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de Oliveira RL, da Silva WB, Couto KS, Porto TS. Sequential cultivation method for β-fructofuranosidase production from Aspergillus tamarii URM4634, evaluation of their biochemical and kinetic/thermodynamic characteristics, and application on sucrose hydrolysis. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:186. [PMID: 39077623 PMCID: PMC11283445 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study focused on evaluating the sequential fermentation (SF) method for FFase production from Aspergillus tamarii URM4634 using soybean bran as substrate. The SF was performed using soybean bran as substrate at 72 h and 30 °C and the maximum hydrolytic activity (44.00 U mL-1), corresponding to an increase of 2.98-fold to about SmF using sucrose as substrate. Already the maximum transfructosylating activity was 26.10 U mL-1. The FFase presents maximum hydrolytic activity at pH 5.0-6.0 and transfructosylating at pH 6.0 and 60 °C for both enzyme activities. The enzyme showed a typical hydrolytic kinetic profile evidenced by more affinity by sucrose hydrolysis reaction than the fructosyl transfer one. From kinetic and thermodynamic data of thermal denaturation, it was observed that the enzyme presents suitable at 55 °C, evidenced by the large half-life (990.21 min) and D values (3289.41 min). The maximum release of reducing sugars (8.45 g L-1) was obtained in hydrolysis of 20% sucrose during 180 min. The results obtained for FFase production by SF proved that this method can be used satisfactorily for sucrose-degrading enzymes and can contribute to the development of the SF technique to produce different industrial-interest enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Lira de Oliveira
- Federal University of Agreste of Pernambuco (UFAPE), Multi-User Food Science and Technology Laboratory, Garanhuns, Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Wanessa Braz da Silva
- School of Food Engineering, Federal University of Agreste of Pernambuco (UFAPE), Garanhuns, Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Karollayny Santos Couto
- School of Food Engineering, Federal University of Agreste of Pernambuco (UFAPE), Garanhuns, Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Tatiana Souza Porto
- Department of Morphology and Animal Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
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2
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Jiménez-Ortega E, Sanz-Aparicio J. Oligomeric Structure of Yeast and Other Invertases Governs Specificity. Subcell Biochem 2024; 104:503-530. [PMID: 38963498 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Invertases, or β-fructofuranosidases, are metabolic enzymes widely distributed among plants and microorganisms that hydrolyze sucrose and release fructose from various substrates. Invertase was one of the earliest discovered enzymes, first investigated in the mid-nineteenth century, becoming a classical model used in the primary biochemical studies on protein synthesis, activity, and the secretion of glycoproteins. However, it was not until 20 years ago that a member of this family of enzymes was structurally characterized, showing a bimodular arrangement with a β-propeller catalytic domain, and a β-sandwich domain with unknown function. Since then, many studies on related plant and fungal enzymes have revealed them as basically monomeric. By contrast, all yeast enzymes in this family that have been characterized so far have shown sophisticated oligomeric structures mediated by the non-catalytic domain, which is also involved in substrate binding, and how this assembly determines the particular specificity of each enzyme. In this chapter, we will review the available structures of yeast invertases to elucidate the mechanism regulating oligomer formation and compare them with other reported dimeric invertases in which the oligomeric assembly has no apparent functional implications. In addition, recent work on a new family of invertases with absolute specificity for the α-(1,2)-bond of sucrose found in cyanobacteria and plant invertases is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Sanz-Aparicio
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical-Chemistry Blas Cabrera. CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Osiebe O, Adewale IO, Omafuvbe BO. Production and characterization of intracellular invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (OL629078.1), using cassava-soybean as a cost-effective substrate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16295. [PMID: 37770493 PMCID: PMC10539294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing global market for industrial enzymes has led to a constant search for efficient, cost-effective methods for their production. This study reports the production of invertase using inexpensive and readily available agro-materials. Starch-digesting enzymes extracted from malted unkilned sorghum were used to hydrolyze cassava