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Murugesan R, Karuppusamy KV, Marepally S, Thangavel S. Current approaches and potential challenges in the delivery of gene editing cargos into hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1148693. [PMID: 37780116 PMCID: PMC10540692 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1148693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in gene delivery and editing have expanded the applications of autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) for the treatment of monogenic and acquired diseases. The gene editing toolbox is growing, and the ability to achieve gene editing with mRNA or protein delivered intracellularly by vehicles, such as electroporation and nanoparticles, has highlighted the potential of gene editing in HSPCs. Ongoing phase I/II clinical trials with gene-edited HSPCs for β-hemoglobinopathies provide hope for treating monogenic diseases. The development of safe and efficient gene editing reagents and their delivery into hard-to-transfect HSPCs have been critical drivers in the rapid translation of HSPC gene editing into clinical studies. This review article summarizes the available payloads and delivery vehicles for gene editing HSPCs and their potential impact on therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Murugesan
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Karthik V. Karuppusamy
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Srujan Marepally
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravanabhavan Thangavel
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR), A Unit of InStem Bengaluru, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Srivastava A. Rationale and strategies for the development of safe and effective optimized AAV vectors for human gene therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 32:949-959. [PMID: 37293185 PMCID: PMC10244667 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been, or are currently in use, in 332 phase I/II/III clinical trials in a number of human diseases, and in some cases, remarkable clinical efficacy has also been achieved. There are now three US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved AAV "drugs," but it has become increasingly clear that the first generation of AAV vectors are not optimal. In addition, relatively large vector doses are needed to achieve clinical efficacy, which has been shown to provoke host immune responses culminating in serious adverse events and, more recently, in the deaths of 10 patients to date. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of the next generation of AAV vectors that are (1) safe, (2) effective, and (3) human tropic. This review describes the strategies to potentially overcome each of the limitations of the first generation of AAV vectors and the rationale and approaches for the development of the next generation of AAV serotype vectors. These vectors promise to be efficacious at significant reduced doses, likely to achieve clinical efficacy, thereby increasing the safety as well as reducing vector production costs, ensuring translation to the clinic with higher probability of success, without the need for the use of immune suppression, for gene therapy of a wide variety of diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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3
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Shakirova A, Karpov T, Komarova Y, Lepik K. In search of an ideal template for therapeutic genome editing: A review of current developments for structure optimization. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1068637. [PMID: 36911237 PMCID: PMC9992834 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1068637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is a fast developing field of medicine with hundreds of ongoing early-stage clinical trials and numerous preclinical studies. Genome editing (GE) now is an increasingly important technology for achieving stable therapeutic effect in gene correction, with hematopoietic cells representing a key target cell population for developing novel treatments for a number of hereditary diseases, infections and cancer. By introducing a double strand break (DSB) in the defined locus of genomic DNA, GE tools allow to knockout the desired gene or to knock-in the therapeutic gene if provided with an appropriate repair template. Currently, the efficiency of methods for GE-mediated knock-in is limited. Significant efforts were focused on improving the parameters and interaction of GE nuclease proteins. However, emerging data suggests that optimal characteristics of repair templates may play an important role in the knock-in mechanisms. While viral vectors with notable example of AAVs as a donor template carrier remain the mainstay in many preclinical trials, non-viral templates, including plasmid and linear dsDNA, long ssDNA templates, single and double-stranded ODNs, represent a promising alternative. Furthermore, tuning of editing conditions for the chosen template as well as its structure, length, sequence optimization, homology arm (HA) modifications may have paramount importance for achieving highly efficient knock-in with favorable safety profile. This review outlines the current developments in optimization of templates for the GE mediated therapeutic gene correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Shakirova
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Timofey Karpov
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yaroslava Komarova
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill Lepik
- RM Gorbacheva Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation, Pavlov University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Rogers GL, Huang C, Clark RDE, Seclén E, Chen HY, Cannon PM. Optimization of AAV6 transduction enhances site-specific genome editing of primary human lymphocytes. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 23:198-209. [PMID: 34703842 PMCID: PMC8517001 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (AAV6) is a valuable reagent for genome editing of hematopoietic cells due to its ability to serve as a homology donor template. However, a comprehensive study of AAV6 transduction of hematopoietic cells in culture, with the goal of maximizing ex vivo genome editing, has not been reported. Here, we evaluated how the presence of serum, culture volume, transduction time, and electroporation parameters could influence AAV6 transduction. Based on these results, we identified an optimized protocol for genome editing of human lymphocytes based on a short, highly concentrated AAV6 transduction in the absence of serum, followed by electroporation with a targeted nuclease. In human CD4+ T cells and B cells, this protocol improved editing rates up to 7-fold and 21-fold, respectively, when compared to standard AAV6 transduction protocols described in the literature. As a result, editing frequencies could be maintained using 50- to 100-fold less AAV6, which also reduced cellular toxicity. Our results highlight the important contribution of cell culture conditions for ex vivo genome editing with AAV6 vectors and provide a blueprint for improving AAV6-mediated homology-directed editing of human T and B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey L Rogers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chun Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert D E Clark
