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Berlinches de Gea A, Geisen S, Grootjans F, Wilschut RA, Schwelm A. Species-specific predation determines the feeding impacts of six soil protist species on bacterial and eukaryotic prey. Eur J Protistol 2024; 94:126090. [PMID: 38795654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Predatory protists play a central role in nutrient cycling and are involved in other ecosystem functions by predating the microbiome. While most soil predatory protist species arguably are bacterivorous, some protist species can prey on eukaryotes. However, studies about soil protist feeding mainly focused on bacteria as prey and rarely tested both bacteria and eukaryotes as potential prey. In this study, we aimed to decipher soil predator-prey interactions of three amoebozoan and three heterolobosean soil protists and potential bacterial (Escherichia coli; 0.5-1.5 µm), fungal (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 5-7 µm) and protist (Plasmodiophora brassicae; 3-5 µm) prey, either as individual prey or in all their combinations. We related protist performance (relative abundance) and prey consumption (qPCR) to the protist phylogenetic group and volume. We showed that for the six soil protist predators, the most suitable prey was E. coli, but some species also grew on P. brassicae or S. cerevisiae. While protist relative abundances and growth rates depended on prey type in a protist species-specific manner, phylogenetic groups and volume affected prey consumption. Yet we conclude that protist feeding patterns are mainly species-specific and that some known bacterivores might be more generalist than expected, even preying on eukaryotic plant pathogens such as P. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Berlinches de Gea
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Franka Grootjans
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger A Wilschut
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Schwelm
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; TEAGASC - The Agriculture and Food Development Authority Department of Crops, Environment & Land Use, Wexford, Ireland.
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2
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Yarlett N, Jarroll EL, Morada M, Lloyd D. Protists: Eukaryotic single-celled organisms and the functioning of their organelles. Adv Microb Physiol 2024; 84:243-307. [PMID: 38821633 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Organelles are membrane bound structures that compartmentalize biochemical and molecular functions. With improved molecular, biochemical and microscopy tools the diversity and function of protistan organelles has increased in recent years, providing a complex panoply of structure/function relationships. This is particularly noticeable with the description of hydrogenosomes, and the diverse array of structures that followed, having hybrid hydrogenosome/mitochondria attributes. These diverse organelles have lost the major, at one time, definitive components of the mitochondrion (tricarboxylic cycle enzymes and cytochromes), however they all contain the machinery for the assembly of Fe-S clusters, which is the single unifying feature they share. The plasticity of organelles, like the mitochondrion, is therefore evident from its ability to lose its identity as an aerobic energy generating powerhouse while retaining key ancestral functions common to both aerobes and anaerobes. It is interesting to note that the apicoplast, a non-photosynthetic plastid that is present in all apicomplexan protozoa, apart from Cryptosporidium and possibly the gregarines, is also the site of Fe-S cluster assembly proteins. It turns out that in Cryptosporidium proteins involved in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis are localized in the mitochondrial remnant organelle termed the mitosome. Hence, different organisms have solved the same problem of packaging a life-requiring set of reactions in different ways, using different ancestral organelles, discarding what is not needed and keeping what is essential. Don't judge an organelle by its cover, more by the things it does, and always be prepared for surprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Yarlett
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, New York, NY, United States; The Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Edward L Jarroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, CUNY-Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Mary Morada
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Lloyd
- Schools of Biosciences and Engineering, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
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3
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Li C, Luo S, Feng L, Wang Q, Cheng J, Xie J, Lin Y, Fu Y, Jiang D, Chen T. Protist ubiquitin ligase effector PbE3-2 targets cysteine protease RD21A to impede plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1764-1778. [PMID: 38035763 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the soil-borne protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most devastating diseases of Brassica oil and vegetable crops worldwide. Understanding the pathogen infection strategy is crucial for the development of disease control. However, because of its obligate biotrophic nature, the molecular mechanism by which this pathogen promotes infection remains largely unknown. P. brassicae E3 ubiquitin ligase 2 (PbE3-2) is a Really Interesting New Gene (RING)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase in P. brassicae with E3 ligase activity in vitro. