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Teixeira-Marques A, Monteiro-Reis S, Montezuma D, Lourenço C, Oliveira MC, Constâncio V, Sequeira JP, Carvalho-Maia C, Freitas R, Martens-Uzunova ES, Vasconcelos MH, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Improved recovery of urinary small extracellular vesicles by differential ultracentrifugation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12267. [PMID: 38806574 PMCID: PMC11133306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-membrane enclosed structures that are associated with several diseases, including those of genitourinary tract. Urine contains EVs derived from urinary tract cells. Owing to its non-invasive collection, urine represents a promising source of biomarkers for genitourinary disorders, including cancer. The most used method for urinary EVs separation is differential ultracentrifugation (UC), but current protocols lead to a significant loss of EVs hampering its efficiency. Moreover, UC protocols are labor-intensive, further limiting clinical application. Herein, we sought to optimize an UC protocol, reducing the time spent and improving small EVs (SEVs) yield. By testing different ultracentrifugation times at 200,000g to pellet SEVs, we found that 48 min and 60 min enabled increased SEVs recovery compared to 25 min. A step for pelleting large EVs (LEVs) was also evaluated and compared with filtering of the urine supernatant. We found that urine supernatant filtering resulted in a 1.7-fold increase on SEVs recovery, whereas washing steps resulted in a 0.5 fold-decrease on SEVs yield. Globally, the optimized UC protocol was shown to be more time efficient, recovering higher numbers of SEVs than Exoquick-TC (EXO). Furthermore, the optimized UC protocol preserved RNA quality and quantity, while reducing SEVs separation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teixeira-Marques
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Monteiro-Reis
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- INEGI-LAETA, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Campus FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4600-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Montezuma
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- IMP Diagnostics, Praça do Bom Sucesso, 61, Sala 808, 4150-146, Porto, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Medical Sciences, ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences-University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lourenço
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-School Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Carlos Oliveira
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Constâncio
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-School Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Sequeira
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-School Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Epigenomics Unit, Cancer Epigenomics, Translational Medical Oncology Group (ONCOMET), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University Clinical Hospital of Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carina Carvalho-Maia
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Freitas
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOPorto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elena S Martens-Uzunova
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Be-331, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/CI-IPOP@RISE (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Tomiyama E, Fujita K, Hashimoto M, Uemura H, Nonomura N. Urinary markers for bladder cancer diagnosis: A review of current status and future challenges. Int J Urol 2024; 31:208-219. [PMID: 37968825 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common urological cancer with a high recurrence rate that requires long-term follow-up, and early detection positively affects prognosis. To date, the initial diagnosis and follow-up for bladder cancer rely on cystoscopy, which is an invasive and expensive procedure. Therefore, urinary markers for the detection of bladder cancer have attracted research attention for decades to reduce unnecessary cystoscopies. Urine, which is in continuous contact with bladder cancer, is considered a suitable fluid for providing tumor information. Urinary cytology is the only widely used urinary marker in clinical practice; however, it has poor sensitivity for low-grade tumors; indicating the need for novel urinary markers. Considerable research has been conducted on this topic over the years, resulting in a complex landscape with a wide range of urinary markers, including protein-, exfoliated cell-, RNA-, DNA-, and extracellular vesicle-based markers. Although some of these markers have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and are commercially available, their use in clinical practice is limited. To facilitate clinical application, potential urinary markers must withstand prospective clinical trials and be easy for patients and clinicians to understand and utilize in a clinical context. This review provides a comprehensive overview of currently available and recently reported promising urinary markers for bladder cancer. Additionally, the challenges and the prospects of these urinary markers for clinical implementation in bladder cancer treatment were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Tomiyama
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Uemura
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Joshi N, Garapati K, Ghose V, Kandasamy RK, Pandey A. Recent progress in mass spectrometry-based urinary proteomics. Clin Proteomics 2024; 21:14. [PMID: 38389064 PMCID: PMC10885485 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-024-09462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Serum or plasma is frequently utilized in biomedical research; however, its application is impeded by the requirement for invasive sample collection. The non-invasive nature of urine collection makes it an attractive alternative for disease characterization and biomarker discovery. Mass spectrometry-based protein profiling of urine has led to the discovery of several disease-associated biomarkers. Proteomic analysis of urine has not only been applied to disorders of the kidney and urinary bladder but also to conditions affecting distant organs because proteins excreted in the urine originate from multiple organs. This review provides a progress update on urinary proteomics carried out over the past decade. Studies summarized in this review have expanded the catalog of proteins detected in the urine in a variety of clinical conditions. The wide range of applications of urine analysis-from characterizing diseases to discovering predictive, diagnostic and prognostic markers-continues to drive investigations of the urinary proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Joshi
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kishore Garapati
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Vivek Ghose
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India
| | - Richard K Kandasamy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Alberca-del Arco F, Prieto-Cuadra D, Santos-Perez de la Blanca R, Sáez-Barranquero F, Matas-Rico E, Herrera-Imbroda B. New Perspectives on the Role of Liquid Biopsy in Bladder Cancer: Applicability to Precision Medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:803. [PMID: 38398192 PMCID: PMC10886494 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common tumors in the world. Cystoscopy and tissue biopsy are the standard methods in screening and early diagnosis of suspicious bladder lesions. However, they are invasive procedures that may cause pain and infectious complications. Considering the limitations of both procedures, and the recurrence and resistance to BC treatment, it is necessary to develop a new non-invasive methodology for early diagnosis and multiple evaluations in patients under follow-up for bladder cancer. In recent years, liquid biopsy has proven to be a very useful diagnostic tool for the detection of tumor biomarkers. This non-invasive technique makes it possible to analyze single tumor components released into the peripheral circulation and to monitor tumor progression. Numerous biomarkers are being studied and interesting clinical applications for these in BC are being presented, with promising results in early diagnosis, detection of microscopic disease, and prediction of recurrence and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernardo Alberca-del Arco
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (HUVV), 29010 Málaga, Spain; (F.A.-d.A.); (R.S.-P.d.l.B.); (F.S.-B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Prieto-Cuadra
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (HUVV), 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Unidad de Gestion Clinica de Anatomia Patologica, IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- SYNLAB Pathology, 29007 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocio Santos-Perez de la Blanca
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (HUVV), 29010 Málaga, Spain; (F.A.-d.A.); (R.S.-P.d.l.B.); (F.S.-B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Genitourinary Alliance for Research and Development (GUARD Consortium), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Felipe Sáez-Barranquero
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (HUVV), 29010 Málaga, Spain; (F.A.-d.A.); (R.S.-P.d.l.B.); (F.S.-B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Genitourinary Alliance for Research and Development (GUARD Consortium), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Elisa Matas-Rico
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (HUVV), 29010 Málaga, Spain; (F.A.-d.A.); (R.S.-P.d.l.B.); (F.S.-B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Genitourinary Alliance for Research and Development (GUARD Consortium), 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Bernardo Herrera-Imbroda
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (HUVV), 29010 Málaga, Spain; (F.A.-d.A.); (R.S.-P.d.l.B.); (F.S.-B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Genitourinary Alliance for Research and Development (GUARD Consortium), 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Farzamikia N, Hejazian SM, Mostafavi S, Baradaran B, Zununi Vahed S, Ardalan M. Podocyte-specific proteins in urinary extracellular vesicles of patients with IgA nephropathy: Vasorin and ceruloplasmin. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2023; 14:29981. [PMID: 38938751 PMCID: PMC11199928 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2023.29981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) can be considered biomarkers of kidney diseases. EVs derived from podocytes may reflect podocyte damage in different glomerular diseases. IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common forms of glomerulonephritis (GN) characterized by proteinuria and hematuria. This study aimed to analyze the uEVs of IgAN patients to understand the pathophysiological processes of the disease at the protein level. Methods Patients with GN [biopsy-proven IgAN (n = 16) and membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN, n = 16)], and healthy controls (n = 16) were included in this study. The uEVs were extracted, characterized, and analyzed to evaluate the protein levels of candidate markers of IgAN, including vasorin precursor, aminopeptidase N, and ceruloplasmin by western-blot analysis. Results Higher levels of both podocytes and EVs-related proteins were observed in the pooled urine samples of GN patients compared to the healthy controls. In IgAN patients, uEV-protein levels of vasorin were statistically lower while levels of ceruloplasmin were significantly higher compared to MGN (P = 0.002, P = 0.06) and healthy controls, respectively (P = 0.020, P= 0.001). Conclusion Different levels of the studied proteins in uEVs may indicate podocyte injury and represent a direct association with the pathology of IgAN and MGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Farzamikia
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Soroush Mostafavi
- Department of Cardiology, Hazrat-e-Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Maas M, Todenhöfer T, Black PC. Urine biomarkers in bladder cancer - current status and future perspectives. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:597-614. [PMID: 37225864 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Urine markers to detect bladder cancer have been the subject of research for decades. The idea that urine - being in continuous contact with tumour tissue - should provide a vector of tumour information remains an attractive concept. Research on this topic has resulted in a complex landscape of many different urine markers with varying degrees of clinical validation. These markers range from cell-based assays to proteins, transcriptomic markers and genomic signatures, with a clear trend towards multiplex assays. Unfortunately, the number of different urine markers and the efforts in research and development of clinical grade assays are not reflected in the use of these markers in clinical practice, which is currently limited. Numerous prospective trials are in progress with the aim of increasing the quality of evidence about urinary biomarkers in bladder cancer to achieve guideline implementation. The current research landscape suggests a division of testing approaches. Some efforts are directed towards addressing the limitations of current assays to improve the performance of urine markers for a straightforward detection of bladder cancer. Additionally, comprehensive genetic analyses are emerging based on advances in next-generation sequencing and are expected to substantially affect the potential application of urine markers in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Maas
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tilman Todenhöfer
- Clinical Trials Unit Studienpraxis Urologie, Nürtingen, Germany
- Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Wu S, Li R, Jiang Y, Yu J, Zheng J, Li Z, Li M, Xin K, Wang Y, Xu Z, Li S, Chen X. Liquid biopsy in urothelial carcinoma: Detection techniques and clinical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115027. [PMID: 37354812 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The types of urothelial carcinoma (UC) include urothelial bladder cancer and upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Current diagnostic techniques cannot meet the needs of patients. Liquid biopsy is an accurate method of determining the molecular profile of UC and is a cutting-edge and popular technique that is expected to complement existing detection techniques and benefit patients with UC. Circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA, cell-free RNA, extracellular vesicles, proteins, and metabolites can be found in the blood, urine, or other bodily fluids and are examined during liquid biopsies. This article focuses on the components of liquid biopsies and their clinical applications in UC. Liquid biopsies have tremendous potential in multiple aspects of precision oncology, from early diagnosis and treatment monitoring to predicting prognoses. They may therefore play an important role in the management of UC and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Yuanhong Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Jiazheng Yu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Jianyi Zheng
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Kerong Xin
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, China.