starch supplemented with 2% whole soybean. The production of intracellular invertase by Saccharomyces cerevisiae OL629078.1 in cassava-soybean and yeast sucrose broth was compared. The purification and characterization of invertase produced using the low-cost medium were also reported. The results showed that there was a 4.1-fold increase in the units of invertase produced in cassava-soybean medium (318.605 U/mg) compared to yeast sucrose broth medium (77.6 U/mg). The invertase produced was purified by chromatographic methods up to 5.53-fold with a recovery of 62.6%. Estimation of the molecular weight with gel filtration indicated a molecular weight of 118 kDa. The enzyme demonstrated its maximum activity at 50 °C and there was no decrease in its activity following a 1-h incubation at this temperature. At a pH of 5.0, the enzyme demonstrated optimal activity and it maintained over 60% of its activity in the acid range (pH 3-6). The Michalis-Menten constants Km and Vmax of intracellular invertase were 5.85 ± 1.715 mM and 6.472 ± 2.099 U/mg, respectively. These results suggest that Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on cassava-soybean is a viable, cost-effective alternative for commercial invertase production, which can be explored for biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oghenesivwe Osiebe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - Isaac Olusanjo Adewale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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4
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Chen Z, Shen Y, Xu J. A Strategy for Rapid Acquisition of the β-D-Fructofuranosidase Gene through Chemical Synthesis and New Function of Its Encoded Enzyme to Improve Gel Properties during Yogurt Processing. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081704. [PMID: 37107499 PMCID: PMC10137638 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A chemical gene synthesis strategy was developed in order to obtain β-D-fructofuranosidase, and a novel gene, AlFFase3, was characterized from Aspergillus luchuensis and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was purified, showing a molecular mass of 68.0 kDa on SDS-PAGE, and displaying a specific activity towards sucrose of up to 771.2 U mg-1, indicating its exceptional enzymatic capacity. AlFFase3 exhibited stability between pH 5.5 and 7.5, with maximal activity at pH 6.5 and 40 °C. Impressively, AlFFase3, as a soluble protein, was resistant to digestion by various common proteases, including Flavourzyme, acidic protease, pepsin, neutral protease, Proteinase K, alkaline proteinase, and trypsin. AlFFase3 also demonstrated significant transfructosylation activity, with a yield of various fructooligosaccharides up to 67%, higher than almost all other reports. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the addition of AlFFase3 enhanced the growth of probiotics in yogurt, thereby increasing its nutritional value. AlFFase3 also improved the formation of yogurt gel, reducing the gel formation time and lowering the elasticity while increasing its viscosity, thereby improving the palatability of yogurt and reducing production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yimei Shen
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiangqi Xu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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5
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Chen Z, Shen Y, Xu J. Efficient Degradation for Raffinose and Stachyose of a β-D-Fructofuranosidase and Its New Function to Improve Gel Properties of Coagulated Fermented-Soymilk. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040345. [PMID: 37102957 PMCID: PMC10137817 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel β-D-fructofuranosidase gene was identified via database mining from Leptothrix cholodnii. The gene was chemically synthesized and expressed in Escherichia coli, resulting in the production of a highly efficient enzyme known as LcFFase1s. The enzyme exhibited optimal activity at pH 6.5 and a temperature of 50 °C while maintaining stability at pH 5.5-8.0 and a temperature below 50 °C. Furthermore, LcFFase1s exhibited remarkable resistance to commercial proteases and various metal ions that could interfere with its activity. This study also revealed a new hydrolysis function of LcFFase1s, which could completely hydrolyze 2% raffinose and stachyose within 8 h and 24 h, respectively, effectively reducing the flatulence factor in legumes. This discovery expands the potential applications of LcFFase1s. Additionally, the incorporation of LcFFase1s significantly reduced the particle size of coagulated fermented-soymilk gel, resulting in a smoother texture while maintaining the gel hardness and viscosity formed during fermentation. This represents the first report of β-D-fructofuranosidase enhancing coagulated fermented-soymilk gel properties, highlighting promising possibilities for future applications of LcFFase1s. Overall, the exceptional enzymatic properties and unique functions of LcFFase1s render it a valuable tool for numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yimei Shen