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo Seclén
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hsu-Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Achberger K, Cipriano M, Düchs MJ, Schön C, Michelfelder S, Stierstorfer B, Lamla T, Kauschke SG, Chuchuy J, Roosz J, Mesch L, Cora V, Pars S, Pashkovskaia N, Corti S, Hartmann SM, Kleger A, Kreuz S, Maier U, Liebau S, Loskill P. Human stem cell-based retina on chip as new translational model for validation of AAV retinal gene therapy vectors. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2242-2256. [PMID: 34525384 PMCID: PMC8452599 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapies using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are among the most promising strategies to treat or even cure hereditary and acquired retinal diseases. However, the development of new efficient AAV vectors is slow and costly, largely because of the lack of suitable non-clinical models. By faithfully recreating structure and function of human tissues, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal organoids could become an essential part of the test cascade addressing translational aspects. Organ-on-chip (OoC) technology further provides the capability to recapitulate microphysiological tissue environments as well as a precise control over structural and temporal parameters. By employing our recently developed retina on chip that merges organoid and OoC technology, we analyzed the efficacy, kinetics, and cell tropism of seven first- and second-generation AAV vectors. The presented data demonstrate the potential of iPSC-based OoC models as the next generation of screening platforms for future gene therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Achberger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madalena Cipriano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias J Düchs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Christian Schön
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | | | - Thorsten Lamla
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stefan G Kauschke
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Johanna Chuchuy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Roosz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Lena Mesch
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Virginia Cora
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Selin Pars
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natalia Pashkovskaia
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Serena Corti
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sophia-Marie Hartmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreuz
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Udo Maier
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany; 3R-Center for In vitro Models and Alternatives to Animal Testing, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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6
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Domm JM, Wootton SK, Medin JA, West ML. Gene therapy for Fabry disease: Progress, challenges, and outlooks on gene-editing. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 134:117-131. [PMID: 34340879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is the delivery of a therapeutic gene for endogenous cellular expression with the goal of rescuing a disease phenotype. It has been used to treat an increasing number of human diseases with many strategies proving safe and efficacious in clinical trials. Gene delivery may be viral or non-viral, performed in vivo or ex vivo, and relies on gene integration or transient expression; all of these techniques have been applied to the treatment of Fabry disease. Fabry disease is a genetic disorder of the α-galactosidase A gene, GLA, that causes an accumulation of glycosphingolipids in cells leading to cardiac, renal and cerebrovascular damage and eventually death. Currently, there are no curative treatments available, and the therapies that are used have significant drawbacks. These treatment concerns have led to the advent of gene therapies for Fabry disease. The first Fabry patients to receive gene therapy were treated with recombinant lentivirus targeting their hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Adeno-associated virus treatments have also begun. Alternatively, the field of gene-editing is a new and rapidly growing field. Gene-editing has been used to repair disease-causing mutations or insert genes into cellular DNA. These techniques have the potential to be applied to the treatment of Fabry disease provided the concerns of gene-editing technology, such as safety and efficiency, were addressed. This review focuses on the current state of gene therapy as it is being developed for Fabry disease, including progresses and challenges as well as an overview of gene-editing and how it may be applied to correct Fabry disease-causing mutations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob M Domm
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Medin
- Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michael L West
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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8
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Chatterjee S, Sivanandam V, Wong KKM. Adeno-Associated Virus and Hematopoietic Stem Cells: The Potential of Adeno-Associated Virus Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Genetic Medicines. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 31:542-552. [PMID: 32253938 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors have transformed into powerful elements of genetic medicine with proven therapeutic efficacy and a good safety profile. Over the years, efforts to transduce hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with AAV2 vectors have, however, been challenging. While there was evidence that AAV2 delivered vector genomes to primitive, quiescent, multipotential, self-renewing, in vivo engrafting HSCs, transgene expression was elusive. In this study, we review the evolution of AAV transduction of HSC, starting with AAV2 vectors leading to the isolation of a family of naturally occurring AAVs from human CD34+ HSC, the AAVHSC. The stem cell-derived AAVHSCs have turned out to have remarkable potentials for genetic therapies well beyond the hematopoietic system. AAVHSCs have tropism for a wide variety of peripheral tissues, including the liver, muscle, and the retina. They cross the blood-brain barrier and transduce cells of the central nervous system. Preclinical gene therapy studies underway using AAVHSC vectors are discussed. We review the notable ability of AAVHSCs to mediate efficient, seamless homologous recombination in the absence of exogenous nuclease activity and discuss the therapeutic implications. We also discuss early results from an AAVHSC-based clinical gene therapy trial that is underway for the treatment of phenylketonuria. Thus, the stem cell-derived AAVHSC, offer a multifaceted platform for in vivo gene therapy and genome editing for the treatment of inherited diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Chatterjee