| | - Zhenqun Xu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Shijie Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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Teixeira-Marques A, Lourenço C, Oliveira MC, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Bladder Cancer Biomarkers: Take It or Leave It? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076757. [PMID: 37047731 PMCID: PMC10094914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide. Although urine cytology and cystoscopy are current standards for BC diagnosis, both have limited sensitivity to detect low-grade and small tumors. Moreover, effective prognostic biomarkers are lacking. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipidic particles that contain nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites, which are released by cells into the extracellular space, being crucial effectors in intercellular communication. These particles have emerged as potential tools carrying biomarkers for either diagnosis or prognosis in liquid biopsies namely urine, plasma, and serum. Herein, we review the potential of liquid biopsies EVs’ cargo as BC diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers. Additionally, we address the emerging advantages and downsides of using EVs within this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teixeira-Marques
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lourenço
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Doctoral Programme in Biomedical Sciences, School Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Carlos Oliveira
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOPorto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC Raquel Seruca), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Pallares-Rusiñol A, Bernuz M, Moura SL, Fernández-Senac C, Rossi R, Martí M, Pividori MI. Advances in exosome analysis. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 112:69-117. [PMID: 36642486 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing demand for novel biomarkers that detect early stage disease as well as monitor clinical management and therapeutic strategies. Exosome analysis could provide the next advance in attaining that goal. Exosomes are membrane encapsulated biologic nanometric-sized particles of endocytic origin which are released by all cell types. Unfortunately, exosomes are exceptionally challenging to characterize with current technologies. Exosomes are between 30 and 200nm in diameter, a size that makes them out of the sensitivity range to most cell-oriented sorting or analysis platforms, i.e., traditional flow cytometers. The most common methods for targeting exosomes to date typically involve purification followed by the characterization and the specific determination of their cargo. The whole procedure is time consuming, requiring thus skilled personnel as well as laboratory facilities and benchtop instrumentation. The most relevant methodology for exosome isolation, characterization and quantification is addressed in this chapter, including the most up-to-date approaches to explore the potential usefulness of exosomes as biomarkers in liquid biopsies and in advanced nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Pallares-Rusiñol
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mireia Bernuz
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Silio Lima Moura
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carolina Fernández-Senac
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rosanna Rossi
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mercè Martí
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María Isabel Pividori
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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10
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Tomiyama E, Fujita K, Matsuzaki K, Narumi R, Yamamoto A, Uemura T, Yamamichi G, Koh Y, Matsushita M, Hayashi Y, Hashimoto M, Banno E, Kato T, Hatano K, Kawashima A, Uemura M, Ukekawa R, Takao T, Takada S, Uemura H, Adachi J, Tomonaga T, Nonomura N. EphA2 on urinary extracellular vesicles as a novel biomarker for bladder cancer diagnosis and its effect on the invasiveness of bladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1312-1323. [PMID: 35794239 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) secreted from bladder cancer contain cancer-specific proteins that are potential diagnostic biomarkers. We identified and evaluated a uEV-based protein biomarker for bladder cancer diagnosis and analysed its functions. METHODS Biomarker candidates, selected by shotgun proteomics, were validated using targeted proteomics of uEVs obtained from 49 patients with and 48 individuals without bladder cancer, including patients with non-malignant haematuria. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantifying the uEV protein biomarker without ultracentrifugation and evaluated urine samples from 36 patients with and 36 patients without bladder cancer. RESULTS Thirteen membrane proteins were significantly upregulated in the uEVs from patients with bladder cancer in shotgun proteomics. Among them, eight proteins were validated by target proteomics, and Ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) was the only protein significantly upregulated in the uEVs of patients with bladder cancer, compared with that of patients with non-malignant haematuria. The EV-EphA2-CD9 ELISA demonstrated good diagnostic performance (sensitivity: 61.1%, specificity: 97.2%). We showed that EphA2 promotes proliferation, invasion and migration and EV-EphA2 promotes the invasion and migration of bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS We established EV-EphA2-CD9 ELISA for uEV-EphA2 detection for the non-invasive early clinical diagnosis of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Tomiyama
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Kyosuke Matsuzaki
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryohei Narumi
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Akinaru Yamamoto
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Uemura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gaku Yamamichi
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoko Koh
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsushita
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mamoru Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Eri Banno
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Taigo Kato
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Hatano
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsunari Kawashima
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motohide Uemura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Ukekawa
- FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Takata-cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo, 661-0963, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takao
- Department of Urology, Osaka General Medical Center, Bandai-higashi, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8558, Japan
| | - Shingo Takada
- Department of Urology, Osaka Police Hospital, Kitayama-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0035, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Uemura
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Jun Adachi
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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11
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MALDI-TOF/MS Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Released by Cancer Cells. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12126149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The direct shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the plasma membrane is a recognized fundamental method for the intercellular transfer of properties in both physiological and pathological conditions. EVs are classified according to origin, biogenesis, size, content, surface markers, and/or functional properties, and contain various bioactive molecules depending on the physiological state and the type of the cells of origin including lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. The presence of tumor-derived EVs in body fluids such as blood, ascites, urine, and saliva, together with the important role played in the tumor microenvironment where they intervene at different levels from oncogenesis to metastasis, make EVs a priority target for cancer studies. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) can play a leading role in the analysis and characterization of EVs and their load due to its intrinsic advantages such as high throughput, low sample consumption, speed, the cost-effectiveness of the analysis, and the ease of use. This work reviews the main MALDI-TOF applications for the analysis and characterization of extracellular vesicles in the tumor field.
