hosoya T, Ichida K, Inoue I, Shinomiya N, Matsuo H. Genome-wide association study revealed novel loci which aggravate asymptomatic hyperuricaemia into gout. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:1430-1437. [PMID: 31289104 PMCID: PMC6788923 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective The first ever genome-wide association study (GWAS) of clinically defined gout cases and asymptomatic hyperuricaemia (AHUA) controls was performed to identify novel gout loci that aggravate AHUA into gout. Methods We carried out a GWAS of 945 clinically defined gout cases and 1003 AHUA controls followed by 2 replication studies. In total, 2860 gout cases and 3149 AHUA controls (all Japanese men) were analysed. We also compared the ORs for each locus in the present GWAS (gout vs AHUA) with those in the previous GWAS (gout vs normouricaemia). Results This new approach enabled us to identify two novel gout loci (rs7927466 of CNTN5 and rs9952962 of MIR302F) and one suggestive locus (rs12980365 of ZNF724) at the genome-wide significance level (p<5.0×10–8). The present study also identified the loci of ABCG2, ALDH2 and SLC2A9. One of them, rs671 of ALDH2, was identified as a gout locus by GWAS for the first time. Comparing ORs for each locus in the present versus the previous GWAS revealed three ‘gout vs AHUA GWAS’-specific loci (CNTN5, MIR302F and ZNF724) to be clearly associated with mechanisms of gout development which distinctly differ from the known gout risk loci that basically elevate serum uric acid level. Conclusions This meta-analysis is the first to reveal the loci associated with crystal-induced inflammation, the last step in gout development that aggravates AHUA into gout. Our findings should help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of gout development and assist the prevention of gout attacks in high-risk AHUA individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakaoka
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.,Medical Squadron, Air Base Group, Western Aircraft Control and Warning Wing, Japan Air Self-Defense Force, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihide Higashino
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sakiyama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Defense Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Shimizu
- Midorigaoka Hospital, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.,Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuko Shirahama
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Ippei Shimoshikiryo
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Asahi Hishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sakurako Katsuura-Kamano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seiko Shimizu
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawaguchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Uemura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Rie Ibusuki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Hara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Mariko Naito
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Oral Epidemiology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mikiya Takao
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoko Iwasawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakashima
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keizo Ohnaka
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Laboratory for Mathematics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Blanka Stiburkova
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Department of Biochemisty, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Data Science Division, Data Coordinating Center, Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yokota
- Department of Genome Science, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Saitoh
- Laboratory of Bioresponse Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Inflammation Biology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Genomic Medicine, Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kokichi Arisawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiro Takezaki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Hosoya
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathophysiology and Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ituro Inoue
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Hyperuricemia in Children and Adolescents: Present Knowledge and Future Directions. J Nutr Metab 2019; 2019:3480718. [PMID: 31192008 PMCID: PMC6525889 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3480718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that hyperuricemia is an important condition in children and adolescents, particularly in association with noncommunicable diseases. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of this condition in pediatric patients. An analysis of serum uric acid reference values in a healthy population indicates that they increase gradually with age until adolescence, with differences between the sexes arising at about 12 years of age. This information should be taken into consideration when defining hyperuricemia in studies. Gout is extremely rare in children and adolescents, and most patients with gout have an underlying disease. The major causes of hyperuricemia are chronic conditions, including Down syndrome, metabolic or genetic disease, and congenital heart disease, and acute conditions, including gastroenteritis, bronchial asthma (hypoxia), malignant disorders, and drug side effects. The mechanisms underlying the associations between these diseases and hyperuricemia are discussed, together with recent genetic information. Obesity is a major cause of hyperuricemia in otherwise healthy children and adolescents. Obesity is often accompanied by metabolic syndrome; hyperuricemia in obese children and adolescents is associated with the components of metabolic syndrome and noncommunicable diseases, including hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease. Finally, strategies for the treatment of hyperuricemia, including lifestyle intervention and drug administration, are presented.
