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Ishikawa M, Hori K. The elimination of two restriction enzyme genes allows for electroporation-based transformation and CRISPR-Cas9-based base editing in the non-competent Gram-negative bacterium Acinetobacter sp. Tol 5. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0040024. [PMID: 38722179 PMCID: PMC11218613 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00400-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental isolates are promising candidates for new chassis of synthetic biology because of their inherent capabilities, which include efficiently converting a wide range of substrates into valuable products and resilience to environmental stresses; however, many remain genetically intractable and unamenable to established genetic tools tailored for model bacteria. Acinetobacter sp. Tol 5, an environmentally isolated Gram-negative bacterium, possesses intriguing properties for use in synthetic biology applications. Despite the previous development of genetic tools for the engineering of strain Tol 5, its genetic manipulation has been hindered by low transformation efficiency via electroporation, rendering the process laborious and time-consuming. This study demonstrated the genetic refinement of the Tol 5 strain, achieving efficient transformation via electroporation. We deleted two genes encoding type I and type III restriction enzymes. The resulting mutant strain not only exhibited marked efficiency of electrotransformation but also proved receptive to both in vitro and in vivo DNA assembly technologies, thereby facilitating the construction of recombinant DNA without reliance on intermediate Escherichia coli constructs. In addition, we successfully adapted a CRISPR-Cas9-based base-editing platform developed for other Acinetobacter species. Our findings provide genetic modification strategies that allow for the domestication of environmentally isolated bacteria, streamlining their utilization in synthetic biology applications.IMPORTANCERecent synthetic biology has sought diverse bacterial chassis from environmental sources to circumvent the limitations of laboratory Escherichia coli strains for industrial and environmental applications. One of the critical barriers in cell engineering of bacterial chassis is their inherent resistance to recombinant DNA, propagated either in vitro or within E. coli cells. Environmental bacteria have evolved defense mechanisms against foreign DNA as a response to the constant threat of phage infection. The ubiquity of phages in natural settings accounts for the genetic intractability of environmental isolates. The significance of our research is in demonstrating genetic modification strategies for the cell engineering of such genetically intractable bacteria. This research marks a pivotal step in the domestication of environmentally isolated bacteria, promising candidates for emerging synthetic biology chassis. Our work thus significantly contributes to advancing their applications across industrial, environmental, and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Ishikawa
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Hori
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, Japan
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Ahmad S, Leng Q, Hou G, Liang Y, Li Y, Qu Y. Biological Traits and Comprehensive Genomic Analysis of Novel Enterococcus faecalis Bacteriophage EFP6. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1202. [PMID: 38930584 PMCID: PMC11206139 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a prevalent opportunistic pathogen associated with chicken embryonic and neonatal chick mortality, posing a significant challenge in poultry farming. In the current study, E. faecalis strain EF6, isolated from a recent hatchery outbreak, served as the host bacterium for the isolation of a novel phage EFP6, capable of lysing E. faecalis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a hexagonal head and a short tail, classifying EFP6 as a member of the Autographiviridae family. EFP6 showed sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation and resistance to chloroform. The lytic cycle duration of EFP6 was determined to be 50 min, highlighting its efficacy in host eradication. With an optimal multiplicity of infection of 0.001, EFP6 exhibited a narrow lysis spectrum and strong specificity towards host strains. Additionally, EFP6 demonstrated optimal growth conditions at 40 °C and pH 8.0. Whole genome sequencing unveiled a genome length of 18,147 bp, characterized by a GC concentration of 33.21% and comprising 25 open reading frames. Comparative genomic assessment underscored its collinearity with related phages, notably devoid of lysogenic genes, thus ensuring genetic stability. This in-depth characterization forms the basis for understanding the biological attributes of EFP6 and its potential utilization in phage therapy, offering promising prospects for mitigating E. faecalis-associated poultry infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yonggang Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (S.A.); (Q.L.); (G.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
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3
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Karami M, Goudarztalejerdi A, Mohammadzadeh A, Berizi E. In vitro evaluation of two novel Escherichia bacteriophages against multiple drug resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:497. [PMID: 38755537 PMCID: PMC11100137 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been a growing interest in phage therapy as an effective therapeutic tool against colibacillosis caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) which resulted from the increasing number of multidrug resistant (MDR) APEC strains. METHODS In the present study, we reported the characterization of a new lytic bacteriophage (Escherichia phage AG- MK-2022. Basu) isolated from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. In addition, the in vitro bacteriolytic activity of the newly isolated phage (Escherichia phage AG- MK-2022. Basu) and the Escherichia phage VaT-2019a isolate PE17 (GenBank: MK353636.1) were assessed against MDR- APEC strains (n = 100) isolated from broiler chickens with clinical signs of colibacillosis. RESULTS Escherichia phage AG- MK-2022. Basu belongs to the Myoviridae family and exhibits a broad host range. Furthermore, the phage showed stability under a wide range of temperatures, pH values and different concentrations of NaCl. Genome analysis of the Escherichia phage AG- MK-2022. Basu revealed that the phage possesses no antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and any E. coli virulence associated genes. In vitro bacterial challenge tests demonstrated that two phages, the Escherichia phage VaT-2019a isolate PE17 and the Escherichia phage AG- MK-2022. Basu exhibited high bactericidal activity against APEC strains and lysed 95% of the tested APEC strains. CONCLUSIONS The current study findings indicate that both phages could be suggested as safe biocontrol agents and alternatives to antibiotics for controlling MDR-APEC strains isolated from broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Karami
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran
| | - Ali Goudarztalejerdi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran.
| | - Abdolmajid Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran
| | - Enayat Berizi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Lossouarn J, Beurrier E, Bouteau A, Moncaut E, Sir Silmane M, Portalier H, Zouari A, Cattoir V, Serror P, Petit MA. The virtue of training: extending phage host spectra against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains using the Appelmans method. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0143923. [PMID: 38591854 PMCID: PMC11210271 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01439-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy has (re)emerged as a serious possibility for combating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, including those caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains. These opportunistic pathogens belong to a specific clonal complex 17, against which relatively few phages have been screened. We isolated a collection of 21 virulent phages growing on these vancomycin-resistant isolates. Each of these phages harbored a typical narrow plaquing host range, lysing at most 5 strains and covering together 10 strains of our panel of 14 clinical isolates. To enlarge the host spectrum of our phages, the Appelmans protocol was used. We mixed four out of our most complementary phages in a cocktail that we iteratively grew on eight naive strains from our panel, of which six were initially refractory to at least three of the combined phages. Fifteen successive passages permitted to significantly improve the lytic activity of the cocktail, from which phages with extended host ranges within the E. faecium species could be isolated. A single evolved phage able to kill up to 10 of the 14 initial E. faecium strains was obtained, and it barely infected nearby species. All evolved phages had acquired point mutations or a recombination event in the tail fiber genetic region, suggesting these genes might have driven phage evolution by contributing to their extended host spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lossouarn
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elsa Beurrier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Astrid Bouteau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elisabeth Moncaut
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maria Sir Silmane
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Heïdi Portalier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Asma Zouari
- CHU de Rennes, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène Hospitalière et CNR de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques (laboratoire associé "Entérocoques"), Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Cattoir
- CHU de Rennes, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène Hospitalière et CNR de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques (laboratoire associé "Entérocoques"), Rennes, France
- Université de Rennes, INSERM, UMR_S1230 BRM, Rennes, France
| | - Pascale Serror
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Petit
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Wu LY, Wijesekara Y, Piedade GJ, Pappas N, Brussaard CPD, Dutilh BE. Benchmarking bioinformatic virus identification tools using real-world metagenomic data across biomes. Genome Biol 2024; 25:97. [PMID: 38622738 PMCID: PMC11020464 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As most viruses remain uncultivated, metagenomics is currently the main method for virus discovery. Detecting viruses in metagenomic data is not trivial. In the past few years, many bioinformatic virus identification tools have been developed for this task, making it challenging to choose the right tools, parameters, and cutoffs. As all these tools measure different biological signals, and use different algorithms and training and reference databases, it is imperative to conduct an independent benchmarking to give users objective guidance. RESULTS We compare the performance of nine state-of-the-art virus identification tools in thirteen modes on eight paired viral and microbial datasets from three distinct biomes, including a new complex dataset from Antarctic coastal waters. The tools have highly variable true positive rates (0-97%) and false positive rates (0-30%). PPR-Meta best distinguishes viral from microbial contigs, followed by DeepVirFinder, VirSorter2, and VIBRANT. Different tools identify different subsets of the benchmarking data and all tools, except for Sourmash, find unique viral contigs. Performance of tools improved with adjusted parameter cutoffs, indicating that adjustment of parameter cutoffs before usage should be considered. CONCLUSIONS Together, our independent benchmarking facilitates selecting choices of bioinformatic virus identification tools and gives suggestions for parameter adjustments to viromics researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yi Wu
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Yasas Wijesekara
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix Hausdorff Str. 8, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gonçalo J Piedade
- Department Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, PO Box 59, Texel, 1790 AB, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Pappas
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Corina P D Brussaard
- Department Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, PO Box 59, Texel, 1790 AB, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas E Dutilh
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science4Life, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biodiversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Zamora PF, Reidy TG, Armbruster CR, Sun M, Van Tyne D, Turner PE, Koff JL, Bomberger JM. Lytic bacteriophages induce the secretion of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines from human respiratory epithelial cells. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002566. [PMID: 38652717 PMCID: PMC11037538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy is a therapeutic approach to treat multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections that employs lytic bacteriophages (phages) to eliminate bacteria. Despite the abundant evidence for its success as an antimicrobial in Eastern Europe, there is scarce data regarding its effects on the human host. Here, we aimed to understand how lytic phages interact with cells of the airway epithelium, the tissue site that is colonized by bacterial biofilms in numerous chronic respiratory disorders. Using a panel of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages and human airway epithelial cells (AECs) derived from a person with cystic fibrosis (CF), we determined that interactions between phages and epithelial cells depend on specific phage properties as well as physiochemical features of the microenvironment. Although poor at internalizing phages, the airway epithelium responds to phage exposure by changing its transcriptional profile and secreting antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines that correlate with specific phage families. Overall, our findings indicate that mammalian responses to phages are heterogenous and could potentially alter the way that respiratory local defenses aid in bacterial clearance during phage therapy. Thus, besides phage receptor specificity in a particular bacterial isolate, the criteria to select lytic phages for therapy should be expanded to include mammalian cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula F. Zamora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Reidy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Catherine R. Armbruster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ming Sun
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul E. Turner
- Center for Phage Biology and Therapy, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Program in Microbiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jonathan L. Koff
- Center for Phage Biology and Therapy, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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Sada TS, Tessema TS. Isolation and characterization of lytic bacteriophages from various sources in Addis Ababa against antimicrobial-resistant diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains and evaluation of their therapeutic potential. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:310. [PMID: 38486152 PMCID: PMC10938718 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli is a common fecal coliform, facultative aerobic, gram-negative bacterium. Pathogenic strains of such microbes have evolved to cause diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and septicemias. The emergence of antibiotic resistance urged the identification of an alternative strategy. The use of lytic bacteriophages against the control of pathogenic E. coli in clinics and different environmental setups (waste and drink water management) has become an alternative therapy to antibiotic therapy. Thus, this study aimed to isolate and characterize lytic bacteriophage from various sources in Addis Ababa, tested them against antimicrobial-resistant diarrheagenic E. coli strains and evaluated their therapeutic potential under in vitro conditions. METHODS A total of 14 samples were processed against six different diarrheagenic E. coli strains. The conventional culture and plaque analysis agar overlay method was used to recover lytic bacteriophage isolates. The phage isolates were characterized to determine their lytic effect, growth characteristics, host range activity, and stability under different temperature and pH conditions. Phage isolates were identified by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and molecular techniques (PCR). RESULTS In total, 17 phages were recovered from 84 tested plates. Of the 17 phage isolates, 11 (65%) were Myoviridae-like phages, and 6 (35%) phage isolates were Podoviridae and Siphoviridae by morphology and PCR identification. Based on the host range test, growth characteristics, and stability test 7 potent phages were selected. These phages demonstrated better growth characteristics, including short latent periods, highest burst sizes, and wider host ranges, as well as thermal stability and the ability to survive in a wide range of pH levels. CONCLUSIONS The promising effect of the phages isolated in this study against AMR pathogenic E. coli has raised the possibility of their use in the future treatment of E. coli infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamirat Salile Sada
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Biotechnology, Woldia University, P.O. Box 400, Woldia, Ethiopia.