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) invertase assay and apoplast washing fluid extraction showed that PbE3-2 harbors a functional signal peptide. Overexpression of PbE3-2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in higher susceptibility to P. brassicae and decreases in chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst and expression of marker genes in salicylic acid signaling. PbE3-2 interacted with and ubiquitinated host cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 21A (RD21A) in vitro and in vivo. Mutant plants deficient in RD21A exhibited similar susceptibility and compromised immune responses as in PbE3-2 overexpression plants. We show that PbE3-2, which targets RD21A, is an important virulence factor for P. brassicae. Two other secretory RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in P. brassicae performed the same function as PbE3-2 and ubiquitinated RD21A. This study reveals a substantial virulence functional role of protist E3 ubiquitin ligases and demonstrates a mechanism by which protist E3 ubiquitin ligases degrade host immune-associated cysteine proteases to impede host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shaofeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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Javed MA, Schwelm A, Zamani‐Noor N, Salih R, Silvestre Vañó M, Wu J, González García M, Heick TM, Luo C, Prakash P, Pérez‐López E. The clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae: A profile update. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:89-106. [PMID: 36448235 PMCID: PMC9831288 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodiophora brassicae is the causal agent of clubroot disease of cruciferous plants and one of the biggest threats to the rapeseed (Brassica napus) and brassica vegetable industry worldwide. DISEASE SYMPTOMS In the advanced stages of clubroot disease wilting, stunting, yellowing, and redness are visible in the shoots. However, the typical symptoms of the disease are the presence of club-shaped galls in the roots of susceptible hosts that block the absorption of water and nutrients. HOST RANGE Members of the family Brassicaceae are the primary host of the pathogen, although some members of the family, such as Bunias orientalis, Coronopus squamatus, and Raphanus sativus, have been identified as being consistently resistant to P. brassicae isolates with variable virulence profile. TAXONOMY Class: Phytomyxea; Order: Plasmodiophorales; Family: Plasmodiophoraceae; Genus: Plasmodiophora; Species: Plasmodiophora brassicae (Woronin, 1877). DISTRIBUTION Clubroot disease is spread worldwide, with reports from all continents except Antarctica. To date, clubroot disease has been reported in more than 80 countries. PATHOTYPING Based on its virulence on different hosts, P. brassicae is classified into pathotypes or races. Five main pathotyping systems have been developed to understand the relationship between P. brassicae and its hosts. Nowadays, the Canadian clubroot differential is extensively used in Canada and has so far identified 36 different pathotypes based on the response of a set of 13 hosts. EFFECTORS AND RESISTANCE After the identification and characterization of the clubroot pathogen SABATH-type methyltransferase PbBSMT, several other effectors have been characterized. However, no avirulence gene is known, hindering the functional characterization of the five intercellular nucleotide-binding (NB) site leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs) clubroot resistance genes validated to date. IMPORTANT LINK Canola Council of Canada is constantly updating information about clubroot and P. brassicae as part of their Canola Encyclopedia: https://www.canolacouncil.org/canola-encyclopedia/diseases/clubroot/. PHYTOSANITARY CATEGORIZATION PLADBR: EPPO A2 list; Annex designation 9E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asim Javed
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Arne Schwelm
- Department of Plant ScienceWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Teagasc, Crops Research CentreCarlowIreland
| | - Nazanin Zamani‐Noor
- Julius Kühn‐Institute, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and GrasslandBraunschweigGermany
| | - Rasha Salih
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Marina Silvestre Vañó
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Jiaxu Wu
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Melaine González García
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | | | - Chaoyu Luo
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- College of Agronomy and BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Priyavashini Prakash
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- K. S. Rangasamy College of TechnologyNamakkalIndia
| | - Edel Pérez‐López
- Départment de phytologie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentationUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université LavalQuebec CityQuebecCanada
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Kong L, Liu J, Zhang W, Li X, Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhan Z, Piao Z. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthetase Gene Family in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa) and Plasmodiophora brassicae during Their Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:929. [PMID: 36674458 PMCID: PMC9864397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide that is widely distributed in various organisms. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) is a critical enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of trehalose, which serves important functions in growth and development, defense, and stress resistance. Although previous studies have found that the clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae can lead to the accumulation of trehalose in infected Arabidopsis organs, it has been proposed that much of the accumulated trehalose is derived from the pathogen. At present, there is very little evidence to verify this view. