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van Mourik M, Tiemeijer BM, van Zon M, Abinzano F, Tel J, Foolen J, Ito K. Cartilage-derived cells display heterogeneous pericellular matrix synthesis in agarose microgels. Matrix Biol Plus 2024; 23:100157. [PMID: 39139760 PMCID: PMC11321428 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2024.100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The pericellular matrix (PCM) surrounding chondrocytes is essential for articular cartilage tissue engineering. As the current isolation methods to obtain chondrocytes with their PCM (chondrons) result in a heterogeneous mixture of chondrocytes and chondrons, regenerating the PCM using a tissue engineering approach could prove beneficial. In this study, we aimed to discern the behavior of articular chondrocytes (ACs) in regenerating the PCM in such an approach and whether this would also be true for articular cartilage-derived progenitor cells (ACPCs), as an alternative cell source. Bovine ACs and ACPCs were encapsulated in agarose microgels using droplet-based microfluidics. ACs were stimulated with TGF-β1 and dexamethasone and ACPCs were sequentially stimulated with BMP-9 followed by TGF-β1 and dexamethasone. After 0, 3, 5, and 10 days of culture, PCM components, type-VI collagen and perlecan, and ECM component, type-II collagen, were assessed using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Both ACs and ACPCs synthesized the PCM before the ECM. It was seen for the first time that synthesis of type-VI collagen always preceded perlecan. While the PCM synthesized by ACs resembled native chondrons after only 5 days of culture, ACPCs often made less well-structured PCMs. Both cell types showed variations between individual cells and donors. On one hand, this was more prominent in ACPCs, but also a subset of ACPCs showed superior PCM and ECM regeneration, suggesting that isolating these cells may potentially improve cartilage repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes van Mourik
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Gem-Z 1.106, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bart M. Tiemeijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Zon
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Gem-Z 1.106, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Florencia Abinzano
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Gem-Z 1.106, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Foolen
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Gem-Z 1.106, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Gem-Z 1.106, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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2
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Schmidt S, Klampfleuthner FAM, Renkawitz T, Diederichs S. Cause and chondroprotective effects of prostaglandin E2 secretion during mesenchymal stromal cell chondrogenesis. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151412. [PMID: 38608422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that are promising for cartilage tissue engineering secrete high amounts of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an immunoactive mediator involved in endochondral bone development. This study aimed to identify drivers of PGE2 and its role in the inadvertent MSC misdifferentiation into hypertrophic chondrocytes. PGE2 release, which rose in the first three weeks of MSC chondrogenesis, was jointly stimulated by endogenous BMP, WNT, and hedgehog activity that supported the exogenous stimulation by TGF-β1 and insulin to overcome the PGE2 inhibition by dexamethasone. Experiments with PGE2 treatment or the inhibitor celecoxib or specific receptor antagonists demonstrated that PGE2, although driven by prohypertrophic signals, exerted broad autocrine antihypertrophic effects. This chondroprotective effect makes PGE2 not only a promising option for future combinatorial approaches to direct MSC tissue engineering approaches into chondral instead of endochondral development but could potentially have implications for the use of COX-2-selective inhibitors in osteoarthritis pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schmidt
- Experimental Orthopaedics, Research Centre for Molecular and Regenerative Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felicia A M Klampfleuthner
- Experimental Orthopaedics, Research Centre for Molecular and Regenerative Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Renkawitz
- Research Centre for Molecular and Regenerative Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Solvig Diederichs
- Experimental Orthopaedics, Research Centre for Molecular and Regenerative Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Foltz L, Avabhrath N, Lanchy JM, Levy T, Possemato A, Ariss M, Peterson B, Grimes M. Craniofacial chondrogenesis in organoids from human stem cell-derived neural crest cells. iScience 2024; 27:109585. [PMID: 38623327 PMCID: PMC11016914 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of cell signaling pathways that drive human neural crest differentiation into craniofacial chondrocytes is incomplete, yet essential for using stem cells to regenerate craniomaxillofacial structures. To accelerate translational progress, we developed a differentiation protocol that generated self-organizing craniofacial cartilage organoids from human embryonic stem cell-derived neural crest stem cells. Histological staining of cartilage organoids revealed tissue architecture and staining typical of elastic cartilage. Protein and post-translational modification (PTM) mass spectrometry and snRNA-seq data showed that chondrocyte organoids expressed robust levels of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) components: many collagens, aggrecan, perlecan, proteoglycans, and elastic fibers. We identified two populations of chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchyme cells and nascent chondrocytes, and the growth factors involved in paracrine signaling between them. We show that ECM components secreted by chondrocytes not only create a structurally resilient matrix that defines cartilage, but also play a pivotal autocrine cell signaling role in determining chondrocyte fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Foltz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Nagashree Avabhrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Lanchy
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Tyler Levy
- Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA 01923, USA
| | | | - Majd Ariss
- Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA 01923, USA
| | | | - Mark Grimes
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Diederichs S, Dreher SI, Nüesch SA, Schmidt S, Merle C, Richter W. Mesenchymal stromal cell chondrogenesis under ALK1/2/3-specific BMP inhibition: a revision of the prohypertrophic signalling network concept. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:98. [PMID: 38581019 PMCID: PMC10998299 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) driven by the essential chondro-inducer transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is instable and yields undesired hypertrophic cartilage predisposed to bone formation in vivo. TGF-β can non-canonically activate bone morphogenetic protein-associated ALK1/2/3 receptors. These have been accused of driving hypertrophic MSC misdifferentiation, but data remained conflicting. We here tested the antihypertrophic capacity of two highly specific ALK1/2/3 inhibitors - compound A (CompA) and LDN-212854 (LDN21) - in order to reveal potential prohypertrophic contributions of these BMP/non-canonical TGF-β receptors during MSC in vitro chondrogenesis. METHODS Standard chondrogenic pellet cultures of human bone marrow-derived MSCs were treated with TGF-β and CompA (500 nM) or LDN21 (500 nM). Daily 6-hour pulses of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP[1-34], 2.5 nM, from day 7) served as potent antihypertrophic control treatment. Day 28 samples were subcutaneously implanted into immunodeficient mice. RESULTS All groups underwent strong chondrogenesis, but GAG/DNA deposition and ACAN expression were slightly but significantly reduced by ALK inhibition compared to solvent controls along with a mild decrease of the hypertrophy markers IHH-, SPP1-mRNA, and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. When corrected for the degree of chondrogenesis (COL2A1 expression), only pulsed PTHrP but not ALK1/2/3 inhibition qualified as antihypertrophic treatment. In vivo, all subcutaneous cartilaginous implants mineralized within 8 weeks, but PTHrP pretreated samples formed less bone and attracted significantly less haematopoietic marrow than ALK1/2/3 inhibitor groups. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data show that BMP-ALK1/2/3 inhibition cannot program mesenchymal stromal cells toward stable chondrogenesis. BMP-ALK1/2/3 signalling is no driver of hypertrophic MSC misdifferentiation and BMP receptor induction is not an adverse prohypertrophic side effect of TGF-β that leads to endochondral MSC misdifferentiation. Instead, the prohypertrophic network comprises misregulated PTHrP/hedgehog signalling and WNT activity, and a potential contribution of TGF-β-ALK4/5-mediated SMAD1/5/9 signalling should be further investigated to decide about its postulated prohypertrophic activity. This will help to successfully engineer cartilage replacement tissues from MSCs in vitro and translate these into clinical cartilage regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg, 69118, Germany.
| | - Simon I Dreher
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg, 69118, Germany
| | - Sarah Anna Nüesch
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg, 69118, Germany
| | - Sven Schmidt
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg, 69118, Germany
| | - Christian Merle
- Orthopaedic University Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Orthopädische Klinik Paulinenhilfe, Diakonieklinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg, 69118, Germany
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Mahajan A, Nengroo MA, Datta D, Katti DS. Converse modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during expansion and differentiation phases of Infrapatellar fat pad-derived MSCs for improved engineering of hyaline cartilage. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122296. [PMID: 37696204 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potential candidates in cell-based therapy for cartilage repair and regeneration. However, during chondrogenic differentiation, MSCs undergo undesirable hypertrophic maturation. This poses a risk of ossification in the neo-tissue formed that eventually impedes the clinical use of MSCs for cartilage repair. TGF-β is a potent growth factor used for chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, however, its role in hypertrophy remains ambiguous. In the present work, we decipher that TGF-β activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling through SMAD3 and increases the propensity of Infrapatellar fat pad derived MSCs (IFP-MSCs) towards hypertrophy. Notably, inhibiting TGF-β induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling suppresses hypertrophic progression and enhances chondrogenic ability of IFP-MSCs in plasma hydrogels. Additionally, we demonstrate that activating Wnt signaling during expansion phase, promotes proliferation and reduces senescence, while improving stemness of IFP-MSCs. Thus, conversely modulating Wnt signaling in vitro during expansion and differentiation phases generates hyaline-like cartilage with minimal hypertrophy. Importantly, pre-treatment of IFP-MSCs encapsulated in plasma hydrogel with Wnt modulators followed by subcutaneous implantation in nude mice resulted in formation of a cartilage tissue with negligible calcification. Overall, this study provides technological advancement on targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway in a 3D scaffold, while maintaining the standard chondro-induction protocol to overcome the challenges associated with the clinical use of MSCs to engineer hyaline cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Mahajan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India; The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mushtaq A Nengroo
- Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhirendra S Katti
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India; The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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6
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Xiong F, Chevalier Y, Klar RM. Parallel Chondrogenesis and Osteogenesis Tissue Morphogenesis in Muscle Tissue via Combinations of TGF-β Supergene Family Members. Cartilage 2023:19476035231196224. [PMID: 37714817 DOI: 10.1177/19476035231196224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to decipher the temporal and spatial signaling code for clinical cartilage and bone regeneration. We investigated the effects of continuous equal dosages of a single, dual, or triplicate growth factor combination of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3, and/or BMP-7 on muscle tissue over a culturing period. The hypothesis was that specific growth factor combinations at specific time points direct tissue transformation toward endochondral bone or cartilage formation. DESIGN The harvested muscle tissues from F-344 adult male rats were cultured in 96-well plates maintained in a specific medium and cultured at specific conditions. And the multidimensional and multi-time point analyses were performed at both the genetic and protein levels. RESULTS The results insinuate that the application of growth factor stimulates a chaotic tissue response that does not follow a chronological signaling cascade. Both osteogenic and chondrogenic genes showed upregulation after induction, a similar result was also observed in the semiquantitative analysis after immunohistochemical staining against different antigens. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that multiple TGF-β superfamily proteins applied to tissue stimulate developmental tissue processes that do not follow current tissue formation rules. The findings contribute to the understanding of the chronological order of signals and expression patterns needed to achieve chondrogenesis, articular chondrogenesis, or osteogenesis, which is crucial for the development of treatments that can regrow bone and articular cartilage clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiong
- Wuxi Hand Surgery Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Chevalier
- Department of Orthopedics, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Klar
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO, USA
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7