| | - Tesfaye Sisay Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Podlacha M, Gaffke L, Grabowski Ł, Mantej J, Grabski M, Pierzchalska M, Pierzynowska K, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A. Bacteriophage DNA induces an interrupted immune response during phage therapy in a chicken model. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2274. [PMID: 38480702 PMCID: PMC10937645 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the hopes for overcoming the antibiotic resistance crisis is the use of bacteriophages to combat bacterial infections, the so-called phage therapy. This therapeutic approach is generally believed to be safe for humans and animals as phages should infect only prokaryotic cells. Nevertheless, recent studies suggested that bacteriophages might be recognized by eukaryotic cells, inducing specific cellular responses. Here we show that in chickens infected with Salmonella enterica and treated with a phage cocktail, bacteriophages are initially recognized by animal cells as viruses, however, the cGAS-STING pathway (one of two major pathways of the innate antiviral response) is blocked at the stage of the IRF3 transcription factor phosphorylation. This inhibition is due to the inability of RNA polymerase III to recognize phage DNA and to produce dsRNA molecules which are necessary to stimulate a large protein complex indispensable for IRF3 phosphorylation, indicating the mechanism of the antiviral response impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Podlacha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Grabowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jagoda Mantej
- Univentum Labs, Bażyńskiego 4, 80-309, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Grabski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pierzchalska
- Department of Biotechnology and General Technology of Foods, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka 122, 30-149, Cracow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Phage Therapy Center, University Center for Applied and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Gdansk, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
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Pyzik E, Urban-Chmiel R, Kurek Ł, Herman K, Stachura R, Marek A. Bacteriophages for Controlling Staphylococcus spp. Pathogens on Dairy Cattle Farms: In Vitro Assessment. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:683. [PMID: 38473068 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Staphylococcus spp. strains are significant agents involved in mastitis and in skin and limb infections in dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of bacteriophages isolated from dairy cattle housing as potential tools for maintaining environmental homeostasis. The research will contribute to the use of phages as alternatives to antibiotics. The material was 56 samples obtained from dairy cows with signs of limb and hoof injuries. Staphylococcus species were identified by phenotypic, MALDI-TOF MS and PCR methods. Antibiotic resistance was determined by the disc diffusion method. Phages were isolated from cattle housing systems. Phage activity (plaque forming units, PFU/mL) was determined on double-layer agar plates. Morphology was examined using TEM microscopy, and molecular characteristics were determined with PCR. Among 52 strains of Staphylococcus spp., 16 were used as hosts for bacteriophages. Nearly all isolates (94%, 15/16) showed resistance to neomycin, and 87% were resistant to spectinomycin. Cefuroxime and vancomycin were the most effective antibiotics. On the basis of their morphology, bacteriophages were identified as class Caudoviricetes, formerly Caudovirales, families Myoviridae-like (6), and Siphoviridae-like (9). Three bacteriophages of the family Myoviridae-like, with the broadest spectrum of activity, were used for further analysis. This study showed a wide spectrum of activity against the Staphylococcus spp. strains tested. The positive results indicate that bacteriophages can be used to improve the welfare of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Pyzik
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata Urban-Chmiel
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kurek
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Sub-Department of Internal Diseases of Farm Animals and Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Klaudia Herman
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Stachura
- Agromarina Company, Kulczyn-Kolonia 48, 22-235 Hańsk Pierwszy, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Marek
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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10
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Vitt AR, Sørensen AN, Bojer MS, Bortolaia V, Sørensen MCH, Brøndsted L. Diverse bacteriophages for biocontrol of ESBL- and AmpC-β-lactamase-producing E. coli. iScience 2024; 27:108826. [PMID: 38322997 PMCID: PMC10844046 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel solutions are needed to reduce the risk of transmission of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL/AmpC E. coli) from livestock to humans. Given that phages are promising biocontrol agents, a collection of 28 phages that infect ESBL/AmpC E. coli were established. Whole genome sequencing showed that all these phages were unique and could be assigned to 15 different genera. Host range analysis showed that 82% of 198 strains, representing the genetic diversity of ESBL/AmpC E. coli, were sensitive to at least one phage. Identifying receptors used for phage binding experimentally as well as in silico predictions, allowed us to combine phages into two different cocktails with broad host range targeting diverse receptors. These phage cocktails efficiently inhibit the growth of ESBL/AmpC E. coli in vitro, thus suggesting the potential of phages as promising biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira R. Vitt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anders Nørgaard Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Martin S. Bojer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Valeria Bortolaia
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Martine C. Holst Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lone Brøndsted
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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11
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Youssef RA, Sakr MM, Shebl RI, Saad BT, Aboshanab KM. Genomic characterization, in vitro, and preclinical evaluation of two microencapsulated lytic phages VB_ST_E15 and VB_ST_SPNIS2 against clinical multidrug-resistant Salmonella serovars. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024; 23:17. [PMID: 38360595 PMCID: PMC10870556 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella infections continue to be one of the essential public health issues threatening millions of people. With the increasing occurrence of resistance against conventionally used antibiotics, the search for alternatives has become crucial. In this study, we aimed to isolate, characterize, and evaluate two lytic bacteriophages against clinically isolated multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella serovars. METHODS Screening for the phage lytic activity was performed using a spot test. Characterization of the isolated phages was done by determining the host range, longevity test, and the effect of temperature, pH, organic solvents, and morphological characterization using a transmission electron microscope. Genomic analysis was performed using Oxford nanopore sequencing. The lytic activities of the free phage lysates and formulated phage as microencapsulated were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Two phages (VB_ST_E15 and VB_ST_SPNIS2) were successfully isolated and showed lytic strong activities against MDR Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium ATCC 14,028, S. Paratyphi A, and S. Typhi. The two phages survived at the tested temperatures, maintained their infectivity for 90 days, and retained their activity until 60 °C with thermal inactivation at 65 °C. They were lytic at a pH range from 3 to 11 but lost their activities at extremely acidic or alkaline pH. The phages could withstand the organic solvents but were completely inactivated by 100% ethanol. Both phages were classified under the order Caudoviricetes, and Genus: Uetakevirus. Their genomic sequences were assembled, annotated, and submitted to the NCBI GenBank database (OR757455 and OR757456). The preclinical evaluation using the murine animal model revealed that the two-phage cocktail managed MDR Salmonella infection as evidenced by the reduction in the bacterial burden, increased animal weight, and histopathological examination. CONCLUSION The two encapsulated phage formulas could be considered promising candidates for the management of MDR Salmonella-associated infections and clinical analysis should be undertaken to evaluate their potential use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem A Youssef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Masarra M Sakr
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization St, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania I Shebl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Bishoy T Saad
- Department of Bioinformatics, HITS Solutions Co, Cairo, 11765, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Aboshanab
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization St, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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12
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Zamora PF, Reidy TG, Armbruster CR, Sun M, Van Tyne D, Turner PE, Koff JL, Bomberger JM. Lytic bacteriophages interact with respiratory epithelial cells and induce the secretion of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579115. [PMID: 38370761 PMCID: PMC10871231 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Phage therapy is a therapeutic approach to treat multidrug resistant infections that employs lytic bacteriophages (phages) to eliminate bacteria. Despite the abundant evidence for its success as an antimicrobial in Eastern Europe, there is scarce data regarding its effects on the human host. Here, we aimed to understand how lytic phages interact with cells of the airway epithelium, the tissue site that is colonized by bacterial biofilms in numerous chronic respiratory disorders. We determined that interactions between phages and epithelial cells depend on specific phage properties as well as physiochemical features of the microenvironment. Although poor at internalizing phages, the airway epithelium responds to phage exposure by changing its transcriptional profile and secreting antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines that correlate with specific phage families. Overall, our findings indicate that mammalian responses to phages are heterogenous and could potentially alter the way that respiratory local defenses aid in bacterial clearance during phage therapy. Thus, besides phage receptor specificity in a particular bacterial isolate, the criteria to select lytic phages for therapy should be expanded to include mammalian cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula F. Zamora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH
| | - Thomas G. Reidy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Catherine R. Armbruster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ming Sun
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Paul E. Turner
- Center for Phage Biology and Therapy, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan L. Koff
- Center for Phage Biology and Therapy, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jennifer M. Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH
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13
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Narayanan KB, Bhaskar R, Choi SM, Han SS. Development of carrageenan-immobilized lytic coliphage vB_Eco2571-YU1 hydrogel for topical delivery of bacteriophages in wound dressing applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129349. [PMID: 38219934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are employed as cost-effective and efficient antibacterial agents to counter the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and other host bacteria in phage therapy. The increasing incidence of skin wounds is a significant concern in clinical practice, especially considering the limitations of antibiotic therapy. Furthermore, the lack of an effective delivery system that preserves the stability of bacteriophages hampers their clinical implementation. In recent years, there has been a growing amount of research on bacteriophage applications in veterinary and biomedical sciences. In our study, lytic coliphage vB_Eco2571-YU1 was isolated against pathogenic Escherichia coli host bacteria, and hydrogel wound dressing materials were fabricated with marine polysaccharide carrageenan (carr-vB_Eco2571-YU1) for their antibacterial activity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) morphology identified it as a Myoviridae coliphage with an icosahedral head length and width of approximately 60 and 56.8 nm, respectively, and a tail length of 119.7 nm. The one-step growth curve of coliphage revealed a latent period of 10 min, a rise period of 15 min, and a burst size of 120 virions per cell. The bacteriolytic activity of unimmobilized coliphages was observed within 2 h; however, strain-specific phage resistance was acquired after 9 h. In contrast, carr-vB_Eco2571-YU1 showed a sharp decline in the growth of bacteria in the log phase after 2 h and did not allow for the acquisition of phage resistance by the E. coli strain. The stability of coliphage under different pH, temperature, osmolarity, detergents, and organic solvents was evaluated. We also studied the long-term storage of carr-vB_Eco2571-YU1 hydrogels at 4 °C and found that the titer value decreased during a time-dependent period of 28 days. These hydrogels were also found to be hemocompatible using a hemolysis assay. The addition of plasticizer (0.6 % (w/v)) to the carrageenan (2 % (w/v)) to prepare carr-vB_Eco2571-YU1 hydrogels showed a decrease in compressive strength with enhanced elasticity. This phage therapy using polymeric immobilization of bacteriophages is a promising next-generation wound dressing biomaterial alternative to conventional wound and skin care management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Badri Narayanan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea.