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31
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Nigam SK, Bush KT. Uraemic syndrome of chronic kidney disease: altered remote sensing and signalling. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 15:301-316. [PMID: 30728454 PMCID: PMC6619437 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Uraemic syndrome (also known as uremic syndrome) in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease involves the accumulation in plasma of small-molecule uraemic solutes and uraemic toxins (also known as uremic toxins), dysfunction of multiple organs and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. As such, uraemic syndrome can be viewed as a disease of perturbed inter-organ and inter-organism (host-microbiota) communication. Multiple biological pathways are affected, including those controlled by solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes, many of which are also involved in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME). The remote sensing and signalling hypothesis identifies SLC and ABC transporter-mediated communication between organs and/or between the host and gut microbiota as key to the homeostasis of metabolites, antioxidants, signalling molecules, microbiota-derived products and dietary components in body tissues and fluid compartments. Thus, this hypothesis provides a useful perspective on the pathobiology of uraemic syndrome. Pathways considered central to drug ADME might be particularly important for the body's attempts to restore homeostasis, including the correction of disturbances due to kidney injury and the accumulation of uraemic solutes and toxins. This Review discusses how the remote sensing and signalling hypothesis helps to provide a systems-level understanding of aspects of uraemia that could lead to novel approaches to its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin T Bush
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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32
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Nakatochi M, Kanai M, Nakayama A, Hishida A, Kawamura Y, Ichihara S, Akiyama M, Ikezaki H, Furusyo N, Shimizu S, Yamamoto K, Hirata M, Okada R, Kawai S, Kawaguchi M, Nishida Y, Shimanoe C, Ibusuki R, Takezaki T, Nakajima M, Takao M, Ozaki E, Matsui D, Nishiyama T, Suzuki S, Takashima N, Kita Y, Endoh K, Kuriki K, Uemura H, Arisawa K, Oze I, Matsuo K, Nakamura Y, Mikami H, Tamura T, Nakashima H, Nakamura T, Kato N, Matsuda K, Murakami Y, Matsubara T, Naito M, Kubo M, Kamatani Y, Shinomiya N, Yokota M, Wakai K, Okada Y, Matsuo H. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies multiple novel loci associated with serum uric acid levels in Japanese individuals. Commun Biol 2019; 2:115. [PMID: 30993211 PMCID: PMC6453927 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is a common arthritis caused by elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels. Here we investigated loci influencing SUA in a genome-wide meta-analysis with 121,745 Japanese subjects. We identified 8948 variants at 36 genomic loci (P<5 × 10-8) including eight novel loci. Of these, missense variants of SESN2 and PNPLA3 were predicted to be damaging to the function of these proteins; another five loci-TMEM18, TM4SF4, MXD3-LMAN2, PSORS1C1-PSORS1C2, and HNF4A-are related to cell metabolism, proliferation, or oxidative stress; and the remaining locus, LINC01578, is unknown. We also identified 132 correlated genes whose expression levels are associated with SUA-increasing alleles. These genes are enriched for the UniProt transport term, suggesting the importance of transport-related genes in SUA regulation. Furthermore, trans-ethnic meta-analysis across our own meta-analysis and the Global Urate Genetics Consortium has revealed 15 more novel loci associated with SUA. Our findings provide insight into the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of hyperuricemia/gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nakatochi
- Data Science Division, Data Coordinating Center, Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, 466-8560 Japan
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513 Japan
- Medical Squadron, Air Base Group, Western Aircraft Control and Warning Wing, Japan Air Self-Defense Force, Kasuga, 816-0804 Japan
| | - Asahi Hishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513 Japan
- Department of General Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, 329-0498 Japan
| | - Masato Akiyama
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikezaki
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Norihiro Furusyo
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Seiko Shimizu
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830-0011 Japan
| | - Makoto Hirata
- Laboratory of Genome Technology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Rieko Okada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Sayo Kawai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Makoto Kawaguchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513 Japan
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501 Japan
| | - Chisato Shimanoe
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501 Japan
| | - Rie Ibusuki
- International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544 Japan
| | - Toshiro Takezaki
- International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544 Japan
| | - Mayuko Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Mikiya Takao
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513 Japan
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Etsuko Ozaki
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsui
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyama
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8602 Japan
| | - Sadao Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8602 Japan
| | - Naoyuki Takashima