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Hammersen T, Buchert J, Zietzschmann S, Diederichs S, Richter W. Inverse Regulation of Cartilage Neogenesis at Physiologically Relevant Calcium Conditions by Human Articular Chondrocytes and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1659. [PMID: 37371129 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elaborate bioreactor cultivation or expensive growth factor supplementation can enhance extracellular matrix production in engineered neocartilage to provide sufficient mechanical resistance. We here investigated whether raising extracellular calcium levels in chondrogenic cultures to physiologically relevant levels would provide a simple and inexpensive alternative to enhance cartilage neogenesis from human articular chondrocytes (AC) or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC). Interestingly, AC and BMSC-derived chondrocytes showed an opposite response to a calcium increase from 1.8 mM to 8 mM by which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen type II production were elevated during BMSC chondrogenesis but depressed in AC, leading to two-fold higher GAG/DNA values in BMSC-based neocartilage compared to the AC group. According to control treatments with Mg2+ or sucrose, these effects were specific for CaCl2 rather than divalent cations or osmolarity. Importantly, undesired pro-hypertrophic traits were not stimulated by calcium treatment. Specific induction of PTHrP mRNA and protein by 8.0mM calcium only in AC, along with negative effects of recombinant PTHrP1-34 on cartilage matrix production, suggested that the PTHrP pathway contributed to the detrimental effects in AC-based neocartilage. Altogether, raising extracellular calcium levels was discovered as a novel, simple and inexpensive stimulator for BMSC-based cartilage neogenesis without the need for special bioreactors, whereas such conditions should be avoided for AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hammersen
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justyna Buchert
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Severin Zietzschmann
- Orthopaedic Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
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Shen F, Huang X, He G, Shi Y. The emerging studies on mesenchymal progenitors in the long bone. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:105. [PMID: 37301964 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitors (MPs) are considered to play vital roles in bone development, growth, bone turnover, and repair. In recent years, benefiting from advanced approaches such as single-cell sequence, lineage tracing, flow cytometry, and transplantation, multiple MPs are identified and characterized in several locations of bone, including perichondrium, growth plate, periosteum, endosteum, trabecular bone, and stromal compartment. However, although great discoveries about skeletal stem cells (SSCs) and progenitors are present, it is still largely obscure how the varied landscape of MPs from different residing sites diversely contribute to the further differentiation of osteoblasts, osteocytes, chondrocytes, and other stromal cells in their respective destiny sites during development and regeneration. Here we discuss recent findings on MPs' origin, differentiation, and maintenance during long bone development and homeostasis, providing clues and models of how the MPs contribute to bone development and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guangxu He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, NO. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Sorimachi Y, Kobayashi H, Shiozawa Y, Koide S, Nakato R, Shimizu Y, Okamura T, Shirahige K, Iwama A, Goda N, Takubo K, Takubo K. Mesenchymal loss of p53 alters stem cell capacity and models human soft tissue sarcoma traits. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1211-1226. [PMID: 37059101 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors that originate from mesenchymal cells. p53 is frequently mutated in human STS. In this study, we found that the loss of p53 in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) mainly causes adult undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma (USTS). MSCs lacking p53 show changes in stem cell properties, including differentiation, cell cycle progression, and metabolism. The transcriptomic changes and genetic mutations in murine p53-deficient USTS mimic those seen in human STS. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that MSCs undergo transcriptomic alterations with aging-a risk factor for certain types of USTS-and that p53 signaling decreases simultaneously. Moreover, we found that human STS can be transcriptomically classified into six clusters with different prognoses, different from the current histopathological classification. This study paves the way for understanding MSC-mediated tumorigenesis and provides an efficient mouse model for sarcoma studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Sorimachi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Department of Life Sciences and Medical BioScience, Waseda University School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shiozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shuhei Koide
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Nakato
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Laboratory of Computational Genomics, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Goda
- Department of Life Sciences and Medical BioScience, Waseda University School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kaiyo Takubo
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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10
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Kang X, Zhang K, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Lu Y. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of human chondrocytes reveals cell-cell communication alterations mediated by interactive signaling pathways in osteoarthritis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1099287. [PMID: 37082621 PMCID: PMC10112522 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1099287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disorder characterized by degenerative articular cartilage, subchondral bone remodeling, and inflammation. Increasing evidence suggests that the substantial crosstalk between cartilage and synovium is closely related to Osteoarthritis development, but the events that cause this degeneration remain unknown. This study aimed to explore the alterations in intercellular communication involved in the pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis using bioinformatics analysis. Methods: Single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiles derived from articular cartilage tissue of patients with Osteoarthritis were downloaded from a public database. Chondrocyte heterogeneity was assessed using computational analysis, and cell type identification and clustering analysis were performed using the "FindClusters" function in the Seurat package. Intercellular communication networks, including major signaling inputs and outputs for cells, were predicted, and analyzed using CellChat. Results: Seven molecularly defined chondrocytes clusters (homeostatic chondrocytes, hypertrophic chondrocyte (HTC), pre-HTC, regulatory chondrocytes, fibro-chondrocytes (FC), pre-FC, and reparative chondrocyte) with different compositions were identified in the damaged cartilage. Compared to those in the intact cartilage, the overall cell-cell communication frequency and communication strength were remarkably increased in the damaged cartilage. The cellular communication among chondrocyte subtypes mediated by signaling pathways, such as PTN, VISFATIN, SPP1, and TGF-β, was selectively altered in Osteoarthritis. Moreover, we verified that SPP1 pathway enrichment scores increased, but VISFATIN pathway enrichment scores decreased based on the bulk rna-seq datasets in Osteoarthritis. Conclusion: Our results revealed alterations in cell-cell communication among OA-related chondrocyte subtypes that were mediated by specific signaling pathways, which might be a crucial underlying mechanism associated with Osteoarthritis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kailiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yakang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yao Lu, ; Yang Zhao,
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yao Lu, ; Yang Zhao,
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11
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Xiang S, Lin Z, Makarcyzk MJ, Riewruja K, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li Z, Clark KL, Li E, Liu S, Hao T, Fritch MR, Alexander PG, Lin H. Differences in the intrinsic chondrogenic potential of human mesenchymal stromal cells and iPSC-derived multipotent cells. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1112. [PMID: 36536500 PMCID: PMC9763539 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human multipotent progenitor cells (hiMPCs) created from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a new cell source for cartilage regeneration. In most studies, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are needed to enhance transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-induced hiMPC chondrogenesis. In contrast, TGFβ alone is sufficient to result in robust chondrogenesis of human primary mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). Currently, the mechanism underlying this difference between hiMPCs and hMSCs has not been fully understood. METHODS In this study, we first tested different growth factors alone or in combination in stimulating hiMPC chondrogenesis, with a special focus on chondrocytic hypertrophy. The reparative capacity of hiMPCs-derived cartilage was assessed in an osteochondral defect model created in rats. hMSCs isolated from bone marrow were included in all studies as the control. Lastly, a mechanistic study was conducted to understand why hiMPCs and hMSCs behave differently in responding to TGFβ. RESULTS Chondrogenic medium supplemented with TGFβ3 and BMP6 led to robust in vitro cartilage formation from hiMPCs with minimal hypertrophy. Cartilage tissue generated from this new method was resistant to osteogenic transition upon subcutaneous implantation and resulted in a hyaline cartilage-like regeneration in osteochondral defects in rats. Interestingly, TGFβ3 induced phosphorylation of both Smad2/3 and Smad1/5 in hMSCs, but only activated Smad2/3 in hiMPCs. Supplementing BMP6 activated Smad1/5 and significantly enhanced TGFβ's compacity in inducing hiMPC chondrogenesis. The chondro-promoting function of BMP6 was abolished by the treatment of a BMP pathway inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a robust method to generate chondrocytes from hiMPCs with low hypertrophy for hyaline cartilage repair, as well as elucidates the difference between hMSCs and hiMPCs in response to TGFβ. Our results also indicated the importance of activating both Smad2/3 and Smad1/5 in the initiation of chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanPR China
| | - Zixuan Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Meagan J. Makarcyzk
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh Swanson School of EngineeringPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kanyakorn Riewruja
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton Research Unit, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross SocietyBangkokThailand
| | - Yiqian Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Xiurui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Karen L. Clark
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Eileen Li
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tingjun Hao
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Madalyn R. Fritch
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Peter G. Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Pittsburgh Swanson School of EngineeringPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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12
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Setiawan AM, Kamarudin TA, Abd Ghafar N. The role of BMP4 in adipose-derived stem cell differentiation: A minireview. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1045103. [PMID: 36340030 PMCID: PMC9634734 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1045103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines responsible for stem cells’ commitment to differentiation, proliferation, and maturation. To date, various studies have utilized BMP4 as a chemical inducer for in vitro differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) based on its potential. BMP4 drives in vitro differentiation of ADSC via TGF-β signaling pathway by interactions with BMP receptors leading to the activation of smad-dependent and smad-independent pathways. The BMP4 signaling pathways are regulated by intracellular and extracellular BMP4 antagonists. Extracellular BMP4 antagonist prevents interaction between BMP4 ligand to its receptors, while intracellular BMP4 antagonist shutdowns the smad-dependent pathways through multiple mechanisms. BMP4 proved as one of the popular differentiation factors to induce ADSC differentiation into cell from mesodermal origin. However, addition of all-trans retinoic acid is also needed in trans-differentiation of ADSC into ectodermal lineage cells. Suggesting that both BMP4 and RA signaling pathways may be necessary to be activated for in vitro trans-differentiation of ADSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Malik Setiawan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Anatomy, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Taty Anna Kamarudin
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Taty Anna Kamarudin,
| | - Norzana Abd Ghafar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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13
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Stage-Dependent Activity and Pro-Chondrogenic Function of PI3K/AKT during Cartilage Neogenesis from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192965. [PMID: 36230927 PMCID: PMC9563299 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) into articular chondrocytes (ACs) for application in clinical cartilage regeneration requires a profound understanding of signaling pathways regulating stem cell chondrogenesis and hypertrophic degeneration. Classifying endochondral signals into drivers of chondrogenic speed versus hypertrophy, we here focused on insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)-induced phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling. Aware of its proliferative function during early but not late MSC chondrogenesis, we aimed to unravel the late pro-chondrogenic versus pro-hypertrophic PI3K/AKT role. PI3K/AKT activity in human MSC and AC chondrogenic 3D cultures was assessed via Western blot detection of phosphorylated AKT. The effects of PI3K inhibition with LY294002 on chondrogenesis and hypertrophy were assessed via histology, qPCR, the quantification of proteoglycans, and alkaline phosphatase activity. Being repressed by ACs, PI3K/AKT activity transiently rose in differentiating MSCs independent of TGFβ or endogenous BMP/WNT activity and climaxed around day 21. PI3K/AKT inhibition from day 21 on equally reduced chondrocyte and hypertrophy markers. Proving important for TGFβ-induced SMAD2 phosphorylation and SOX9 accumulation, PI3K/AKT activity was here identified as a required stage-dependent driver of chondrogenic speed but not of hypertrophy. Thus, future attempts to improve MSC chondrogenesis will depend on the adequate stimulation and upregulation of PI3K/AKT activity to generate high-quality cartilage from human MSCs.