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the TPS gene family was conducted in Brassica rapa and Plasmodiophora brassicae. A total of 14 Brassica rapa TPS genes (BrTPSs) and 3 P. brassicae TPS genes (PbTPSs) were identified, and the evolutionary characteristics, functional classification, and expression patterns were analyzed. Fourteen BrTPS genes were classified into two distinct classes according to phylogeny and gene structure. Three PbTPSs showed no significant differences in gene structure and protein conserved motifs. However, evolutionary analysis showed that the PbTPS2 gene failed to cluster with PbTPS1 and PbTPS3. Furthermore, cis-acting elements related to growth and development, defense and stress responsiveness, and hormone responsiveness were predicted in the promoter region of the BrTPS genes. Expression analysis of most BrTPS genes at five stages after P. brassicae interaction found no significant induction. Instead, the expression of the PbTPS genes of P. brassicae was upregulated, which was consistent with the period of trehalose accumulation. This study deepens our understanding of the function and evolution of BrTPSs and PbTPSs. Simultaneously, clarifying the biosynthesis of trehalose in the interaction between Brassica rapa and P. brassicae is also of great significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zongxiang Zhan
- Molecular Biology of Vegetable Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhongyun Piao
- Molecular Biology of Vegetable Laboratory, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Decroës A, Mahillon M, Genard M, Lienard C, Lima-Mendez G, Gilmer D, Bragard C, Legrève A. Rhizomania: Hide and Seek of Polymyxa betae and the Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus with Beta vulgaris. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:989-1005. [PMID: 35816413 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-22-0063-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular interactions between Polymyxa betae, the protist vector of sugar beet viruses, beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), the causal agent of rhizomania, and Beta vulgaris have not been extensively studied. Here, the transmission of BNYVV to sugar beet by P. betae zoospores was optimized using genetically characterized organisms. Molecular interactions of aviruliferous and viruliferous protist infection on sugar beet were highlighted by transcriptomic analysis. P. betae alone induced limited gene expression changes in sugar beet, as a biotrophic asymptomatic parasite. Most differentially expressed plant genes were down-regulated and included resistance gene analogs and cell wall peroxidases. Several enzymes involved in stress regulation, such as the glutathione-S-transferases, were significantly induced. With BNYVV, the first stages of the P. betae life cycle on sugar beet were accelerated with a faster increase of relative protist DNA level and an earlier appearance of sporangia and sporosori in plants roots. A clear activation of plant defenses and the modulation of genes involved in plant cell wall metabolism were observed. The P. betae transcriptome in the presence of BNYVV revealed induction of genes possibly involved in the switch to the survival stage. The interactions were different depending on the presence or absence of the virus. P. betae alone alleviates plant defense response, playing hide-and-seek with sugar beet and allowing for their mutual development. Conversely, BNYVV manipulates plant defense and promotes the rapid invasion of plant roots by P. betae. This accelerated colonization is accompanied by the development of thick-walled resting spores, supporting the virus survival. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Decroës
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | | | - Margaux Genard
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Lienard
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Gipsi Lima-Mendez
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - David Gilmer
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | - Claude Bragard
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Anne Legrève
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
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Multi-Omics Approaches to Improve Clubroot Resistance in Brassica with a Special Focus on Brassica oleracea L. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169280. [PMID: 36012543 PMCID: PMC9409056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica oleracea is an agronomically important species of the Brassicaceae family, including several nutrient-rich vegetables grown and consumed across the continents. But its sustainability is heavily constrained by a range of destructive pathogens, among which, clubroot disease, caused by a biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, has caused significant yield and economic losses worldwide, thereby threatening global food security. To counter the pathogen attack, it demands a better understanding of the complex phenomenon of Brassica-P. brassicae pathosystem at the physiological, biochemical, molecular, and cellular levels. In recent years, multiple omics technologies with high-throughput techniques have emerged as successful in elucidating the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In Brassica spp., omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, ncRNAomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are well documented, allowing us to gain insights into the dynamic changes that transpired during host-pathogen interactions at a deeper level. So, it is critical that we must review the recent advances in omics approaches and discuss how the current knowledge in multi-omics technologies has been able to breed high-quality clubroot-resistant B. oleracea. This review highlights the recent advances made in utilizing various omics approaches to understand the host resistance mechanisms adopted by Brassica crops in response to the P. brassicae attack. Finally, we have discussed the bottlenecks and the way forward to overcome the persisting knowledge gaps in delivering solutions to breed clubroot-resistant Brassica crops in a holistic, targeted, and precise way.