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiangqi Xu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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6
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Characterization of a Hyaluronidase-Producing Bacillus sp. CQMU-D Isolated from Soil. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:328. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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The Influence of Yarrowia lipolytica Glycosylation on the Biochemical Properties and Oligomerization of Heterologous Invertase. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14137926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Invertases are important enzymes used in the food industry. Despite many studies on the invertase-encoding SUC2 gene expression in the industrial yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, no biochemical characteristics of this enzyme expressed as heterologous protein have been provided. Here, two isoforms of extracellular invertase produced by Y. lipolytica were detected using ion-exchange chromatography. Specific activities of 226.45 and 432.66 U/mg for the first and second isoform, respectively, were determined. Basic characteristics of this enzyme were similar to the one isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (optimum pH and temperature, metal ions inhibition, substrate specificity and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) biosynthesis). The apparent differences were higher KM for sucrose (67 mM) and lower molecular mass (66 kDa) resulting from lower N-glycosylation level (9.1% of mass). The N-glycan structures determined by MALDI-TOF and HPLC represented high mannose structures, though with much shorter chains than hypermannosylated glycans from S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, galactose was detected as the modifying sugar in the glycan structures of invertase expressed in Y. lipolytica. N-glycans did not affect invertase activity but were important for its oligomerization. The expressed enzyme aggregated into dimers, tetramers, hexamers, and octamers, as well as structures of higher molecular mass, which might be decamers, which have not been described so far in the literature.
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8
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Wang YJ, Zhen XH, Zhou YJ, Wang YL, Hou JY, Wang X, Li RM, Liu J, Hu XW, Geng MT, Yao Y, Guo JC. MeNINV1: An Alkaline/Neutral Invertase Gene of Manihot esculenta, Enhanced Sucrose Catabolism and Promoted Plant Vegetative Growth in Transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070946. [PMID: 35406926 PMCID: PMC9003190 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline/neutral invertase (A/N-INV) is an invertase that irreversibly decomposes sucrose into fructose as well as glucose and plays a role in plant growth and development, starch synthesis, abiotic stress, and other plant-life activities. Cassava is an economically important starch crop in tropical regions. During the development of cassava tuber roots, A/N-INV activity is relatively high, which indicates that it may participate in sucrose metabolism and starch synthesis. In this study, MeNINV1 was confirmed to function as invertase to catalyze sucrose decomposition in yeast. The optimal enzymatic properties of MeNINV1 were a pH of 6.5, a reaction temperature of 40 °C, and sucrose as its specific catalytic substrate. VB6, Zn2+, and Pb2+ at low concentrations as well as EDTA, DTT, Tris, Mg2+, and fructose inhibited A/N-INV enzymic activity. In cassava, the MeNINV1 gene was mainly expressed in the fibrous roots and the tuber root phloem, and its expression decreased as the tuber root grew. MeNINV1 was confirmed to localize in chloroplasts. In Arabidopsis, MeNINV1-overexpressing Arabidopsis had higher A/N-INV activity, and the increased glucose, fructose, and starch content in the leaves promoted plant growth and delayed flowering time but did not change its resistance to abiotic stress. Our results provide new insights into the biological function of MeNINV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.-J.W.); (X.-H.Z.); (Y.-J.Z.); (J.-Y.H.); (X.W.); (X.-W.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.W.); (R.-M.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Xing-Hou Zhen
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.-J.W.); (X.-H.Z.); (Y.-J.Z.); (J.-Y.H.); (X.W.); (X.-W.H.)
| | - Yang-Jiao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.-J.W.); (X.-H.Z.); (Y.-J.Z.); (J.-Y.H.); (X.W.); (X.-W.H.)
| | - Yun-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.W.); (R.-M.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jing-Yi Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.-J.W.); (X.-H.Z.); (Y.-J.Z.); (J.-Y.H.); (X.W.); (X.-W.H.)