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Venkatesh Sivanandam
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Kamehameha Kai-Min Wong
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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9
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Zhan W, Muhuri M, Tai PWL, Gao G. Vectored Immunotherapeutics for Infectious Diseases: Can rAAVs Be The Game Changers for Fighting Transmissible Pathogens? Front Immunol 2021; 12:673699. [PMID: 34046041 PMCID: PMC8144494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional vaccinations and immunotherapies have encountered major roadblocks in preventing infectious diseases like HIV, influenza, and malaria. These challenges are due to the high genomic variation and immunomodulatory mechanisms inherent to these diseases. Passive transfer of broadly neutralizing antibodies may offer partial protection, but these treatments require repeated dosing. Some recombinant viral vectors, such as those based on lentiviruses and adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), can confer long-term transgene expression in the host after a single dose. Particularly, recombinant (r)AAVs have emerged as favorable vectors, given their high in vivo transduction efficiency, proven clinical efficacy, and low immunogenicity profiles. Hence, rAAVs are being explored to deliver recombinant antibodies to confer immunity against infections or to diminish the severity of disease. When used as a vaccination vector for the delivery of antigens, rAAVs enable de novo synthesis of foreign proteins with the conformation and topology that resemble those of natural pathogens. However, technical hurdles like pre-existing immunity to the rAAV capsid and production of anti-drug antibodies can reduce the efficacy of rAAV-vectored immunotherapies. This review summarizes rAAV-based prophylactic and therapeutic strategies developed against infectious diseases that are currently being tested in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Technical challenges and potential solutions will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhan
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- VIDE Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Manish Muhuri
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- VIDE Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Phillip W. L. Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- VIDE Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- VIDE Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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10
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Dasgupta I, Flotte TR, Keeler AM. CRISPR/Cas-Dependent and Nuclease-Free In Vivo Therapeutic Gene Editing. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:275-293. [PMID: 33750221 PMCID: PMC7987363 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise gene manipulation by gene editing approaches facilitates the potential to cure several debilitating genetic disorders. Gene modification stimulated by engineered nucleases induces a double-stranded break (DSB) in the target genomic locus, thereby activating DNA repair mechanisms. DSBs triggered by nucleases are repaired either by the nonhomologous end-joining or the homology-directed repair pathway, enabling efficient gene editing. While there are several ongoing ex vivo genome editing clinical trials, current research underscores the therapeutic potential of CRISPR/Cas-based (clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats-associated Cas nuclease) in vivo gene editing. In this review, we provide an overview of the CRISPR/Cas-mediated in vivo genome therapy applications and explore their prospective clinical translatability to treat human monogenic disorders. In addition, we discuss the various challenges associated with in vivo genome editing technologies and strategies used to circumvent them. Despite the robust and precise nuclease-mediated gene editing, a promoterless, nuclease-independent gene targeting strategy has been utilized to evade the drawbacks of the nuclease-dependent system, such as off-target effects, immunogenicity, and cytotoxicity. Thus, the rapidly evolving paradigm of gene editing technologies will continue to foster the progress of gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Dasgupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terence R. Flotte
- Department of Pediatrics, Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison M. Keeler
- Department of Pediatrics, Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Zhong C, Yu Q, Jia W, Yu X, Yu D, Yang M, Wang L, Ling C, Zhu L. Mechanism for enhanced transduction of hematopoietic cells by recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 6 vectors. FASEB J 2020; 34:12379-12391. [PMID: 32960474 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902875r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic gene delivery, such as hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), is a promising treatment for both inherited and acquired diseases, such as hemophilia. Recently, a combined strategy to achieve more than 90% transduction efficiency was documented using recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (rAAV6) vectors. However, the mechanisms of enhanced vector transduction efficiency in hematopoietic cells are largely unknown. In this manuscript, we first reported that proteasome inhibitors, which are well-known to facilitate rAAV intracellular trafficking in various cell types, are not effective in hematopoietic cells. From the screening of small molecules derived from traditional Chinese medicine, we demonstrated that shikonin, a potential reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator, significantly increased the in vitro and ex vivo transgene expression mediated by rAAV6 vectors in hematopoietic cells, including human cord blood-derived CD34 + HSPCs. Shikonin mainly targeted vector intracellular trafficking, instead of host cell entry or endonuclear single to double strand vector DNA transition, in a vector serotype-dependent manner. Moreover, a ROS scavenger completely prevented the capability of shikonin to enhance rAAV6 vector-mediated transgene expression. Taken together, these studies expand our understanding of rAAV6-mediated transduction in hematopoietic cells and are informative for improving rAAV6-based treatment of blood diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Jia
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changquan Ling
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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12