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
| | - Soon Mo Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea.
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14
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Ali SF, Teh SH, Yang HH, Tsai YC, Chao HJ, Peng SS, Chen SC, Lin LC, Lin NT. Therapeutic Potential of a Novel Lytic Phage, vB_EclM_ECLFM1, against Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacter cloacae. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:854. [PMID: 38255926 PMCID: PMC10815064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The global rise of multidrug-resistant Enterobacter cloacae strains, especially those that are resistant to carbapenems and produce metallo-β-lactamases, poses a critical challenge in clinical settings owing to limited treatment options. While bacteriophages show promise in treating these infections, their use is hindered by scarce resources and insufficient genomic data. In this study, we isolated ECLFM1, a novel E. cloacae phage, from sewage water using a carbapenem-resistant clinical strain as the host. ECLFM1 exhibited rapid adsorption and a 15-min latent period, with a burst size of approximately 75 PFU/infected cell. Its genome, spanning 172,036 bp, was characterized and identified as a member of Karamvirus. In therapeutic applications, owing to a high multiplicity of infection, ECLFM1 showed increased survival in zebrafish infected with E. cloacae. This study highlights ECLFM1's potential as a candidate for controlling clinical E. cloacae infections, which would help address challenges in treating multidrug-resistant strains and contribute to the development of alternative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saieeda Fabia Ali
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Soon-Hian Teh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97002, Taiwan;
| | - Hsueh-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97002, Taiwan;
| | - Yun-Chan Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Huei-Jen Chao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97002, Taiwan; (H.-J.C.); (S.-S.P.); (S.-C.C.)
| | - Si-Shiuan Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97002, Taiwan; (H.-J.C.); (S.-S.P.); (S.-C.C.)
| | - Shu-Chen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97002, Taiwan; (H.-J.C.); (S.-S.P.); (S.-C.C.)
| | - Ling-Chun Lin
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Nien-Tsung Lin
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
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15
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Kosznik-Kwaśnicka K, Topka G, Mantej J, Grabowski Ł, Necel A, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A. Propagation, Purification, and Characterization of Bacteriophages for Phage Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2738:357-400. [PMID: 37966610 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3549-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Phage therapy is an alternative approach to combat bacterial infections. In this approach, bacteriophages are used as antimicrobial agents due to their properties to infect specific bacterial cells, to propagate inside their hosts, and to lyse host cell to release progeny phages. However, to introduce bacteriophages to clinical or veterinary practice, it is necessary to construct a large library of precisely characterized phages. Therefore, in this chapter, methods for propagation, purification, and microbiological characterization of bacteriophages are presented in the light of their potential use in phage therapy. Isolation of newly discovered bacteriophages from different habitats is also described as it is a preliminary assessment of their efficacy in combating bacterial biofilms and in the treatment of bacterial infections in a simple insect model-Galleria mellonella.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Łukasz Grabowski
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Necel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Phage Therapy Laboratory, University Center for Applied and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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16
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Dehari D, Kumar DN, Chaudhuri A, Kumar A, Kumar R, Kumar D, Singh S, Nath G, Agrawal AK. Bacteriophage entrapped chitosan microgel for the treatment of biofilm-mediated polybacterial infection in burn wounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127247. [PMID: 37802451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacteria are most commonly present in burn wound infections. Multidrug resistance (MDR) and biofilm formation make it difficult to treat these infections. Bacteriophages (BPs) are proven as an effective therapy against MDR as well as biofilm-associated wound infections. In the present work, a naturally inspired bacteriophage cocktail loaded chitosan microparticles-laden topical gel has been developed for the effective treatment of these infections. Bacteriophages against MDR S. aureus (BPSAФ1) and P. aeruginosa (BPPAФ1) were isolated and loaded separately and in combination into the chitosan microparticles (BPSAФ1-CHMPs, BPPAФ1-CHMPs, and MBP-CHMPs), which were later incorporated into the SEPINEO™ P 600 gel (BPSAФ1-CHMPs-gel, BPPAФ1-CHMPs-gel, and MBP-CHMPs-gel). BPs were characterized for their morphology, lytic activity, burst size, and hemocompatibility, and BPs belongs to Caudoviricetes class. Furthermore, BPSAФ1-CHMPs, BPPAФ1-CHMPs, and MBP-CHMPs had an average particle size of 1.19 ± 0.11, 1.42 ± 0.21, and 2.84 ± 0.28 μm, respectively, and expressed promising in vitro antibiofilm eradication potency. The ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging in infected burn wounds demonstrated improved wound healing reduced inflammation and increased oxygen saturation following treatment with BPs formulations. The obtained results suggested that the incorporation of the BPs in the MP-gel protected the BPs, sustained the BPs release, and improved the antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Dehari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Dulla Naveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Aiswarya Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medial Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medial Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Gopal Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medial Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India.
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17
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Nasr-Eldin MA, Gamal E, Hazza M, Abo-Elmaaty SA. Isolation, characterization, and application of lytic bacteriophages for controlling Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) in pasteurized milk and yogurt. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:911-924. [PMID: 37184760 PMCID: PMC10689537 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reducing bacterial pathogen contamination not only improves overall global public health but also diminishes food waste and loss. The use of lytic bacteriophages (phages) that infect and kill bacteria could be a beneficial tool for suppressing bacterial growth during dairy products storage time. Four Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae) complex isolates which were previously isolated from contaminated dairy products were used to identify lytic phages in wastewater. Phages specific to multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. cloacae complex 6AS1 were isolated from local sewage. Two novel phages vB_EclM-EP1 and vB_EclM-EP2 were identified as myoviral particles and have double-stranded DNA genome. Their host range and lytic capabilities were detected using spot test and efficiency of plating (EOP) against several bacterial isolates. The phages had a latent period of 30 min, and a large burst size of about 100 and 142 PFU/cell for vB_EclM-EP1 and vB_EclM-EP2, respectively. Both phages were viable at pH ranging 5-9 and stable at 70 °C for 60 min. The individual phages and their cocktail preparations (vB_EclM-EP1 and vB_EclM-EP2) reduced and inhibited the growth of E. cloacae complex 6AS1 during challenge test in milk and yogurt samples. These results indicate that the E. cloacae complex-specific phages (vB_EclM-EP1 and vB_EclM-EP2) have a potential application as microbicidal agents in packaged milk and milk derivatives during storage time. In addition, our environment is a rich sources of lytic phages which have potential use in eliminating multidrug-resistant isolates in food industry as well as in biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Nasr-Eldin
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt.
| | - Eman Gamal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Hazza
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
| | - Sabah A Abo-Elmaaty
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
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18
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da Silva JD, Melo LDR, Santos SB, Kropinski AM, Xisto MF, Dias RS, da Silva Paes I, Vieira MS, Soares JJF, Porcellato D, da Silva Duarte V, de Paula SO. Genomic and proteomic characterization of vB_SauM-UFV_DC4, a novel Staphylococcus jumbo phage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7231-7250. [PMID: 37741937 PMCID: PMC10638138 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most relevant mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle, and the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes presents a significant health issue in both veterinary and human fields. Among the different strategies to tackle S. aureus infection in livestock, bacteriophages have been thoroughly investigated in the last decades; however, few specimens of the so-called jumbo phages capable of infecting S. aureus have been described. Herein, we report the biological, genomic, and structural proteomic features of the jumbo phage vB_SauM-UFV_DC4 (DC4). DC4 exhibited a remarkable killing activity against S. aureus isolated from the veterinary environment and stability at alkaline conditions (pH 4 to 12). The complete genome of DC4 is 263,185 bp (GC content: 25%), encodes 263 predicted CDSs (80% without an assigned function), 1 tRNA (Phe-tRNA), multisubunit RNA polymerase, and an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Moreover, comparative analysis revealed that DC4 can be considered a new viral species belonging to a new genus DC4 and showed a similar set of lytic proteins and depolymerase activity with closely related jumbo phages. The characterization of a new S. aureus jumbo phage increases our understanding of the diversity of this group and provides insights into the biotechnological potential of these viruses. KEY POINTS: • vB_SauM-UFV_DC4 is a new viral species belonging to a new genus within the class Caudoviricetes. • vB_SauM-UFV_DC4 carries a set of RNA polymerase subunits and an RNA-directed DNA polymerase. • vB_SauM-UFV_DC4 and closely related jumbo phages showed a similar set of lytic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Duarte da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Luís D R Melo
- Centre of Biological Engineering - CEB, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sílvio B Santos
- Centre of Biological Engineering - CEB, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mariana Fonseca Xisto
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto Sousa Dias
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela da Silva Paes
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcella Silva Vieira
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - José Júnior Ferreira Soares
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Davide Porcellato
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vinícius da Silva Duarte
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Sérgio Oliveira de Paula
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
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19
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Cao Y, Khanal D, Kim J, Chang RYK, Byun AS, Morales S, Banaszak Holl MM, Chan HK. Stability of bacteriophages in organic solvents for formulations. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123505. [PMID: 37832702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages or phages used as an alternative therapy for treating multi-drug resistant infections require formulation consideration. Current strategies to produce phage formulations involving organic solvents are based on empirical practices without a good understanding of phage stability during formulation development. In this study, we investigated the effect of common formulation organic solvents (ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) on the stability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-specific myovirus (PEV1, PEV20) and podovirus (PEV31) phages using biological assay, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scattering near field optical microscopy (SNOM). The three phages were mixed with the solvents at different concentrations (25%, 50%, and 75% (v/v)) for 20 min. All phages were fully viable in the organic solvents at 25% (v/v) showing negligible titre changes. At the higher solvent concentration of 50% (v/v), the myoviruses PEV1 and PEV20 remained relatively stable (titre loss 0.4-1.3 log10), whereas the podovirus PEV31 became less stable (titre loss 0.25-3.8 log10), depending on the solvent used. Increasing the solvent level to 75% (v/v) caused increased morphological changes in TEM and decreased viability as indicated by the titre loss (0.32-7.4 log10), with DMSO being the most phage-destabilising solvent. SNOM spectra showed differences in the signal intensity and peak positions in the amide I and amide II regions, revealing altered phage proteins by the solvents. In conclusion, the choice of the solvents for phage formulation depends on both the phages and solvent types. Our results showed (1) the phages are more stable in the alcohols than DMSO and THF, and (2) the myoviruses tend to be more stable than the podovirus in the solvents. Overall, a low to moderate (25-50 % v/v) level of organic solvents (except 50% THF) can be used in formulation of the phages without a substantial titre loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dipesh Khanal
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alex Seungyeon Byun
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sandra Morales
- Phage Consulting, Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2100, Australia
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2006, Australia.