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.-J.W.); (X.-H.Z.); (Y.-J.Z.); (J.-Y.H.); (X.W.); (X.-W.H.)
| | - Rui-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.W.); (R.-M.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.W.); (R.-M.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Xin-Wen Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.-J.W.); (X.-H.Z.); (Y.-J.Z.); (J.-Y.H.); (X.W.); (X.-W.H.)
| | - Meng-Ting Geng
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.-J.W.); (X.-H.Z.); (Y.-J.Z.); (J.-Y.H.); (X.W.); (X.-W.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.-T.G.); (Y.Y.); (J.-C.G.); Tel.: +86-898-6696-2953 (Y.Y.); +86-898-6696-2953 (J.-C.G.)
| | - Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.W.); (R.-M.L.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.-T.G.); (Y.Y.); (J.-C.G.); Tel.: +86-898-6696-2953 (Y.Y.); +86-898-6696-2953 (J.-C.G.)
| | - Jian-Chun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (Y.-L.W.); (R.-M.L.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.-T.G.); (Y.Y.); (J.-C.G.); Tel.: +86-898-6696-2953 (Y.Y.); +86-898-6696-2953 (J.-C.G.)
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9
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Effects of pH and Osmotic Changes on the Metabolic Expressions of Bacillus subtilis Strain 168 in Metabolite Pathways including Leucine Metabolism. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020112. [PMID: 35208188 PMCID: PMC8880083 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is often exposed to diverse culture conditions with the aim of improving hygiene or food quality. This can lead to changes in the volatile metabolite profiles related to the quality of fermented foods. To comprehensively interpret the associated metabolic expressions, changes in intracellular primary and extracellular secondary volatile metabolites were investigated by exposing B. subtilis to an alkaline pH (BP, pH 8.0) and a high salt concentration (BS, 1 M). In particular, B. subtilis was cultured in a leucine-enriched medium to investigate the formation of leucine-derived volatile metabolites. This study observed metabolic changes in several metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and leucine degradation. The formation of proline (an osmolyte), furans, pyrrole, and monosaccharide sugars (glucose, galactose, and fructose) was enhanced in BS, whereas fatty acid derivatives (ketones and alcohols) increased in BP. In the case of leucine degradation, 3-methyl-butanal and 3-methylbutanol could be salt-specific metabolites, while the contents of 3-methylbutanoic acid and 3-methylbutylacetate increased in BP. These results show culture condition-specific metabolic changes, especially secondary volatile metabolites related to the sensory property of foods, in B. subtilis.
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Doan CT, Tran TN, Nguyen TT, Tran TPH, Nguyen VB, Tran TD, Nguyen AD, Wang SL. Production of Sucrolytic Enzyme by Bacillus licheniformis by the Bioconversion of Pomelo Albedo as a Carbon Source. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121959. [PMID: 34199171 PMCID: PMC8231626 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been increasing use of agro-byproducts in microbial fermentation to produce a variety of value-added products. In this study, among various kinds of agro-byproducts, pomelo albedo powder (PAP) was found to be the most effective carbon source for the production of sucrose hydrolyzing enzyme by Bacillus licheniformis TKU004. The optimal medium for sucrolytic enzyme production contained 2% PAP, 0.75% NH4NO3, 0.05% MgSO4, and 0.05% NaH2PO4 and the optimal culture conditions were pH 6.7, 35 °C, 150 rpm, and 24 h. Accordingly, the highest sucrolytic activity was 1.87 U/mL, 4.79-fold higher than that from standard conditions using sucrose as the carbon source. The purified sucrolytic enzyme (sleTKU004) is a 53 kDa monomeric protein and belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 68. The optimum temperature and pH of sleTKU004 were 50 °C, and pH = 6, respectively. SleTKU004 could hydrolyze sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose by attacking the glycoside linkage between glucose and fructose molecules of the sucrose unit. The Km and Vmax of sleTKU004 were 1.16 M and 5.99 µmol/min, respectively. Finally, sleTKU004 showed strong sucrose tolerance and presented the highest hydrolytic activity at the sucrose concentration of 1.2 M–1.5 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Thang Doan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Thi Ngoc Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Thi Phuong Hanh Tran
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Van Bon Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (V.B.N.); (A.D.N.)
| | - Trung Dung Tran
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (V.B.N.); (A.D.N.)