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Prognostic Modeling of Lung Adenocarcinoma Based on Hypoxia and Ferroptosis-Related Genes. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:1022580. [PMID: 36245988 PMCID: PMC9553523 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1022580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. It is well known that hypoxia and ferroptosis are intimately connected with tumor development. The purpose of this investigation was to identify whether they have a prognostic signature. To this end, genes related to hypoxia and ferroptosis scores were investigated using bioinformatics analysis to stratify the risk of lung adenocarcinoma. Methods. Hypoxia and ferroptosis scores were estimated using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database-derived cohort transcriptome profiles via the single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm. The candidate genes associated with hypoxia and ferroptosis scores were identified using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and differential expression analysis. The prognostic genes in this study were discovered using the Cox regression (CR) model in conjunction with the LASSO method, which was then utilized to create a prognostic signature. The efficacy, accuracy, and clinical value of the prognostic model were evaluated using an independent validation cohort, Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve, and nomogram. The analysis of function and immune cell infiltration was also carried out. Results. Here, we appraised 152 candidate genes expressed not the same, which were related to hypoxia and ferroptosis for prognostic modeling in The Cancer Genome Atlas Lung Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-LUAD) cohort, and these genes were further validated in the GSE31210 cohort. We found that the 14-gene-based prognostic model, utilizing MAPK4, TNS4, WFDC2, FSTL3, ITGA2, KLK11, PHLDB2, VGLL3, SNX30, KCNQ3, SMAD9, ANGPTL4, LAMA3, and STK32A, performed well in predicting the prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. ROC and nomogram analyses showed that risk scores based on prognostic signatures provided desirable predictive accuracy and clinical utility. Moreover, gene set variance analysis showed differential enrichment of 33 hallmark gene sets between different risk groups. Additionally, our results indicated that a higher risk score will lead to more fibroblasts and activated CD4 T cells but fewer myeloid dendritic cells, endothelial cells, eosinophils, immature dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Conclusion. Our research found a 14-gene signature and established a nomogram that accurately predicted the prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Clinical decision-making and therapeutic customization may benefit from these results, which may serve as a valuable reference in the future.
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Long Noncoding RNA Zinc Finger Antisense 1 Affects Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head by Performing as a ceRNA for MicroRNA-124-3p and Accelerating Transforming Growth Factor Type III Receptor. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4487864. [PMID: 35898479 PMCID: PMC9313949 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4487864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, plentiful studies have uncovered the long noncoding RNA's (lncRNA's) momentous functions in osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), but the specific mechanism has not been fully illustrated. The study was to figure out lncRNA Zinc finger antisense 1 (LncZFAS1)'s biological function and its latent downstream molecular mechanism in glucocorticoid- (GC-) induced ONFH. The results manifested LncZFAS1 and transforming growth factor type III receptor (TGFBR3) were elevated, while microRNA- (miR-) 124-3p was reduced in ONFH tissues and cells. Knockdown LncZFA1 reduced rat femoral cell apoptosis, perfected bone microstructure and bone density, and accelerated osteogenic proteins bone morphogenetic protein- (BMP-) 9, BMP-3, and osteocalcin. In vitro studies manifested knockdown LncZFAS1 prevented GC-induced reduction in osteoblast advancement with facilitating osteoblast calcification capacity, ALP activity, and osteogenic proteins. Elevation of LncZFAS1 further aggravated GC-induced osteoblast injury, but this effect was turned around by enhancement of miR-124-3p or knockdown of TGFBR3. Mechanistically, LncZFAS1 performed as a sponge for miR-124-3p to mediate TGFBR3 expression to motivate GC-induced ONFH. All in all, the results of this study indicate the LncZFAS1/miR-124-3p/TGFBR3 axis is supposed to be a latent therapeutic molecular target for GC-induced ONFH.
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16
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Kim JG, Rim YA, Ju JH. The Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Joint Homeostasis and Cartilage Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2022; 28:570-587. [PMID: 35331016 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2022.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is an important regulator of joint homeostasis, of which dysregulation is closely associated with the development of osteoarthritis (OA). In normal conditions, its biological functions in a joint environment are joint protective, but it can be dramatically altered in different contexts, making its therapeutic application a challenge. However, with the deeper insights into the TGF-β functions, it has been proven that TGF-β augments cartilage regeneration by chondrocytes, and differentiates both the precursor cells of chondrocytes and stem cells into cartilage-generating chondrocytes. Following documentation of the therapeutic efficacy of chondrocytes augmented by TGF-β in the last decade, there is an ongoing phase III clinical trial examining the therapeutic efficacy of a mixture of allogeneic chondrocytes and TGF-β-overexpressing cells. To prepare cartilage-restoring chondrocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), the stem cells are differentiated mainly using TGF-β with some other growth factors. Of note, clinical trials evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of iPSCs for OA are scheduled this year. Mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs) have inherent limitations in that they differentiate into the osteochondral pathway, resulting in the production of poor-quality cartilage. Despite the established essential role of TGF-β in chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, whether the coordinated use of TGF-β in MSC-based therapy for degenerated cartilage is effective is unknown. We herein reviewed the general characteristics and mechanism of action of TGF-β in a joint environment. Furthermore, we discussed the core interaction of TGF-β with principal cells of OA cell-based therapies, the chondrocytes, MSCs, and iPSCs. Impact Statement Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) has been widely used as a core regulator to improve or formulate therapeutic regenerative cells for degenerative joints. It differentiates stem cells into chondrocytes and improves the chondrogenic potential of differentiated chondrocytes. Herein, we discussed the overall characteristics of TGF-β and reviewed the comprehension and utilization of TGF-β in cell-based therapy for degenerative joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Gon Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yeri Alice Rim
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Liu S, Shen B, Loor JJ, Jiang Q, Yuan Y, Kong Y, Tan P, Zeng F, Zhao C, Zhu X, Wang J. Strontium Regulates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Isolated Primary Bovine Chondrocytes via the TGFβ/SMAD Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925302. [PMID: 35712700 PMCID: PMC9197245 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of strontium (Sr) on proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes isolated from dairy cows, and whether Sr exerts its effects via transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling. The chondrocytes were isolated from patellar cartilage from newborn Holstein bull calves (n = 3, 1 day old, 38.0 ± 2.8 kg, fasting) within 15 min after euthanasia, and treated with different concentrations of Sr (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/ml, as SrCl2·6H2O). After pretreatment with or without activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) inhibitor (10 μM SB-505124) for 4 h, chondrocytes were incubated with Sr for another 4 h. Overall effects of Sr were evaluated relative to NaCl as the control. In contrast, the 1 μg/ml Sr-treated group served as the control to determine effects of preincubating with SB-505124. Western blot and qRT-PCR were used for measuring expression of proliferation-, differentiation-, and TGFβ1-responsive factors. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in GraphPad Prism 7.0. Incubation with all doses of Sr increased TGFβ1/ALK5-induced SMAD3 phosphorylation, and at 10 μg/ml it inhibited ALK1-induced SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation. Expression of mRNA and protein of the proliferation-responsive factors type Ⅱ Collagen α1 (COL2A1) and aggrecan (ACAN) was induced by Sr at 1 μg/ml. In contrast, Sr at 10 μg/ml inhibited the expression of differentiation-responsive factors type Ⅹ Collagen α1 (COL10A1) and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), and at 1 μg/ml it had the same effect on alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) mRNA and protein levels. Cells were stained with PI/RNase Staining buffer to assess cell cycle activity using flow-cytometry. Incubation with Sr at 1 and 10 μg/ml induced an increase in the number of cells in the S-phase, leading to an increase in the proliferation index. Incubation with SB-505124 inhibited phosphorylation of SMAD3. Abundance of ACAN and COL2A1 mRNA and protein was lower when cells were pre-incubated with SB-505124. Overall, data indicated that Sr promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation of primary chondrocytes by directing TGFβ1 signaling towards SMAD3 phosphorylation rather than SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation. Whether these effects occur in vivo remains to be determined and could impact future application of Sr as an experimental tool in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Bingyu Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yang Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yezi Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Panpan Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Fangyuan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jianguo Wang,
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18
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Diaz-Payno PJ, Browe D, Freeman FE, Nulty J, Burdis R, Kelly DJ. GREM1 suppresses hypertrophy of engineered cartilage in vitro but not bone formation in vivo. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:724-736. [PMID: 35297694 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current repair of articular cartilage (AC) often leads to a lower quality tissue with an unstable hypertrophic phenotype, susceptible to endochondral ossification and development of osteoarthritis. Engineering phenotypically stable AC remains a significant challenge in the cartilage engineering field. This motivates new strategies inspired from the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins unique to phenotypically stable AC. We have previously shown that BMP antagonist gremlin-1 (GREM1) protein, present in permanent but not transient cartilage, suppresses the hypertrophy of chondrogenically primed bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) in pellet culture. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of GREM1 on the in vitro and in vivo phenotypic stability of porcine BMSC derived cartilage engineered within chondro-permissive scaffolds. In addition, we explored whether GREM1 would synergise with physioxia, a potent chondrogenesis regulator, when engineering cartilage grafts. GREM1 did not influence the expression of chondrogenic markers (SOX-9, COL2A1), but did suppress the expression of hypertrophic markers (MMP13, COL10A1) in vitro. Cartilage engineered with GREM1 contained higher levels of residual cartilage after 4 weeks in vivo, but endochondral bone formation was not prevented. Higher GREM1 levels did not significantly alter the fate of engineered tissues in vitro or in vivo. The combination of physioxia and GREM1 resulted in higher sGAG deposition in vitro and greater retention of cartilage matrix in vivo than physioxia alone, but again did not suppress endochondral ossification. Therefore, while physioxia and GREM1 regulate BMSCs chondrogenesis in vitro and reduce cartilage loss in vivo, their use does not guarantee the development of stable cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Diaz-Payno
- University of Dublin Trinity College Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 548636, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - David Browe
- University of Dublin Trinity College Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 548636, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Fiona E Freeman
- University of Dublin Trinity College Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 548636, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Jessica Nulty
- University of Dublin Trinity College Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 548636, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Ross Burdis
- University of Dublin Trinity College Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 548636, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Daniel John Kelly
- University of Dublin Trinity College Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 548636, Dublin, Ireland;
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19
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Franco RAG, McKenna E, Robey PG, Shajib MS, Crawford RW, Doran MR, Futrega K. Inhibition of BMP signaling with LDN 193189 can influence bone marrow stromal cell fate but does not prevent hypertrophy during chondrogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:616-632. [PMID: 35180395 PMCID: PMC9039850 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) cascades are upregulated during bone marrow-derived stromal cell (BMSC) chondrogenesis, contributing to hypertrophy and preventing effective BMSC-mediated cartilage repair. Previous work demonstrated that a proprietary BMP inhibitor prevented BMSC hypertrophy, yielding stable cartilage tissue. Because of the significant therapeutic potential of a molecule capable of hypertrophy blockade, we evaluated the capacity of a commercially available BMP type I receptor inhibitor with similar properties, LDN 193189, to prevent BMSC hypertrophy. Using 14-day microtissue chondrogenic induction cultures we found that LDN 193189 permitted BMSC chondrogenesis but did not prevent hypertrophy. LDN 193189 was sufficiently potent to counter mineralization and adipogenesis in response to exogenous BMP-2 in osteogenic induction cultures. LDN 193189 did not modify BMSC behavior in adipogenic induction cultures. Although LDN 193189 is effective in countering BMP signaling in a manner that influences BMSC fate, this blockade is insufficient to prevent hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Ann G Franco
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eamonn McKenna
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Md Shaffiulah Shajib
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ross W Crawford
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael R Doran
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Kathryn Futrega
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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20
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Hu X, Zhang W, Li X, Zhong D, Li Y, Li J, Jin R. Strategies to Modulate the Redifferentiation of Chondrocytes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:764193. [PMID: 34881234 PMCID: PMC8645990 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.764193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the low self-healing capacity of articular cartilage, cartilage injuries and degenerations triggered by various diseases are almost irreversible. Previous studies have suggested that human chondrocytes cultured in vitro tend to dedifferentiate during the cell-amplification phase and lose the physiological properties and functions of the cartilage itself, which is currently a critical limitation in the cultivation of cartilage for tissue engineering. Recently, numerous studies have focused on the modulation of chondrocyte redifferentiation. Researchers discovered the effect of various conditions (extracellular environment, cell sources, growth factors and redifferentiation inducers, and gene silencing and overexpression) on the redifferentiation of chondrocytes during the in vitro expansion of cells, and obtained cartilage tissue cultured in vitro that exhibited physiological characteristics and functions that were similar to those of human cartilage tissue. Encouragingly, several studies reported positive results regarding the modulation of the redifferentiation of chondrocytes in specific conditions. Here, the various factors and conditions that modulate the redifferentiation of chondrocytes, as well as their limitations and potential applications and challenges are reviewed. We expect to inspire research in the field of cartilage repair toward the future treatment of arthropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshen Hu
