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Vodička P, Kawamura K, Schwarz J, Ždímal V. A year-round observation of δ 13C of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in fine aerosols: Implications from Central European background site. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 337:139393. [PMID: 37399994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Isotopic analysis of specific compounds in aerosols can be a useful tool when studying atmospheric processes. Here, we present the results of stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) measurements performed on a one-year set (n = 96, Sep. 2013-Aug. 2014) of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in PM1 at a rural Central European background site, Košetice (Czech Republic). The most 13C enriched acid was oxalic (C2, annual average = -16.6 ± 5.0‰) followed by malonic (C3, avg. = -19.9 ± 6.6‰) and succinic (C4, avg. = -21.3 ± 4.6‰) acids. Thus, δ13C values decreased with an increase in carbon numbers. Azelaic acid (C9, avg. = -27.2 ± 3.6‰) was found to be the least 13C enriched. A comparison of δ13C of dicarboxylic acids from other background sites, especially in Asia, shows similar values to those from the European site. This comparison also showed that C2 is more 13C enriched at background sites than at urban ones. In general, we did not observe significant seasonal differences in δ13C values of dicarboxylic acids at the Central European station. We observed statistically significant differences (p value < 0.05) between winter and summer δ13C values solely for C4, glyoxylic acid (ωC2), glutaric acid (C5) and suberic acid (C8). The only significant correlations between δ13C of C2 and δ13C of C3 were found in spring and summer, suggesting that the oxidation of C3 to C2 is significant in these months with a strong contribution from biogenic aerosols. The strongest season-independent annual correlation was observed in δ13C values between C2 and C4, the two dominant dicarboxylic acids. Therefore, C4 appears to be the main intermediate precursor of C2 throughout the whole year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Vodička
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Ždímal
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Shen M, Qi W, Guo X, Dai W, Wang Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Chen Y, Li L, Liu H, Cao J, Li J. Influence of vertical transport on chemical evolution of dicarboxylic acids and related secondary organic aerosol from surface emission to the top of Mount Hua, Northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159892. [PMID: 36336041 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids are strong hygroscopic organic compounds in the atmosphere, and thus significantly affect the cloud formation process and radiative forcing on a regional scale. So far, the evolution of dicarboxylic acids during vertical transport from the surface to the mountaintop has yet to be explicitly understood. In this study, the molecular distribution and stable carbon isotopic (δ13C) compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related organic compounds (DCRCs) in PM2.5 were measured simultaneously at the top (c. 2060 m a.s.l.) and foot (c. 400 m a.s.l.) of Mount (Mt.) Hua during the summer of 2020. Due to the strong anthropogenic emissions at ground level, the concentrations of DCRCs at foot of Mt. Hua were generally higher than those at the top. Oxalic acid (C2) was the predominant diacid in both sites, whose concentrations at foot and top of Mt. Hua were 87-852 and 40-398 ng m-3, respectively. Ratios of adipic acid to azelaic acid (C6/C9), phthalic aid to azelaic acid (pH/C9), glyoxal to methylglyoxal (Gly/mGly), and lower δ13C values (-21.0 ± 2.3 ‰ and - 21.9 ± 2.7 ‰) of C2 indicated that the contributions of anthropogenic sources to DCRCs in PM2.5 in the mountain region are more significant than biogenic sources. Aerosols from the foot of Mt. Hua could affect the atmosphere on the top of the mountain via vertical transport under the influence of daytime valley wind, even though the altitude of Mt. Hua is beyond the boundary layer most of time. The value δ13C of C2 is linearly correlated with C2/mGly, C2/pyruvic acid (Pyr), C2/glyoxylic acid (ωC2) at the top of the mountain, and C2/Gly, C2/ωC2 at the foot of the mountain, indicating that the formation pathway of C2 is mGly-Pyr-ωC2-C2 at the top of Mt. Hua and Gly-ωC2-C2 at the foot of Mt. Hua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weining Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China.