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192 Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Kita
- Department of Nursing, Tsuruga City College of Nursing, Fukui, 914-8501 Japan
| | - Kaori Endoh
- Laboratory of Public Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kiyonori Kuriki
- Laboratory of Public Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Uemura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503 Japan
| | - Kokichi Arisawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503 Japan
| | - Isao Oze
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681 Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, 464-8681 Japan
- Department of Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Yohko Nakamura
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, 260-8717 Japan
| | - Haruo Mikami
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, 260-8717 Japan
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakashima
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Laboratory for Mathematics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655 Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Matsubara
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, 464-8651 Japan
| | - Mariko Naito
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
- Department of Oral Epidemiology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, 734-8553 Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513 Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yokota
- Department of Genome Science, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, 464-8651 Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, 359-8513 Japan
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Genetic contributors to serum uric acid levels in Mexicans and their effect on premature coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2019; 279:168-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Lu X, Chen M, Shen J, Xu Y, Wu H. IL-1β functionally attenuates ABCG2 and PDZK1 expression in HK-2 cells partially through NF-ĸB activation. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:279-289. [PMID: 30632646 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long-standing untreated hyperuricemia could lead to gout. Several recent studies have demonstrated a significant decrease of serum urate during acute gout attack, which is an aseptic inflammation process focusing on IL-1β. However, how IL-1β, by itself, alters the expression and the functional activity of urate transporters in renal tubular epithelial cells is still unclear. Herein, we revealed that IL-1β could attenuate the mRNA and protein levels of ABCG2, a major urate efflux pump, in HK-2 cells by real-time PCR and Western-blot assays. Moreover, using an ABCG2 specific inhibitor and a new sensitive and specific detection system, it was found that IL-1β also reduced the ABCG2 transporter activities. Incubation with specific inhibitors of the NF-κB pathway partly dampened the inhibitory effect of IL-1β on ABCG2, indicating that IL-1β reduced the ABCG2 expression partially through the NF-ĸB pathway. Furthermore, the decreased expression of PDZK1 induced by IL-1β, which is dependent on the NF-κB pathway, could account for the imbalance between the functions and expressions of ABCG2 on this status. These findings demonstrated a new role for IL-1β, whereby it leads to the inhibition of ABCG2 in renal tubular epithelial cells; this new role probably does not encompass its involvement in the process of renal urate excretion mediated by inflammation. Therefore, other regulation mechanisms of urate reabsorption in renal tubular epithelial cells deserve to be examined in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jingfang Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, the people's hospital of Xingtai, Hebei, 054000, China
| | - Yujia Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, the Huzhou Central hospital, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Huaxiang Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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Abstract
The transport of specific molecules across lipid membranes is an essential function of all living organisms. The processes are usually mediated by specific transporters. One of the largest transporter families is the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family. More than 40 ABC transporters have been identified in human, which are divided into 7 subfamilies (ABCA to ABCG) based on their gene structure, amino acid sequence, domain organization, and phylogenetic analysis. Of them, at least 11 ABC transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-GP/ABCB1), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs/ABCCs), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) are involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) development. These ABC transporters are expressed in various tissues such as the liver, intestine, kidney, and brain, playing important roles in absorption, distribution, and excretion of drugs. Some ABC transporters are also involved in diverse cellular processes such as maintenance of osmotic homeostasis, antigen processing, cell division, immunity, cholesterol, and lipid trafficking. Several human diseases such as cystic fibrosis, sitosterolemia, Tangier disease, intrahepatic cholestasis, and retinal degeneration are associated with mutations in corresponding transporters. This chapter will describe function and expression of several ABC transporters (such as P-GP, BCRP, and MRPs), their substrates and inhibitors, as well as their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Jing J, Ekici AB, Sitter T, Eckardt KU, Schaeffner E, Li Y, Kronenberg F, Köttgen A, Schultheiss UT. Genetics of serum urate concentrations and gout in a high-risk population, patients with chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13184. [PMID: 30181573 PMCID: PMC6123425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated genetics of hyperuricemia and gout, their interaction with kidney function and medication intake in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of urate and gout were performed in 4941 CKD patients in the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) study. Effect estimates of 26 known urate-associated population-based single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were examined. Interactions of urate-associated variants with urate-altering medications and clinical characteristics of gout were evaluated. Genome-wide significant associations with serum urate and gout were identified for known loci at SLC2A9 and ABCG2, but not for novel loci. Effects of the 26 known SNPs were of similar magnitude in CKD patients compared to population-based individuals, except for SNPs at ABCG2 that showed greater effects in CKD. Gene-medication interactions were not significant when accounting for multiple testing. Associations with gout in specific joints were significant for SLC2A9 rs12498742 in wrists and midfoot joints. Known genetic variants in SLC2A9 and ABCG2 were associated with urate and gout in a CKD cohort, with effect sizes for ABCG2 significantly greater in CKD compared to the general population. CKD patients are at high risk of gout due to reduced kidney function, diuretics intake and genetic predisposition, making treatment to target challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Jing
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Sitter
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité, University-Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffner
- Institute of Public Health, Charité, University-Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ulla T Schultheiss
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
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Identification of ABCG2 as an Exporter of Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate in Mice and as a Crucial Factor Influencing CKD Progression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11147. [PMID: 30042379 PMCID: PMC6057959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients accumulate uremic toxins in the body, potentially require dialysis, and can eventually develop cardiovascular disease. CKD incidence has increased worldwide, and preventing CKD progression is one of the most important goals in clinical treatment. In this study, we conducted a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments and employed a metabolomics approach to investigate CKD. Our results demonstrated that ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) is a major transporter of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate. ABCG2 regulates the pathophysiological excretion of indoxyl sulfate and strongly affects CKD survival rates. Our study is the first to report ABCG2 as a physiological exporter of indoxyl sulfate and identify ABCG2 as a crucial factor influencing CKD progression, consistent with the observed association between ABCG2 function and age of dialysis onset in humans. The above findings provided valuable knowledge on the complex regulatory mechanisms that regulate the transport of uremic toxins in our body and serve as a basis for preventive and individualized treatment of CKD.
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38
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Murea M, Tucker BM. The physiology of uric acid and the impact of end-stage kidney disease and dialysis. Semin Dial 2018; 32:47-57. [DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Murea
- Department of Internal Medicine; Section on Nephrology; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - Bryan M. Tucker
- Department of Internal Medicine; Section on Nephrology; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
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39
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Ndrepepa G. Uric acid and cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 484:150-163. [PMID: 29803897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is an end product of purine metabolism in humans and great apes. UA acts as an antioxidant and it accounts for 50% of the total antioxidant capacity of biological fluids in humans. When present in cytoplasm of the cells or in acidic/hydrophobic milieu in atherosclerotic plaques, UA converts into a pro-oxidant agent and promotes oxidative stress and through this mechanism participates in the pathophysiology of human disease including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most epidemiological studies but not all of them suggested the existence of an association between elevated serum UA level and CVD, including coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, congestive heart failure, arterial hypertension and atrial fibrillation as well as an increased risk for mortality due to CVD in general population and subjects with confirmed CHD. Evidence available also suggests an association between elevated UA and traditional cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease. Experimental and clinical studies have evidenced several mechanisms through which elevated UA level exerts deleterious effects on cardiovascular health including increased oxidative stress, reduced availability of nitric oxide and endothelial dysfunction, promotion of local and systemic inflammation, vasoconstriction and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, insulin resistance and metabolic dysregulation. Although the causality in the relationship between UA and CVD remains unproven, UA may be pathogenic and participate in the pathophysiology of CVD by serving as a bridging mechanism mediating (enabling) or potentiating the deleterious effects of cardiovascular risk factors on vascular tissue and myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- Department of Adult Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany.