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Yang H, Qing K, Keeler GD, Yin L, Mietzsch M, Ling C, Hoffman BE, Agbandje-McKenna M, Tan M, Wang W, Srivastava A. Enhanced Transduction of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells by AAV6 Vectors: Implications in Gene Therapy and Genome Editing. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:451-458. [PMID: 32276210 PMCID: PMC7150427 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that of the 10 most commonly used adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype vectors, AAV6 is the most efficient in transducing primary human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro, as well as in vivo. More recently, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), was reported to be a superior replacement for human serum albumin (HSA) for ex vivo expansion of HSCs. Since HSA has been shown to increase the transduction efficiency of AAV serotype vectors, we evaluated whether PVA could also enhance the transduction efficiency of AAV6 vectors in primary human HSCs. We report here that up to 12-fold enhancement in the transduction efficiency of AAV6 vectors can be achieved in primary human HSCs with PVA. We also demonstrate that the improvement in the transduction efficiency is due to PVA-mediated improved entry and intracellular trafficking of AAV6 vectors in human hematopoietic cells in vitro, as well as in murine hepatocytes in vivo. Taken together, our studies suggest that the use of PVA is an attractive strategy to further improve the efficacy of AAV6 vectors. This has important implications in the optimal use of these vectors in the potential gene therapy and genome editing for human hemoglobinopathies such as β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Cell and Gene Therapy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Keyun Qing
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Keeler
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ling Yin
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mario Mietzsch
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chen Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Brad E Hoffman
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mengqun Tan
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Cell and Gene Therapy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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13
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Cytosine and adenine base editing of the brain, liver, retina, heart and skeletal muscle of mice via adeno-associated viruses. Nat Biomed Eng 2020. [PMID: 31937940 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0501-5.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The success of base editors for the study and treatment of genetic diseases depends on the ability to deliver them in vivo to the relevant cell types. Delivery via adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) is limited by AAV packaging capacity, which precludes the use of full-length base editors. Here, we report the application of dual AAVs for the delivery of split cytosine and adenine base editors that are then reconstituted by trans-splicing inteins. Optimized dual AAVs enable in vivo base editing at therapeutically relevant efficiencies and dosages in the mouse brain (up to 59% of unsorted cortical tissue), liver (38%), retina (38%), heart (20%) and skeletal muscle (9%). We also show that base editing corrects, in mouse brain tissue, a mutation that causes Niemann-Pick disease type C (a neurodegenerative ataxia), slowing down neurodegeneration and increasing lifespan. The optimized delivery vectors should facilitate the efficient introduction of targeted point mutations into multiple tissues of therapeutic interest.
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14
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Levy JM, Yeh WH, Pendse N, Davis JR, Hennessey E, Butcher R, Koblan LW, Comander J, Liu Q, Liu DR. Cytosine and adenine base editing of the brain, liver, retina, heart and skeletal muscle of mice via adeno-associated viruses. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:97-110. [PMID: 31937940 PMCID: PMC6980783 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The success of base editors for the study and treatment of genetic diseases depends on the ability to deliver them in vivo to the relevant cell types. Delivery via adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) is limited by AAV packaging capacity, which precludes the use of full-length base editors. Here, we report the application of dual AAVs for the delivery of split cytosine and adenine base editors that are then reconstituted by trans-splicing inteins. Optimized dual AAVs enable in vivo base editing at therapeutically relevant efficiencies and dosages in the mouse brain (up to 59% of unsorted cortical tissue), liver (38%), retina (38%), heart (20%) and skeletal muscle (9%). We also show that base editing corrects, in mouse brain tissue, a mutation that causes Niemann-Pick disease type C (a neurodegenerative ataxia), slowing down neurodegeneration and increasing lifespan. The optimized delivery vectors should facilitate the efficient introduction of targeted point mutations into multiple tissues of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Levy
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei-Hsi Yeh
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nachiket Pendse
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessie R Davis
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erin Hennessey
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rossano Butcher
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke W Koblan
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jason Comander
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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15
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Zheng Q, Zhang X, Yang H, Xie J, Xie Y, Chen J, Yu C, Zhong C. Internal Ribosome Entry Site Dramatically Reduces Transgene Expression in Hematopoietic Cells in a Position-Dependent Manner. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100920. [PMID: 31597367 PMCID: PMC6833044 DOI: 10.3390/v11100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicistronic transgene expression mediated by internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements has been widely used. It co-expresses heterologous transgene products from a message RNA driven by a single promoter. Hematologic gene delivery is a promising treatment for both inherited and acquired diseases. A combined strategy was recently documented for potential genome editing in hematopoietic cells. A transduction efficiency exceeding ~90% can be achieved by capsid-optimized recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (rAAV6) vectors. In this study, to deliver an encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) IRES-containing rAAV6 genome into hematopoietic cells, we observed that EMCV IRES almost completely shut down the transgene expression during the process of mRNA–protein transition. In addition, position-dependent behavior was observed, in which only the EMCV IRES element located between a promoter and the transgenes had an inhibitory effect. Although further studies are warranted to evaluate the involvement of cellular translation machinery, our results propose the use of specific IRES elements or an alternative strategy, such as the 2A system, to achieve bicistronic transgene expression in hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Hua Yang
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - Jinyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Yilin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Jinzhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
- Yeda Research Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China.
| | - Chenghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
- Yeda Research Institute of Gene and Cell Therapy, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China.
| | - Chen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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16
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Pouzolles M, Machado A, Guilbaud M, Irla M, Gailhac S, Barennes P, Cesana D, Calabria A, Benedicenti F, Sergé A, Raman I, Li QZ, Montini E, Klatzmann D, Adjali O, Taylor N, Zimmermann VS. Intrathymic adeno-associated virus gene transfer rapidly restores thymic function and long-term persistence of gene-corrected T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:679-697.e5. [PMID: 31513879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with T-cell immunodeficiencies are generally treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but alternatives are needed for patients without matched donors. An innovative intrathymic gene therapy approach that directly targets the thymus might improve outcomes. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the efficacy of intrathymic adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes to transduce thymocyte subsets and correct the T-cell immunodeficiency in a zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa (ZAP-70)-deficient murine model. METHODS AAV serotypes were injected intrathymically into wild-type mice, and gene transfer efficiency was monitored. ZAP-70-/- mice were intrathymically injected with an AAV8 vector harboring the ZAP70 gene. Thymus structure, immunophenotyping, T-cell receptor clonotypes, T-cell function, immune responses to transgenes and autoantibodies, vector copy number, and integration were evaluated. RESULTS AAV8, AAV9, and AAV10 serotypes all transduced thymocyte subsets after in situ gene transfer, with transduction of up to 5% of cells. Intrathymic injection of an AAV8-ZAP-70 vector into ZAP-70-/- mice resulted in a rapid thymocyte differentiation associated with the development of a thymic medulla. Strikingly, medullary thymic epithelial cells expressing the autoimmune regulator were detected within 10 days of gene transfer, correlating with the presence of functional effector and regulatory T-cell subsets with diverse T-cell receptor clonotypes in the periphery. Although thymocyte reconstitution was transient, gene-corrected peripheral T cells harboring approximately 1 AAV genome per cell persisted for more than 40 weeks, and AAV vector integration was detected. CONCLUSIONS Intrathymic AAV-transduced progenitors promote a rapid restoration of the thymic architecture, with a single wave of thymopoiesis generating long-term peripheral T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pouzolles
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Alice Machado
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mickaël Guilbaud
- INSERM UMR1089, Université de Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Center of Immunology Marseille-Luminy (CIML), INSERM U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Gailhac
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Barennes
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Daniela Cesana
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Calabria
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Benedicenti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Arnauld Sergé
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Indu Raman
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy (CIC-BTi) and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Oumeya Adjali
- INSERM UMR1089, Université de Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Valérie S Zimmermann
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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17
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Romero Z, Lomova A, Said S, Miggelbrink A, Kuo CY, Campo-Fernandez B, Hoban MD, Masiuk KE, Clark DN, Long J, Sanchez JM, Velez M, Miyahira E, Zhang R, Brown D, Wang X, Kurmangaliyev YZ, Hollis RP, Kohn DB. Editing the Sickle Cell Disease Mutation in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Comparison of Endonucleases and Homologous Donor Templates. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1389-1406. [PMID: 31178391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Site-specific correction of a point mutation causing a monogenic disease in autologous hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) can be used as a treatment of inherited disorders of the blood cells. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an ideal model to investigate the potential use of gene editing to transvert a single point mutation at the β-globin locus (HBB). We compared the activity of zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and CRISPR/Cas9 for editing, and homologous donor templates delivered as single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs), adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (AAV6), integrase-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs), and adenovirus 5/35 serotype (Ad5/35) to transvert the base pair responsible for SCD in HBB in primary human CD34+ HSPCs. We found that the ZFNs and Cas9 directed similar frequencies of nuclease activity. In vitro, AAV6 led to the highest frequencies of homology-directed repair (HDR), but levels of base pair transversions were significantly reduced when analyzing cells in vivo in immunodeficient mouse xenografts, with similar frequencies achieved with either AAV6 or ssODNs. AAV6 also caused significant impairment of colony-forming progenitors and human cell engraftment. Gene correction in engrafting hematopoietic stem cells may be limited by the capacity of the cells to mediate HDR, suggesting additional manipulations may be needed for high-efficiency gene correction in HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anastasia Lomova
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne Said
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Miggelbrink
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Y Kuo
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beatriz Campo-Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Megan D Hoban
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katelyn E Masiuk