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20
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Kim SH, Lee H, Park MK. Isolation, characterization, and application of a novel, lytic phage vB_SalA_KFSST3 with depolymerase for the control of Salmonella and its biofilm on cantaloupe under cold temperature. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113062. [PMID: 37689855 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of a novel Salmonella phage with depolymerase activity to control S. Typhimurium (ST) and its biofilm on cantaloupes, for the first time, under simulated cold temperature. vB_SalA_KFSST3 forming a halo zone was isolated and purified from a slaughterhouse with a final concentration of 12.1 ± 0.1 log PFU/mL. Based on the morphological and bioinformatics analyses, vB_SalA_KFSST3 was identified as a novel phage belonging to the family Ackermannviridae. Before employing the phage on cantaloupe, its genetic characteristics, specificity, stability, and bactericidal effect were investigated. Genetic analyses confirmed its safety and identified endolysin and two depolymerase domains possessing antibiofilm potential. In addition, the phage exhibited a broad specificity with great efficiencies toward five Salmonella strains at 4 °C, 22 °C, and 37 °C, as well as stable lytic activity over a wide range of pHs (3 to 11) and temperatures (-20 °C to 60 °C). The optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) and exposure time of phage were determined to be 100 and 2 h, respectively, based on the highest bacterial reduction of ∼2.7 log CFU/mL. Following the formation of ST biofilm on cantaloupe at 4 °C and 22 °C, the cantaloupe was treated with phage at an MOI of 100 for 2 h. The antibiofilm efficacy of phage was evaluated via the plate count method, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The initial biofilm population at 22 °C was significantly greater and more condensed than that at 4 °C. After phage treatment, biofilm population and the percentage of viable ST in biofilm were reduced by ∼4.6 log CFU/cm2 and ∼90% within 2 h, respectively, which were significantly greater than those at 22 °C (∼2.0 log CFU/cm2 and ∼45%) (P < 0.05). SEM images also confirmed more drastic destruction of the cohesive biofilm architecture at 4 °C than at 22 °C. As a result of its cold temperature-robust lytic activity and the contribution of endolysin and two depolymerases, vB_SalA_KFSST3 demonstrated excellent antibiofilm efficacy at cold temperature, highlighting its potential as a promising practical biocontrol agent for the control of ST and its biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyeon Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejeong Lee
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Park
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Food and Bio-Industry Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Inbaraj S, Agrawal RK, Thomas P, Chaudhuri P, Chaturvedi VK. Isolation and characterization of vB_SenS_Ib_psk2 bacteriophage against drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:771-779. [PMID: 37074624 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky is one of the food-borne zoonotic pathogens which is isolated in high frequency from poultry meat in the recent decades and is known for its multidrug resistance. The current study was aimed to isolate and characterize a bacteriophage against S. enterica serovar Kentucky isolate, 5925, which showed resistance to at least seven antibiotics and to study its efficiency to decontaminate S. Kentucky from chicken skin. The bacteriophage against S. enterica serovar Kentucky was isolated and was named vB_SenS_Ib_psk2 representing the place, source, and host. Electron microscopy revealed that the phage possesses isometric head and contractile tail, indicative of Siphoviridae family. Molecular detection of major capsid protein E gene yielded 511 bp, and NCBI blast analysis revealed that the phage belonged to the genus chivirus. The optimum temperature and pH for phage survival and multiplication were found to be - 20 to 42 °C and 6-10, respectively. One-step growth curve experiment of vB_SenS_Ib_psk2 revealed a latent period of 20 min and burst size of 253 phages/bacterial cell. The host susceptibility studies revealed that 83% of MDR isolates of S. enterica were susceptible to vB_SenS_Ib_psk2. Artificial spiking studies on chicken skin revealed that high multiplicity of infection (MOI) of phages of 106 pfu/mL is required for significant reduction (p ≤ 0.01) of bacterial concentration (0.14 ± 0.04) after 24-h incubation at 8 °C compared to group 1 (2.55 ± 0.89 cfu/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Inbaraj
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
- ICAR-NRC Meat, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500092, India.
| | - Ravi Kant Agrawal
- Food Microbiology Lab, Livestock Products Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Prasad Thomas
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Pallab Chaudhuri
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560024, India
| | - V K Chaturvedi
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
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22
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Torkashvand N, Kamyab H, Shahverdi AR, Khoshayand MR, Sepehrizadeh Z. Isolation, characterization, and genome analysis of a broad host range Salmonella phage vB_SenS_TUMS_E4: a candidate bacteriophage for biocontrol. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1493-1503. [PMID: 37097546 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enteritidis is one of the most important foodborne pathogens that cause numerous outbreaks worldwide. Some strains of Salmonella have become progressively resistant to antibiotics, so they could represent a critical threat to public health and have led to the use of alternative therapeutic approaches like phage therapy. In this study, a lytic phage, vB_SenS_TUMS_E4 (E4), was isolated from poultry effluent and characterized to evaluate its potential and efficacy for bio-controlling S. enteritidis in foods. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that E4 has a siphovirus morphotype, with an isometric head and non-contractile tail. Determining the host range showed that this phage can effectively infect different motile as well as non-motile Salmonella enterica serovars. The biological characteristics of E4 showed that it has a short latent period of about 15 min and a large burst size of 287 PFU/cell, and is also significantly stable in a broad range of pHs and temperatures. The E4 whole genome contains 43,018 bp and encodes 60 coding sequences (CDSs) but no tRNA genes. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the genome of E4 lacks any genes related to lysogeny behavior, antibiotic resistance, toxins, or virulence factors. The efficacy of phage E4 as a bio-control agent was assessed in various foodstuffs inoculated with S. enteritidis at 4°C and 25°C, and the resulting data indicated that it could eradicate S. enteritidis after a very short time of 15 min. The findings of the present study showed that E4 is a hopeful candidate as a bio-control agent against S. enteritidis and has the potential to be used in various foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Torkashvand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, PO Box 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Kamyab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, PO Box 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Shahverdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, PO Box 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khoshayand
- Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zargham Sepehrizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, PO Box 14155-6451, Iran.
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23
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Dehari D, Chaudhuri A, Kumar DN, Anjum M, Kumar R, Kumar A, Kumar D, Nath G, Agrawal AK. A Bacteriophage-Loaded Microparticle Laden Topical Gel for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Biofilm-Mediated Burn Wound Infection. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:165. [PMID: 37552374 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02620-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is regarded as one of the most profound bacteria isolated from the debilitating injuries caused by burn wounds. In addition, the multidrug resistance (MDR) and biofilm formation make treating burn patients with clinically available antibiotics difficult. Bacteriophage therapy has been proven an effective alternative against biofilm-mediated wound infections caused by MDR bacterial strains. In the current study, the bacteriophage (BPKPФ1) against MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated and loaded into the chitosan microparticles (CHMPs), which was later incorporated into the Sepineo P 600 to convert into a gel (BPKPФ1-CHMP-gel). BPKPФ1 was characterized for lytic profile, morphological class, and burst size, which revealed that the BPKPФ1 belongs to the family Siphoviridae. Moreover, BPKPФ1 exhibited a narrow host range with 128 PFU/host cell of burst size. The BPKPФ1-loaded CHMPs showed an average particle size of 1.96 ± 0.51 μm, zeta potential 32.16 ± 0.41 mV, and entrapment efficiency in the range of 82.44 ± 1.31%. Further, the in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm effectiveness of BPKPФ1-CHMPs-gel were examined. The in vivo potential of the BPKPФ1-CHMPs-gel was assessed using a rat model with MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae infected burn wound, which exhibited improved wound contraction (89.22 ± 0.48%) in 28 days with reduced inflammation, in comparison with different controls. Data in hand suggest the potential of bacteriophage therapy to be developed as personalized therapy in case of difficult-to-treat bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Dehari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, U.P., 221005, India
| | - Aiswarya Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, U.P., 221005, India
| | - Dulla Naveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, U.P., 221005, India
| | - Meraj Anjum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, U.P., 221005, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., 221005, India
| | - Akshay Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., 221005, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, U.P., 221005, India
| | - Gopal Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., 221005, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, U.P., 221005, India.