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Ludwig-Müller J. What Can We Learn from -Omics Approaches to Understand Clubroot Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116293. [PMID: 35682976 PMCID: PMC9180986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot is one of the most economically significant diseases worldwide. As a result, many investigations focus on both curing the disease and in-depth molecular studies. Although the first transcriptome dataset for the clubroot disease describing the clubroot disease was published in 2006, many different pathogen-host plant combinations have only recently been investigated and published. Articles presenting -omics data and the clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae as well as different host plants were analyzed to summarize the findings in the richness of these datasets. Although genome data for the protist have only recently become available, many effector candidates have been identified, but their functional characterization is incomplete. A better understanding of the life cycle is clearly required to comprehend its function. While only a few proteome studies and metabolome analyses were performed, the majority of studies used microarrays and RNAseq approaches to study transcriptomes. Metabolites, comprising chemical groups like hormones were generally studied in a more targeted manner. Furthermore, functional approaches based on such datasets have been carried out employing mutants, transgenic lines, or ecotypes/cultivars of either Arabidopsis thaliana or other economically important host plants of the Brassica family. This has led to new discoveries of potential genes involved in disease development or in (partial) resistance or tolerance to P. brassicae. The overall contribution of individual experimental setups to a larger picture will be discussed in this review.
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9
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Sugar Transporters in Plasmodiophora brassicae: Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Verification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095264. [PMID: 35563657 PMCID: PMC9099952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae, an obligate intracellular pathogen, can hijack the host’s carbohydrates for survival. When the host plant is infected by P. brassicae, a large amount of soluble sugar accumulates in the roots, especially glucose, which probably facilitates the development of this pathogen. Although a complete glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle existed in P. brassicae, very little information about the hexose transport system has been reported. In this study, we screened 17 putative sugar transporters based on information about their typical domains. The structure of these transporters showed a lot of variation compared with that of other organisms, especially the number of transmembrane helices (TMHs). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these sugar transporters were far from the evolutionary relationship of other organisms and were unique in P. brassicae. The hexose transport activity assay indicated that eight transporters transported glucose or fructose and could restore the growth of yeast strain EBY.VW4000, which was deficient in hexose transport. The expression level of these glucose transporters was significantly upregulated at the late inoculation time when resting spores and galls were developing and a large amount of energy was needed. Our study provides new insights into the mechanism of P. brassicae survival in host cells by hijacking and utilizing the carbohydrates of the host.