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danielle N Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Long
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julie M Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miriam Velez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric Miyahira
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Devin Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yerbol Z Kurmangaliyev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, HHMI, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roger P Hollis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Donald B Kohn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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18
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Büning H, Srivastava A. Capsid Modifications for Targeting and Improving the Efficacy of AAV Vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 12:248-265. [PMID: 30815511 PMCID: PMC6378346 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, recombinant vectors based on a non-pathogenic parvovirus, the adeno-associated virus (AAV), have taken center stage as a gene delivery vehicle for the potential gene therapy for a number of human diseases. To date, the safety of AAV vectors in 176 phase I, II, and III clinical trials and their efficacy in at least eight human diseases are now firmly documented. Despite these remarkable achievements, it has also become abundantly clear that the full potential of first generation AAV vectors composed of naturally occurring capsids is not likely to be realized, since the wild-type AAV did not evolve for the purpose of therapeutic gene delivery. In this article, we provide a brief historical account of the progress that has been made in the development of capsid-modified, next-generation AAV vectors to ensure both the safety and efficacy of these vectors in targeting a wide variety of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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19
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Jayavaradhan R, Pillis DM, Malik P. A Versatile Tool for the Quantification of CRISPR/Cas9-Induced Genome Editing Events in Human Hematopoietic Cell Lines and Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:102-110. [PMID: 29751014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The efficient site-specific DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) created by CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized genome engineering and has great potential for editing hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, detailed understanding of the variables that influence choice of DNA-DSB repair (DDR) pathways by HSPC is required for therapeutic levels of editing in these clinically relevant cells. We developed a hematopoietic-reporter system that rapidly quantifies the three major DDR pathways utilized at the individual DSB created by CRISPR/Cas9-NHEJ, MMEJ, and HDR-and show its applicability in evaluating the different DDR outcomes utilized by human hematopoietic cell lines and primary human HSPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Jayavaradhan
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute (CBDI), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Pathology and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Devin M Pillis
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute (CBDI), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Punam Malik
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute (CBDI), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Hematology, CBDI, CCHMC, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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20
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Johnson MJ, Laoharawee K, Lahr WS, Webber BR, Moriarity BS. Engineering of Primary Human B cells with CRISPR/Cas9 Targeted Nuclease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12144. [PMID: 30108345 PMCID: PMC6092381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells offer unique opportunities for gene therapy because of their ability to secrete large amounts of protein in the form of antibody and persist for the life of the organism as plasma cells. Here, we report optimized CRISPR/Cas9 based genome engineering of primary human B cells. Our procedure involves enrichment of CD19+ B cells from PBMCs followed by activation, expansion, and electroporation of CRISPR/Cas9 reagents. We are able expand total B cells in culture 10-fold and outgrow the IgD+ IgM+ CD27- naïve subset from 35% to over 80% of the culture. B cells are receptive to nucleic acid delivery via electroporation 3 days after stimulation, peaking at Day 7 post stimulation. We tested chemically modified sgRNAs and Alt-R gRNAs targeting CD19 with Cas9 mRNA or Cas9 protein. Using this system, we achieved genetic and protein knockout of CD19 at rates over 70%. Finally, we tested sgRNAs targeting the AAVS1 safe harbor site using Cas9 protein in combination with AAV6 to deliver donor template encoding a splice acceptor-EGFP cassette, which yielded site-specific integration frequencies up to 25%. The development of methods for genetically engineered B cells opens the door to a myriad of applications in basic research, antibody production, and cellular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kanut Laoharawee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Walker S Lahr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Beau R Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Branden S Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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21