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12
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Jahan S, Mukherjee S, Ali S, Bhardwaj U, Choudhary RK, Balakrishnan S, Naseem A, Mir SA, Banawas S, Alaidarous M, Alyenbaawi H, Iqbal D, Siddiqui AJ. Pioneer Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Modulators of Cancer Initiation in Progression, Drug Therapy, and Vaccine Prospects. Cells 2022; 11:490. [PMID: 35159299 PMCID: PMC8833976 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading diseases, causing deaths worldwide. Nearly 10 million deaths were reported in 2020 due to cancer alone. Several factors are involved in cancer progressions, such as lifestyle and genetic characteristics. According to a recent report, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in cancer initiation, progression, and therapy failure. EVs can play a major role in intracellular communication, the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and pathogenesis in several types of diseases. In a healthy person, EVs carry different cargoes, such as miRNA, lncRNA etc., to help other body functions. On the other hand, the same EV in a tumor microenvironment carries cargoes such as miRNA, lncRNA, etc., to initiate or help cancer progression at various stages. These stages may include the proliferation of cells and escape from apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell invasion, and metastasis, reprogramming energy metabolism, evasion of the immune response, and transfer of mutations. Tumor-derived EVs manipulate by altering normal functions of the body and affect the epigenetics of normal cells by limiting the genetic makeup through transferring mutations, histone modifications, etc. Tumor-derived EVs also pose therapy resistance through transferring drug efflux pumps and posing multiple drug resistances. Such EVs can also help as biomarkers for different cancer types and stages, which ultimately help with cancer diagnosis at early stages. In this review, we will shed light on EVs' role in performing normal functions of the body and their position in different hallmarks of cancer, in altering the genetics of a normal cell in a tumor microenvironment, and their role in therapy resistance, as well as the importance of EVs as diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shouvik Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shaheen Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Urvashi Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ranjay Kumar Choudhary
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Santhanaraj Balakrishnan
- Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Naseem
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mohammed Alaidarous
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Alyenbaawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 81451, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Zheng H, Zhao J, Wang X, Yan S, Chu H, Gao M, Zhang X. Integrated Pipeline of Rapid Isolation and Analysis of Human Plasma Exosomes for Cancer Discrimination Based on Deep Learning of MALDI-TOF MS Fingerprints. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1831-1839. [PMID: 35025210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasma exosomes have shown great potential for liquid biopsy in clinical cancer diagnosis. Herein, we present an integrated strategy for isolating and analyzing exosomes from human plasma rapidly and then discriminating different cancers excellently based on deep learning fingerprints of plasma exosomes. Sequential size-exclusion chromatography (SSEC) was developed efficiently for separating exosomes from human plasma. SSEC isolated plasma exosomes, taking as less as 2 h for a single sample with high purity such that the discard rates of high-density lipoproteins and low/very low-density lipoproteins were 93 and 85%, respectively. Benefitting from the rapid and high-purity isolation, the contents encapsulated in exosomes, covered by plasma proteins, were well profiled by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS). We further analyzed 220 clinical samples, including 79 breast cancer patients, 57 pancreatic cancer patients, and 84 healthy controls. After MS data pre-processing and feature selection, the extracted MS feature peaks were utilized as inputs for constructing a multi-classifier artificial neural network (denoted as Exo-ANN) model. The optimized model avoided overfitting and performed well in both training cohorts and test cohorts. For the samples in the independent test cohort, it realized a diagnosed accuracy of 80.0% with an area under the curve of 0.91 for the whole group. These results suggest that our integrated pipeline may become a generic tool for liquid biopsy based on the analysis of plasma exosomes in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiandong Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuantang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shaohan Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huimin Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingxia Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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14
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Abouali H, Hosseini SA, Purcell E, Nagrath S, Poudineh M. Recent Advances in Device Engineering and Computational Analysis for Characterization of Cell-Released Cancer Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:288. [PMID: 35053452 PMCID: PMC8774172 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During cancer progression, tumors shed different biomarkers into the bloodstream, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). The analysis of these biomarkers in the blood, known as 'liquid biopsy' (LB), is a promising approach for early cancer detection and treatment monitoring, and more recently, as a means for cancer therapy. Previous reviews have discussed the role of CTCs and ctDNA in cancer progression; however, ctDNA and EVs are rapidly evolving with technological advancements and computational analysis and are the subject of enormous recent studies in cancer biomarkers. In this review, first, we introduce these cell-released cancer biomarkers and briefly discuss their clinical significance in cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Second, we present conventional and novel approaches for the isolation, profiling, and characterization of these markers. We then investigate the mathematical and in silico models that are developed to investigate the function of ctDNA and EVs in cancer progression. We convey our views on what is needed to pave the way to translate the emerging technologies and models into the clinic and make the case that optimized next-generation techniques and models are needed to precisely evaluate the clinical relevance of these LB markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Abouali
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (H.A.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Seied Ali Hosseini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (H.A.); (S.A.H.)
| | - Emma Purcell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, USA; (E.P.); (S.N.)
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, USA; (E.P.); (S.N.)
| | - Mahla Poudineh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (H.A.); (S.A.H.)
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15
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Sugeeta SS, Sharma A, Ng K, Nayak A, Vasdev N. Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer Surveillance. Front Surg 2021; 8:735868. [PMID: 34651010 PMCID: PMC8506024 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.735868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This is a narrative review with an aim to summarise and describe urinary biomarkers in the surveillance of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). It provides a summary of FDA-approved protein biomarkers along with emerging ones which utilise genetic, epigenetic and exosomal markers. We discuss the current limitations of the available assays. Background: Current guidelines advice a combination of cystoscopy, imaging,and urine cytology in diagnosis and surveillance. Although cytology has a high specificity, it is limited by low sensitivity particularly in low grade tumours. There are six FDA-approved urinary assays for diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer. They have shown to improve sensitivity and specificity to be used alongside cytology and cystoscopy but have a lower specificity in comparison to cytology and false positives often occur in benign conditions. Recent developments in laboratory techniques has allowed for use of markers which are RNA-, DNA-based as well as extracellular vesicles in the past decade. Methods: Using the PubMed/Medline search engines as well as Google Scholar, we performed an online search using the terms "bladder cancer," "non-muscle invasive bladder cancer," and "urine biomarkers" with filter for articles in English published up to May 2021. Systematic reviews and original data of clinical trials or observational studies which contributed to the development of the biomarkers were collated. Results: Biomarkers identified were divided into FDA-approved molecular biomarkers, protein biomarkers and gene-related biomarker with a table summarising the findings of each marker with the most relevant studies. The studies conducted were mainly retrospective. Due to the early stages of development, only a few prospective studies have been done for more recently developed biomarkers and limited meta-analyses are available.Therefore a detailed evaluation of these markers are still required to decide on their clinical use. Conclusion: Advancements of analytical methods in BC has driven the research towards non-invasive liquid-based biomarkers in adjunct to urine cytology. Further large prospective studies are required to determine its feasibility in a clinical setting as they are not effective when used in isolation as they have their limitation. With the ongoing pandemic, other than reduction in costs and increased accuracy, the need for biomarkers to cope with delay in cystoscopies in diagnosis and surveillance is crucial. Thus clinical trials with direct comparison is required to improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar S. Sugeeta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, United Kingdom
| | - Anand Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, United Kingdom
| | - Kenrick Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind Nayak
- Department of Urology and Surgery, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts NHS Trust, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Nikhil Vasdev
- Department of Urology and Surgery, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts NHS Trust, Stevenage, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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16
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Li X, Huang C, Zhang X, Yang T, Zuo S, Fu C, Zhang Y, Yang C, Chen L. Discovery of bladder cancer biomarkers in paired pre- and postoperative urine samples. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:3402-3414. [PMID: 34532265 PMCID: PMC8421825 DOI: 10.21037/tau-21-562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC), a common cancer of the urinary system, has a low mortality but an extremely high recurrence rate. Patients who have undergone initial surgical treatment often undergo frequent prognostic examinations with a substantial burden of discomfort and costs. Urine samples can reflect early disease processes in the urinary system and may be an excellent source of biomarkers. Methods In the present study, we used the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to perform proteomic analysis of pre- and postoperative urine samples from patients with stage III BC to identify biomarkers of cancer prognosis. Candidate biomarkers from proteomic analysis were simultaneously validated using western blotting in an independent cohort and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, combined with gene expression data of BC samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Results The comparison of pre- and postoperative urine samples from the same patients led to the discovery of several significantly differentially expressed proteins, whose functions could be closely related to the occurrence and development of BC. We confirmed a representative group of candidate biomarker molecules, such as cadherin-related family member 2 (CDHR2), heat shock protein beta-1 (HSP27), and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1 (HNRNPA2B1). Conclusions The candidate biomarker molecules can distinguish between pre- and postoperative urine samples, and alterations in their expression levels are significantly associated with recurrence rates in patients with BC. Therefore, these molecules may become useful biomarkers for the monitoring and prognosis of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Urology, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanxi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Life Omics, Beijing, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Department of pathology, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shidong Zuo
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chengwei Fu
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Life Omics, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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17
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Ramos-Medina R, López-Tarruella S, del Monte-Millán M, Massarrah T, Martín M. Technical Challenges for CTC Implementation in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4619. [PMID: 34572846 PMCID: PMC8466817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm in women worldwide. Tissue biopsy, currently the gold standard to obtain tumor molecular information, is invasive and might be affected by tumor heterogeneity rendering it incapable to portray the complete dynamic picture by the absence of specific genetic changes during the evolution of the disease. In contrast, liquid biopsy can provide unique opportunities for real-time monitoring of disease progression, treatment response and for studying tumor heterogeneity combining the information of DNA that tumors spread in the blood (circulating tumor DNA) with CTCs analysis. In this review, we analyze the technical and biological challenges for isolation and characterization of circulating tumor cells from breast cancer patients. Circulating tumor cell (CTC) enumeration value is included in numerous clinical studies due to the prognostic's role of these cells. Despite this, there are so many questions pending to answer. How to manage lymphocytes background, how to distinguish the CTCs subtypes or how to work with frozen samples, are some of the issues that will discuss in this review. Based on our experience, we try to address these issues and other technical limitations that should be solved to optimize the standardization of protocols, sample extraction procedures, circulating-tumor material isolation (CTCs vs. ctDNA) and the very diverse methodologies employed, aiming to consolidate the use of CTCs in the clinic. Furthermore, we think that new approaches focusing on isolation CTCs in other body fluids such as cerebrospinal or ascitic fluid are necessary to increase the opportunities of circulating tumor cells in the practice clinic as well as to study the promising role of CTC clusters and their prognostic value in metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Miguel Martín
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañon (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERONC, Universidad Complutense, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (R.R.-M.); (S.L.-T.); (M.d.M.-M.); (T.M.)