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10
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Wang Y, Koopmann B, von Tiedemann A. Methods for Assessment of Viability and Germination of Plasmodiophora brassicae Resting Spores. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:823051. [PMID: 35069518 PMCID: PMC8767001 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.823051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Clubroot caused by the obligate biotrophic parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae is a destructive soil borne disease of cruciferous crops. Resting spores of P. brassicae can survive in the soil for a long period without hosts or external stimulants. The viability and germination rate of resting spores are crucial factors of the inoculum potential in the field. The accurate assessment of viability and germination rate is the foundation to evaluate the effect of control methods. In this study, we evaluated several methods for the assessment of viability and germination rate of P. brassicae resting spores. Dual staining with calcofluor white-propidium iodide (CFW-PI) or single stain with Evans blue showed reliable accuracy in estimating viability. CFW-PI was capable of reliably determining the viability within 10 min, while Evans blue required overnight incubation to obtain accurate results. Due to DNA degradation of heat treatments, acetone was selected to evaluate the efficiency of propidium monoazide (PMA)–quantitative PCR (qPCR) used for the quantification of DNA from viable cells. The staining with 4,6-Diamidine-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) and the use of differential interference contrast microscopy were suitable for the determination of resting spore germination rates. The latter method also allowed recording individual germination states of spores. Alternatively, dual staining with CFW-Nile red was successfully used to assess the germination rate of resting spores with a lethal pre-treatment. This study evaluates and confirms the suitability of various microscopic and molecular genetic methods for the determination of viability and germination of P. brassicae resting spores. Such methods are required to study factors in the soil regulating survival, dormancy and germination of P. brassicae resting spores causing clubroot disease in Brassicaceae hosts and therefore are fundamental to develop novel strategies of control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birger Koopmann
- Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas von Tiedemann
- Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Ma Y, Choi SR, Wang Y, Chhapekar SS, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhu M, Liu D, Zuo Z, Yan X, Gan C, Zhao D, Liang Y, Pang W, Lim YP. Starch content changes and metabolism-related gene regulation of Chinese cabbage synergistically induced by Plasmodiophora brassicae infection. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab071. [PMID: 35043157 PMCID: PMC9015896 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot is one of the major diseases adversely affecting Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) yield and quality. To precisely characterize the Plasmodiophora brassicae infection on Chinese cabbage, we developed a dual fluorescent staining method for simultaneously examining the pathogen, cell structures, and starch grains. The number of starch (amylopectin) grains increased in B. rapa roots infected by P. brassicae, especially from 14 to 21 days after inoculation. Therefore, the expression levels of 38 core starch metabolism genes were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. Most genes related to starch synthesis were up-regulated at seven days after the P. brassicae inoculation, whereas the expression levels of the starch degradation-related genes increased at 14 days after the inoculation. Then genes encoding the core enzymes involved in starch metabolism were investigated by assessing their chromosomal distributions, structures, duplication events, and synteny among Brassica species. Genome comparisons indicated that 38 non-redundant genes belonging to six core gene families related to starch metabolism are highly conserved among Arabidopsis thaliana, B. rapa, Brassica nigra, and Brassica oleracea. Genome sequencing projects have revealed that P. brassicae obtained host nutrients by manipulating plant metabolism. Starch may serve as a carbon source for P. brassicae colonization as indicated by the histological observation and transcriptomic analysis. Results of this study may elucidate the evolution and expression of core starch metabolism genes and provide researchers with novel insights into the pathogenesis of clubroot in B. rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinbo Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ryun Choi
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Sushil Satish Chhapekar
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Meiyu Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Di Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhennan Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Caixia Gan
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Analytical and Testing Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Wenxing Pang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yong Pyo Lim
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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12
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Moriel-Carretero M. The Many Faces of Lipids in Genome Stability (and How to Unmask Them). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12930. [PMID: 34884734 PMCID: PMC8657548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep efforts have been devoted to studying the fundamental mechanisms ruling genome integrity preservation. A strong focus relies on our comprehension of nucleic acid and protein interactions. Comparatively, our exploration of whether lipids contribute to genome homeostasis and, if they do, how, is severely underdeveloped. This disequilibrium may be understood in historical terms, but also relates to the difficulty of applying classical lipid-related techniques to a territory such as a nucleus. The limited research in this domain translates into scarce and rarely gathered information, which with time further discourages new initiatives. In this review, the ways lipids have been demonstrated to, or very likely do, impact nuclear transactions, in general, and genome homeostasis, in particular, are explored. Moreover, a succinct yet exhaustive battery of available techniques is proposed to tackle the study of this topic while keeping in mind the feasibility and habits of "nucleus-centered" researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Moriel-Carretero