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiyang Zhang
- Shool of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongling Zhong
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxi Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongjiang Jin
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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21
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Melnik S, Hofmann N, Gabler J, Hecht N, Richter W. MiR-181a Targets RSPO2 and Regulates Bone Morphogenetic Protein - WNT Signaling Crosstalk During Chondrogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:747057. [PMID: 34778258 PMCID: PMC8586458 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.747057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of WNT and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling crosstalk is in the focus of multiple biological studies, and it also has been discovered to play important roles in human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) that are of great interest for neocartilage engineering due to their high chondrogenic differentiation potential. However, MSC-derived chondrocytes undergo hypertrophic degeneration that impedes their clinical application for cartilage regeneration. In our previous study, we established that several microRNAs (miRs) are differentially expressed between articular chondrocytes (AC) - and MSC-derived neocartilage, with miR-181a being the most prominent candidate as key microRNA involved in the regulation of a balance between chondral and endochondral differentiation. The aim of this study was the identification of precise mRNA targets and signaling pathways regulated by miR-181a in MSC during chondrogenesis. MiR-181a was upregulated during chondrogenesis of MSC, along with an increase of the hypertrophic phenotype in resulting cartilaginous tissue. By in silico analysis combined with miR reporter assay, the WNT signaling activator and BMP signaling repressor RSPO2 was suggested as a target of miR-181a. Further validation experiments confirmed that miR-181a targets RSPO2 mRNA in MSC. It was found that in human MSC miR-181a activated BMP signaling manifested by the accumulation of SOX9 protein and increased phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/9. These effects, together with the concomitant reduction of canonical WNT signaling induced by miR-181a mimic, were in accordance with the effects expected by the loss of RSPO2, thus indicating the causative link between miR-181a and RSPO2. Moreover, we observed that a tight correlation between miR-181a and miR-218 expression levels in healthy human cartilage tissue was disrupted in osteoarthritis (OA) highlighting the importance of the WNT-BMP signaling crosstalk for preventing OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Melnik
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Hofmann
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Gabler
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Hecht
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Chijimatsu R, Miwa S, Okamura G, Miyahara J, Tachibana N, Ishikura H, Higuchi J, Maenohara Y, Tsuji S, Sameshima S, Takagi K, Nakazato K, Kawaguchi K, Yamagami R, Inui H, Taketomi S, Tanaka S, Saito T. Divergence in chondrogenic potential between in vitro and in vivo of adipose- and synovial-stem cells from mouse and human. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:405. [PMID: 34266496 PMCID: PMC8281654 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic stem cell transplantation has been performed for cartilage injury, but the reparative mechanisms are still conflicting. The chondrogenic potential of stem cells are thought as promising features for cartilage therapy; however, the correlation between their potential for chondrogenesis in vitro and in vivo remains undefined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the intrinsic chondrogenic condition depends on cell types and explore an indicator to select useful stem cells for cartilage regeneration. METHODS The chondrogenic potential of two different stem cell types derived from adipose tissue (ASCs) and synovium (SSCs) of mice and humans was assessed using bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP2) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1). Their in vivo chondrogenic potential was validated through transplantation into a mouse osteochondral defect model. RESULTS All cell types showed apparent chondrogenesis under the combination of BMP2 and TGFβ1 in vitro, as assessed by the formation of proteoglycan- and type 2 collagen (COL2)-rich tissues. However, our results vastly differed with those observed following single stimulation among species and cell types; apparent chondrogenesis of mouse SSCs was observed with supplementation of BMP2 or TGFβ1, whereas chondrogenesis of mouse ASCs and human SSCs was observed with supplementation of BMP2 not TGFβ1. Human ASCs showed no obvious chondrogenesis following single stimulation. Mouse SSCs showed the formation of hyaline-like cartilage which had less fibrous components (COL1/3) with supplementation of TGFβ1. However, human cells developed COL1/3+ tissues with all treatments. Transcriptomic analysis for TGFβ receptors and ligands of cells prior to chondrogenic induction did not indicate their distinct reactivity to the TGFβ1 or BMP2. In the transplanted site in vivo, mouse SSCs formed hyaline-like cartilage (proteoglycan+/COL2+/COL1-/COL3-) but other cell types mainly formed COL1/3-positive fibrous tissues in line with in vitro reactivity to TGFβ1. CONCLUSION Optimal chondrogenic factors driving chondrogenesis from somatic stem cells are intrinsically distinct among cell types and species. Among them, the response to TGFβ1 may possibly represent the fate of stem cells when locally transplanted into cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Chijimatsu
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Miwa
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Junya Miyahara
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Tachibana
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Ishikura
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Higuchi
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Maenohara
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shin Sameshima
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takagi
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiu Nakazato
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawaguchi
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Yamagami
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inui
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Taketomi
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Miyamoto S, Yoshikawa H, Nakata K. Axial mechanical loading to ex vivo mouse long bone regulates endochondral ossification and endosteal mineralization through activation of the BMP-Smad pathway during postnatal growth. Bone Rep 2021; 15:101088. [PMID: 34141832 PMCID: PMC8188257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading contributes to bone development, growth, and metabolism. However, the mechanisms underlying long bone mineralization via changes in loading during the growth period are unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying endochondral ossification and endosteal mineralization by developing an ex vivo organ culture model with cyclic axial mechanical loads. The metacarpal bones of 3-week-old C57BL/6 mice were exposed to mechanical loading (0, 7.8, and 78 mN) for 1 h/day for 4 days. Histomorphometry revealed that axial mechanical loading regulated the thickness of the calcified zone in the growth plate and endosteal mineralization in the diaphysis in a load-dependent manner. Mechanical loading also resulted in load-dependent upregulation of endochondral ossification and bone mineralization-related genes, including bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2). Recombinant human BMP-2 administration caused similar changes in tissue structures. Conversely, inhibition of the BMP-Smad pathway diminished the stimulatory effects of mechanical loading and BMP-2 administration, suggesting that the effects of mechanical loading may be exerted through activation of the BMP-Smad pathway with the results of gene ontology and pathway analyses. Mechanical loading increased alkaline phosphatase activity and decreased carbonic anhydrase IX (Car9) mRNA expression, resulting in a significant pH increase in the culture supernatant. We hypothesize that, through activation of the BMP-Smad pathway, mechanical loading downregulates Car9, which may alkalize the local milieu, thereby inducing bone formation and long bone mineralization. Our results showed that cyclic axial mechanical loading increased endochondral ossification and endosteal mineralization in developing mouse long bones, which may have resulted from changes in the pH, ALP activity, and Pi/PPi of the extracellular environment. These findings advance our understanding of the regulation of mineralization mechanisms by mechanical loading mediated through activation of the BMP-Smad pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Nakata
- Medicine for Sports and Performing Arts, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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24
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Chen H, Wang Z, Zhou L, Wu B, Lu H, Zhang C, Zhang T. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-4 enhances tendon-to-bone attachment healing in a murine model of rotator cuff tear. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:565. [PMID: 33987263 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Injuries of tendon-to-bone attachments (TBA) are common clinical challenges. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) is potent in chondrogenesis. However, studies focusing on the influence of BMP-4 on the healing of TBA are scarce. Thus, this study's objective was to explore the effect of BMP-4 on the healing of TBA in a murine model of rotator cuff tear. Methods An injury model of the supraspinatus tendon (SST) insertion was established on a total of 120 mature C57 black (BL)/6 mice (12 weeks old), who were then randomly allocated into 3 groups: BMP-4, noggin (an inhibitor of all BMP activities), and control, At weeks 2 and 4 after surgery, the supraspinatus tendon-humerus complexes (SSTHC) were harvested for microradiographic, histologic, immunofluorescent, and biomechanical evaluations. Results Radiographic data showed that BMP-4 was able to improve the quality of subchondral bone, manifested as higher bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and lower trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp). Histologically, the BMP-4 group at week-2 and -4 showed a better TBA healing interface, characterized by better organizational integration and remodeling, thicker fibrocartilage layer, and more fibrocartilage cells. Immunofluorescence evaluation demonstrated that the number of SOX 9 positive cells in the BMP-4 group was significantly more than that in the control or noggin groups at postoperative weeks 2 and 4 (P<0.05 for all). Mechanical testing results at postoperative weeks 4 demonstrated the failure load, and stiffness in the BMP-4 group were significantly higher (P<0.05 for both), while in the noggin group were significantly lower (P<0.05 for both), compared to the control group. Conclusions The BMP-4 might enhance TBA healing by promoting the regeneration of fibrocartilaginous enthesis and mineralization, while this process was inhibited by noggin. Thus, BMP-4 may be a potential therapy to augment TBA healing and finally lead to more rapid rehabilitation and reduce recurrent injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhanwen Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Orthopedic Center, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ciliu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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25
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Spencer H, Moshkbouymatin N, Webb WR, Joshi A, D'Souza A. Update on the role of emerging stem cell technology in head and neck medicine. Head Neck 2021; 43:1928-1938. [PMID: 33751726 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck surgery is a broad discipline that involves the management of complex conditions such as burns, skin cancer, head and neck cancer, congenital abnormalities, and facial rejuvenation. For patients with cancer, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are often the main modes of treatment. Many patients require follow-up reconstructive surgery, and the use of stem cells offers novel treatments that could aid recovery. Laryngeal, tracheal, and neuronal tissues are frequently damaged by surgery in the head and neck and these tissues have little intrinsic regenerative ability. Pluripotent embryonic stem cells retain the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cells meaning that large tissue defects can be reduced by stimulating new cell growth. Research has demonstrated potential benefits of using stem cells in facial rejuvenation procedures and the management of burns sequelae. The advancements made in the use of adult progenitor stem cells as a possible source for pluripotent stem cells (induced pluripotent stem cells) mean that ethical considerations around the use of embryological tissue can be minimized, allowing for more research to take place. Currently, the evidence base for the use of stem cells in head and neck surgery is limited, but it has now been proven that stem cells can act as a source for lost or damaged tissue in the head and neck. With continuous advancements being made in the fields of tissue engineering, it is likely that stem cells will play a major role in head and neck surgery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Spencer
- Department of Vascular Surgery, St Georges Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - William Richard Webb
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Social Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Chatham, UK
| | - Anil Joshi
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK
| | - Alwyn D'Souza
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, University Hospital Lewisham, London, UK
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26
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Zhai Y, Zhao B, Wang Y, Li L, Li J, Li X, Chang L, Chen Q, Liao Z. Construction of the optimization prognostic model based on differentially expressed immune genes of lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:213. [PMID: 33648465 PMCID: PMC7923649 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common pathology subtype of lung cancer. In recent years, immunotherapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapeutics conferred a certain curative effects. However, the effect and prognosis of LUAD patients are different, and the efficacy of existing LUAD risk prediction models is unsatisfactory. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) LUAD dataset was downloaded. The differentially expressed immune genes (DEIGs) were analyzed with edgeR and DESeq2. The prognostic DEIGs were identified by COX regression. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was inferred by STRING using prognostic DEIGs with p value< 0.05. The prognostic model based on DEIGs was established using Lasso regression. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression of FERMT2, FKBP3, SMAD9, GATA2, and ITIH4 in 30 cases of LUAD tissues. Results In total,1654 DEIGs were identified, of which 436 genes were prognostic. Gene functional enrichment analysis indicated that the DEIGs were involved in inflammatory pathways. We constructed 4 models using DEIGs. Finally, model 4, which was constructed using the 436 DEIGs performed the best in prognostic predictions, the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was 0.824 for 3 years, 0.838 for 5 years, 0.834 for 10 years. High levels of FERMT2, FKBP3 and low levels of SMAD9, GATA2, ITIH4 expression are related to the poor overall survival in LUAD (p < 0.05). The prognostic model based on DEIGs reflected infiltration by immune cells. Conclusions In our study, we built an optimal prognostic signature for LUAD using DEIGs and verified the expression of selected genes in LUAD. Our result suggests immune signature can be harnessed to obtain prognostic insights. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-07911-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhai
- Department of Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, China.,The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Department of Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjin Li
- Department of Vasculocardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical College, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhan Chang
- Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Reproduction, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical College, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China.