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2621-5656; Fax: +886-2-2620-9924
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11
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Singh NK, Ray P, Carlin AF, Magallanes C, Morgan SC, Laurent LC, Aronoff-Spencer ES, Hall DA. Hitting the diagnostic sweet spot: Point-of-care SARS-CoV-2 salivary antigen testing with an off-the-shelf glucometer. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 180:113111. [PMID: 33743492 PMCID: PMC7908832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significant barriers to the diagnosis of latent and acute SARS-CoV-2 infection continue to hamper population-based screening efforts required to contain the COVID-19 pandemic in the absence of widely available antiviral therapeutics or vaccines. We report an aptamer-based SARS-CoV-2 salivary antigen assay employing only low-cost reagents ($3.20/test) and an off-the-shelf glucometer. The test was engineered around a glucometer as it is quantitative, easy to use, and the most prevalent piece of diagnostic equipment globally, making the test highly scalable with an infrastructure that is already in place. Furthermore, many glucometers connect to smartphones, providing an opportunity to integrate with contact tracing apps, medical providers, and electronic health records. In clinical testing, the developed assay detected SARS-CoV-2 infection in patient saliva across a range of viral loads - as benchmarked by RT-qPCR - within 1 h, with 100% sensitivity (positive percent agreement) and distinguished infected specimens from off-target antigens in uninfected controls with 100% specificity (negative percent agreement). We propose that this approach provides an inexpensive, rapid, and accurate diagnostic for distributed screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K. Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Partha Ray
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Aaron F. Carlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Celestine Magallanes
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sydney C. Morgan
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Louise C. Laurent
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Eliah S. Aronoff-Spencer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Drew A. Hall
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Corresponding author
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12
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Liu J, Cheng J, Huang M, Shen C, Xu K, Xiao Y, Pan W, Fang Z. Identification of an Invertase With High Specific Activity for Raffinose Hydrolysis and Its Application in Soymilk Treatment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:646801. [PMID: 33897661 PMCID: PMC8060482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.646801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrolyzation of raffinose into melibiose by using invertases under mild conditions improves the nutritional value of soybean products. However, this strategy has received little attention because a suitable invertase remains lacking. In this study, a novel invertase named InvDz13 was screened and purified from Microbacterium trichothecenolyticum and characterized. InvDz13 was one of the invertases with the highest specific activity toward raffinose. Specifically, it had a specific activity of 229 U/mg toward raffinose at pH 6.5 and 35°C. InvDz13 retained more than 80% of its maximum activity at pH 5.5–7.5 and 25–40°C and was resistant to or stimulated by most cations that presented in soymilk. In soymilk treated with InvDz13 under mild conditions, melibiose concentration increased from 3.1 ± 0.2 to 6.1 ± 0.1 mM due to raffinose hydrolyzation by InvDz13. Furthermore, the prebiotic property of InvDz13-treated soymilk was investigated via in vitro fermentation by human gut microbiota. Results showed that InvDz13 treatment increased the proportion of the beneficial bacteria Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus by 1.6- and 3.7-fold, respectively. By contrast, the populations of Escherichia and Collinsella decreased by 1.8- and 11.7-fold, respectively. Thus, our results proved that the enzymatic hydrolysis of raffinose in soymilk with InvDz13 was practicable and might be an alternative approach to improving the nutritional value of soymilk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Anhui RenRenFu Bean Co., Ltd., Hefei, China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjuan Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
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13