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Li P, Pavuluri CM, Dong Z, Xu Z, Fu P, Liu CQ. Year-round observations of stable carbon isotopic composition of carboxylic acids, oxoacids and α-Dicarbonyls in fine aerosols at Tianjin, North China: Implications for origins and aging. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155385. [PMID: 35452741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the origins and photochemical processing (aging) of organic aerosols (OA), we studied fine aerosols (PM2.5) collected at urban (Nankai District (ND)) and suburban (Haihe Education Park (HEP)) Tianjin, North China over a one-year period (2018-2019) for stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of water-soluble diacids, oxoacids, α-dicarbonyls and fatty acids. Maleic (M, -18.3 ± 10.9‰ at ND and -23.5 ± 10.2‰ at HEP) and fumaric (F, -22.0 ± 12.1‰ at ND and -22.5 ± 10.5‰ at HEP) acids were found to be most enriched with 13C followed by oxalic acid (C2, -24.7 ± 3.9‰ at ND and -25.9 ± 4.7‰ at HEP) during the campaign. Based on seasonal changes in δ13C of selected marker species: C6 and C9 diacids, phthalic, glyoxylic and pyruvic acids and glyoxal, and their comparison with the source signatures, we found that water-soluble OA in Tianjin were mainly originated from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning emissions and were subjected for significant aging. The contribution from fossil fuel combustion including coal combustion was high in autumn and winter, especially at ND. Considering the enrichment of 13C in specific species together with linear relations of δ13C of selected species with their concentrations, with mass ratios and with the relative abundance of C2 diacid, we inferred that the photochemical transformations of longer-chain diacids, oxidation of α-dicarbonyls (Gly and mGly), preferably in gas phase, were important in warm period (March-September), whereas the oxidation of Gly, mGly and other precursors in aqueous phase were major in cold period (October-February).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisen Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chandra Mouli Pavuluri
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhichao Dong
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanjie Xu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Bikkina P, Bikkina S, Kawamura K, Sarma VVSS, Deshmukh DK. Unraveling the sources of atmospheric organic aerosols over the Arabian Sea: Insights from the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154260. [PMID: 35248629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The isotopic composition of stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in marine aerosols influenced by the continental outflows are useful proxies for understanding the aging and secondary formation processes. Every winter, the haze pollutants transported from South Asia significantly affect the chemical composition of marine atmospheric boundary layer of the Arabian Sea. Here, we assessed the δ13C of total carbon (TC) and δ15N of total nitrogen (TN) in marine aerosols collected over the Arabian Sea during a winter cruise (6-24 December 2018). TC (2.1-13.4 μg m-3) is strongly correlated with TN (0.9-5.0 μg m-3), likely because of their common source-emissions, biomass burning and fossil-fuel combustion in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and South Asia (corroborated by backward-air mass trajectories and satellite fire counts). Besides, the linear relationship between the mass ratios of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) to TC (0.04-0.65) and δ13CTC (-25.1‰ to -22.9‰) underscores the importance of aging process. This means oxidation of organic aerosols during transport not only influences the WSOC levels but also affects their δ13CTC. Likewise, the prevalent inverse linear relationship between the equivalent mass ratio of (NH4+/non-sea-salt- or nss-SO42-) and δ15NTN (+15.3‰ to +25.1‰) emphasizes the overall significance of neutralization reactions between major acidic ([nss-SO42-] ≫ [NO3-]) and alkaline species (NH4+) in aerosols. Higher δ15NTN values in winter than the spring inter-monsoon clearly emphasizes the significance of the anthropogenic combustion sources (i.e., biomass burning) in the South Asian outflow. A comparison of δ13CTC and δ15NTN with the source emissions revealed that crop-residue burning emissions followed by the coal fired power plants mostly dictate the atmospheric abundance of organic aerosols in the wider South Asian outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Bikkina
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India.