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24
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Nayak T, Kakkar A, Singh RK, Jaiswal LK, Singh AK, Temple L, Gupta A. Isolation and characterization of a novel mycobacteriophage Kashi-VT1 infecting Mycobacterium species. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1173894. [PMID: 37545854 PMCID: PMC10400892 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1173894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteriophages are viruses that infect members of genus Mycobacterium. Because of the rise in antibiotic resistance in mycobacterial diseases such as tuberculosis, mycobacteriophages have received renewed attention as alternative therapeutic agents. Mycobacteriophages are highly diverse, and, on the basis of their genome sequences, they are grouped into 30 clusters and 10 singletons. In this article, we have described the isolation and characterization of a novel mycobacteriophage Kashi-VT1 (KVT1) infecting Mycobacterium >smegmatis mc2 155 (M. smegmatis) and Mycobacterium fortuitum isolated from Varanasi, India. KVT1 is a cluster K1 temperate phage that belongs to Siphoviridae family as visualized in transmission electron microscopy. The phage genome is 61,010 base pairs with 66.5% Guanine/Cytosine (GC) content, encoding 101 putative open reading frames. The KVT1 genome encodes an immunity repressor, a tyrosine integrase, and an excise protein, which are the characteristics of temperate phages. It also contains genes encoding holin, lysin A, and lysin B involved in host cell lysis. The one-step growth curve demonstrated that KVT1 has a latency time of 90 min and an average burst size of 101 phage particles per infected cell. It can withstand a temperature of up to 45°C and has a maximum viability between pH 8 and 9. Some mycobacteriophages from cluster K are known to infect the pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis); hence, KVT1 holds potential for the phage therapy against tuberculosis, and it can also be engineered to convert into an exclusively lytic phage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmayee Nayak
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anuja Kakkar
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Singh
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lav Kumar Jaiswal
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anand Kumar Singh
- Interdisciplinary School of Life Sciences, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Louise Temple
- School of Integrated Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Ankush Gupta
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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25
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Riber L, Carstens AB, Dougherty PE, Roy C, Willenbücher K, Hille F, Franz CMAP, Hansen LH. Pheno- and Genotyping of Three Novel Bacteriophage Genera That Target a Wheat Phyllosphere Sphingomonas Genus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1831. [PMID: 37513003 PMCID: PMC10385605 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are viral agents that infect and replicate within bacterial cells. Despite the increasing importance of phage ecology, environmental phages-particularly those targeting phyllosphere-associated bacteria-remain underexplored, and current genomic databases lack high-quality phage genome sequences linked to specific environmentally important bacteria, such as the ubiquitous sphingomonads. Here, we isolated three novel phages from a Danish wastewater treatment facility. Notably, these phages are among the first discovered to target and regulate a Sphingomonas genus within the wheat phyllosphere microbiome. Two of the phages displayed a non-prolate Siphovirus morphotype and demonstrated a narrow host range when tested against additional Sphingomonas strains. Intergenomic studies revealed limited nucleotide sequence similarity within the isolated phage genomes and to publicly available metagenome data of their closest relatives. Particularly intriguing was the limited homology observed between the DNA polymerase encoding genes of the isolated phages and their closest relatives. Based on these findings, we propose three newly identified genera of viruses: Longusvirus carli, Vexovirus birtae, and Molestusvirus kimi, following the latest ICTV binomial nomenclature for virus species. These results contribute to our current understanding of phage genetic diversity in natural environments and hold promising implications for phage applications in phyllosphere microbiome manipulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leise Riber
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Alexander Byth Carstens
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Erdmann Dougherty
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Chayan Roy
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Katharina Willenbücher
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Strasse 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Hille
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Strasse 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Strasse 1, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lars Hestbjerg Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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26
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Dehari D, Chaudhuri A, Kumar DN, Patil R, Gangwar M, Rastogi S, Kumar D, Nath G, Agrawal AK. A Bacteriophage Microgel Effectively Treats the Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Bacterial Infections in Burn Wounds. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:942. [PMID: 37513854 PMCID: PMC10385199 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is one of the major pathogens present in burn wound infections. Biofilm formation makes it further challenging to treat with clinically available antibiotics. In the current work, we isolated the A. baumannii-specific bacteriophages (BPABΦ1), loaded into the chitosan microparticles followed by dispersion in gel, and evaluated therapeutic efficacy against MDR A. baumannii clinical strains. Isolated BPABΦ1 were found to belong to the Corticoviridae family, with burst size 102.12 ± 2.65 PFUs per infected host cell. The BPABΦ1 loaded chitosan microparticles were evaluated for quality attributes viz. size, PDI, surface morphology, in vitro release, etc. The developed formulation exhibited excellent antibiofilm eradication potential in vitro and effective wound healing after topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Dehari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Aiswarya Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Dulla Naveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rohit Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Mayank Gangwar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sonam Rastogi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gopal Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
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27
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Grenfell AW, Intile PJ, McFarlane JA, Leung DC, Abdalla K, Wold MC, Kees ED, Gralnick JA. The Outer Membrane Cytochrome OmcA Is Essential for Infection of Shewanella oneidensis by a Zebrafish-Associated Bacteriophage. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0046922. [PMID: 37227287 PMCID: PMC10294696 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00469-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota-the mixture of microorganisms in the intestinal tract of animals-plays an important role in host biology. Bacteriophages are a prominent, though often overlooked, component of the microbiota. The mechanisms that phage use to infect susceptible cells associated with animal hosts, and the broader role they could play in determining the substituents of the microbiota, are poorly understood. In this study, we isolated a zebrafish-associated bacteriophage, which we named Shewanella phage FishSpeaker. This phage infects Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1, which cannot colonize zebrafish, but it is unable to infect Shewanella xiamenensis strain FH-1, a strain isolated from the zebrafish gut. Our data suggest that FishSpeaker uses the outer membrane decaheme cytochrome OmcA, which is an accessory component of the extracellular electron transfer (EET) pathway in S. oneidensis, as well as the flagellum to recognize and infect susceptible cells. In a zebrafish colony that lacks detectable FishSpeaker, we found that most Shewanella spp. are sensitive to infection and that some strains are resistant to infection. Our results suggest that phage could act as a selectivity filter for zebrafish-associated Shewanella and show that the EET machinery can be targeted by phage in the environment. IMPORTANCE Phage exert selective pressure on bacteria that influences and shapes the composition of microbial populations. However, there is a lack of native, experimentally tractable systems for studying how phage influence microbial population dynamics in complex communities. Here, we show that a zebrafish-associated phage requires both the outer membrane-associated extracellular electron transfer protein OmcA and the flagellum to infect Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1. Our results suggest that the newly discovered phage-FishSpeaker-could exert selective pressure that restricts which Shewanella spp. colonize zebrafish. Moreover, the requirement of OmcA for infection by FishSpeaker suggests that the phage preferentially infects cells that are oxygen limited, a condition required for OmcA expression and an ecological feature of the zebrafish gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Grenfell
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter J. Intile
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - John A. McFarlane
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dani C. Leung
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Khalid Abdalla
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael C. Wold
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric D. Kees
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Gralnick
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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28
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Padmesh S, Singh A, Chopra S, Sen M, Habib S, Shrivastava D, Johri P. Isolation and characterization of novel lytic bacteriophages that infect multi drug resistant clinical strains of Escherichia coli. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28081-z. [PMID: 37347328 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) are frequent cause of urinary tract infections including catheter-associated, soft tissue infections and sepsis. The growing antibiotic resistance in E. coli is a major health concern. Bacteriophages are specific for their bacterial host, thus providing a novel and effective alternatives. This study focuses on isolation of bacteriophages from urban sewage treatment plants. Initially 50 different bacteriophages have been isolated against non-resistant reference E. coli strain and fifty multidrug resistant clinical isolates of extraintestinal infections. Out of which only thirty-one lytic phages which gave clear plaques were further analysed for different physico-chemical aspects such as thermal inactivation, pH, effect of organic solvents and detergents. Two bacteriophages, ASEC2201 and ASEC2202, were selected for their ability to withstand temperature fluctuation from -20 to 62 °C and a pH range from 4 to 10. They also showed good survival (40-94%) in the presence of organic solvents like ethanol, acetone, DMSO and chloroform or ability to form plaques even after the treatment with detergents like SDS, CTAB and sarkosyl. Both efficiently killed reference strain and 40-44% of multidrug resistant clinical isolates of E. coli. Later ASEC2201 and ASEC2202 were subjected to morphological characterisation through transmission electron microscopy, which revealed them to be tailed phages. The genomic analysis confirmed them to be Escherichia phages which belonged to family Drexlerviridae of Caudovirales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Padmesh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow, 226028, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow, 226028, India.
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Manodeep Sen
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226010, India
| | - Saman Habib
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Deepti Shrivastava
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Parul Johri
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for Handicapped, Kanpur, 208024, India
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Suchithra KV, Hameed A, Rekha PD, Arun AB. Description and host-range determination of phage PseuPha1, a new species of Pakpunavirus infecting multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Virology 2023; 585:222-231. [PMID: 37392714 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
A new phage PseuPha1, infecting multiple multi-drug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with strong anti-biofilm activities, was isolated from wastewater in India. PseuPha1 showed optimal multiplicity of infection at 10-3, maintained the infectivity at wide ranges of pH (6-9) and temperature (4-37 ⁰C), and exhibited 50 minutes latent period and a burst size of 200 when tested against P. aeruginosa PAO1. PseuPha1 shared 86.1-89.5% pairwise intergenomic similarity with Pakpunavirus species (n = 11) listed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and established distinct phyletic lineages during phylogenetic analyses of phage proteins. While genomic data validated the taxonomic novelty and lytic attributes of PseuPha1, BOX-PCR profiling asserted the genetic heterogeneity of susceptible clinical P. aeruginosa. Our data supported the affiliation of PseuPha1 as a new Pakpunavirus species and provided the first line of evidence for its virulence and infectivity that can be harnessed in wound therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokkarambath Vannadil Suchithra
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Asif Hameed
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - Punchappady Devasya Rekha
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Ananthapadmanabha Bhagwath Arun
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India; Yenepoya Institute of Arts, Science, Commerce and Management, Balmatta, Mangalore, 575002, India.