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Zhang R, He L, Shen J, Miao Y, Tang X, Wu Q, Zhou J, Huang Z. Improving low-temperature activity and thermostability of exo-inulinase InuAGN25 on the basis of increasing rigidity of the terminus and flexibility of the catalytic domain. Bioengineered 2020; 11:1233-1244. [PMID: 33131413 PMCID: PMC8291790 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1837476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes displaying high activity at low temperatures and good thermostability are attracting attention in many studies. However, improving low-temperature activity along with the thermostability of enzymes remains challenging. In this study, the mutant Mut8S, including eight sites (N61E, K156R, P236E, T243K, D268E, T277D, Q390K, and R409D) mutated from the exo-inulinase InuAGN25, was designed on the basis of increasing the number of salt bridges through comparison between the low-temperature-active InuAGN25 and thermophilic exo-inulinases. The recombinant Mut8S, which was expressed in Escherichia coli, was digested by human rhinovirus 3 C protease to remove the amino acid fusion sequence at N-terminus, producing RfsMut8S. Compared with wild-type RfsMInuAGN25, the mutant RfsMut8S showed (1) lower root mean square deviation values, (2) lower root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) values of residues in six regions of the N and C termini but higher RMSF values in five regions of the catalytic pocket, (3) higher activity at 0-40°C, and (4) better thermostability at 50°C. This study proposes a way to increase low-temperature activity along with a thermostability improvement of exo-inulinase on the basis of increasing the rigidity of the terminus and the flexibility of the catalytic domain. These findings may prove useful in formulating rational designs for increasing the thermal performance of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei He
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jidong Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Miao
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghua Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junpei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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14
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Zhou G, Peng C, Liu X, Chang F, Xiao Y, Liu J, Fang Z. Identification and Immobilization of an Invertase With High Specific Activity and Sucrose Tolerance Ability of Gongronella sp. w5 for High Fructose Syrup Preparation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:633. [PMID: 32328053 PMCID: PMC7160231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertases catalyze the hydrolysis of sucrose into fructose and glucose and can be employed as an alternative in producing high fructose syrup. In this study, we reported the heterologous expression of an invertase gene (GspInv) of Gongronella sp. w5 in Komagataella pastoris. GspInv activity reached 147.6 ± 0.4 U/mL after 5 days of methanol induction. GspInv is invertase with a high specific activity of 2,776.1 ± 124.2 U/mg toward sucrose. GspInv showed high tolerance to sucrose (IC 5 0 = 1.2 M), glucose (IC 5 0 > 2 M), fructose (IC 5 0 = 1.5 M), and a variety of metal ions that make it an ideal candidate for high fructose syrup production. A carbohydrate-binding module was sequence-optimized and fused to the N-terminus of GspInv. The fusion protein had the highest immobilization efficiency at room temperature within 1 h adsorption, with 1 g of cellulose absorption up to 8,000 U protein. The cellulose-immobilized fusion protein retained the unique properties of GspInv. When applied in high fructose syrup preparation by using 1 M sucrose as the substrate, the sucrose conversion efficiency of the fused protein remained at approximately 95% after 50 h of continuous hydrolysis on a packed bed reactor. The fused protein can also hydrolyze completely the sucrose in sugarcane molasses. Our results suggest that GspInv is an unusual invertase and a promising candidate for high fructose syrup preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Can Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaosa Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, China
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15
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Zhang R, Li N, Liu Y, Han X, Tu T, Shen J, Xu S, Wu Q, Zhou J, Huang Z. Biochemical and structural properties of a low-temperature-active glycoside hydrolase family 43 β-xylosidase: Activity and instability at high neutral salt concentrations. Food Chem 2019; 301:125266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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A Novel Cold-Adapted and Salt-Tolerant RNase R from Antarctic Sea-Ice Bacterium Psychrobacter sp. ANT206. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122229. [PMID: 31207974 PMCID: PMC6630635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel RNase R, psrnr, was cloned from the Antarctic bacterium Psychrobacter sp. ANT206 and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). A bioinformatics analysis of the psrnr gene revealed that it contained an open reading frame of 2313 bp and encoded a protein (PsRNR) of 770 amino acids. Homology modeling indicated that PsRNR had reduced hydrogen bonds and salt bridges, which might be the main reason for the catalytic efficiency at low temperatures. A site directed mutation exhibited that His 667 in the active site was absolutely crucial for the enzyme catalysis. The recombinant PsRNR (rPsRNR) showed maximum activity at 30 °C and had thermal instability, suggesting that rPsRNR was a cold-adapted enzyme. Interestingly, rPsRNR displayed remarkable salt tolerance, remaining stable at 0.5-3.0 M NaCl. Furthermore, rPsRNR had a higher kcat value, contributing to its efficient catalytic activity at a low temperature. Overall, cold-adapted RNase R in this study was an excellent candidate for antimicrobial treatment.