| | - Srinivas Bikkina
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India; Chubu Institute of Advanced Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 4878501, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute of Advanced Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 4878501, Japan
| | - V V S S Sarma
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Cente Waltair, Visakhapatnam 530017, India
| | - Dhananjay K Deshmukh
- Chubu Institute of Advanced Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 4878501, Japan
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Vodička P, Kawamura K, Schwarz J, Ždímal V. Seasonal changes in stable carbon isotopic composition in the bulk aerosol and gas phases at a suburban site in Prague. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149767. [PMID: 34525748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Isotope fractionation between the gas and aerosol phases is an important phenomenon for studying atmospheric processes. Here, for the first time, seasonally resolved stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) values are systematically used to study phase interactions in bulk aerosol and gaseous carbonaceous samples. Seasonal variations in the δ13C of total carbon (TC; δ13CTC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC; δ13CWSOC) in fine aerosol particles (PM2.5) as well as in the total carbon of part of the gas phase (TCgas; δ13CTCgas) were studied at a suburban site in Prague, Czech Republic, Central Europe. Year-round samples were collected for the main and backup filters from 14 April 2016 to 1 May 2017 every 6 days with a 48 h sampling period (n = 66). During all seasons, the highest 13C enrichment was found in WSOC, followed by particulate TC, whereas the highest 13C depletion was found in gaseous TC. We observed a clear seasonal pattern for all δ13C, with the highest values in winter (avg. δ13CTC = -25.5 ± 0.8‰, δ13CWSOC = -25.0 ± 0.7‰, δ13CTCgas = -27.7 ± 0.5‰) and the lowest values in summer (avg. δ13CTC = -27.2 ± 0.5‰, δ13CWSOC = -26.4 ± 0.3‰, δ13CTCgas = -28.9 ± 0.3‰). This study supports the existence of different aerosol sources at the site during the year. Despite the different seasonal compositions of carbonaceous aerosols, the isotope difference (Δδ13C) between δ13CTC (aerosol) and δ13CTCgas (gas phase) was similar during the seasons (year avg. 1.97 ± 0.50‰). Moreover, Δδ13C between WSOC and TC in PM2.5 showed a difference between spring and winter, but in general, these values were also similar year-round (year avg. 0.71 ± 0.37‰). During the entire period, TCgas and WSOC were the most 13C-depleted and most 13C-enriched fractions, respectively, and although the resulting difference Δ(δ13CWSOC - δ13CTCgas) was significant, it was almost invariant throughout the year (2.67 ± 0.44‰). The present study suggests that the stable carbon isotopic fractionation between the bulk aerosol and gas phases is probably not entirely dependent on the chemical composition of individual carbonaceous compounds from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Vodička
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 2/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 2/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Ždímal
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 2/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Ni H, Huang RJ, Yao P, Cosijn MM, Kairys N, Zhong H, Dusek U. Organic aerosol formation and aging processes in Beijing constrained by size-resolved measurements of radiocarbon and stable isotopic 13C. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106890. [PMID: 34607042 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the sources and atmospheric processes of size-resolved carbonaceous aerosols in winter 2018 in urban Beijing, based on analysis of dual-carbon isotopes (i.e., radiocarbon and the stable isotope 13C). We found a size dependence of fossil source contributions to elemental carbon (EC), but no clear size dependence for organic carbon (OC). Comparable fossil source contributions to water-insoluble OC (WIOC; 55 ± 3%) and to water-soluble OC (WSOC; 54 ± 4%) highlight the importance of secondary aerosol formation, considering that fossil sources emit only small amounts of primary WSOC. OC concentrations increased during high PM2.5 pollution events, with increased fossil and non-fossil WSOC concentrating at larger particles (0.44-2.5 µm) than WIOC (0.25-2.5 µm), highlighting the aqueous-phase chemistry as an important pathway for OC production. The ratio of 13C/12C (expressed as δ13C) of total carbon (-27.0‰ to -23.3‰) fell in the range of anthropogenic aerosol, reflecting small biogenic influence. δ13C of OC increased with desorption temperature steps (200 °C, 350 °C and 650 °C). The strongly enriched δ13COC,650 (-26.9‰ to -20.3‰) and large mass fraction of OC650°C in total desorbed OC, both increasing with the increase of particle sizes, were caused by photochemical aging, especially during low and moderate PM2.5 pollution events, when regional, aged aerosol played an important role. During low pollution events, higher δ13COC,650 and WSOC/OC ratios reflect a larger contribution and more extensive chemical processing of aged aerosol. In contrast, relatively low δ13COC,200 (-27.2‰ to -25.7‰) suggests the influence of secondary OC formation on the more volatile OC desorbed at 200 °C. δ13COC,200 was similar for all particle sizes and for different pollution events, pointing to an internal mixture of local and aged regional OC. Our results show that the organic aerosol in Beijing arises from a mixture of various sources and complex formation processes, spanning local to regional scales. Particle sizes < 250 nm show strong contribution from local secondary OC formation, whereas refractory OC in particles around 1 µm shows strong evidence for regional aging processes. In summary, primary emission, secondary and aqueous-phase formation, and (photo-)chemical aging all need to be considered to understand organic aerosol in this region and their importance varies with particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Peng Yao
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Max M Cosijn
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Norbertas Kairys
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
| | - Haobin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ulrike Dusek
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands.