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Alexyuk P, Bogoyavlenskiy A, Alexyuk M, Akanova K, Moldakhanov Y, Berezin V. Isolation and Characterization of Jumbo Coliphage vB_EcoM_Lh1B as a Promising Therapeutic Agent against Chicken Colibacillosis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1524. [PMID: 37375026 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colibacillosis in chickens can cause the death of young stock, decrease weight gain and lead to significant economic losses. Currently, antibiotic therapy is the main method of treatment of infected animals, but unchecked use of antibiotics has led to widespread antibiotic resistance among microorganisms. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative methods of treating bacterial infections that are fully consistent with the One Health concept and introduce them into practice. Phage therapy meets the specified requirements perfectly. This study describes the isolation and characterization of the lytic jumbo phage vB_EcoM_Lh1B and evaluates its potential use in controlling antibiotic-resistant E. coli infection in poultry. The complete phage genome is 240,200 bp long. Open reading frame (ORF) prediction shows that the phage genome does not contain genes encoding antibiotic resistance and lysogeny factors. Based on phylogenetic and electron microscopic analysis, vB_EcoM_Lh1B belongs to the group of myoviruses of the Seoulvirus genus of the Caudoviricetes class. The bacteriophage has good resistance to a wide range of pH and temperatures and has the ability to suppress 19 out of 30 studied pathogenic E. coli strains. The biological and lytic properties of the isolated vB_EcoM_Lh1B phage make it a promising target of further study as a therapeutic agent against E. coli infections in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Alexyuk
- Laboratory of Antiviral Protection, Department of Virology, Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Bogenbai Batyr Street 105, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrey Bogoyavlenskiy
- Laboratory of Antiviral Protection, Department of Virology, Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Bogenbai Batyr Street 105, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Madina Alexyuk
- Laboratory of Antiviral Protection, Department of Virology, Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Bogenbai Batyr Street 105, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Kuralay Akanova
- Laboratory of Antiviral Protection, Department of Virology, Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Bogenbai Batyr Street 105, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Yergali Moldakhanov
- Laboratory of Antiviral Protection, Department of Virology, Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Bogenbai Batyr Street 105, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Vladimir Berezin
- Laboratory of Antiviral Protection, Department of Virology, Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Bogenbai Batyr Street 105, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
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Grabowski Ł, Pierzynowska K, Kosznik-Kwaśnicka K, Stasiłojć M, Jerzemowska G, Węgrzyn A, Węgrzyn G, Podlacha M. Sex-dependent differences in behavioral and immunological responses to antibiotic and bacteriophage administration in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133358. [PMID: 37304279 PMCID: PMC10247983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The problem of antibiotic resistance is a global one, involving many industries and entailing huge financial outlays. Therefore, the search for alternative methods to combat drug-resistant bacteria has a priority status. Great potential is seen in bacteriophages which have the natural ability to kill bacterial cells. Bacteriophages also have several advantages over antibiotics. Firstly, they are considered ecologically safe (harmless to humans, plants and animals). Secondly, bacteriophages preparations are readily producible and easy to apply. However, before bacteriophages can be authorized for medical and veterinary use, they must be accurately characterized in vitro and in vivo to determinate safety. Methods Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify for the first time the behavioral and immunological responses of both male and female mice (C57BL/6J) to bacteriophage cocktail, composed of two bacteriophages, and to two commonly used antibiotics, enrofloxacin and tetracycline. Animal behavior, the percentage of lymphocyte populations and subpopulations, cytokine concentrations, blood hematological parameters, gastrointestinal microbiome analysis and the size of internal organs, were evaluated. Results Unexpectedly, we observed a sex-dependent, negative effect of antibiotic therapy, which not only involved the functioning of the immune system, but could also significantly impaired the activity of the central nervous system, as manifested by disruption of the behavioral pattern, especially exacerbated in females. In contrast to antibiotics, complex behavioral and immunological analyses confirmed the lack of adverse effects during the bacteriophage cocktail administration. Discussion The mechanism of the differences between males and females in appearance of adverse effects, related to the behavioral and immune functions, in the response to antibiotic treatment remains to be elucidated. One might imagine that differences in hormones and/or different permeability of the blood-brain barrier can be important factors, however, extensive studies are required to find the real reason(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Grabowski
- Laboratory of Bacteriophage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kosznik-Kwaśnicka
- Laboratory of Bacteriophage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stasiłojć
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Jerzemowska
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Phage Therapy Center, University Center of Applied and Interdisciplinary Research, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Podlacha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Abd-Allah IM, El-Housseiny GS, Al-Agamy MH, Radwan HH, Aboshanab KM, Hassouna NA. Statistical optimization of a podoviral anti-MRSA phage CCASU-L10 generated from an under sampled repository: Chicken rinse. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1149848. [PMID: 37065190 PMCID: PMC10102507 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1149848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe insurgence of antimicrobial resistance is an imminent health danger globally. A wide range of challenging diseases are attributed to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as it is weaponized with a unique array of virulence factors, and most importantly, the resistance it develops to most of the antibiotics used clinically. On that account, the present study targeted the optimization of the production of a bacteriophage active against MRSA, and evaluating some of its characters.Methods and resultsThe bacteriophage originated from a quite peculiar environmental source, raw chicken rinse and was suggested to belong to Podoviridae, order Caudovirales. It withstood a variety of extreme conditions and yield optimization was accomplished via the D-optimal design by response surface methodology (RSM). A reduced quadratic model was generated, and the ideal production conditions recommended were pH 8, glycerol 0.9% v/v, peptone 0.08% w/v, and 107 CFU/ml as the host inoculum size. These conditions led to a two-log fold increase in the phage titer (1.17x10¹² PFU/ml), as compared to the regular conditions.DiscussionTo conclude, statistical optimization successfully enhanced the output of the podoviral phage titer by two-log fold and therefore, can be regarded as a potential scale-up strategy. The produced phage was able to tolerate extreme environmental condition making it suitable for topical pharmaceutical preparations. Further preclinical and clinical studies are required to ensure its suitability for use in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa M. Abd-Allah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghadir S. El-Housseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ghadir S. El-Housseiny, ; Khaled M. Aboshanab,
| | - Mohamed H. Al-Agamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham H. Radwan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M. Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ghadir S. El-Housseiny, ; Khaled M. Aboshanab,
| | - Nadia A. Hassouna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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Teklemariam AD, Al-Hindi RR, Alharbi MG, Alotibi I, Azhari SA, Qadri I, Alamri T, Esmael A, Harakeh S. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Lytic Phage, vB_PseuP-SA22, and Its Efficacy against Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030497. [PMID: 36978364 PMCID: PMC10044225 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) poses a serious public health threat in multiple clinical settings. In this study, we detail the isolation of a lytic bacteriophage, vB_PseuP-SA22, from wastewater using a clinical strain of CRPA. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis identified that the phage had a podovirus morphology, which agreed with the results of whole genome sequencing. BLASTn search allowed us to classify vB_PseuP-SA22 into the genus Bruynoghevirus. The genome of vB_PseuP-SA22 consisted of 45,458 bp of double-stranded DNA, with a GC content of 52.5%. Of all the open reading frames (ORFs), only 26 (44.8%) were predicted to encode certain functional proteins, whereas the remaining 32 (55.2%) ORFs were annotated as sequences coding functionally uncharacterized hypothetical proteins. The genome lacked genes coding for toxins or markers of lysogenic phages, including integrases, repressors, recombinases, or excisionases. The phage produced round, halo plaques with a diameter of 1.5 ± 2.5 mm on the bacterial lawn. The TEM revealed that vB_PseuP-SA22 has an icosahedral head of 57.5 ± 4.5 nm in length and a short, non-contractile tail (19.5 ± 1.4 nm). The phage showed a latent period of 30 min, a burst size of 300 PFU/infected cells, and a broad host range. vB_PseuP-SA22 was found to be stable between 4–60 °C for 1 h, while the viability of the virus was reduced at temperatures above 60 °C. The phage showed stability at pH levels between 5 and 11. vB_PauP-SA22 reduced the number of live bacteria in P. aeruginosa biofilm by almost five logs. The overall results indicated that the isolated phage could be a candidate to control CRPA infections. However, experimental in vivo studies are essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of vB_PauP-SA22 before its use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu D. Teklemariam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad R. Al-Hindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (R.R.A.-H.); (A.E.); (S.H.)
| | - Mona G. Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Alotibi
- Health Information Technology Department, Applied College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheren A. Azhari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishtiaq Qadri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Alamri
- Family and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Esmael
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Correspondence: (R.R.A.-H.); (A.E.); (S.H.)
| | - Steve Harakeh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (R.R.A.-H.); (A.E.); (S.H.)
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Kizheva Y, Urshev Z, Dimitrova M, Bogatzevska N, Moncheva P, Hristova P. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Newly Isolated Xanthomonas euvesicatoria-Specific Bacteriophages and Evaluation of Their Biocontrol Potential. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:947. [PMID: 36840295 PMCID: PMC9968065 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages have greatly engaged the attention of scientists worldwide due to the continuously increasing resistance of phytopathogenic bacteria to commercially used chemical pesticides. However, the knowledge regarding phages is still very insufficient and must be continuously expanded. This paper presents the results of the isolation, characterization, and evaluation of the potential of 11 phage isolates as natural predators of a severe phytopathogenic bacterium-Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Phages were isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato plants with symptoms of bacterial spot. The plaque morphology of all isolates was determined on a X. euvesicatoria lawn via a plaque assay. Three of the isolates were attributed to the family Myoviridae based on TEM micrographs. All phages showed good long-term viability when stored at 4 °C and -20 °C. Three of the phage isolates possessed high stability at very low pH values. Fifty-five-day persistence in a soil sample without the presence of the specific host and a lack of lytic activity on beneficial rhizosphere bacteria were found for the phage isolate BsXeu269p/3. The complete genome of the same isolate was sequenced and analyzed, and, for the first time in this paper, we report a circular representation of a linear but circularly permuted phage genome among known X. euvesicatoria phage genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoana Kizheva
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. “Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zoltan Urshev
- R&D Department, LB Bulgaricum PLC, 14 Malashevska Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Melani Dimitrova
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. “Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nevena Bogatzevska
- Institute of Soil Science, Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection “N. Poushkarov”, Agricultural Academy, 1331 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Penka Moncheva
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. “Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petya Hristova
- Department of General and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. “Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Choo KW, Mao L, Mustapha A. CAM-21, a novel lytic phage with high specificity towards Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food products. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 386:110026. [PMID: 36444789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen that has become a serious global concern for food safety. Despite the application of different traditional biocontrol methods in the food industry, food borne disease outbreaks linked to this organism remain. Due to their high specificity, lytic bacteriophages are promising antimicrobial agents that could be utilized to control pathogens in foods. In this study, a novel Escherichia phage, CAM-21, was isolated from a dairy farm environment. CAM-21 showed targeted host specificity towards various serotypes of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, including O157:H7, O26, O103, and O145. Morphological analyses revealed that CAM-21 has a polyhedron capsid and a contractile tail with a diameter of about 92.83 nm, and length of about 129.75 nm, respectively. CAM-21 showed a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of E. coli O157:H7, even at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of as low as 0.001. Phage adsorption and one-step growth analysis indicated that the target pathogen was rapidly lysed by CAM-21 that exhibited a short latent time (20 min). Electron microscopic and genomic DNA analyses suggested that CAM-21 is a lytic phage, classified as a new species in the Tequatrovirus genus of the Myoviridae Family. Based on whole genome sequencing, CAM-21 has a double-stranded DNA with 166,962 bp, 265 open reading frames and 11 tRNA. The genome of CAM-21 did not encode toxins, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, lysogeny or allergens. Phylogenetic and genomic comparative analyses suggested that CAM-21 is a T4-like phage species. The growth of E. coli O157:H7 was effectively controlled in milk, ground beef and baby spinach at MOIs of 1000 and 10,000. CAM-21 significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced the bacterial counts of the treated foods, ranging from 1.4-2.0 log CFU/mL in milk to 1.3-1.4 log CFU/g in ground beef and baby spinach. These findings suggest that the lytic phage, CAM-21, is a potential candidate for controlling E. coli O157:H7 contamination in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wen Choo
- Food Science Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States of America
| | - Liang Mao
- Food Science Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States of America
| | - Azlin Mustapha
- Food Science Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States of America.
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Characteristics of Environmental Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca Bacteriophages and Their Therapeutic Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020434. [PMID: 36839755 PMCID: PMC9960720 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae have spread globally, being responsible for the occurrence and severity of nosocomial infections. The NDM-1-kp, VIM-1 carbapenemase-producing isolates as well as extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing (ESBL) isolates along with Klebsiella oxytoca strains have become emerging pathogens. Due to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, bacteriophage therapy may be a potential alternative to combat such multidrug-resistant Klebsiella strains. Here, we present the results of a long-term study on the isolation and biology of bacteriophages active against K. pneumoniae, as well as K. oxytoca strains. We evaluated biological properties, morphology, host specificity, lytic spectrum and sensitivity of these phages to chemical agents along with their life cycle parameters such as adsorption, latent period, and burst size. Phages designated by us, vB_KpnM-52N (Kpn52N) and VB_KpnM-53N (Kpn53N), demonstrated relatively broad lytic spectra among tested Klebsiella strains, high burst size, adsorption rates and stability, which makes them promising candidates for therapeutic purposes. We also examined selected Klebsiella phages from our historical collection. Notably, one phage isolated nearly 60 years ago was successfully used in purulent cerebrospinal meningitis in a new-born and has maintained lytic activity to this day. Genomic sequences of selected phages were determined and analyzed. The phages of the sequenced genomes belong to the Slopekvirus and Jiaodavirus genus, a group of phages related to T4 at the family level. They share several features of T4 making them suitable for antibacterial therapies: the obligatorily lytic lifestyle, a lack of homologs of known virulence or antibiotic resistance genes, and a battery of enzymes degrading host DNA at infection.