| | - Zijun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Lam ATL, Lee AP, Jayaraman P, Tan KY, Raghothaman D, Lim HL, Cheng H, Zhou L, Tan AHM, Reuveny S, Oh S. Multiomics analyses of cytokines, genes, miRNA, and regulatory networks in human mesenchymal stem cells expanded in stirred microcarrier-spinner cultures. Stem Cell Res 2021; 53:102272. [PMID: 33676128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are of great clinical interest as a form of allogenic therapy due to their excellent regenerative and immunomodulatory effects for various therapeutic indications. Stirred suspension bioreactors using microcarriers (MC) have been used for large-scale production of MSCs compared to planar cultivation systems. Previously, we have demonstrated that expansion of MSCs in MC-spinner cultures improved chondrogenic, osteogenic, and cell migration potentials as compared to monolayer-static cultures. In this study, we sought to address this by analyzing global gene expression patterns, miRNA profiles and secretome under both monolayer-static and MC-spinner cultures in serum-free medium at different growth phases. The datasets revealed differential expression patterns that correlated with potentially improved MSC properties in cells from MC-spinner cultures compared to those of monolayer-static cultures. Transcriptome analysis identified a unique expression signature for cells from MC-spinner cultures, which correlated well with miRNA expression, and cytokine secretion involved in key MSC functions. Importantly, MC-spinner cultures and conditioned medium showed increased expression of factors that possibly enhance pathways of extracellular matrix dynamics, cellular metabolism, differentiation potential, immunoregulatory function, and wound healing. This systematic analysis provides insights for the efficient optimization of stem cell bioprocessing and infers that MC-based bioprocess manufacturing could improve post-expansion cellular properties for stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Tin-Lun Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
| | - Alison P Lee
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Premkumar Jayaraman
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kah Yong Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Deepak Raghothaman
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Hsueh Lee Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - He Cheng
- MiRXES, 2 Tukang Innovation Grove, JTC MedTech Hub, Singapore
| | - Lihan Zhou
- MiRXES, 2 Tukang Innovation Grove, JTC MedTech Hub, Singapore
| | - Andy Hee-Meng Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Steve Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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28
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Wu CL, Dicks A, Steward N, Tang R, Katz DB, Choi YR, Guilak F. Single cell transcriptomic analysis of human pluripotent stem cell chondrogenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:362. [PMID: 33441552 PMCID: PMC7806634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic application of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for cartilage regeneration is largely hindered by the low yield of chondrocytes accompanied by unpredictable and heterogeneous off-target differentiation of cells during chondrogenesis. Here, we combine bulk RNA sequencing, single cell RNA sequencing, and bioinformatic analyses, including weighted gene co-expression analysis (WGCNA), to investigate the gene regulatory networks regulating hiPSC differentiation under chondrogenic conditions. We identify specific WNTs and MITF as hub genes governing the generation of off-target differentiation into neural cells and melanocytes during hiPSC chondrogenesis. With heterocellular signaling models, we further show that WNT signaling produced by off-target cells is responsible for inducing chondrocyte hypertrophy. By targeting WNTs and MITF, we eliminate these cell lineages, significantly enhancing the yield and homogeneity of hiPSC-derived chondrocytes. Collectively, our findings identify the trajectories and molecular mechanisms governing cell fate decision in hiPSC chondrogenesis, as well as dynamic transcriptome profiles orchestrating chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lung Wu
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Amanda Dicks
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nancy Steward
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ruhang Tang
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dakota B Katz
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yun-Rak Choi
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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29
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Melnik S, Gabler J, Dreher SI, Hecht N, Hofmann N, Großner T, Richter W. MiR-218 affects hypertrophic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells during chondrogenesis via targeting RUNX2, MEF2C, and COL10A1. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:532. [PMID: 33303006 PMCID: PMC7727242 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) hold hopes for cartilage regenerative therapy due to their chondrogenic differentiation potential. However, undesirable occurrence of calcification after ectopic transplantation, known as hypertrophic degeneration, remains the major obstacle limiting application of MSC in cartilage tissue regeneration approaches. There is growing evidence that microRNAs (miRs) play essential roles in post-transcriptional regulation of hypertrophic differentiation during chondrogenesis. Aim of the study was to identify new miR candidates involved in repression of hypertrophy-related targets. Methods The miR expression profile in human articular chondrocytes (AC) was compared to that in hypertrophic chondrocytes derived from human MSC by microarray analysis, and miR expression was validated by qPCR. Putative targets were searched by in silico analysis and validated by miR reporter assay in HEK293T, by functional assays (western blotting and ALP-activity) in transiently transfected SaOS-2 cells, and by a miR pulldown assay in human MSC. The expression profile of miR-218 was assessed by qPCR during in vitro chondrogenesis of MSC and re-differentiation of AC. MSC were transfected with miR-218 mimic, and differentiation outcome was assessed over 28 days. MiR-218 expression was quantified in healthy and osteoarthritic cartilage of patients. Results Within the top 15 miRs differentially expressed between chondral AC versus endochondral MSC differentiation, miR-218 was selected as a candidate miR predicted to target hypertrophy-related genes. MiR-218 was downregulated during chondrogenesis of MSC and showed a negative correlation to hypertrophic markers, such as COL10A1 and MEF2C. It was confirmed in SaOS-2 cells that miR-218 directly targets hypertrophy-related COL10A1, MEF2C, and RUNX2, as a gain of ectopic miR-218 mimic caused drop in MEF2C and RUNX2 protein accumulation, with attenuation of COL10A1 expression and significant concomitant reduction of ALP activity. A miR pulldown assay confirmed that miR-218 directly targets RUNX2, MEF2C in human MSC. Additionally, the gain of miR-218 in human MSC attenuated hypertrophic markers (MEF2C, RUNX2, COL10A1, ALPL), although with no boost of chondrogenic markers (GAG deposition, COL2A1) due to activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling. Moreover, no correlation between miR-218 expression and a pathologic phenotype in the cartilage of osteoarthritis (OA) patients was found. Conclusions Although miR-218 was shown to target pro-hypertrophic markers MEF2C, COL10A1, and RUNX2 in human MSC during chondrogenic differentiation, overall, it could not significantly reduce the hypertrophic phenotype or boost chondrogenesis. This could be explained by a concomitant activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling counteracting the anti-hypertrophic effects of miR-218. Therefore, to achieve a full inhibition of the endochondral pathway, a whole class of anti-hypertrophic miRs, including miR-218, needs to be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Melnik
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Gabler
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon I Dreher
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Hecht
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Hofmann
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Großner
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Enhanced asthma-related fibroblast to myofibroblast transition is the result of profibrotic TGF-β/Smad2/3 pathway intensification and antifibrotic TGF-β/Smad1/5/(8)9 pathway impairment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16492. [PMID: 33020537 PMCID: PMC7536388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway remodelling with subepithelial fibrosis, which abolishes the physiological functions of the bronchial wall, is a major issue in bronchial asthma. Human bronchial fibroblasts (HBFs) derived from patients diagnosed with asthma display in vitro predestination towards TGF-β1-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT), a key event in subepithelial fibrosis. As commonly used anti-asthmatic drugs do not reverse the structural changes of the airways, and the molecular mechanism of enhanced asthma-related TGF-β1-induced FMT is poorly understood, we investigated the balance between the profibrotic TGF-β/Smad2/3 and the antifibrotic TGF-β/Smad1/5/9 signalling pathways and its role in the myofibroblast formation of HBF populations derived from asthmatic and non-asthmatic donors. Our findings showed for the first time that TGF-β-induced activation of the profibrotic Smad2/3 signalling pathway was enhanced, but the activation of the antifibrotic Smad1/5/(8)9 pathway by TGF-β1 was significantly diminished in fibroblasts from asthmatic donors compared to those from their healthy counterparts. The impairment of the antifibrotic TGF-β/Smad1/5/(8)9 pathway in HBFs derived from asthmatic donors was correlated with enhanced FMT. Furthermore, we showed that Smad1 silencing in HBFs from non-asthmatic donors increased the FMT potential in these cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that activation of antifibrotic Smad signalling via BMP7 or isoliquiritigenin [a small-molecule activator of the TGF-β/Smad1/5/(8)9 pathway] administration prevents FMT in HBFs from asthmatic donors through downregulation of profibrotic genes, e.g., α-SMA and fibronectin. Our data suggest that influencing the balance between the antifibrotic and profibrotic TGF-β/Smad signalling pathways using BMP7-mimetic compounds presents an unprecedented opportunity to inhibit subepithelial fibrosis during airway remodelling in asthma.