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Singh GK, Choudhary V, Rajeev P, Paul D, Gupta T. Understanding the origin of carbonaceous aerosols during periods of extensive biomass burning in northern India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116082. [PMID: 33272802 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Post-harvest crop residue burning is extensively practiced in North India, which results in enhanced particulate matter (PM) concentrations. This study explores the PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) emissions during various time periods (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) over the biomass burning source region in Beas, Punjab. The PM2.5 concentrations during the pre-monsoon period (106-458 μg m-3) and the post-monsoon period (184-342 μg m-3) were similar but much higher than concentrations during the monsoon season (23-95 μg m-3) due to enhanced wet deposition. However, the carbonaceous aerosol fraction in PM2.5 was nearly double in the post-monsoon season (∼27%) than the pre-monsoon period (∼15%). A higher contribution of secondary organic carbon (SOC) observed during the pre-monsoon season can be attributed to enhanced photochemical activity in dry conditions. Stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C value) of ambient PM allowed elucidation of contributing sources. δ13CTC correlation with SOC during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon periods suggests significant influence of secondary formation processes during both time periods. The concentrations of carbon fractions in sampled sources and aerosols suggests contribution of biofuels, resulting in enhanced PM concentration at this location. δ13CTC values of pre- and post-monsoon samples show dominance of freshly emitted aerosols from local sources. Impact of biomass and biofuel combustion was also confirmed by biomass burning K+BB tracer, indicating that major agriculture residue burning occurred primarily during nighttime. C3 plant derived aerosols dominated at the sampling location during the entire sampling duration and contributed significantly during the pre-monsoon season. Whereas, both fossil fuel and C3 plant combustion contributed to the total mass of carbonaceous aerosols during the post-monsoon and monsoon seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering and APTL at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India.