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18
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Han Z, Peng C, Yi J, Wang Y, Liu Q, Yang Y, Long S, Qiao L, Shen Y. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry profiling of plasma exosomes evaluates osteosarcoma metastasis. iScience 2021; 24:102906. [PMID: 34401680 PMCID: PMC8355924 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary sarcoma of bone among adolescents, often characterized by early lung metastasis resulting in high mortality. Recently, exosomes have been used in liquid biopsy to monitor tumors. Herein, we used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to profile human plasma exosomes for the evaluation of osteosarcoma lung metastasis. Forty patients with osteosarcoma with (n = 20) or without (n = 20) lung metastasis as well as 12 heathy controls were recruited. Exosomes were isolated from human plasma for MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Multivariate statistical analyses were performed based on the MALDI-TOF mass spectra. The strategy can efficiently differentiate osteosarcomas from healthy controls and further discriminate osteosarcoma lung metastasis from non-lung metastasis. We identified seven exosomal proteins as potential biomarkers of osteosarcoma lung metastasis. The proposed method holds great promise to clinically diagnose osteosarcoma and monitor osteosarcoma lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Jia Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuping Long
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuhui Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
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19
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Extracellular Vesicles: New Tools for Early Diagnosis of Breast and Genitourinary Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168430. [PMID: 34445131 PMCID: PMC8395117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers and cancers of the genitourinary tract are the most common malignancies among men and women and are still characterized by high mortality rates. In order to improve the outcomes, early diagnosis is crucial, ideally by applying non-invasive and specific biomarkers. A key role in this field is played by extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid bilayer-delimited structures shed from the surface of almost all cell types, including cancer cells. Subcellular structures contained in EVs such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids can be isolated and exploited as biomarkers, since they directly stem from parental cells. Furthermore, it is becoming even more evident that different body fluids can also serve as sources of EVs for diagnostic purposes. In this review, EV isolation and characterization methods are described. Moreover, the potential contribution of EV cargo for diagnostic discovery purposes is described for each tumor.
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20
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Rimmer MP, Gregory CD, Mitchell RT. Extracellular vesicles in urological malignancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188570. [PMID: 34019971 PMCID: PMC8351753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bound structures released from cells containing bioactive cargoes. Both the type of cargo and amount loaded varies compared to that of the parent cell. The characterisation of EVs in cancers of the male urogenital tract has identified several cargoes with promising diagnostic and disease monitoring potential. EVs released by cancers of the male urogenital tract promote cell-to-cell communication, migration, cancer progression and manipulate the immune system promoting metastasis by evading the immune response. Their use as diagnostic biomarkers represents a new area of screening and disease detection, potentially reducing the need for invasive biopsies. Many validated EV cargoes have been found to have superior sensitivity and specificity than current diagnostic tools currently in use. The use of EVs to improve disease monitoring and develop novel therapeutics will enable clinicians to individualise patient management in the exciting era of personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Rimmer
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Christopher D Gregory
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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21
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Surman M, Kędracka-Krok S, Jankowska U, Drożdż A, Stępień E, Przybyło M. Proteomic Profiling of Ectosomes Derived from Paired Urothelial Bladder Cancer and Normal Cells Reveals the Presence of Biologically-Relevant Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136816. [PMID: 34202855 PMCID: PMC8268130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein content of extracellular vesicles (EVs) can modulate different processes during carcinogenesis. Novel proteomic strategies have been applied several times to profile proteins present in exosomes released by urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) cells. However, similar studies have not been conducted so far on another population of EVs, i.e., ectosomes. In the present study we used a shotgun nanoLC-MS/MS proteomic approach to investigate the protein content of ectosomes released in vitro by T-24 UBC cells and HCV-29 normal ureter epithelial cells. In addition, cancer-promoting effects exerted by UBC-derived ectosomes on non-invasive cells in terms of cell proliferation and migratory properties were assessed. In total, 1158 proteins were identified in T-24-derived ectosomes, while HCV-29-derived ectosomes contained a lower number of 259 identified proteins. Qualitative analysis revealed 938 proteins present uniquely in T-24-derived ectosomes, suggesting their potential applications in bladder cancer management as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In addition, T-24-derived ectosomes increased proliferation and motility of recipient cells, likely due to the ectosomal transfer of the identified cancer-promoting molecules. The present study provided a focused identification of biologically relevant proteins in UBC-derived ectosomes, confirming their role in UBC development and progression, and their applicability for further biomarker-oriented studies in preclinical or clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Surman
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Kędracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Drożdż
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-348 Kraków, Poland; (A.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Ewa Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-348 Kraków, Poland; (A.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Przybyło
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-664-6462
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22
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Maimaiti A, Wang X, Pei Y, Nuermaimaiti N, Tuersunniyazi A, Abula Y, Feng Z, Jiang L, Shi X, Kasimu M. Identification and validation of a novel eight mutant-derived long non-coding RNAs signature as a prognostic biomarker for genome instability in low-grade glioma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:15164-15192. [PMID: 34081618 PMCID: PMC8221298 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) comprise an integral part of the eukaryotic transcriptome. Alongside proteins, lncRNAs modulate lncRNA-based gene signatures of unstable transcripts, play a crucial role as antisense lncRNAs to control intracellular homeostasis and are implicated in tumorigenesis. However, the role of genomic instability-associated lncRNAs in low-grade gliomas (LGG) has not been fully explored. In this study, lncRNAs expression and somatic mutation profiles in low-grade glioma genome were used to identify eight novel mutant-derived genomic instability-associated lncRNAs including H19, FLG-AS1, AC091932.1, AC064875.1, AL138767.3, AC010273.2, AC131097.4 and ISX-AS1. Patients from the LGG gene mutagenome atlas were grouped into training and validation sets to test the performance of the signature. The genomic instability-associated lncRNAs signature (GILncSig) was then validated using multiple external cohorts. A total of 59 novel genomic instability-associated lncRNAs in LGG were used for least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso), single and multifactor Cox regression analysis using the training set. Furthermore, the independent predictive role of risk features in the training and validation sets were evaluated through survival analysis, receiver operating feature analysis and construction of a nomogram. Patients with IDH1 mutation status were grouped into two different risk groups based on the GILncSig score. The low-risk group showed a relatively higher rate of IDH1 mutations compared with patients in the high-risk group. Furthermore, patients in the low-risk group had better prognosis compared with patients in the high-risk group. In summary, this study reports a reliable prognostic prediction signature and provides a basis for further investigation of the role of lncRNAs on genomic instability. In addition, lncRNAs in the signature can be used as new targets for treatment of LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aierpati Maimaiti
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Xixian Wang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Yinan Pei
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Nuerbiye Nuermaimaiti
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Disease in Central Asia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Abudireheman Tuersunniyazi
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Yaeraili Abula
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Zhaohai Feng
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Maimaitijiang Kasimu
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
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23
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Tomiyama E, Matsuzaki K, Fujita K, Shiromizu T, Narumi R, Jingushi K, Koh Y, Matsushita M, Nakano K, Hayashi Y, Wang C, Ishizuya Y, Kato T, Hatano K, Kawashima A, Ujike T, Uemura M, Takao T, Adachi J, Tomonaga T, Nonomura N. Proteomic analysis of urinary and tissue-exudative extracellular vesicles to discover novel bladder cancer biomarkers. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2033-2045. [PMID: 33721374 PMCID: PMC8088963 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a powerful approach to discover potential bladder cancer (BCa) biomarkers, however urine contains numerous EVs derived from the kidney and normal urothelial epithelium, which can obfuscate information related to BCa cell-derived EVs. In this study, we combined proteomic analysis of urinary EVs and tissue-exudative EVs (Te-EVs), which were isolated from culture medium of freshly resected viable BCa tissues. Urinary EVs were isolated from urine samples of 11 individuals (7 BCa patients and 4 healthy individuals), and Te-EVs were isolated from 7 BCa tissues. We performed tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeling liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS) analysis for both urinary EVs and Te-EVs and identified 1960 proteins in urinary EVs and 1538 proteins in Te-EVs. Most of the proteins identified in Te-EVs were also present in urinary EVs (82.4%), with 55 of these proteins showing upregulated levels in the urine of BCa patients (fold change > 2.0; P < .1). Among them, we selected 22 membrane proteins as BCa biomarker candidates for validation using selected reaction monitoring/multiple reaction monitoring (SRM/MRM) analysis on urine samples from 70 individuals (40 BCa patients and 30 healthy individuals). Six urinary EV proteins (heat-shock protein 90, syndecan-1, myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), MARCKS-related protein, tight junction protein ZO-2, and complement decay-accelerating factor) were quantified using SRM/MRM analysis and validated as significantly upregulated in BCa patients (P < .05). In conclusion, the novel strategy that combined proteomic analysis of urinary EVs and Te-EVs enabled selective detection of urinary BCa biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Tomiyama
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Kyosuke Matsuzaki
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
- Department of UrologyKindai University Faculty of MedicineSayamaJapan
| | - Takashi Shiromizu
- Laboratory of Proteome ResearchNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and NutritionIbarakiJapan
| | - Ryohei Narumi
- Laboratory of Proteome ResearchNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and NutritionIbarakiJapan
| | - Kentaro Jingushi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular PhysiologyOsaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSuitaJapan
| | - Yoko Koh
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Makoto Matsushita
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Kosuke Nakano
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Yu Ishizuya
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Taigo Kato
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
- Department of Urological Immuno‐oncologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Koji Hatano
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Atsunari Kawashima
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Takeshi Ujike
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Motohide Uemura
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
- Department of Urological Immuno‐oncologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Tetsuya Takao
- Department of UrologyOsaka General Medical CenterOsakaJapan
| | - Jun Adachi
- Laboratory of Proteome ResearchNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and NutritionIbarakiJapan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome ResearchNational Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and NutritionIbarakiJapan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of UrologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
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24
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Charpentier M, Gutierrez C, Guillaudeux T, Verhoest G, Pedeux R. Noninvasive Urine-Based Tests to Diagnose or Detect Recurrence of Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071650. [PMID: 33916038 PMCID: PMC8036846 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies are increasingly used for the diagnosis and follow-up of cancer patients. Urine is a body fluid that can be used to detect cancers and others diseases. It is noninvasive and easy to collect. To detect Bladder Cancer (BC), cytology is the first assay used. It is an effective way to detect high grade BC but has a high rate of equivocal results, especially for low grade BC. Furthermore, cystoscopy is used to confirm cytology results and to determine cancer status. Cystoscopy is also effective but highly invasive, and not well accepted by patients, especially for BC follow-up. In this review we survey the numerous assays recently developed in order to diagnose BC at an early stage, and to facilitate the follow-up of patients. We discuss their effectiveness, ease of use, and applications. Finally, we discuss assays that, in the future, could improve the diagnosis and management of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Charpentier
- COSS (Chemistry Oncogenesis Stress Signaling)—UMR_S 1242, University of Rennes, INSERM, CLCC Eugène Marquis, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.C.); (C.G.); (T.G.)