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Smith LJ, Wright J, Clark G, Ul-Hasan T, Jin X, Fong A, Chandra M, St Martin T, Rubin H, Knowlton D, Ellsworth JL, Fong Y, Wong KK, Chatterjee S. Stem cell-derived clade F AAVs mediate high-efficiency homologous recombination-based genome editing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7379-E7388. [PMID: 30018062 PMCID: PMC6077703 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802343115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise correction of genetic mutations at the nucleotide level is an attractive permanent therapeutic strategy for human disease. However, despite significant progress, challenges to efficient and accurate genome editing persist. Here, we report a genome editing platform based upon a class of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived clade F adeno-associated virus (AAV), which does not require prior nuclease-mediated DNA breaks and functions exclusively through BRCA2-dependent homologous recombination. Genome editing is guided by complementary homology arms and is highly accurate and seamless, with no evidence of on-target mutations, including insertion/deletions or inclusion of AAV inverted terminal repeats. Efficient genome editing was demonstrated at different loci within the human genome, including a safe harbor locus, AAVS1, and the therapeutically relevant IL2RG gene, and at the murine Rosa26 locus. HSC-derived AAV vector (AAVHSC)-mediated genome editing was robust in primary human cells, including CD34+ cells, adult liver, hepatic endothelial cells, and myocytes. Importantly, high-efficiency gene editing was achieved in vivo upon a single i.v. injection of AAVHSC editing vectors in mice. Thus, clade F AAV-mediated genome editing represents a promising, highly efficient, precise, single-component approach that enables the development of therapeutic in vivo genome editing for the treatment of a multitude of human gene-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Smith
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | | | - Gabriella Clark
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Taihra Ul-Hasan
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Xiangyang Jin
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Abigail Fong
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Manasa Chandra
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Kamehameha K Wong
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Saswati Chatterjee
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010;
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22
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Cromer MK, Vaidyanathan S, Ryan DE, Curry B, Lucas AB, Camarena J, Kaushik M, Hay SR, Martin RM, Steinfeld I, Bak RO, Dever DP, Hendel A, Bruhn L, Porteus MH. Global Transcriptional Response to CRISPR/Cas9-AAV6-Based Genome Editing in CD34 + Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2431-2442. [PMID: 30005866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-editing technologies are currently being translated to the clinic. However, cellular effects of the editing machinery have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we performed global microarray-based gene expression measurements on human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells that underwent editing. We probed effects of the entire editing process as well as each component individually, including electroporation, Cas9 (mRNA or protein) with chemically modified sgRNA, and AAV6 transduction. We identified differentially expressed genes relative to control treatments, which displayed enrichment for particular biological processes. All editing machinery components elicited immune, stress, and apoptotic responses. Cas9 mRNA invoked the greatest amount of transcriptional change, eliciting a distinct viral response and global transcriptional downregulation, particularly of metabolic and cell cycle processes. Electroporation also induced significant transcriptional change, with notable downregulation of metabolic processes. Surprisingly, AAV6 evoked no detectable viral response. We also found Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein treatment to be well tolerated, in spite of eliciting a DNA damage signature. Overall, this data establishes a benchmark for cellular tolerance of CRISPR/Cas9-AAV6-based genome editing, ensuring that the clinical protocol is as safe and efficient as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kyle Cromer
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Bo Curry
- Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | | | - Joab Camarena
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Milan Kaushik
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah R Hay
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Renata M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Rasmus O Bak
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel P Dever
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ayal Hendel
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | | | - Matthew H Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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23
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Extraction of Amana edulis Induces Liver Cancer Apoptosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3927075. [PMID: 30069223 PMCID: PMC6057330 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3927075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HCC is one of the fastest-rising causes of cancer-related death. Novel therapeutic approaches for treatment are warranted. The goal of this study is to find effective components from Chinese herbal medicines, which is an important alternative source of anticancer medicine. To this end, six different herbs were selected from various traditional literatures. Soxhlet extractor was used to distill the strong polar and weak polar components of each herb. The inhibitive effect of each component was determined using liver cancer cells BEL7404. From total of 12 extractions, it was found that the combined crude lysate of Amana edulis from water and ethanol system had the best efficacy. At the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, this component has the highest inhibition rate up to 70%. To investigate the underlying molecular reasons, we observed that the component can significantly induce the liver cancer cells apoptosis and retard the cell reproduction at G2/M stage. Verification experiments showed that this component also has apparent inhibitive effects on other liver cancer cells, such as HepG2 and Huh7. On the other hand, it has less effectiveness on another cell line HepaRG, which retains many characteristics of primary human hepatocytes. The results suggested that there might be highly efficient antihepatoma ingredient in the water and ethanol extraction of Amana edulis. The pure substances remain to be isolated and further research on their targets is required.