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40
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Chen CJ, Tseng CC, Yen JH, Chang JG, Chou WC, Chu HW, Chang SJ, Liao WT. ABCG2 contributes to the development of gout and hyperuricemia in a genome-wide association study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3137. [PMID: 29453348 PMCID: PMC5816657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of hyperuricemia or gout have been reported, the related genetic factors and the mechanisms from hyperuricemia to gouty attack remain unclear. This study aimed to identify genetic factors and pathogenesis of gout from hyperuricemia by genome-wide association study (GWAS). 747 gout patients, 747 hyperuricemia and 2071 age-matched controls were recruited and analyzed with Affymetrix 650 K chip to find the related genetic variants. The functions of the related genes were investigated in an endothelial cell (EC) with urate crystal stimulation. The GWAS results showed 36 SNPs to be strongly associated with gout compared to controls (all p-values < 10−7). Whereas the rs2231142 in ABCG2 gene had significant associations between gout and controls, between gout and hyperuricemia, and between hyperuricemia and controls (all p-values < 10−7), and the ORs were 4.34, 3.37 and 2.15 (all p-values < 0.001) after adjustment of potential confounders, respectively. The cell model showed significantly higher IL-8 release from EC combined with ABCG2 knockdown. We concluded that ABCG2 gene contributed to hyperuricemia but also gout, and that it was involved in the inflammation dysregulation via augmented IL-8 release in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jen Chen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Tseng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Hsien Yen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Gowth Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hou-Wei Chu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Jen Chang
- Department of Kinesiology, Health and Leisure Studies, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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41
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Chen M, Lu X, Lu C, Shen N, Jiang Y, Chen M, Wu H. Soluble uric acid increases PDZK1 and ABCG2 expression in human intestinal cell lines via the TLR4-NLRP3 inflammasome and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:20. [PMID: 29415757 PMCID: PMC5803867 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the kidney, the intestine is one of the most important organs involved in uric acid excretion. However, the mechanism of urate excretion in the intestine remains unclear. Therefore, the relationship between soluble uric acid and the gut excretion in human intestinal cells was explored. The relevant signaling molecules were then also examined. METHODS HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines were stimulated with soluble uric acid. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to measure protein and mRNA levels. Subcellular fractionation methods and immunofluorescence were used to quantify the proteins in different subcellular compartments. Flow cytometry experiments examined the function of ATP-binding cassette transporter, subfamily G, member 2 (ABCG2). Small interfering RNA transfection was used to assess the interaction between ABCG2 and PDZ domain-containing 1 (PDZK1). RESULTS Soluble uric acid increased the expression of PDZK1 and ABCG2. The stimulation of soluble uric acid also facilitated the translocation of ABCG2 from the intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane and increased its transport activity. Moreover, the upregulation of PDZK1 and ABCG2 by soluble uric acid was partially decreased by either TLR4-NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors or PI3K/Akt signaling inhibitors. Furthermore, PDZK1 knockdown significantly inhibited the expression and transport activity of ABCG2 regardless of the activation by soluble uric acid, demonstrating a pivotal role for PDZK1 in the regulation of ABCG2. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that urate upregulates the expression of PDZK1 and ABCG2 for excretion in intestinal cells via activating the TLR4-NLRP3 inflammasome and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310009, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 310007, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyong Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ci Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Menglu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huaxiang Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310009, Hangzhou, China.