| | - Charly Gutierrez
- COSS (Chemistry Oncogenesis Stress Signaling)—UMR_S 1242, University of Rennes, INSERM, CLCC Eugène Marquis, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.C.); (C.G.); (T.G.)
| | - Thierry Guillaudeux
- COSS (Chemistry Oncogenesis Stress Signaling)—UMR_S 1242, University of Rennes, INSERM, CLCC Eugène Marquis, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.C.); (C.G.); (T.G.)
| | - Grégory Verhoest
- Department of Urology, CHU RENNES, Rue Henri le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France;
| | - Rémy Pedeux
- COSS (Chemistry Oncogenesis Stress Signaling)—UMR_S 1242, University of Rennes, INSERM, CLCC Eugène Marquis, F-35000 Rennes, France; (M.C.); (C.G.); (T.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-223-234-702
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25
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Urabe F, Kimura T, Ito K, Yamamoto Y, Tsuzuki S, Miki J, Ochiya T, Egawa S. Urinary extracellular vesicles: a rising star in bladder cancer management. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:1878-1889. [PMID: 33968676 PMCID: PMC8100833 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically, the detection of bladder cancer (BCa) typically requires cystoscopy, which is potentially harmful and sometimes accompanied by adverse effects. Thus, new biomarkers are desirable for improving the management of BCa. Recently, “liquid biopsy” has received enormous attentions and has been extensively studied due to its promising clinical implication for precise medicine. Especially, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted strong interest as a potential source of biomarkers. EVs have been reported to be found in almost all types of body fluids and are easy to collect. In addition, EVs tightly reflect the current state of the disease by inheriting specific biomolecules from their parental cells. Urinary EVs have gained great scientific interest in the field of BCa biomarker research since urine is in direct contact with BCa and can contain large amounts of EVs from the tumour microenvironment. To date, various kinds of biomolecules, including noncoding RNAs, mRNAs, and proteins, have been investigated as biomarkers in urinary EVs. In this narrative review, we summarize the recent advances regarding urinary EVs as non-invasive biomarkers in patients with BCa. The current hurdles in the clinical implications of EV-based liquid biopsy and the potential applications of EV research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Urabe
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kagenori Ito
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tsuzuki
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Miki
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Urology, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital. Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Egawa
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Lourenço C, Constâncio V, Henrique R, Carvalho Â, Jerónimo C. Urinary Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Biomarkers for Urologic Cancers: An Overview of Current Methods and Advances. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1529. [PMID: 33810357 PMCID: PMC8036842 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urologic cancers are a heterogeneous group of tumors, some of which have poor prognosis. This is partly due to the unavailability of specific and sensitive diagnostic techniques and monitoring tests, ideally non- or minimally invasive. Hence, liquid biopsies are promising tools that have been gaining significant attention over the last decade. Among the different classes of biomarkers that can be isolated from biofluids, urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are a promising low-invasive source of biomarkers, with the potential to improve cancer diagnosis and disease management. Different techniques have been developed to isolate and characterize the cargo of these vesicles; however, no consensus has been reached, challenging the comparison among studies. This results in a vast number of studies portraying an extensive list of uEV-derived candidate biomarkers for urologic cancers, with the potential to improve clinical outcome; however, without significant validation. Herein, we review the current published research on miRNA and protein-derived uEV for prostate, bladder and kidney cancers, focusing on different uEV isolation methods, and its implications for biomarker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Lourenço
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (Â.C.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IPO Porto Research Center (CBEG CI-IPOP), Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.); (R.H.)
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Constâncio
- IPO Porto Research Center (CBEG CI-IPOP), Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.); (R.H.)
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- IPO Porto Research Center (CBEG CI-IPOP), Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.); (R.H.)
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângela Carvalho
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.L.); (Â.C.)
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- IPO Porto Research Center (CBEG CI-IPOP), Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.); (R.H.)
- Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.CCC), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal
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27
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Yan H, Li Y, Cheng S, Zeng Y. Advances in Analytical Technologies for Extracellular Vesicles. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4739-4774. [PMID: 33635060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yutao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Shibo Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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28
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Georgantzoglou N, Pergaris A, Masaoutis C, Theocharis S. Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers Carriers in Bladder Cancer: Diagnosis, Surveillance, and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052744. [PMID: 33803085 PMCID: PMC7963171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, enriched in biomolecular cargo consisting of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which take part in intercellular communication and play a crucial role in both physiologic functions and oncogenesis. Bladder cancer is the most common urinary malignancy and its incidence is steadily rising in developed countries. Despite the high five-year survival in patients diagnosed at early disease stage, survival substantially drops in patients with muscle-invasive or metastatic disease. Therefore, early detection of primary disease as well as recurrence is of paramount importance. The role that exosomal biomarkers could play in bladder cancer patient diagnosis and surveillance, as well as their potential therapeutic applications, has not been extensively studied in this malignancy. In the present review, we summarize all relevant data obtained so far from cell lines, animal models, and patient biofluids and tissues. Current literature suggests that urine is a rich source of extracellular vesicle-derived biomarkers, compared with blood and bladder tissue samples, with potential applications in bladder cancer management. Further studies improving sample collection procedures and optimizing purification and analytical methods should augment bladder cancer diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic input of extracellular vesicles biomarkers in the future.
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29
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Srivastava A, Rathore S, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Extracellular Vesicles in Oncology: from Immune Suppression to Immunotherapy. AAPS J 2021; 23:30. [PMID: 33586060 PMCID: PMC7882565 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are involved in cell-to-cell communication and play a crucial role in cellular physiology. The role of exosomes in cancer has been widely explored. Tumor cells have evolved and adapted to evade the immune response. The study of the immune system's modulations in favor of rogue tumor cells led to the development of a novel immunotherapeutic strategy targeting the immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs). In clinical settings, the response to ICP therapy has been inconsistent and is difficult to predict. Quantitating the targeted ICPs through immunohistochemistry is one approach, but is not pragmatic in a clinical setting and is often not sensitive. Examining the molecules present in bodily fluids to determine ICP treatment response, "liquid biopsy" is a convenient alternative. The term "liquid biopsy" refers to circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), non-coding (nc) RNA, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating free DNA (cfDNA), etc. EVs includes exosomes, microvesicles, and oncosomes. Herein, we focus on exosomes isolated from bodily fluids and their use in liquid biopsy. Due to their unique ability to transfer bioactive molecules and perturb the physiology of recipient cells, exosomes have garnered attention for their immune modulation role and as a resource to identify molecules associated with liquid biopsy-based diagnostic methods. In this review, we examine the putative role of exosomes and their cargo in influencing the immune system. We discuss the immune and tumor cells present in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and the exosomes derived from these cells to understand how they participate in creating the immune-suppressive TME. Additionally, use of exosomes in liquid biopsy-based methods to measure the treatment response elicited by immunotherapy is discussed. Finally, we describe how exosomes have been used to develop immune therapies, especially cell-free vaccines, for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Shipra Rathore
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N.E., 10th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA.