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31
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Nakayama N, Pothiawala A, Lee JY, Matthias N, Umeda K, Ang BK, Huard J, Huang Y, Sun D. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived chondroprogenitors for cartilage tissue engineering. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2543-2563. [PMID: 31915836 PMCID: PMC11104892 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cartilage of joints, such as meniscus and articular cartilage, is normally long lasting (i.e., permanent). However, once damaged, especially in large animals and humans, joint cartilage is not spontaneously repaired. Compensating the lack of repair activity by supplying cartilage-(re)forming cells, such as chondrocytes or mesenchymal stromal cells, or by transplanting a piece of normal cartilage, has been the basis of therapy for biological restoration of damaged joint cartilage. Unfortunately, current biological therapies face problems on a number of fronts. The joint cartilage is generated de novo from a specialized cell type, termed a 'joint progenitor' or 'interzone cell' during embryogenesis. Therefore, embryonic chondroprogenitors that mimic the property of joint progenitors might be the best type of cell for regenerating joint cartilage in the adult. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are expected to differentiate in culture into any somatic cell type through processes that mimic embryogenesis, making human (h)PSCs a promising source of embryonic chondroprogenitors. The major research goals toward the clinical application of PSCs in joint cartilage regeneration are to (1) efficiently generate lineage-specific chondroprogenitors from hPSCs, (2) expand the chondroprogenitors to the number needed for therapy without loss of their chondrogenic activity, and (3) direct the in vivo or in vitro differentiation of the chondroprogenitors to articular or meniscal (i.e., permanent) chondrocytes rather than growth plate (i.e., transient) chondrocytes. This review is aimed at providing the current state of research toward meeting these goals. We also include our recent achievement of successful generation of "permanent-like" cartilage from long-term expandable, hPSC-derived ectomesenchymal chondroprogenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nakayama
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Azim Pothiawala
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John Y Lee
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nadine Matthias
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Katsutsugu Umeda
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bryan K Ang
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Weil Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deqiang Sun
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
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Carballo CB, Coelho TRP, de Holanda Afonso RC, Faria JCDO, Alves T, Monte SM, Ventura Matioszek GM, Moura-Neto V, de Brito JM. Osteoarthritic Synovial Fluid and TGF-β1 Induce Interleukin-18 in Articular Chondrocytes. Cartilage 2020; 11:385-394. [PMID: 30146893 PMCID: PMC7298592 DOI: 10.1177/1947603518796149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synovial fluid (SF) plays an important role in the maintenance of articular cartilage. SF is a dynamic reservoir of proteins derived from cartilage and synovial tissue; thus, its composition may serve as a biomarker that reflects the health and pathophysiological condition of the joint. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the osteoarthritic synovial fluid (OASF) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) activity in articular chondrocytes catabolic and inflammatory responses. DESIGN Chondrocytes were seeded at passage 2 and cultured for 72 hours under different conditions. Human chondrocytes were subjected to OASF while rat chondrocytes were subjected to either healthy synovial fluid (rSF) or TGF-β1 and then assigned for cell viability analysis. In addition, the effects of OASF and TGF-β1 on chondrocytes metalloprotease (MMP)-3 and MMP-13 and interleukin-18 (IL-18) expression were evaluated by immunocytochemistry, ELISA, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS SF from osteoarthritic patients significantly induced MMP-3, MMP-13, and IL-18 receptor expression in chondrocytes. To put in evidence the inflammatory activity of OASF, healthy chondrocytes from rat were cultured with TGF-β1. In the presence of TGF-β1 these cells started to express MMP-3, MMP-13, and IL-18 genes and attached to each other forming a chondrocyte aggregated structure. Healthy SF was able to maintain a typical monolayer of rounded chondrocytes with no inflammatory response. CONCLUSION In summary, these observations demonstrated that TGF-β1, one of the components of OASF, has a dual effect, acting in chondrocyte maintenance and also inducing inflammatory and catabolic properties of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila B. Carballo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia
Patológica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research
Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thiago R. P. Coelho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Anatomia
Patológica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tercia Alves
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas,
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samylla M. Monte
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas,
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas,
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José M. de Brito
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas,
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,José M. de Brito, Universidade Federal do
Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373,
Bloco F2-01, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
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33
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Rothweiler R, Basoli V, Duttenhoefer F, Kubosch D, Schmelzeisen R, Johnstone B, Alini M, Stoddart MJ. Predicting and Promoting Human Bone Marrow MSC Chondrogenesis by Way of TGFβ Receptor Profiles: Toward Personalized Medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:618. [PMID: 32676497 PMCID: PMC7333220 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) for cartilage regeneration has been hampered by the inherent donor variation of primary monolayer expanded cells. Although CD markers are typically used to characterize cell populations, there is no correlation between CD marker profile and functional outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to discover novel predictive MSC chondrogenesis markers. The chondrogenic potential of primary human bone marrow MSCs (hBMSCs) over multiple passages was assessed by standard pellet culture. We confirmed that the ratio of TGFβ-RI/TGFβ-RII at the time of cell recovery from the tissue culture plastic reliably predicted chondrogenic potential. Furthermore, it is possible to prospectively characterize any human BMSC cell population as responders or non-responders with respect to chondrogenic differentiation potential. Transient increase of the ratio with siRNA knockdown of TGFβ-RII reproducibly recovered the chondrogenic differentiation ability of non-responsive MSCs. Together this offers an opportunity to produce a more functionally characterized cell population for use in autologous cartilage repair therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Rothweiler
- Regenerative Orthopaedics, AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Valentina Basoli
- Regenerative Orthopaedics, AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Duttenhoefer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - David Kubosch
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Rainer Schmelzeisen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Brian Johnstone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Mauro Alini
- Regenerative Orthopaedics, AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Martin James Stoddart
- Regenerative Orthopaedics, AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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34
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Childs RD, Nakao H, Isogai N, Murthy A, Landis WJ. An analytical study of neocartilage from microtia and otoplasty surgical remnants: A possible application for BMP7 in microtia development and regeneration. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234650. [PMID: 32555733 PMCID: PMC7299323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate auricular reconstruction by tissue engineering means, this study compared cartilage regenerated from human chondrocytes obtained from either microtia or normal (conchal) tissues discarded from otoplasties. Isolated cells were expanded in vitro, seeded onto nanopolyglycolic acid (nanoPGA) sheets with or without addition of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7), and implanted in nude mice for 10 weeks. On specimen harvest, cartilage development was assessed by gross morphology, histology, and RT-qPCR and microarray analyses. Neocartilages from normal and microtia surgical tissues were found equivalent in their dimensions, qualitative degree of proteoglycan and elastic fiber staining, and quantitative gene expression levels of types II and III collagen, elastin, and SOX5. Microarray analysis, applied for the first time for normal and microtia neocartilage comparison, yielded no genes that were statistically significantly different in expression between these two sample groups. These results support use of microtia tissue as a cell source for normal auricular reconstruction. Comparison of normal and microtia cells, each seeded on nanoPGA and supplemented with BMP7 in a slow-release hydrogel, showed statistically significant differences in certain genes identified by microarray analysis. Such differences were also noted in several analyses comparing counterpart seeded cells without BMP7. Summary data suggest a possible application for BMP7 in microtia cartilage regeneration and encourage further studies to elucidate whether such genotypic differences translate to phenotypic characteristics of the human microtic ear. The present work advances understanding relevant to the potential clinical use of microtia surgical remnants as a suitable cell source for tissue engineering of the pinna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin DiFeo Childs
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University Medical School, Osaka sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakao
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Noritaka Isogai
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ananth Murthy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University Medical School, Osaka sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - William J. Landis
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Morgan BJ, Bauza-Mayol G, Gardner OFW, Zhang Y, Levato R, Archer CW, van Weeren R, Malda J, Conlan RS, Francis LW, Khan IM. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-9 Is a Potent Chondrogenic and Morphogenic Factor for Articular Cartilage Chondroprogenitors. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:882-894. [PMID: 32364057 PMCID: PMC7374587 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage contains a subpopulation of tissue-specific progenitors that are an ideal cell type for cell therapies and generating neocartilage for tissue engineering applications. However, it is unclear whether the standard chondrogenic medium using transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) isoforms is optimal to differentiate these cells. We therefore used pellet culture to screen progenitors from immature bovine articular cartilage with a number of chondrogenic factors and discovered that bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP9) precociously induces their differentiation. This difference was apparent with toluidine blue staining and confirmed by biochemical and transcriptional analyses with BMP9-treated progenitors exhibiting 11-fold and 5-fold greater aggrecan and collagen type II (COL2A1) gene expression than TGFβ1-treated progenitors. Quantitative gene expression analysis over 14 days highlighted the rapid and phased nature of BMP9-induced chondrogenesis with sequential activation of aggrecan then collagen type II, and negligible collagen type X gene expression. The extracellular matrix of TGFβ1-treated progenitors analyzed using atomic force microscopy was fibrillar and stiff whist BMP9-induced matrix of cells more compliant and correspondingly less fibrillar. Polarized light microscopy revealed an annular pattern of collagen fibril deposition typified by TGFβ1-treated pellets, whereas BMP9-treated pellets displayed a birefringence pattern that was more anisotropic. Remarkably, differentiated immature chondrocytes incubated as high-density cultures in vitro with BMP9 generated a pronounced anisotropic organization of collagen fibrils indistinguishable from mature adult articular cartilage, with cells in deeper zones arranged in columnar manner. This contrasted with cells grown with TGFβ1, where a concentric pattern of collagen fibrils was visualized within tissue pellets. In summary, BMP9 is a potent chondrogenic factor for articular cartilage progenitors and is also capable of inducing morphogenesis of adult-like cartilage, a highly desirable attribute for in vitro tissue-engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Morgan
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - Oliver F W Gardner
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yadan Zhang
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Charles W Archer
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Rene van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Steven Conlan
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis W Francis
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Ilyas M Khan
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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36
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Xu Y, Wang YQ, Wang AT, Yu CY, Luo Y, Liu RM, Zhao YJ, Xiao JH. Effect of CD44 on differentiation of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes via Smad and ERK signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2357-2366. [PMID: 32236637 PMCID: PMC7185282 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD44 antigen (CD44) is a transmembrane protein found in cell adhesion molecules and is involved in the regulation of various physiological processes in cells. It was hypothesized that CD44 directly affected the chondrogenic differentiation of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). In the present study, the expression of chondrocyte-associated factors was detected in the absence and presence of the antibody blocker anti-CD44 antibody during the chondrogenic differentiation of hAMSCs. Following inhibition of CD44 expression, the transcriptional levels of chondrocyte-associated genes SRY-box transcription factor 9, aggrecan and collagen type II α 1 chain, as well as the production of chondrocyte markers type II collagen and aggrecan were significantly decreased in hAMSCs. Further investigation indicated that there was no significant change in total ERK1/2 expression following inhibition of CD44 expression; however, phosphorylated (p)-ERK1/2 expression was decreased. The expression of p-Smad2/3 was also upregulated following CD44 inhibition. These data indicated that CD44 may affect the differentiation of hAMSCs into chondrocytes by regulating the Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Qing Wang
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Tong Wang
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Yin Yu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Ming Liu
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hui Xiao
- Zunyi Municipal Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
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37
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Hesari R, Keshvarinia M, Kabiri M, Rad I, Parivar K, Hoseinpoor H, Tavakoli R, Soleimani M, Kouhkan F, Zamanlui S, Hanaee-Ahvaz H. Combination of low intensity electromagnetic field with chondrogenic agent induces chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells with minimal hypertrophic side effects. Electromagn Biol Med 2020; 39:154-165. [PMID: 32131644 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1737809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: There are different methods to develop in vitro neo-chondral tissues from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). Application of electromagnetic field (EMF) on ADSCs is one of popular approaches, which results in chondrogenesis. If chondrogenic impact of EMF on ADSCs is supposed to be generalized as a protocol in translational medicine field, possible emergence of early or late hypertrophic maturation, mineralization and inflammatory side effects in chondrogenically differentiating ADSCs should be considered.Methods: The advent of chondrogenic and hypertrophic markers by differentiated cells under standard, platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-based or EMF treatments were monitored. Along with monitoring the expressions of chondrogenic markers, inflammatory and hypertrophic markers, VEGF/TNFα secretion, calcium deposition and ALP activity were evaluated.Results: Accordingly, treatment with %5 PRP results in higher GAG production, enhanced SOX9 transcription, lowered TNFα and VEGF secretions compared to other treatments. Although PRP up-regulates miR-146a and miR-199a in early and late stages of chondrogenesis, respectively, application of EMF + PRP down regulates miR-101 and -145 while up-regulates miR-140 and SOX9 expression.Conclusion: Comparing our results with previous reports suggests that presented EMF-ELF in this study with f = 50 Hz, EMF intensity of less than 30 mT, and 5% PRP (v/v), would facilitate chondrogenesis via mesenchymal stem cells with minor inflammation and hypertrophic maturation.Abbreviations: MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; TGFβ: transforming growth factor-beta; PRP: platelet-rich plasma; ELF-EMF: extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields; GAGs: glycosaminoglycans; ADSCs: adipose-derived stem cells; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha; ALP: alkaline phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Hesari
- Institute of Materials and Biomaterials, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Keshvarinia
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Kabiri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Rad
- Stemcell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Parivar
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Masoud Soleimani
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soheila Zamanlui
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tehran Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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38
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Dreher SI, Fischer J, Walker T, Diederichs S, Richter W. Significance of MEF2C and RUNX3 Regulation for Endochondral Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:81. [PMID: 32195247 PMCID: PMC7064729 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Guiding progenitor cell development between chondral versus endochondral pathways is still an unachieved task of cartilage neogenesis, and human mesenchymal progenitor cell (MPC) chondrogenesis is considered as a valuable model to better understand hypertrophic development of chondrocytes. Transcription factors Runx2, Runx3, and Mef2c play prominent roles for chondrocyte hypertrophy during mouse development, but little is known on the importance of these key fate-determining factors for endochondral development of human MPCs. The aim of this study was to unravel the regulation of RUNX2, RUNX3, and MEF2C during MPC chondrogenesis, the pathways driving their expression, and the downstream hypertrophic targets affected by their regulation. RUNX2, RUNX3, and MEF2C gene expression was differentially regulated during chondrogenesis of MPCs, but remained low and unregulated when non-hypertrophic articular chondrocytes were differentiated under the same conditions. RUNX3 and MEF2C mRNA and protein levels rose in parallel to hypertrophic marker upregulation, but surprisingly, RUNX2 gene expression changed only by trend and RUNX2 protein remained undetectable. While RUNX3 expression was driven by TGF-β and BMP signaling, MEF2C responded to WNT-, BMP-, and Hedgehog-pathway inhibition. MEF2C but not RUNX3 levels correlated significantly with COL10A1, IHH, and IBSP gene expression when hypertrophy was attenuated. IBSP was a downstream target of RUNX3 and MEF2C but not RUNX2 in SAOS-2 cells, underlining the capacity of RUNX3 and MEF2C to stimulate osteogenic marker expression in human cells. Conclusively, RUNX3 and MEF2C appeared more important than RUNX2 for human endochondral MPC chondrogenesis. Pathways altering the speed of chondrogenesis (FGF, TGF-β, BMP) affected RUNX2 or RUNX3, while pathways changing hypertrophy (WNT, PTHrP/HH) regulated mainly MEF2C. Taken together, reduction of MEF2C levels is a new goal to shift human cartilage neogenesis toward the chondral pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon I Dreher
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Fischer
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Walker
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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Hypoxia influences the effects of magnesium degradation products on the interactions between endothelial and mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater 2020; 101:624-636. [PMID: 31622779 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable materials like well-documented Magnesium (Mg) are promising for their biocompatibility and tissue regeneration. Since Mg degradation is reported to be oxygen related, the effects of Mg were hypothesised to be influenced by oxygen. As two vital components of bone marrow, endothelial cells (EC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), their interactions represent high scientific interest for tissue engineering and biodegradable Mg application. Human umbilical cord perivascular (HUCPV) and umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) were selected as sources of MSC and EC, respectively. Two types of coculture models were established to represent different phases of MSC-EC interaction: (i) where cells were physically separated thanks to a transwell and (ii) where cells were allowed to have heterotypic cellular contacts. Cell migration, gene, cytokines, and proliferation were investigated in HUCPV-HUVEC coculture using DNA, flow cytometry, wound healing assay, semi-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mg degradation products increased HUCPV migration in transwell under hypoxia. Oxygen tension changed the gene regulation of migratory, angiogenetic or osteogenic regulators. Under contacting coculture and hypoxia, Mg degradation products remarkably increased cytokines (e.g., c-c motif chemokine ligand 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor) and MSC mineralisation. Mg degradation products decreased and increased the MSC proliferation in transwell and in heterotypic-contact coculture, respectively. In summary, this study indicates the roles of low oxygen and heterotypic contact to effects of Mg materials facilitating HUVEC and HUCPV. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE.