| | - Vikram Choudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering and APTL at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India
| | - Pradhi Rajeev
- Department of Civil Engineering and APTL at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India
| | - Debajyoti Paul
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering and APTL at Center for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208 016, India
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Lim S, Yang X, Lee M, Li G, Gao Y, Shang X, Zhang K, Czimczik CI, Xu X, Bae MS, Moon KJ, Jeon K. Fossil-driven secondary inorganic PM 2.5 enhancement in the North China Plain: Evidence from carbon and nitrogen isotopes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115163. [PMID: 32682020 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Measuring isotopic ratios in aerosol particles is a powerful tool for identifying major sources, particularly in separating fossil from non-fossil sources and investigating aerosol formation processes. We measured the radiocarbon, stable carbon, and stable nitrogen isotopic composition of PM2.5 in Beijing (BJ) and Changdao (CD) in the North China Plain (NCP) from May to mid-June 2016. The mean PM2.5 concentrations were 48.6 ± 28.2 μg m-3 and 71.2 ± 29.0 μg m-3 in BJ and CD, respectively, with a high contribution (∼66%) from secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA; NO3-, NH4+, and SO42-). The mean δ13C of total carbon (TC) and δ15N of total nitrogen (TN) values differed significantly between the two sites (p-value of <0.001): -25.1 ± 0.3‰ in BJ and -24.5 ± 0.4‰ in CD and 10.6 ± 1.8‰ in BJ and 5.0 ± 3.1‰ in CD, respectively. In BJ, the average δ15N (NH4+) and δ15N (NO3-) values were 12.9 ± 2.3‰ and 5.2 ± 3.5‰, respectively. The ionic molar ratios and isotopic ratios suggest that NO3- in BJ was formed through the phase-equilibrium reaction of NH4NO3 under sufficient NH3 (g) conditions, promoted by fossil-derived NH3 (g) transported with southerly winds. In BJ, fossil fuel sources comprised 52 ± 7% of TC and 45 ± 28% of NH4+ on average, estimated from radiocarbon (14C) analysis and the δ15N and isotope mixing model, respectively. These multiple-isotopic composition results emphasize that PM2.5 enhancement is derived from fossil sources, in which vehicle emissions are a key contributor. The impact of the coal source was sporadically noticeable. Under regional influences, the fossil fuel-driven SIA led to the PM2.5 enhancements. Our findings demonstrate that the multiple-isotope approach is highly advantageous to elucidate the key sources and limiting factors of secondary inorganic PM2.5 aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saehee Lim
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xiaoyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Meehye Lee
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yuanguan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaona Shang
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, 02841, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Claudia I Czimczik
- Dept. of Earth System Science, University of California, 92697, Irvine, USA
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- Dept. of Earth System Science, University of California, 92697, Irvine, USA
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Environmental Engineering Department, Mokpo National University, 58554, Muan, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Joo Moon
- National Institute of Environmental Research, 22689, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kwonho Jeon
- National Institute of Environmental Research, 22689, Incheon, South Korea
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9
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Meng J, Liu X, Hou Z, Yi Y, Yan L, Li Z, Cao J, Li J, Wang G. Molecular characteristics and stable carbon isotope compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in the urban atmosphere of the North China Plain: Implications for aqueous phase formation of SOA during the haze periods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135256. [PMID: 31838425 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past five years, Chinese government has promulgated stringent measures to mitigate air pollution. However, PM2.5 levels in the China North Plain (NCP), which is one of the regions with the heaviest air pollution in the world, are still far beyond the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. To improve our understanding on the sources and formation mechanisms of haze in the NCP, PM2.5 samples were collected during the winter of 2017 on a day/night basis at the urban site of Liaocheng, which is one of the most polluted cities in the NCP. The samples were determined for molecular distributions and stable carbon isotope compositions of dicarboxylic acids and their precursors (ketocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls), levoglucosan, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Our results showed that oxalic acid (C2) is the dominant dicarboxylic acid, followed by succinic acid (C4) and malonic acid (C3), and glyoxylic acid (ωC2) is the most abundant ketocarboxylic acids. Concentrations of C2, glyoxal (Gly) and methylglyoxal (mGly) presented robust correlations with levoglucosan, suggesting that biomass burning is a significant source of PM2.5 in the NCP. Moreover, C2 and Gly and mGly linearly correlated with SO42-, relative humidity (RH), aerosol liquid water content (LWC) as well as particle in-situ pH (pHis), indicating that aqueous-phase oxidation is the major formation pathway of these SOA, and is driven by acid-catalyzed oxidation. Concentrations and relative abundances of secondary species including SNA (SO42-, NO3- and NH4+), dicarboxylic acids, and aerosol LWC in PM2.5 are much higher in the haze periods than in the clean periods, suggesting that aqueous reaction is a vital role in the haze formation. In comparison with those in the clean periods, stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) of major dicarboxylic acids and related SOA and the mass ratios of C2/diacids, C2/Gly and C2/mGly are higher in the haze periods, indicating that haze particles were more aged and enriched in secondary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Meng