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA.
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, 73104, Oklahoma, USA.
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Xu Y, Zhang P, Tan Y, Jia Z, Chen G, Niu Y, Xiao J, Sun S, Zhang X. A potential panel of five mRNAs in urinary extracellular vesicles for the detection of bladder cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:809-820. [PMID: 33718082 PMCID: PMC7947455 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have showed promising potential in liquid biopsy of cancer. In present study, we evaluate the feasibility to diagnose bladder cancer using EVs RNA markers identified from public tissue RNA sequencing data. Methods We used urine samples from a cohort of population with suspected bladder cancer. Disease status (i.e., primary or recurrent bladder cancer) was diagnosed by cystoscopy. A prediction model including the expression of multiple RNAs in urinary EVs were developed in training cohort (n=368, 126 bladder cancer and 242 negative controls). The performance of optimal model (ExoPanel) consists of five mRNAs (MYBL2, TK1, UBE2C, KRT7, S100A2) was further assessed by a validation cohort (n=155, 56 bladder cancer and 99 negative controls). Results The performance of ExoPanel in training cohort was AUC 0.7759 (95% CI: 0.7259–0.8260), NPV 90.34% (95% CI: 84.04–94.42%), SN 88.89% (95% CI: 81.75–93.57%), and SP 54.13% (95% CI: 47.63–60.50%) respectively. In the validation cohort, the performance of this model was AUC 0.8402 (95% CI: 0.7690–0.9114), NPV 90.91% (95% CI: 79.29–96.60%), SN 91.07% (95% CI: 79.63–96.67%), and SP 50.51% (95% CI: 40.34–60.63%). Using this model, it is possible to rule out a significant number of non cancer patients, thus reduce the unnecessary operation of cystoscopy. Conclusions We discovered a panel of five mRNAs, and evaluated its potential to facilitate bladder cancer diagnosis by analyzing their expression in urinary EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhou Tan
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Jia
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangfu Chen
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yinong Niu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengkun Sun
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Extracellular Vesicles in Liquid Biopsies: Potential for Disease Diagnosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6611244. [PMID: 33506022 PMCID: PMC7814955 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6611244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is conducted through minimally invasive or noninvasive procedures, and the resulting material can be subjected to genomic, proteomic, and lipidomic analyses for early diagnosis of cancers and other diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), one kind of promising tool for liquid biopsy, are nanosized bilayer particles that are secreted by all kinds of cells and that carry cargoes such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, protecting them from enzymatic degradation in the extracellular environment. In this review, we provide a comprehensive introduction to the properties and applications of EVs, including their biogenesis, contents, sample collection, isolation, and applications in diagnostics based on liquid biopsy.
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Huang H, Li H. Tumor heterogeneity and the potential role of liquid biopsy in bladder cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2020; 41:91-108. [PMID: 33377623 PMCID: PMC7896752 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease that characterized by genomic instability and a high mutation rate. Heterogeneity in tumor may partially explain the diversity of responses to targeted therapies and the various clinical outcomes. A combination of cytology and cystoscopy is the standard methodology for BC diagnosis, prognosis, and disease surveillance. However, genomics analyses of single tumor‐biopsy specimens may underestimate the mutational burden of heterogeneous tumors. Liquid biopsy, as a promising technology, enables analysis of tumor components in the bodily fluids, such as blood and urine, at multiple time points and provides a minimally invasive approach that can track the evolutionary dynamics and monitor tumor heterogeneity. In this review, we describe the multiple faces of BC heterogeneity at the genomic and transcriptional levels and how they affect clinical care and outcomes. We also summarize the outcomes of liquid biopsy in BC, which plays a potential role in revealing tumor heterogeneity. Finally, we discuss the challenges that must be addressed before liquid biopsy can be widely used in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai‐Ming Huang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryPeking University First HospitalBeijing100034P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Xia Li
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryPeking University First HospitalBeijing100034P. R. China
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Chen Y, Han X, Sun Y, He X, Xue D. A circulating exosomal microRNA panel as a novel biomarker for monitoring post-transplant renal graft function. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12154-12163. [PMID: 32918330 PMCID: PMC7579686 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and effective biomarkers for continuous monitoring of graft function are needed after kidney transplantation. The aim of this study was to establish a circulating exosomal miRNA panel as non‐invasive biomarker for kidney transplant recipients. Plasma exosomes of 58 kidney transplant recipients and 27 healthy controls were extracted by gel exclusion chromatography and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blotting. Post‐transplant renal graft function was evaluated by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs). Exosomal miR‐21, miR‐210 and miR‐4639 showed negative correlations with eGFR in the training set and were selected for further analysis. In the validation set, miR‐21, miR‐210 and miR‐4639 showed the capability to discriminate between subjects with chronic allograft dysfunction (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and those with normal graft function (eGFR > 90 mL/min/1.73 m2). Three‐miRNA panel exhibited higher accuracy compared with individual miRNAs or double indicators. One‐year follow‐up revealed a stable recovery of allograft function in subjects with low calculated score from three‐miRNA panel (below the optimal cut‐off value). In conclusion, a unique circulating exosomal miRNA panel was identified as an effective biomarker for monitoring post‐transplant renal graft function in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhou He
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Dong Xue
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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Ng K, Stenzl A, Sharma A, Vasdev N. Urinary biomarkers in bladder cancer: A review of the current landscape and future directions. Urol Oncol 2020; 39:41-51. [PMID: 32919875 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM This narrative review aims to describe established and emerging urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis and surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. It provides a comprehensive account of classical, FDA-approved protein biomarkers and discusses their limitations. Further, we discuss the role that epigenetic, genetic, and exosomal markers can play to enhance sensitivity and specificity of the available tests. BACKGROUND The initial diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer involves a combination of cystoscopy, upper urinary tract imaging, and urine cytology. Despite high specificity, cytology is limited by low sensitivity. There are currently 6 urinary assays approved by the FDA to enhance diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer. While these have improved diagnosis and surveillance when combined with cytology, these tests are still not sufficiently sensitive and false positives often occur in benign conditions which result in inflammation of the urinary tract. Advancements in laboratory techniques have produced significant advancements in epigenetic and genetic markers, as well as extracellular vesicles, with DNA- and RNA-based markers dominating the research in this area in recent years. METHODS We identified relevant published data, using the PubMed/ Medline search engines as well as Google Scholar. We performed an online search using the terms "bladder cancer", "non-muscle invasive bladder cancer" in combination with "urine biomarkers" and limited articles in English published up to February 2020. This review consolidated on all available narrative and systematic reviews published in the 5 years in this field, while also reviewing the original data of each clinical trial or observational study which led to the development of the biomarkers. CONCLUSION The development of laboratory techniques and understanding urine-based biomarkers in BC has fuelled the use of noninvasive liquid-based biomarkers to complement urine cytology. Nonetheless, none are sufficiently effective when used in isolation, and cytology remains the gold standard in many practices. Future efforts will be focused on using these markers in combination as a predictive signature, and moving on to validating them for use in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenrick Ng
- UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kindom
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anand Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, United Kindom
| | - Nikhil Vasdev
- Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, United Kindom; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, United Kindom.