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Chen L, Lu Y, Li W, Ren Y, Yu M, Jiang S, Fu Y, Wang J, Peng S, Bilyk KT, Murphy KR, Zhuang X, Hune M, Zhai W, Wang W, Xu Q, Cheng CHC. The genomic basis for colonizing the freezing Southern Ocean revealed by Antarctic toothfish and Patagonian robalo genomes. Gigascience 2019; 8:5304890. [PMID: 30715292 PMCID: PMC6457430 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Southern Ocean is the coldest ocean on Earth but a hot spot of evolution. The bottom-dwelling Eocene ancestor of Antarctic notothenioid fishes survived polar marine glaciation and underwent adaptive radiation, forming >120 species that fill all water column niches today. Genome-wide changes enabling physiological adaptations and the rapid expansion of the Antarctic notothenioids remain poorly understood. Results We sequenced and compared 2 notothenioid genomes—the cold-adapted and neutrally buoyant Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni and the basal Patagonian robalo Eleginops maclovinus, representing the temperate ancestor. We detected >200 protein gene families that had expanded and thousands of genes that had evolved faster in the toothfish, with diverse cold-relevant functions including stress response, lipid metabolism, protein homeostasis, and freeze resistance. Besides antifreeze glycoprotein, an eggshell protein had functionally diversified to aid in cellular freezing resistance. Genomic and transcriptomic comparisons revealed proliferation of selcys–transfer RNA genes and broad transcriptional upregulation across anti-oxidative selenoproteins, signifying their prominent role in mitigating oxidative stress in the oxygen-rich Southern Ocean. We found expansion of transposable elements, temporally correlated to Antarctic notothenioid diversification. Additionally, the toothfish exhibited remarkable shifts in genetic programs towards enhanced fat cell differentiation and lipid storage, and promotion of chondrogenesis while inhibiting osteogenesis in bone development, collectively contributing to the achievement of neutral buoyancy and pelagicism. Conclusions Our study revealed a comprehensive landscape of evolutionary changes essential for Antarctic notothenioid cold adaptation and ecological expansion. The 2 genomes are valuable resources for further exploration of mechanisms underlying the spectacular notothenioid radiation in the coldest marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbiao Chen
- Internal Research Center for Marine Bioscience (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Ministry of Education) and International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology) at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Internal Research Center for Marine Bioscience (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Ministry of Education) and International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology) at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Internal Research Center for Marine Bioscience (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Ministry of Education) and International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology) at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yandong Ren
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kuming, China
| | - Mengchao Yu
- Internal Research Center for Marine Bioscience (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Ministry of Education) and International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology) at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouwen Jiang
- Internal Research Center for Marine Bioscience (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Ministry of Education) and International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology) at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxia Fu
- Internal Research Center for Marine Bioscience (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Ministry of Education) and International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology) at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Internal Research Center for Marine Bioscience (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Ministry of Education) and International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology) at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sihua Peng
- Internal Research Center for Marine Bioscience (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Ministry of Education) and International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology) at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kevin T Bilyk
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Katherine R Murphy
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Xuan Zhuang
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Mathias Hune
- Fundación Ictiológica, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wanying Zhai
- Internal Research Center for Marine Bioscience (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Ministry of Education) and International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology) at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kuming, China
| | - Qianghua Xu
- Internal Research Center for Marine Bioscience (Ministry of Science and Technology), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Ministry of Education) and International Research Center for Marine Biosciences (Ministry of Science and Technology) at Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi-Hing Christina Cheng
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.,Fundación Ictiológica, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
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Hesari R, Keshvarinia M, Kabiri M, Rad I, Parivar K, Hoseinpoor H, Tavakoli R, Soleimani M, Kouhkan F, Zamanluee S, Hanaee-Ahvaz H. Comparative impact of platelet rich plasma and transforming growth factor-β on chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 10:37-43. [PMID: 31988855 PMCID: PMC6977594 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2020.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is known as standard chondrogenic differentiation agent, even though it comes with undesirable side effects such as early hypertrophic maturation, mineralization, and secretion of inflammatory/angiogenic factors. On the other hand, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is found to have a chondrogenic impact on mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation, with no considerable side effects. Therefore, we compared chondrogenic impact of TGF-β and PRP on adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), to see if PRP could be introduced as an alternative to TGF-β.
Methods: Differentiation of ADSCs was monitored using a couple of methods including glycosaminoglycan production, miRNAs expression, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) secretion, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium content assays.
Results: Accordingly, the treatment of differentiating cells with 5% (v/v) PRP resulted in higher glycosaminoglycan production, enhanced SOX9 transcription, and lowered TNFα and VEGF secretion compared to the control and TGF-β groups. Besides, the application of PRP to the media up-regulated miR-146a and miR-199a in early and late stages of chondrogenesis, respectively.
Conclusion: PRP induces in vitro chondrogenesis, as well as TGF-β with lesser inflammatory and hypertrophic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Hesari
- Institute of Materials and Biomaterials, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Keshvarinia
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Kabiri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Rad
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Parivar
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Masoud Soleimani
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soheila Zamanluee
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tehran Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Diederichs S, Klampfleuthner FAM, Moradi B, Richter W. Chondral Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Without Progression Into the Endochondral Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:270. [PMID: 31737632 PMCID: PMC6838640 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem with chondrocytes derived in vitro from stem cells is undesired hypertrophic degeneration, to which articular chondrocytes (ACs) are resistant. As progenitors of all adult tissues, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are in theory able to form stable articular cartilage. In vitro differentiation of iPSCs into chondrocytes with an AC-phenotype and resistance to hypertrophy has not been demonstrated so far. Here, we present a novel protocol that succeeded in deriving chondrocytes from human iPSCs without using pro-hypertrophic bone-morphogenetic-proteins. IPSC-chondrocytes had a high cartilage formation capacity and deposited two-fold more proteoglycans per cell than adult ACs. Importantly, cartilage engineered from iPSC-chondrocytes had similar marginal expression of hypertrophic markers (COL10A1, PTH1R, IBSP, ALPL mRNAs) like cartilage from ACs. Collagen X was barely detectable in iPSC-cartilage and 30-fold lower than in hypertrophic cartilage derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Moreover, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity remained at basal AC-like levels throughout iPSC chondrogenesis, in contrast to a well-known significant upregulation in hypertrophic MSCs. In line, iPSC-cartilage subjected to mineralizing conditions in vitro showed barely any mineralization, while MSC-derived hypertrophic cartilage mineralized strongly. Low expression of Indian hedgehog (IHH) like in ACs but rising BMP7 expression like in MSCs suggested that phenotype stability was linked to the hedgehog rather than the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. Taken together, unlimited amounts of AC-like chondrocytes with a high proteoglycan production reminiscent of juvenile chondrocytes and resistance to hypertrophy and mineralization can now be produced from human iPSCs in vitro. This opens new strategies for cartilage regeneration, disease modeling and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felicia A M Klampfleuthner
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Babak Moradi
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Fan FY, Deng R, Qiu L, Wen Q, Zeng Y, Gao L, Zhang C, Kong P, Zhong J, Zeng N, Li Z, Su Y, Zhang X. miR-203a-3p.1 is involved in the regulation of osteogenic differentiation by directly targeting Smad9 in MM-MSCs. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6339-6346. [PMID: 31788111 PMCID: PMC6865574 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of bone development and regeneration. The aim of the present study was to determine whether miR-203a-3p.1 is involved in osteogenic differentiation of multiple myeloma (MM)-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and the potential underlying mechanism. MSCs were isolated from patients with MM and normal subjects and confirmed by flow cytometry using specific surface markers. The osteogenic differentiation capacity of MM-MSCs was identified by Alizarin Red S calcium deposition staining and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of typical osteoblast differentiation markers. The role of miR-203a-3p.1 in the osteoblast differentiation of MM-MSCs was determined by gain or loss of function experiments. The target of miR-203a-3p.1 was identified using bioinformatics (including the miRNA target prediction database TargetScan, miRDB, DIANA TOOLS and venny 2.1.0), luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR and western blotting. The expression levels of proteins involved in the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling pathway were detected by western blot analysis. The results revealed that the osteogenic differentiation capacity of MM-MSCs was reduced when compared with normal (N)-MSCs, as demonstrated by a decrease in calcium deposition and mRNA expression of typical osteoblast differentiation markers, including ALP, OPN and OC. In addition, miR-203a-3p.1 was downregulated in N-MSCs following osteoblast induction, whereas no changes were observed in MM-MSCs. The downregulation of miR-203a-3p.1 resulted in increased osteogenic potential, as indicated by the increase in the mRNA expression levels of the typical osteoblast differentiation markers, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC). Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assay analysis indicated that mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9 (Smad9) may be a direct target of miR-203a-3p.1 in N-MSCs. The RT-qPCR and western blot assays revealed that overexpression of smad9 significantly enhanced the effect of miR-203a-3p.1 inhibitors on osteoblast markers, which indicated that miR-203a-3p.1 inhibitors may regulate the osteogenic differentiation of MM-MSCs by upregulating Smad9. In addition, the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling pathway was activated following miR-203a-3p.1 inhibition. These results suggest that miR-203a-3p.1 may serve an important role in the osteogenic differentiation of MM-MSCs by regulating Smad9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yi Fan
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Rui Deng
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wen
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Yunjing Zeng
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Peiyan Kong
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Jiangfan Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Ningyu Zeng
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyu Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, P.R. China
| | - Yi Su