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42
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Stiburkova B, Pavelcova K, Zavada J, Petru L, Simek P, Cepek P, Pavlikova M, Matsuo H, Merriman TR, Pavelka K. Functional non-synonymous variants of ABCG2 and gout risk. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:1982-1992. [PMID: 28968913 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Common dysfunctional variants of ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (Junior blood group) (ABCG2), a high-capacity urate transporter gene, that result in decreased urate excretion are major causes of hyperuricemia and gout. In the present study, our objective was to determine the frequency and effect on gout of common and rare non-synonymous and other functional allelic variants in the ABCG2 gene. Methods The main cohort recruited from the Czech Republic consisted of 145 gout patients; 115 normouricaemic controls were used for comparison. We amplified, directly sequenced and analysed 15 ABCG2 exons. The associations between genetic variants and clinical phenotype were analysed using the t-test, Fisher's exact test and a logistic and linear regression approach. Data from a New Zealand Polynesian sample set and the UK Biobank were included for the p.V12M analysis. Results In the ABCG2 gene, 18 intronic (one dysfunctional splicing) and 11 exonic variants were detected: 9 were non-synonymous (2 common, 7 rare including 1 novel), namely p.V12M, p.Q141K, p.R147W, p.T153M, p.F373C, p.T434M, p.S476P, p.D620N and p.K360del. The p.Q141K (rs2231142) variant had a significantly higher minor allele frequency (0.23) in the gout patients compared with the European-origin population (0.09) and was significantly more common among gout patients than among normouricaemic controls (odds ratio = 3.26, P < 0.0001). Patients with non-synonymous allelic variants had an earlier onset of gout (42 vs 48 years, P = 0.0143) and a greater likelihood of a familial history of gout (41% vs 27%, odds ratio = 1.96, P = 0.053). In a meta-analysis p.V12M exerted a protective effect from gout (P < 0.0001). Conclusion Genetic variants of ABCG2, common and rare, increased the risk of gout. Non-synonymous allelic variants of ABCG2 had a significant effect on earlier onset of gout and the presence of a familial gout history. ABCG2 should thus be considered a common and significant risk factor for gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Stiburkova
- Institute of Rheumatology.,Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital in Prague
| | - Katerina Pavelcova
- Institute of Rheumatology.,Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lenka Petru
- Institute of Rheumatology.,Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | - Tony R Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Higashino T, Takada T, Nakaoka H, Toyoda Y, Stiburkova B, Miyata H, Ikebuchi Y, Nakashima H, Shimizu S, Kawaguchi M, Sakiyama M, Nakayama A, Akashi A, Tanahashi Y, Kawamura Y, Nakamura T, Wakai K, Okada R, Yamamoto K, Hosomichi K, Hosoya T, Ichida K, Ooyama H, Suzuki H, Inoue I, Merriman TR, Shinomiya N, Matsuo H. Multiple common and rare variants of ABCG2 cause gout. RMD Open 2017; 3:e000464. [PMID: 29225919 PMCID: PMC5706492 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2017-000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous studies have suggested an association between gout susceptibility and common dysfunctional variants in ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2/breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2/BCRP), including rs72552713 (Q126X) and rs2231142 (Q141K). However, the association of rare ABCG2 variants with gout is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of rare ABCG2 variants on gout susceptibility in this study. Methods We sequenced the exons of ABCG2 in 480 patients with gout and 480 healthy controls (Japanese males). We also performed functional analyses of non-synonymous variants of ABCG2 and analysed the correlation between urate transport function and scores from the protein prediction algorithms (Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant (SIFT) and Polymorphism Phenotyping v2 (PolyPhen-2)). Stratified association analyses and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to evaluate the effects of rare and common ABCG2 variants on gout susceptibility. Results We identified 3 common and 19 rare non-synonymous variants of ABCG2. SIFT scores were significantly correlated with the urate transport function, although some ABCG2 variants showed inconsistent scores. When the effects of common variants were removed by stratified association analysis, the rare variants of ABCG2 were associated with a significantly increased risk of gout (OR=3.2, p=6.4×10−3). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the size effect of these rare ABCG2 variants (OR=2.7, p=3.0×10−3) was similar to that of the common variants, Q126X (OR=3.4, p=3.2×10−6) and Q141K (OR=2.3, p=2.7×10−16). Conclusions This study revealed that multiple common and rare variants of ABCG2 are independently associated with gout. These results could support both the ‘Common Disease, Common Variant’ and ‘Common Disease, Multiple Rare Variant’ hypotheses for the association between ABCG2 and gout susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Higashino
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakaoka
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Yu Toyoda
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Blanka Stiburkova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hiroshi Miyata
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ikebuchi
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakashima
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Seiko Shimizu
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawaguchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sakiyama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nakayama
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Airi Akashi
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanahashi
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Laboratory for Mathematics, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rieko Okada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Hosoya
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathophysiology and Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ituro Inoue
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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