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17
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Zhou J, Song Z, Zhang R, Liu R, Wu Q, Li J, Tang X, Xu B, Ding J, Han N, Huang Z. Distinctive molecular and biochemical characteristics of a glycoside hydrolase family 20 β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and salt tolerance. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:37. [PMID: 28399848 PMCID: PMC5387316 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enzymatic degradation of chitin has attracted substantial attention because chitin is an abundant renewable natural resource, second only to lignocellulose, and because of the promising applications of N-acetylglucosamine in the bioethanol, food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the low activity and poor tolerance to salts and N-acetylglucosamine of most reported β-N-acetylglucosaminidases limit their applications. Mining for novel enzymes from new microorganisms is one way to address this problem. Results A glycoside hydrolase family 20 (GH 20) β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (GlcNAcase) was identified from Microbacterium sp. HJ5 harboured in the saline soil of an abandoned salt mine and was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant enzyme showed specific activities of 1773.1 ± 1.1 and 481.4 ± 2.3 μmol min−1 mg−1 towards p-nitrophenyl β-N-acetylglucosaminide and N,N'-diacetyl chitobiose, respectively, a Vmax of 3097 ± 124 μmol min−1 mg−1 towards p-nitrophenyl β-N-acetylglucosaminide and a Ki of 14.59 mM for N-acetylglucosamine inhibition. Most metal ions and chemical reagents at final concentrations of 1.0 and 10.0 mM or 0.5 and 1.0% (v/v) had little or no effect (retaining 84.5 − 131.5% activity) on the enzyme activity. The enzyme can retain more than 53.6% activity and good stability in 3.0–20.0% (w/v) NaCl. Compared with most GlcNAcases, the activity of the enzyme is considerably higher and the tolerance to salts and N-acetylglucosamine is much better. Furthermore, the enzyme had higher proportions of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, glycine, random coils and negatively charged surfaces but lower proportions of cysteine, lysine, α-helices and positively charged surfaces than its homologs. These molecular characteristics were hypothesised as potential factors in the adaptation for salt tolerance and high activity of the GH 20 GlcNAcase. Conclusions Biochemical characterization revealed that the GlcNAcase had novel salt–GlcNAc tolerance and high activity. These characteristics suggest that the enzyme has versatile potential in biotechnological applications, such as bioconversion of chitin waste and the processing of marine materials and saline foods. Molecular characterization provided an understanding of the molecular–function relationships for the salt tolerance and high activity of the GH 20 GlcNAcase. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-017-0358-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, No. 768 Juxian Street, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, No. 768 Juxian Street, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, No. 768 Juxian Street, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, No. 768 Juxian Street, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, No. 768 Juxian Street, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Li
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, No. 768 Juxian Street, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghua Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, No. 768 Juxian Street, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, No. 768 Juxian Street, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmei Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, No. 768 Juxian Street, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyu Han
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, No. 768 Juxian Street, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunxi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China. .,College of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, No. 768 Juxian Street, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
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