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Centre, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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Diederichs S, Tonnier V, März M, Dreher SI, Geisbüsch A, Richter W. Regulation of WNT5A and WNT11 during MSC in vitro chondrogenesis: WNT inhibition lowers BMP and hedgehog activity, and reduces hypertrophy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3875-3889. [PMID: 30980110 PMCID: PMC11105731 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Re-directing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) chondrogenesis towards a non-hypertrophic articular chondrocyte-(AC)-like phenotype is important for improving articular cartilage neogenesis to enhance clinical cartilage repair strategies. This study is the first to demonstrate that high levels of non-canonical WNT5A followed by WNT11 and LEF1 discriminated MSC chondrogenesis from AC re-differentiation. Moreover, β-catenin seemed incompletely silenced in differentiating MSCs, which altogether suggested a role for WNT signaling in hypertrophic MSC differentiation. WNT inhibition with the small molecule IWP-2 supported MSC chondrogenesis according to elevated proteoglycan deposition and reduced the characteristic upregulation of BMP4, BMP7 and their target ID1, as well as IHH and its target GLI1 observed during endochondral differentiation. Along with the pro-hypertrophic transcription factor MEF2C, multiple hypertrophic downstream targets including IBSP and alkaline phosphatase activity were reduced by IWP-2, demonstrating that WNT activity drives BMP and hedgehog upregulation, and MSC hypertrophy. WNT inhibition almost matched the strong anti-hypertrophic capacity of pulsed parathyroid hormone-related protein application, and both outperformed suppression of BMP signaling with dorsomorphin, which also reduced cartilage matrix deposition. Yet, hypertrophic marker expression under IWP-2 remained above AC level, and in vivo mineralization and ectopic bone formation were reduced but not eliminated. Overall, the strong anti-hypertrophic effects of IWP-2 involved inhibition but not silencing of pro-hypertrophic BMP and IHH pathways, and more advanced silencing of WNT activity as well as combined application of IHH or BMP antagonists should next be considered to install articular cartilage neogenesis from human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Tonnier
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie März
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon I Dreher
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Geisbüsch
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Yu M, Wang H, Fan Z, Xie C, Liu H, Liu Y, Han D, Wong SW, Feng H. BMP4 mutations in tooth agenesis and low bone mass. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 103:40-46. [PMID: 31128441 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify an uncommon genetic cause of tooth agenesis (TA) by utilizing whole exome sequencing (WES) and targeted Sanger sequencing in a cohort of 120 patients with isolated TA. DESIGN One deleterious mutation in the gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) was identified in 6 unrelated patients with TA by WES. After that, the coding exons of BMP4 were examined in 114 TA patients using Sanger sequencing. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to measure the bone mineral density of patients who carried a BMP4 mutation. Finally, preliminary functional studies of two BMP4 mutants were performed. RESULTS We detected 3 novel missense mutations (c.58 G > A: p.Gly20Ser, c.326 G > T: p.Arg109Leu and c.614 T > C: p.Val205Ala) and 1 reported mutation in the BMP4 gene among 120 TA probands. The previously reported BMP4 mutation (c.751C > T: p.His251Tyr) was associated with urethra and eye anomalies. By extending the pedigrees, we determined that the tooth phenotypes had an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, as individuals carrying a BMP4 mutation exhibit different types of dental anomalies. Interestingly, we observed that patients harboring a BMP4 mutation manifested early onset osteopenia or osteoporosis. Further in vitro functional assays demonstrated that two BMP4 mutants resulted in a decreased activation of Smad signaling. Therefore, a loss-of-function in BMP4 may contribute to the clinical phenotypes seen in this study. CONCLUSIONS We identified 4 mutations in the BMP4 gene in 120 TA patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe human skeletal diseases associated with BMP4 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Fan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China
| | - Chencheng Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford Medical School, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA
| | - Haochen Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China.
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China.
| | - Sing-Wai Wong
- Department of Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Hailan Feng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, China
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Diederichs S, Tonnier V, März M, Dreher SI, Geisbüsch A, Richter W. Regulation of WNT5A and WNT11 during MSC in vitro chondrogenesis: WNT inhibition lowers BMP and hedgehog activity, and reduces hypertrophy. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES : CMLS 2019. [PMID: 30980110 DOI: 10.1007/s00018‐019‐03099‐0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Re-directing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) chondrogenesis towards a non-hypertrophic articular chondrocyte-(AC)-like phenotype is important for improving articular cartilage neogenesis to enhance clinical cartilage repair strategies. This study is the first to demonstrate that high levels of non-canonical WNT5A followed by WNT11 and LEF1 discriminated MSC chondrogenesis from AC re-differentiation. Moreover, β-catenin seemed incompletely silenced in differentiating MSCs, which altogether suggested a role for WNT signaling in hypertrophic MSC differentiation. WNT inhibition with the small molecule IWP-2 supported MSC chondrogenesis according to elevated proteoglycan deposition and reduced the characteristic upregulation of BMP4, BMP7 and their target ID1, as well as IHH and its target GLI1 observed during endochondral differentiation. Along with the pro-hypertrophic transcription factor MEF2C, multiple hypertrophic downstream targets including IBSP and alkaline phosphatase activity were reduced by IWP-2, demonstrating that WNT activity drives BMP and hedgehog upregulation, and MSC hypertrophy. WNT inhibition almost matched the strong anti-hypertrophic capacity of pulsed parathyroid hormone-related protein application, and both outperformed suppression of BMP signaling with dorsomorphin, which also reduced cartilage matrix deposition. Yet, hypertrophic marker expression under IWP-2 remained above AC level, and in vivo mineralization and ectopic bone formation were reduced but not eliminated. Overall, the strong anti-hypertrophic effects of IWP-2 involved inhibition but not silencing of pro-hypertrophic BMP and IHH pathways, and more advanced silencing of WNT activity as well as combined application of IHH or BMP antagonists should next be considered to install articular cartilage neogenesis from human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Tonnier
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie März
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon I Dreher
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Geisbüsch
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Melnik S, Werth N, Boeuf S, Hahn EM, Gotterbarm T, Anton M, Richter W. Impact of c-MYC expression on proliferation, differentiation, and risk of neoplastic transformation of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:73. [PMID: 30836996 PMCID: PMC6402108 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from bone marrow (MSC) represent an attractive source of adult stem cells for regenerative medicine. However, thorough research is required into their clinical application safety issues concerning a risk of potential neoplastic degeneration in a process of MSC propagation in cell culture for therapeutic applications. Expansion protocols could preselect MSC with elevated levels of growth-promoting transcription factors with oncogenic potential, such as c-MYC. We addressed the question whether c-MYC expression affects the growth and differentiation potential of human MSC upon extensive passaging in cell culture and assessed a risk of tumorigenic transformation caused by MSC overexpressing c-MYC in vivo. METHODS MSC were subjected to retroviral transduction to induce expression of c-MYC, or GFP, as a control. Cells were expanded, and effects of c-MYC overexpression on osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis were monitored. Ectopic bone formation properties were tested in SCID mice. A potential risk of tumorigenesis imposed by MSC with c-MYC overexpression was evaluated. RESULTS C-MYC levels accumulated during ex vivo passaging, and overexpression enabled the transformed MSC to significantly overgrow competing control cells in culture. C-MYC-MSC acquired enhanced biological functions of c-MYC: its increased DNA-binding activity, elevated expression of the c-MYC-binding partner MAX, and induction of antagonists P19ARF/P16INK4A. Overexpression of c-MYC stimulated MSC proliferation and reduced osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation. Surprisingly, c-MYC overexpression also caused an increased COL10A1/COL2A1 expression ratio upon chondrogenesis, suggesting a role in hypertrophic degeneration. However, the in vivo ectopic bone formation ability of c-MYC-transduced MSC remained comparable to control GFP-MSC. There was no indication of tumor growth in any tissue after transplantation of c-MYC-MSC in mice. CONCLUSIONS C-MYC expression promoted high proliferation rates of MSC, attenuated but not abrogated their differentiation capacity, and did not immediately lead to tumor formation in the tested in vivo mouse model. However, upregulation of MYC antagonists P19ARF/P16INK4A promoting apoptosis and senescence, as well as an observed shift towards a hypertrophic collagen phenotype and cartilage degeneration, point to lack of safety for clinical application of MSC that were manipulated to overexpress c-MYC for their better expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Melnik
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Werth
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephane Boeuf
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hahn
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Gotterbarm
- Department of Orthopedics, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Martina Anton
- Institutes of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany.
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48
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Chijimatsu R, Yano F, Saito T, Kobayashi M, Hamamoto S, Kaito T, Kushioka J, Hart DA, Chung U, Tanaka S, Yoshikawa H, Nakamura N. Effect of the small compound
TD
‐198946 on glycosaminoglycan synthesis and transforming growth factor β3‐associated chondrogenesis of human synovium‐derived stem cells in vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:446-458. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Chijimatsu
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
- Sensory and Motor System MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Fumiko Yano
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Masato Kobayashi
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Shuichi Hamamoto
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Takashi Kaito
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Junichi Kushioka
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - David A. Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint HealthUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Ung‐il Chung
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Sensory and Motor System MedicineThe University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Orthopaedic SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan
- Global Center of Medical Engineering and InformaticsOsaka University Suita Japan
- Institute for Medical Science in SportsOsaka Health Science University Osaka Japan
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49
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Jing H, Zhang X, Gao M, Luo K, Fu W, Yin M, Wang W, Zhu Z, Zheng J, He X. Kartogenin preconditioning commits mesenchymal stem cells to a precartilaginous stage with enhanced chondrogenic potential by modulating JNK and β‐catenin–related pathways. FASEB J 2019; 33:5641-5653. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802137rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jing
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryShanghai Children's Medical CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryShanghai Children's Medical CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Manchen Gao
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryShanghai Children's Medical CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Kai Luo
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryShanghai Children's Medical CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryShanghai Children's Medical CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Meng Yin
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryShanghai Children's Medical CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryShanghai Children's Medical CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Zhongqun Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryShanghai Children's Medical CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Jinghao Zheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryShanghai Children's Medical CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Xiaomin He
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryShanghai Children's Medical CenterShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
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50
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Sasono B, Rantam FA, Suroto H, Notobroto HB, Am A. The Effect of Estrogen on Type 2 Collagen Levels in the Joint Cartilage of Post-Menopausal Murine Subjects. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.28.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bimo Sasono
- Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga
| | - Fedik Abdul Rantam
- Stem Cell Research and Development Center Universitas Airlangga
- Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga
| | - Heri Suroto
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital/Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga
| | | | - Aulanni’ Am
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University
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