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24
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Skipper KA, Nielsen MG, Andersen S, Ryø LB, Bak RO, Mikkelsen JG. Time-Restricted PiggyBac DNA Transposition by Transposase Protein Delivery Using Lentivirus-Derived Nanoparticles. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 11:253-262. [PMID: 29858060 PMCID: PMC5992343 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Continuous innovation of revolutionizing genome engineering technologies calls for an intensified focus on new delivery technologies that not only match the inventiveness of genome editors but also enable the combination of potent delivery and time-restricted action of genome-modifying bits and tools. We have previously demonstrated the use of lentivirus-derived nanoparticles (LNPs) as a protein delivery vehicle, incorporating and transferring DNA transposases, designer nucleases, or RNA-guided endonucleases fused to the N terminus of the Gag/GagPol polypeptide. Here, we establish LNP-directed transfer of the piggyBac DNA transposase protein by fusing the transposase to the integrase protein in the C-terminal end of GagPol. We show protein incorporation and proteolytic release of the DNA transposase within matured LNPs, resulting in high levels of DNA transposition activity in LNP-treated cells. Importantly, as opposed to conventional delivery methods based on transfection of plasmid DNA or in-vitro-transcribed mRNA, protein delivery by LNPs effectively results in time-restricted action of the protein (<24 hr) without compromising overall potency. Our findings refine LNP-directed piggyBac transposase delivery, at present the only available direct delivery strategy for this particular protein, and demonstrate a novel strategy for restricting and fine-tuning the exposure of the genome to DNA-modifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sofie Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Laura Barrett Ryø
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rasmus O Bak
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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25
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Brown N, Song L, Kollu NR, Hirsch ML. Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors and Stem Cells: Friends or Foes? Hum Gene Ther 2018; 28:450-463. [PMID: 28490211 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The infusion of healthy stem cells into a patient-termed "stem-cell therapy"-has shown great promise for the treatment of genetic and non-genetic diseases, including mucopolysaccharidosis type 1, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, numerous immunodeficiency disorders, and aplastic anemia. Stem cells for cell therapy can be collected from the patient (autologous) or collected from another "healthy" individual (allogeneic). The use of allogenic stem cells is accompanied with the potentially fatal risk that the transplanted donor T cells will reject the patient's cells-a process termed "graft-versus-host disease." Therefore, the use of autologous stem cells is preferred, at least from the immunological perspective. However, an obvious drawback is that inherently as "self," they contain the disease mutation. As such, autologous cells for use in cell therapies often require genetic "correction" (i.e., gene addition or editing) prior to cell infusion and therefore the requirement for some form of nucleic acid delivery, which sets the stage for the AAV controversy discussed herein. Despite being the most clinically applied gene delivery context to date, unlike other more concerning integrating and non-integrating vectors such as retroviruses and adenovirus, those based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) have not been employed in the clinic. Furthermore, published data regarding AAV vector transduction of stem cells are inconsistent in regards to vector transduction efficiency, while the pendulum swings far in the other direction with demonstrations of AAV vector-induced toxicity in undifferentiated cells. The variation present in the literature examining the transduction efficiency of AAV vectors in stem cells may be due to numerous factors, including inconsistencies in stem-cell collection, cell culture, vector preparation, and/or transduction conditions. This review summarizes the controversy surrounding AAV vector transduction of stem cells, hopefully setting the stage for future elucidation and eventual therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Brown
- 1 Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina
| | - Liujiang Song
- 1 Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina
| | - Nageswara R Kollu
- 1 Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina
| | - Matthew L Hirsch
- 1 Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , North Carolina
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26
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Gutierrez-Guerrero A, Sanchez-Hernandez S, Galvani G, Pinedo-Gomez J, Martin-Guerra R, Sanchez-Gilabert A, Aguilar-González A, Cobo M, Gregory P, Holmes M, Benabdellah K, Martin F. Comparison of Zinc Finger Nucleases Versus CRISPR-Specific Nucleases for Genome Editing of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Locus. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:366-380. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gutierrez-Guerrero
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Genomic Medicine Department, Granada, Spain
| | - Sabina Sanchez-Hernandez
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Genomic Medicine Department, Granada, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Galvani
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Genomic Medicine Department, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Pinedo-Gomez
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Genomic Medicine Department, Granada, Spain
| | - Rocio Martin-Guerra
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Genomic Medicine Department, Granada, Spain
| | - Almudena Sanchez-Gilabert
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Genomic Medicine Department, Granada, Spain
| | - Araceli Aguilar-González
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Genomic Medicine Department, Granada, Spain
| | - Marién Cobo
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Genomic Medicine Department, Granada, Spain
- LentiStem Biotech, Granada, Spain
| | - Philip Gregory
- Sangamo BioSciences, Point Richmond Tech Center, Richmond, California
| | - Michael Holmes
- Sangamo BioSciences, Point Richmond Tech Center, Richmond, California
| | - Karim Benabdellah
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Genomic Medicine Department, Granada, Spain
- LentiStem Biotech, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Martin
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Genomic Medicine Department, Granada, Spain
- LentiStem Biotech, Granada, Spain
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