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zhanfang Hou
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Yanan Yi
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Li Yan
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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10
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Dasari S, Andersson A, Bikkina S, Holmstrand H, Budhavant K, Satheesh S, Asmi E, Kesti J, Backman J, Salam A, Bisht DS, Tiwari S, Hameed Z, Gustafsson Ö. Photochemical degradation affects the light absorption of water-soluble brown carbon in the South Asian outflow. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau8066. [PMID: 30729159 PMCID: PMC6353626 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau8066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing organic aerosols, known as brown carbon (BrC), counteract the overall cooling effect of aerosols on Earth's climate. The spatial and temporal dynamics of their light-absorbing properties are poorly constrained and unaccounted for in climate models, because of limited ambient observations. We combine carbon isotope forensics (δ13C) with measurements of light absorption in a conceptual aging model to constrain the loss of light absorptivity (i.e., bleaching) of water-soluble BrC (WS-BrC) aerosols in one of the world's largest BrC emission regions-South Asia. On this regional scale, we find that atmospheric photochemical oxidation reduces the light absorption of WS-BrC by ~84% during transport over 6000 km in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, with an ambient first-order bleaching rate of 0.20 ± 0.05 day-1 during over-ocean transit across Bay of Bengal to an Indian Ocean receptor site. This study facilitates dynamic parameterization of WS-BrC absorption properties, thereby constraining BrC climate impact over South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Dasari
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - August Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Srinivas Bikkina
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Henry Holmstrand
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Krishnakant Budhavant
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- Maldives Climate Observatory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH), Hanimaadhoo, Republic of the Maldives
- Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Sciences (IISC), Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sreedharan Satheesh
- Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Sciences (IISC), Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Eija Asmi
- Atmospheric Composition Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki 00560, Finland
- Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN), C1425 CABA, Argentina
| | - Jutta Kesti
- Atmospheric Composition Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - John Backman
- Atmospheric Composition Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - Abdus Salam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Deewan Singh Bisht
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), New Delhi 110008, India
| | - Suresh Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), New Delhi 110008, India
| | - Zahid Hameed
- Maldives Climate Observatory at Hanimaadhoo (MCOH), Hanimaadhoo, Republic of the Maldives
- Maldives Meteorological Services (MMS), Hulhule 22000, Republic of Maldives
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
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11
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Mo Y, Li J, Jiang B, Su T, Geng X, Liu J, Jiang H, Shen C, Ding P, Zhong G, Cheng Z, Liao Y, Tian C, Chen Y, Zhang G. Sources, compositions, and optical properties of humic-like substances in Beijing during the 2014 APEC summit: Results from dual carbon isotope and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:322-331. [PMID: 29674210 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS) are a class of high molecular weight, light-absorbing compounds that are highly related to brown carbon (BrC). In this study, the sources and compositions of HULIS isolated from fine particles collected in Beijing, China during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit were characterized based on carbon isotope (13C and 14C) and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) analyses, respectively. HULIS were the main light-absorbing components of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), accounting for 80.2 ± 6.1% of the WSOC absorption capacity at 365 nm. The carbon isotope data showed that HULIS had a lower non-fossil contribution (53 ± 4%) and were less enriched with 13C (-24.2 ± 0.6‰) relative to non-HULIS (62 ± 8% and -20.8 ± 0.3‰, respectively). The higher relative intensity fraction of sulfur-containing compounds in HULIS before and after APEC was attributed to higher sulfur dioxide levels emitted from fossil fuel combustion, whereas the higher fraction of nitrogen-containing compounds during APEC may have been due to the relatively greater contribution of non-fossil compounds or the influence of nitrate radical chemistry. The results of investigating the relationships among the sources, elemental compositions, and optical properties of HULIS demonstrated that the light absorption of HULIS appeared to increase with increasing unsaturation degree, but decrease with increasing oxidation level. The unsaturation of HULIS was affected by both sources and aging level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhi Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaofei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Haoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengde Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuhong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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