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de Oliveira MC, Caires HR, Oliveira MJ, Fraga A, Vasconcelos MH, Ribeiro R. Urinary Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer: Where Do We Stand and Potential Role of Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1400. [PMID: 32485907 PMCID: PMC7352974 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles released by all cells and involved in intercellular communication. Importantly, EVs cargo includes nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins constantly transferred between different cell types, contributing to autocrine and paracrine signaling. In recent years, they have been shown to play vital roles, not only in normal biological functions, but also in pathological conditions, such as cancer. In the multistep process of cancer progression, EVs act at different levels, from stimulation of neoplastic transformation, proliferation, promotion of angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and formation of metastatic niches in distant organs, to immune escape and therapy resistance. Moreover, as products of their parental cells, reflecting their genetic signatures and phenotypes, EVs hold great promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Importantly, their potential to overcome the current limitations or the present diagnostic procedures has created interest in bladder cancer (BCa). Indeed, cystoscopy is an invasive and costly technique, whereas cytology has poor sensitivity for early staged and low-grade disease. Several urine-based biomarkers for BCa were found to overcome these limitations. Here, we review their potential advantages and downfalls. In addition, recent literature on the potential of EVs to improve BCa management was reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Castanheira de Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo R. Caires
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Avelino Fraga
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP—Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Genetics and Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
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Wilson JL, Antoniassi MP, Lopes PI, Azevedo H. Proteomic research and diagnosis in bladder cancer: state of the art review. Int Braz J Urol 2020; 47:503-514. [PMID: 32459456 PMCID: PMC7993960 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2021.99.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Proteomic biomarkers have been emerging as alternative methods to the gold standard procedures of cystoscopy and urine cytology in the diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer (BC). This review aims to update the state of the art of proteomics research and diagnosis in BC. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the current literature related to BC research on urinary, tissue, blood and cell line proteomics, using the Pubmed database. Findings: Two urinary protein biomarkers are FDA-approved (NMP22® and BTA® tests), only if performed along with cystoscopy for surveillance after initial diagnosis, but not in the primary diagnostic setting due to high false-positive rates in case of infections, stones and hematuria. There are a great number of non-FDA approved proteins being studied, with good preliminary results; panels of proteins seem valuable tools to be refined in ongoing trials. Blood proteins are a bigger challenge, because of the complexity of the serum protein profile and the scarcity of blood proteomic studies in BC. Previous studies with the BC tissue proteome do not correlate well with the urinary proteome, likely due to the tumor heterogeneity. Cell line proteomic research helps in the understanding of basic mechanisms that drive BC development and progression; the main difficulty is culturing low-grade tumors in vitro, which represents the majority of BC tumors in clinical practice. Conclusion: Protein biomarkers have promising value in the diagnosis, surveillance and prognostic of BC. Urine is the most appropriate body fluid for biomarker research in BC due to its easiness of sampling, stability and enrichment of shed and secreted tumor-specific proteins. Panels of biomarkers may exhibit higher sensitivity than single proteins in the diagnosis of BC at larger populations due to clinical and tumor heterogeneity. Prospective clinical trials are warranted to validate the relevance of proteomic data in the clinical management of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Wilson
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Urologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mariana Pereira Antoniassi
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Urologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Paula Intasqui Lopes
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Urologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Hatylas Azevedo
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Divisão de Urologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Suthar J, Parsons ES, Hoogenboom BW, Williams GR, Guldin S. Acoustic Immunosensing of Exosomes Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4082-4093. [PMID: 31995983 PMCID: PMC7145312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are endocytic lipid-membrane bound bodies with the potential to be used as biomarkers in cancer and neurodegenerative disease. The limitations and scarcity of current exosome characterization approaches have led to a growing demand for translational techniques, capable of determining their molecular composition and physical properties in physiological fluids. Here, we investigate label-free immunosensing, using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), to detect exosomes by exploiting their surface protein profile. Exosomes expressing the transmembrane protein CD63 were isolated by size-exclusion chromatography from cell culture media. QCM-D sensors functionalized with anti-CD63 antibodies formed a direct immunoassay toward CD63-positive exosomes in 75% v/v serum, exhibiting a limit-of-detection of 2.9 × 108 and 1.4 × 108 exosome sized particles (ESPs)/mL for frequency and dissipation response, respectively, i.e., clinically relevant concentrations. Our proof-of-concept findings support the adoption of dual-mode acoustic analysis of exosomes, leveraging both frequency and dissipation monitoring for use in bioanalytical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugal Suthar
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Edward S. Parsons
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Bart W. Hoogenboom
- London
Centre for Nanotechnology, 17-19 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University College
London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Guldin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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Zhang M, Chen D, Zhang F, Zhang G, Wang Y, Zhang Q, He W, Wang H, Chen P. Serum exosomal hsa-miR-135b-5p serves as a potential diagnostic biomarker in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:2136-2154. [PMID: 32509207 PMCID: PMC7269975 DOI: pmid/32509207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating studies have demonstrated serum exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) represent novel biomarkers for various diseases. In this study, we aimed to explore the feasibility of using serum exosomal miRNAs as novel serological biomarkers for steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head (SONFH). We identified the characters of exosomes which were obtained from fresh serum of 5 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients without SONFH, 5 SLE patients with SONFH (SLE-SONFH) and 5 healthy ones. Comprehensive exosomal miRNA sequencing was performed to profile the differentially expressed miRNAs in the three groups. We then validated the expression levels of selected miRNAs by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, KEGG pathway, GO annotation, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, module analysis and miRNAs-mRNAs interaction network were built to analyze the potential targets and mechanism. Sequencing data conveyed that hsa-miR-135b-5p, hsa-miR-150-5p, hsa-miR-509-3-5p, hsa-miR-514a-3p and hsa-miR-708-5p were significantly differentially expressed in the three groups. The results of qRT-PCR for the first time confirmed that the expression of hsa-miR-135b-5p was strikingly up-regulated in SLE-SONFH group which were consistent with miRNA sequencing results. In addition, bioinformatics analysis indicated that the enriched functions and pathways of the most differentially expressed miRNAs including Wnt, MAPK as well as Hippo signaling pathway. The top five hub genes (FGF2, PTEN, HACE1, VAMP2, and CBL) were part of module of the PPI network, which consisted of 713 nodes and 2191 edges. In conclusion, this study provides a novel and fundamental serum exosomal miRNAs profile of SONFH and hsa-miR-135b-5p may be identified as a unique diagnostic biomarker for SONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510405, China
| | - Delong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Clifford Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantou 515041, China
| | - Gangyu Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yueqi Wang
- Guangzhou Orthopaedic HospitalGuangzhou 510045, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Hip Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510405, China
- Orthopedics Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510405, China
| | - Wei He
- Hip Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510405, China
- Orthopedics Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510405, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Hip Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510405, China
- Orthopedics Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510405, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Hip Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510405, China
- Orthopedics Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510405, China
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have an essential functional role in local tumour progression, metastatic spread and the emergence of drug resistance in bladder, kidney and prostate cancer. Thus, EVs could be diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers for these malignancies. Virtually all biomolecules (including DNA, mRNA, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, proteins and lipids) packaged into EVs have been tested as biomarkers in blood and urine samples. The results are very heterogeneous, but promising biomarker candidates have been identified. Differing methods of EV isolation, characterization and analysis of their content have been used owing to a lack of international consensus; hence, comparing study results is challenging. Furthermore, validation of potential biomarkers in independent cohorts or prospective trials has rarely been performed. Future efforts to establish EV-derived biomarkers need to adequately address these points. In addition, emerging technologies such as mass spectroscopy and chip-based approaches can identify surface markers specific for cancer-associated EVs and will enable specific separation from blood and urine EVs, which probably will improve their performance as biomarkers. Moreover, EVs could be harnessed as therapeutic drug delivery vehicles for precise and effective anticancer therapy.