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Wegrzyn A. Editorial: Women in phage biology: 2022. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1193890. [PMID: 37168117 PMCID: PMC10165065 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1193890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
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Narulita E, Cahyati VIN, Febrianti RA, Iqbal M. Potential bacteriophages to overcome bacterial infection of Alcaligenes faecalis in diabetic ulcer. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2023; 29:61-66. [PMID: 37728456 PMCID: PMC10411081 DOI: 10.5114/pedm.2023.125363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a non-contagious disease, but it can cause various complications. One of the most common complications of diabetes is diabetic ulcers. Diabetic ulcers are infections that occur in the legs of diabetics due to the destruction of the deepest skin tissue. Recent studies have reported the presence of Alcaligenes faecalis with extensive drug resistance (XDR) properties as a cause of diabetic ulcers. Bacteriophages are known to have the ability to infect bacteria specifically so that they can be used as an alternative solution for treating diabetic ulcers. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of bacteriophages capable of infecting Alcaligenes faecalis bacteria. MATERIAL AND METHODS The method used is the spot test method, host range, and identification of nucleic acid types. RESULTS The results showed that the 6 bacteriophages isolated, namely AFaV1, AFaV2, AFaV3, AFaV4, AFaV5, and AFaV6, had cloudy plaques with a diameter of ±3 mm. AFaV1, AFaV2, and AFaV4 isolates could infect all bacteria used; they were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Meanwhile, bacteriophage isolates AFaV3, AFaV5, and AFaV6 could infect Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria only. The nucleic acid types of the 6 bacteriophage samples were dsDNA with band length > 1 Kb. CONCLUSIONS The 6 isolates that were isolated had the ability to infect by forming a prophage that could inhibit the growth of Alcaligenes faecalis and other pathogenic bacteria in diabetic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlia Narulita
- Biology Education, Universitas Jember, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Universitas Jember, Indonesia
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Shymialevich D, Wójcicki M, Wardaszka A, Świder O, Sokołowska B, Błażejak S. Application of Lytic Bacteriophages and Their Enzymes to Reduce Saprophytic Bacteria Isolated from Minimally Processed Plant-Based Food Products-In Vitro Studies. Viruses 2022; 15:9. [PMID: 36680050 PMCID: PMC9865725 DOI: 10.3390/v15010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate phage enzymes and apply them in vitro for eradication of the dominant saprophytic bacteria isolated from minimally processed food. Four bacteriophages-two Enterobacter-specific and two Serratia-specific, which produce lytic enzymes-were used in this research. Two methods of phage enzyme isolation were tested, namely precipitation with acetone and ultracentrifugation. It was found that the number of virions could be increased almost 100 times due to the extension of the cultivation time (72 h). The amplification of phage particles and lytic proteins was dependent on the time of cultivation. Considering the influence of isolated enzymes on the growth kinetics of bacterial hosts, proteins isolated with acetone after 72-hour phage propagation exhibited the highest inhibitory effect. The reduction of bacteria count was dependent on the concentration of enzymes in the lysates. The obtained results indicate that phages and their lytic enzymes could be used in further research aiming at the improvement of microbiological quality and safety of minimally processed food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dziyana Shymialevich
- Culture Collection of Industrial Microorganisms—Microbiological Resources Center, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Wójcicki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Wardaszka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Świder
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Sokołowska
- Department of Microbiology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Błażejak
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS–SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166 Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Laucirica DR, Stick SM, Garratt LW, Kicic A. Bacteriophage: A new therapeutic player to combat neutrophilic inflammation in chronic airway diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1069929. [PMID: 36590945 PMCID: PMC9794625 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1069929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent respiratory bacterial infections are a clinical burden in several chronic inflammatory airway diseases and are often associated with neutrophil infiltration into the lungs. Following recruitment, dysregulated neutrophil effector functions such as increased granule release and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) result in damage to airway tissue, contributing to the progression of lung disease. Bacterial pathogens are a major driver of airway neutrophilic inflammation, but traditional management of infections with antibiotic therapy is becoming less effective as rates of antimicrobial resistance rise. Bacteriophages (phages) are now frequently identified as antimicrobial alternatives for antimicrobial resistant (AMR) airway infections. Despite growing recognition of their bactericidal function, less is known about how phages influence activity of neutrophils recruited to sites of bacterial infection in the lungs. In this review, we summarize current in vitro and in vivo findings on the effects of phage therapy on neutrophils and their inflammatory mediators, as well as mechanisms of phage-neutrophil interactions. Understanding these effects provides further validation of their safe use in humans, but also identifies phages as a targeted neutrophil-modulating therapeutic for inflammatory airway conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Laucirica
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Stick
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Luke W. Garratt
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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Effect of the Biopolymer Carrier on Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriophage Lytic Activity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121875. [PMID: 36551303 PMCID: PMC9775117 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of implant materials is always associated with the risk of infection. Moreover, the effectiveness of antibiotics is reduced due to antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Thus, selecting the appropriate alternative antimicrobials for local delivery systems is correlated with successful infection management. We evaluated immobilization of the S. aureus specific bacteriophages in clinically recognized biopolymers, i.e., chitosan and alginate, to control the release profile of the antimicrobials. The high-titre S. aureus specific bacteriophages were prepared from commercial bacteriophage cocktails. The polymer mixtures with the propagated bacteriophages were then prepared. The stability of the S. aureus bacteriophages in the biopolymer solutions was assessed. In the case of chitosan, no plaques indicating the presence of the lytic bacteriophages were observed. The titre reduction of the S. aureus bacteriophages in the Na-alginate was below 1 log unit. Furthermore, the bacteriophages retained their lytic activity in the alginate after crosslinking with Ca2+ ions. The release of the lytic S. aureus bacteriophages from the Ca-alginate matrices in the TRIS-HCl buffer solution (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) was determined. After 72 h-0.292 ± 0.021% of bacteriophages from the Ca-alginate matrices were released. Thus, sustained release of the lytic S. aureus bacteriophages can be ensured.
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Isolation and Characterization of Chi-like Salmonella Bacteriophages Infecting Two Salmonella enterica Serovars, Typhimurium and Enteritidis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121480. [PMID: 36558814 PMCID: PMC9783114 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis are well-known pathogens that cause foodborne diseases in humans. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella serovars has caused serious public health problems worldwide. In this study, two lysogenic phages, STP11 and SEP13, were isolated from a wastewater treatment plant in Jeddah, KSA. Transmission electron microscopic images revealed that both phages are new members of the genus “Chivirus” within the family Siphoviridae. Both STP11 and SEP13 had a lysis time of 90 min with burst sizes of 176 and 170 PFU/cell, respectively. The two phages were thermostable (0 °C ≤ temperature < 70 °C) and pH tolerant at 3 ≤ pH < 11. STP11 showed lytic activity for approximately 42.8% (n = 6), while SEP13 showed against 35.7% (n = 5) of the tested bacterial strains. STP11 and STP13 have linear dsDNA genomes consisting of 58,890 bp and 58,893 bp nucleotide sequences with G + C contents of 57% and 56.5%, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the genomes of phages STP11 and SEP13 contained 70 and 71 ORFs, respectively. No gene encoding tRNA was detected in their genome. Of the 70 putative ORFs of phage STP11, 27 (38.6%) were assigned to functional genes and 43 (61.4%) were annotated as hypothetical proteins. Similarly, 29 (40.8%) of the 71 putative ORFs of phage SEP13 were annotated as functional genes, whereas the remaining 42 (59.2%) were assigned as nonfunctional proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequence demonstrated that the isolated phages are closely related to Chi-like Salmonella viruses.
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Qamar H, Owais M, Hussain T. Nano-microbial based technology employing polyvalent phage conjugate: A next generation weapon for antimicrobial resistance lurking behind wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114079. [PMID: 36030912 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, due to a dearth of innovative interventions, new forms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are being discovered every day in clinical and environmental settings. Therefore, it is necessary to remove these contaminants directly or indirectly from the environment. Nanomicrobial-based technology employing nanomaterials with microbes is a new paradigm that finds a place in the antimicrobial crisis. Microbial entities such as phages can be used to treat antimicrobial resistance, but phage resistance is challenging and limits its applicability. Similarly, nanotechnology will not be able to selectively remove resistant strains from the environment individually. Therefore, we employ nanomicrobial-based technology that aims to fill these gaps. In the present study, polyvalent phages were isolated from wastewater with an easy-to-use modified multi-host sequential approach, characterized and conjugated with magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with the modified formulation to form nanomicrobial conjugates (NMCs). These NMCs were subjected to characterization and in vitro antibacterial studies. The results indicated a significant polyvalency of phages in the order of Caudovirales. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles formed by the co-precipitation method showed a particle size of 30 ± 5 nm and the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern indicates a single-phase crystalline structure. To form NMCs, isolated phages (105 PFU/mL) were immobilized onto Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Further, surface modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles enables the covalent association of phages. Biosurfactant-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles (FNMCs) were found to have higher phage loading capacity, with a significant value of p < 0.0127 and a zeta potential of -22.2 mV. TEM studies and in vitro biofilm assay showed that NMCs exhibit promising antibacterial activity against various resistant bacterial strains. Pilot studies showed that NMCs can selectively eliminate up to 98.3% of AMR in wastewater. Thus, these findings indicate a synergistic effect of both phage and nanomaterial and this technology is expected to be a new lead in wastewater management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Qamar
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India; Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
| | - Mohd Owais
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Touseef Hussain
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Bacteriophage DW-EC with the capability to destruct and inhibit biofilm formed by several pathogenic bacteria. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18539. [PMID: 36329103 PMCID: PMC9633697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria is a major challenge in the food industry. Once a biofilm is established, such as on food processing equipment, it becomes more difficult to eradicate. Although physical and chemical treatments are often used to control biofilm formation, these treatments can have significant drawbacks. Alternative biofilm treatments are needed. Phage DW-EC was isolated from dawet, an Indonesian traditional Ready-To-Eat food, which has high specificity for Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Phage DW-EC produces several enzymes that can prevent the development of biofilm and biofilm eradication. Depolymerase enzymes break down the polysaccharides layer on the biofilms can lead to biofilm damage. On the other hand, endolysin and putative like-T4 lysozyme will lyse and kill a bacterial cell, thereby preventing biofilm growth. This research aims to determine the capability of previously identified phage DW-EC to inhibit and destroy biofilms produced by several foodborne pathogens. Phage DW-EC formed plaques on the bacterial lawns of EHEC, EPEC, and ETEC. The efficiency of plating (EOP) values for EHEC, EPEC, ETEC, and Bacillus cereus were 1.06, 0.78. 0.70, and 0.00, demonstrating that DW-EC was effective in controlling pathogenic E. coli populations. Furthermore, phage DW-EC showed anti-biofilm activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria on polystyrene and stainless-steel substrates. DW-EC biofilm inhibition and destruction activities against pathogenic E. coli were significantly higher than against B. cereus biofilms, which was indicated by a lower density of the biofilm than B. cereus. Microscopic visualization verified that bacteriophage DW-EC effectively controlled EHEC, EPEC, and ETEC biofilms. The results showed that DW-EC could inhibit and destroy biofilm, making it promising to be used as an anti-biofilm candidate for polystyrene and stainless steel equipment in the food industry.
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Florent P, Cauchie H, Herold M, Ogorzaly L. Bacteriophages pass through candle‐shaped porous ceramic filters: Application for the collection of viruses in soil water. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1314. [PMID: 36314760 PMCID: PMC9490336 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of viruses in soils, their diversity in soil water has not been explored, mainly due to the difficulty of collecting them. In hydrology, soil water is usually collected using porous candles. This study proposes using these porous candles as a new tool for sampling viruses in soil water to analyze their passage through the ceramic part of the candles. The recovery of the viruses was determined after filtration under laboratory conditions using three model bacteriophages (MS2, ΦX174, and Φ6) and Escherichia coli, at neutral and acidic pH. Then, a field experiment was carried out where soil water filtration and viral identification by metagenomic shotgun were performed. At neutral pH, all bacteriophages tested successfully passed through the porous candles during the filtration process, with reductions of 0.02 log, 0.16 log, and 0.55 log for MS2 ΦX174 and Φ6, respectively. At pH 4.4, the passage of MS2 was not affected while ΦX174 underwent a slight reduction in recovery, probably caused by adsorption onto the filter material. Regarding the application of the porous candles in the field, the results obtained allowed the successful recovery of viruses, exposing porous candles as a new method suitable for the collection of viruses from soil water in the context of the study of viral communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Florent
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN) Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) Belvaux Luxembourg
- Faculté des Sciences, de la Technologie et de la Communication (FSTC), Doctoral School in Science and Engineering (DSSE) University of Luxembourg Esch‐sur‐Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Henry‐Michel Cauchie
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN) Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - Malte Herold
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN) Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - Leslie Ogorzaly
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN) Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) Belvaux Luxembourg
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Lu YT, Ma Y, Wong CW, Wang S. Characterization and application of bacteriophages for the biocontrol of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli in Romaine lettuce. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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47
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Zuo P, Metz J, Yu P, Alvarez PJJ. Biofilm-responsive encapsulated-phage coating for autonomous biofouling mitigation in water storage systems. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119070. [PMID: 36096027 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms in water storage systems may harbor pathogens that threaten public health. Chemical disinfectants are marginally effective in eradicating biofilms due to limited penetration, and often generate harmful disinfection byproducts. To enhance biofouling mitigation in household water storage tanks, we encapsulated bacteriophages (phages) in chitosan crosslinked with tri-polyphosphate and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane. Phages served as self-propagating green biocides that exclusively infect bacteria. This pH-responsive encapsulation (244 ± 11 nm) enabled autonomous release of phages in response to acidic pH associated with biofilms (corroborated by confocal microscopy with pH-indicator dye SNARF-4F), but otherwise remained stable in pH-neutral tap water for one month. Encapsulated phages instantly bind to plasma-treated plastic and fiberglass surfaces, providing a facile coating method that protects surfaces highly vulnerable to biofouling. Biofilm formation assays were conducted in tap water amended with 200 mg/L glucose to accelerate growth and attachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with biofilms in drinking water distribution and storage systems. Biofilms formation on plastic surfaces coated with encapsulated phages decreased to only 6.7 ± 0.2% (on a biomass basis) relative to the uncoated controls. Likewise, biofilm surface area coverage (4.8 ± 0.2 log CFU/mm2) and live/dead fluorescence ratio (1.80) were also lower than the controls (6.6 ± 0.2 log CFU/mm2 and live/dead ratio of 11.05). Overall, this study offers proof-of-concept of a chemical-free, easily implementable approach to control problematic biofilm-dwelling bacteria and highlights benefits of this bottom-up biofouling control approach that obviates the challenge of poor biofilm penetration by biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiao Zuo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, USA
| | - Jordin Metz
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, USA
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, USA.
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Martins WMBS, Cino J, Lenzi MH, Sands K, Portal E, Hassan B, Dantas PP, Migliavacca R, Medeiros EA, Gales AC, Toleman MA. Diversity of lytic bacteriophages against XDR Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 16 recovered from sewage samples in different parts of the world. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156074. [PMID: 35623509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses considered to be natural bacterial predators and widely detected in aquatic environments. Sewage samples are an important source of phage isolation since high density and diversity of bacterial cells are present, due to human, animal and household fluids. This study aims to investigate and characterise phages against an extremely drug-resistant (XDR) lineage, Klebsiella pneumoniae ST16, using sewage samples from different parts of the World. Sewage samples from Brazil, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Thailand and the United Kingdom were collected and used to investigate phages against ten K. pneumoniae ST16 (hosts) recovered from infection sites. The phages were microbiological and genetically characterised by double-agar overlay (DLA), transmission electron microscopy and Illumina WGS. The host range against K. pneumoniae belonging to different sequence types was evaluated at different temperatures by spot test. Further phage characterisation, such as efficiency of plating, optimal phage temperature, and pH/temperature susceptibility, were conducted. Fourteen lytic phages were isolated, belonging to Autographiviridae, Ackermannviridae, Demerecviridae, Drexlerviridae, and Myoviridae families, from Brazil, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia and Thailand and demonstrated a great genetic diversity. The viruses had good activity against our collection of clinical K. pneumoniae ST16 at room temperature and 37 °C, but also against other important Klebsiella clones such as ST11, ST15, and ST258. Temperature assays showed lytic activity in different temperatures, except for PWKp18 which only had activity at room temperature. Phages were stable between pH 5 and 10 with minor changes in phage activity, and 70 °C was the temperature able to kill all phages in this study. Using sewage from different parts of the World allowed us to have a set of highly efficient phages against an K. pneumoniae ST16 that can be used in the future to develop new tools to combat infections in humans or animals caused by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willames M B S Martins
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Cino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael H Lenzi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirsty Sands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Portal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Brekhna Hassan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Priscila P Dantas
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Hospital Epidemiology Committee, Hospital São Paulo, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Migliavacca
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Unit of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Eduardo A Medeiros
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Hospital Epidemiology Committee, Hospital São Paulo, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Gales
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mark A Toleman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Pelyuntha W, Sanguankiat A, Kovitvadhi A, Vongkamjan K. Broad lytic spectrum of novel Salmonella phages on ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella contaminated in the broiler production chain. Vet World 2022; 15:2039-2045. [PMID: 36313854 PMCID: PMC9615508 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2039-2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is recommended for salmonellosis treatment as the drug of choice; however, overuse of this drug can cause drug resistance issues and failure to treat diseases. Phage therapy is an alternative approach for combatting CIP-resistant infection. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CIP-resistant Salmonella isolated from the broiler production chain and evaluated the lytic ability of novel Salmonella phages isolated from water samples. Materials and Methods: Samples were obtained from the broiler production chain and used for Salmonella isolation. serovar and CIP resistance of each isolate were characterized through latex agglutination and agar disk diffusion test, respectively. Water samples from different sources were acquired for phage isolation. The lytic activity of novel-isolated phages was also examined. Results: In this study, 51 Salmonella isolates were recovered from the broiler production chain (two commercial farms, one free-range farm, two slaughterhouses, and three stalls from the wet market). Kentucky was the major serovar characterized (16), followed by Typhimurium (9), Agona (5), Corvalis (5), Schwarzengrund (5), Singapore (3), Weltevreden (3), Mbandaka (2), Give (2), and Albany (1). The serovars that exhibited CIP resistance were 14/16 isolates of serovar Kentucky (87.5%) and one isolate of serovar Give (50%), whereas eight other serovars were susceptible to this drug. Overall, the prevalence of CIP-resistant Salmonella recovered from the sources included in this study was 29.4%. This study identified 11 Salmonella phages isolated from wastewater samples derived from broiler farms, wastewater treatment stations, and natural reservoirs. Our phages showed the total percentage of lysis ability ranging from 33.3% to 93.3% against CIP-resistant isolates. However, only one bacterial isolate, namely 210SL, recovered from the food contact surface of a wet market stall and was resistant to all phages. Conclusion: Diverse serovars of Salmonella were recovered in the broiler production chain in this study, while the isolates presenting CIP-resistant Salmonella were as high as 29.4%. Overall, Salmonella phages showed high lysis ability against these CIP-resistant Salmonella isolates, suggesting the potential application of phage-based treatments or biocontrol in the broiler production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wattana Pelyuntha
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Arsooth Sanguankiat
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Kitiya Vongkamjan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
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50
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Alanazi F, Nour I, Hanif A, Al-Ashkar I, Aljowaie RM, Eifan S. Novel findings in context of molecular diversity and abundance of bacteriophages in wastewater environments of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273343. [PMID: 35980993 PMCID: PMC9387821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity among bacteriophages depends on different factors like ecology, temperature conditions and genetic pool. Current study focused on isolation, identification and diversity of phages from 34 sewage water samples collected from two different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), King Saud University wastewater treatment plants (KSU-WWTP) and Manfoha wastewater treatment plants (MN-WWTP) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Samples were analyzed by PCR and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Siphoviridae, Podoviridae and Myoviridae families were detected by family-specific PCR and highest prevalence of Myoviridae 29.40% was found at MN-WWTP followed by 11.76% at KSU-WWTP. Siphoviridae was detected 11.76% at MN-WWTP and 5.88% at KSU-WWTP. Lowest prevalence for Podoviridae family (5.88%) was recorded at MN-WWTP. Significant influence of temporal variations on prevalence of Myoviridae and Siphoviridae was detected in both WWTP and MN-WWTP, respectively. Highest phage prevalence was obtained in August (75%), followed by September (50%). Highest phage prevalence was recorded at a temperature range of 29–33°C. Significant influence of temperature on the prevalence of Myoviridae phages was detected at MN-WWTP. Four bacteriophages with various abundance levels were identified by NGS. Cronobacter virus Esp2949-1 was found first time with highest abundance (4.41%) in wastewater of Riyadh. Bordetella virus BPP1 (4.14%), Dickeya virus Limestone (1.55%) and Ralstonia virus RSA1 (1.04%) were also detected from samples of MN-WWTP. Highest occurrence of Bordetella virus BPP1 (67%) and (33.33%) was recorded at KSU-WWTP and MN-WWTP, respectively. Highest Bordetella virus BPP1 occurrence was recorded in September (50%) followed by August (40%). The findings of study showed new insights of phage diversity from wastewater sources and further large-scale data studies are suggested for comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alanazi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Islam Nour
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Hanif
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Al-Ashkar
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem M. Aljowaie
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Eifan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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