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40
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Wu Z, Zhang Z, Xia W, Cai J, Li Y, Wu S. Extracellular vesicles in urologic malignancies-Implementations for future cancer care. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12659. [PMID: 31469460 PMCID: PMC6869217 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous group of vesicles differing in size and shape, cargo content and function, are membrane-bound and nano-sized vesicles that could be released by nearly all variations of cells. EVs have gained considerable attention in the past decades for their functions in modulating intercellular signalling and roles as potential pools for the novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets in several cancers including urological neoplasms. In general, human and animal cells both can release distinct types of EVs, including exosomes, microvesicles, oncosomes and large oncosomes, and apoptotic bodies, while the content of EVs can be divided into proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. However, the lack of standard methods for isolation and detection platforms rein the widespread usage in clinical applications warranted furthermore investigations in the development of reliable, specific and sensitive isolation techniques. Whether and how the EVs work has become pertinent issues. With the aid of high-throughput proteomics or genomics methods, a fully understanding of contents contained in EVs from urogenital tumours, beyond all doubt, will improve our ability to identify the complex genomic alterations in the process of cancer and, in turn, contribute to detect potential therapeutic target and then provide personalization strategy for patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsong Wu
- Medical CollegeShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Wuchao Xia
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Medical CollegeAnhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainanChina
| | - Jiajia Cai
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Medical CollegeAnhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainanChina
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Song Wu
- Medical CollegeShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Medical CollegeAnhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainanChina
- Department of Urological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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41
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Oeyen E, Willems H, 't Kindt R, Sandra K, Boonen K, Hoekx L, De Wachter S, Ameye F, Mertens I. Determination of variability due to biological and technical variation in urinary extracellular vesicles as a crucial step in biomarker discovery studies. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1676035. [PMID: 31681468 PMCID: PMC6807909 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1676035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an attractive source of biomarkers for urological diseases. A crucial step in biomarker discovery studies is the determination of the variation parameters to perform a sample size calculation. In this way, a biomarker discovery study with sufficient statistical power can be performed to obtain biologically significant biomarkers. Here, a variation study was performed on both the protein and lipid content of urinary EVs of healthy individuals, aged between 52 and 69 years. Ultrafiltration (UF) in combination with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to isolate the EVs from urine. Different experimental variation set-ups were used in this variation study. The calculated standard deviations (SDs) of the 90% least variable peptides and lipids did not exceed 2 and 1.2, respectively. These parameters can be used in a sample size calculation for a well-designed biomarker discovery study at the cargo of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Oeyen
- Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.,Centre for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanny Willems
- Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.,Centre for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ruben 't Kindt
- Research Institute for Chromatography, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kurt Boonen
- Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.,Centre for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lucien Hoekx
- Urology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Stefan De Wachter
- Urology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Filip Ameye
- Urology Department, AZ Maria Middelares Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge Mertens
- Health Department, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.,Centre for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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42
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Deng F, Miller J. A review on protein markers of exosome from different bio-resources and the antibodies used for characterization. J Histotechnol 2019; 42:226-239. [PMID: 31432761 DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2019.1646984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles (ranging from 30 nm to 150 nm), secreted by different cell types upon fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVB) to the cell plasma membrane under a variety of normal and pathological conditions. Through transferring their cargos such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids from donor cells to recipient cells, exosomes play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication. Due to their presence in most body fluids (such as blood, breast milk, saliva, urine, bile, pancreatic juice, cerebrospinal and peritoneal fluids), and their role in carrying bioactive molecules from the cells of origin, exosomes have attracted great interest in their diagnostic and prognostic value for various diseases and therapeutic approaches. Although a large body of literature has documented the importance of exosomes over the past decade, there is no article systematically summarizing protein markers of exosome from different resources and the antibodies that are suited to characterize exosomes. In this review, we briefly summarize the exosome marker proteins, exosomal biomarkers for different diseases, and the antibodies suitable for different bio-resources exosomes characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Deng
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Josh Miller
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
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43
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44
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Oeyen E, Hoekx L, De Wachter S, Baldewijns M, Ameye F, Mertens I. Bladder Cancer Diagnosis and Follow-Up: The Current Status and Possible Role of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040821. [PMID: 30769831 PMCID: PMC6412916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic methods currently used for bladder cancer are cystoscopy and urine cytology. Cystoscopy is an invasive tool and has low sensitivity for carcinoma in situ. Urine cytology is non-invasive, is a low-cost method, and has a high specificity but low sensitivity for low-grade urothelial tumors. Despite the search for urinary biomarkers for the early and non-invasive detection of bladder cancer, no biomarkers are used at the present in daily clinical practice. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recently studied as a promising source of biomarkers because of their role in intercellular communication and tumor progression. In this review, we give an overview of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved urine tests to detect bladder cancer and why their use is not widespread in clinical practice. We also include non-FDA approved urinary biomarkers in this review. We describe the role of EVs in bladder cancer and their possible role as biomarkers for the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer patients. We review recently discovered EV-derived biomarkers for the diagnosis of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Oeyen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium.
- Centre for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Lucien Hoekx
- Urology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Stefan De Wachter
- Urology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Marcella Baldewijns
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Filip Ameye
- Urology Department, General Hospital Maria Middelares Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Inge Mertens
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium.
- Centre for Proteomics (CFP), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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45
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Liu YR, Ortiz-Bonilla CJ, Lee YF. Extracellular Vesicles in Bladder Cancer: Biomarkers and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2822. [PMID: 30231589 PMCID: PMC6165150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) are membrane-bound, nanosized vesicles released by cancer cells and taken up by cells in the tumor microenvironment to modulate the molecular makeup and behavior of recipient cells. In this report, we summarize the pivotal roles of TEVs involved in bladder cancer (BC) development, progression and treatment resistance through transferring their bioactive cargos, including proteins and nucleic acids. We also report on the molecular profiling of TEV cargos derived from urine and blood of BC patients as non-invasive disease biomarkers. The current hurdles in EV research and plausible solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ru Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Carlos J Ortiz-Bonilla
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Yi-Fen Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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46
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Liu Z, Cauvi DM, Bernardino EMA, Lara B, Lizardo RE, Hawisher D, Bickler S, De Maio A. Isolation and characterization of human urine extracellular vesicles. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:943-953. [PMID: 29796787 PMCID: PMC6111092 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (ECV) reflect physiological or pathological conditions, emerging as potential biomarkers for disease. They can be obtained from a variety of body fluids, particularly urine that is an ideal source because it can be obtained in great quantities, recurrently and with minimal intervention. However, the characterization of urine ECV is challenging because the preparation is usually contaminated with soluble proteins, such as uromodulin (UMOD) or Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein that forms large extracellular filaments co-sedimenting with ECV. We developed a method to obtain human urine ECV free of UMOD by the addition of ZnSO4 prior to vesicle isolation by differential centrifugation. Treatment with ZnSO4 did not affect the size and concentration of the vesicle preparation and preserved the storage of the samples at low temperatures. We did not observe a variation in the number of vesicles isolated during different times of the day or different days between different donors. The glycoprotein pattern of urine ECV was characterized by binding to concanavalin A (Con A) and mass spectroscopy. Several markers were found, including dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26), vacuolar protein sorting factor 4A (VPS4A) and dipeptidase 1 (DPEP1), and galectin 3 binding protein (G3-BP). The levels of VPS4A and DPEP1 were similar in ECV preparations obtained from several donors of both sexes. Con A binding pattern and monosaccharide composition were also comparable between subjects. In summary, our method for the isolation of highly pure ECV derived from human urine is likely to help in the use of these vesicles as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanguo Liu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David M Cauvi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA
| | - Erika M A Bernardino
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA
| | - Bernardo Lara
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA
| | | | - Dennis Hawisher
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA
| | - Stephen Bickler
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA
| | - Antonio De Maio
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0739, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0739, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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47
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Tumor-derived exosomes in cancer metastasis risk diagnosis and metastasis therapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2018; 21:152-159. [PMID: 30051211 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-018-1918-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are endosomes secreted from the membrane by exocytosis as multivesicular bodies and are generally defined by their spherical, unilamellar morphology, size and the expression of specific biomarkers used for diagnosis or therapy targets. Recent research has reported a higher relationship between exosome enrichment and tumor disease development. In this review, we discuss exosome intercellular communication and functions in the pathology of disease, especially on the cancer metastasis related with exosome. We introduce how exosomes from cancer and stem cancer cells target different organs through transporting molecular proteins of exosome inclusions to improve or inhibit cancer metastasis as well as highlight exosome therapy strategies for tumor pathology involving microRNAs.
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48
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Dhondt B, Van Deun J, Vermaerke S, de Marco A, Lumen N, De Wever O, Hendrix A. Urinary extracellular vesicle biomarkers in urological cancers: From discovery towards clinical implementation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 99:236-256. [PMID: 29654900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Urine contains cellular elements, biochemicals, and proteins derived from glomerular filtration of plasma, renal tubule excretion, and urogenital tract secretions that reflect an individual's metabolic and pathophysiologic state. Despite intensive research into the discovery of urinary biomarkers to facilitate early diagnosis, accurate prognosis and prediction of therapy response in urological cancers, none of these markers has reached widespread use. Their implementation into daily clinical practice is hampered by a substantial degree of heterogeneity in performance characteristics and uncertainty about reliability, clinical utility and cost-effectiveness, in addition to several technical limitations. Extracellular vesicles (EV) have raised interest as a potential source of biomarker discovery because of their role in intercellular communication and the resemblance of their molecular content to that of the releasing cells. We review currently used urinary biomarkers in the clinic and attempts that have been made to identify EV-derived biomarkers for urological cancers. In addition, we discuss technical and methodological considerations towards their clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Dhondt
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Deun
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Silke Vermaerke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipava, Slovenia
| | - Nicolaas Lumen
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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49
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Logvina NA, Shender VO, Arapidi GP, Holina TD. A Role of Vesicular Transduction of Intercellular Signals in Cancer Development. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Malaria parasite DNA-harbouring vesicles activate cytosolic immune sensors. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1985. [PMID: 29215015 PMCID: PMC5719353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STING is an innate immune cytosolic adaptor for DNA sensors that engage malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) or other pathogen DNA. As P. falciparum infects red blood cells and not leukocytes, how parasite DNA reaches such host cytosolic DNA sensors in immune cells is unclear. Here we show that malaria parasites inside red blood cells can engage host cytosolic innate immune cell receptors from a distance by secreting extracellular vesicles (EV) containing parasitic small RNA and genomic DNA. Upon internalization of DNA-harboring EVs by human monocytes, P. falciparum DNA is released within the host cell cytosol, leading to STING-dependent DNA sensing. STING subsequently activates the kinase TBK1, which phosphorylates the transcription factor IRF3, causing IRF3 to translocate to the nucleus and induce STING-dependent gene expression. This DNA-sensing pathway may be an important decoy mechanism to promote P. falciparum virulence and thereby may affect future strategies to treat malaria. STING is an intracellular DNA sensor that can alter response to infection, but in the case of malaria it is unclear how parasite DNA in red blood cells (RBCs) reaches DNA sensors in immune cells. Here the authors show that STING in human monocytes can sense P. falciparum nucleic acids transported from infected RBCs via parasite extracellular vesicles.
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