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France
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13
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Decroës A, Li JM, Richardson L, Mutasa-Gottgens E, Lima-Mendez G, Mahillon M, Bragard C, Finn RD, Legrève A. Metagenomics approach for Polymyxa betae genome assembly enables comparative analysis towards deciphering the intracellular parasitic lifestyle of the plasmodiophorids. Genomics 2021; 114:9-22. [PMID: 34798282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genomic knowledge of the tree of life is biased to specific groups of organisms. For example, only six full genomes are currently available in the rhizaria clade. Here, we have applied metagenomic techniques enabling the assembly of the genome of Polymyxa betae (Rhizaria, Plasmodiophorida) RES F41 isolate from unpurified zoospore holobiont and comparison with the A26-41 isolate. Furthermore, the first P. betae mitochondrial genome was assembled. The two P. betae nuclear genomes were highly similar, each with just ~10.2 k predicted protein coding genes, ~3% of which were unique to each isolate. Extending genomic comparisons revealed a greater overlap with Spongospora subterranea than with Plasmodiophora brassicae, including orthologs of the mammalian cation channel sperm-associated proteins, raising some intriguing questions about zoospore physiology. This work validates our metagenomics pipeline for eukaryote genome assembly from unpurified samples and enriches plasmodiophorid genomics; providing the first full annotation of the P. betae genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Decroës
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, China
| | - Lorna Richardson
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Euphemia Mutasa-Gottgens
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Gipsi Lima-Mendez
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Mahillon
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claude Bragard
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Robert D Finn
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Anne Legrève
- Phytopathology-Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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14
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Mura A, Moriel-Carretero M. Lack of evidence for condensin or cohesin sequestration on lipid droplets with packing defects. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021. [PMID: 34746685 PMCID: PMC8569452 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) are organelles born from the endoplasmic reticulum that store fats and sterols in an apolar manner both as an energy reservoir and for protective purposes. The LD is delimited by a phospholipid monolayer covered by a rich proteome that dynamically evolves depending on the nutritional, genetic, pharmacological and environmental cues. Some of these contexts lead to discontinuities in the phospholipid monolayer, termed "packing defects", that expose LD hydrophobic contents to the surrounding water environment. This triggers the unscheduled binding of proteins with affinity for hydrophobic surfaces, a thermodynamically favorable reaction. We have raised in the past the concern that this titration includes proteins with important roles in the nucleus, which entails a risk of genome instability. Analysis of previously published LD proteomes isolated from cells lacking the transcription factor Ino2p, a prototype of LD bearing packing defects, made us concentrate on two subunits of the cohesin (Smc1p and Smc3p) and one of the condensin (Smc2p) complexes, both essential to promote genome integrity by structuring chromosomes. We report that, in disagreement with the proteomic data, we find no evidence of titration of condensin or cohesin subunits onto LD in ino2∆ cells. Importantly, during our analysis to label LD, we discovered that the addition of the widely used vital dye AUTODOTTM, which emits in the blue range of the spectrum, leads, specifically in ino2∆, to the artefactual emission of signals in the green channel. We therefore take the opportunity to warn the community of this undesirable aspect when using this dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Mura
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 05, France
| | - María Moriel-Carretero
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 05, France
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15
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Askarian H, Akhavan A, González LG, Hwang SF, Strelkov SE. Genetic Structure of Plasmodiophora brassicae Populations Virulent on Clubroot Resistant Canola ( Brassica napus). PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3694-3704. [PMID: 33507096 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-20-1980-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, is a significant threat to the canola (Brassica napus L.) industry in Canada. Clubroot resistance has been overcome in more than 200 fields since 2013, representing one of the biggest challenges to sustainable canola production. The genetic structure of 36 single-spore isolates derived from 12 field isolates of P. brassicae collected before and after the introduction of clubroot resistant (CR) canola cultivars (2005-2014) was evaluated by simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis. Polymorphisms were detected in 32 loci with the identification of 93 distinct alleles. A low level of genetic diversity was found among the single-spore isolates. Haploid linkage disequilibrium and number of migrants suggested that recombination and migration were rare or almost absent in the tested P. brassicae population. A relatively clear relationship was found between the genetic structure and virulence phenotypes of the pathogen as defined on the differential hosts of Somé et al., Williams, and the Canadian Clubroot Differential (CCD) set. Although genetic variability within each pathotype group, as classified on each differential system, was low, significant genetic differentiation was observed among the pathotypes. The highest correlation between genetic structure and virulence was found among matrices produced with genetic data and the hosts of the CCD set, with a threshold index of disease of 50% to distinguish susceptible from resistant reactions. Genetically homogeneous single-spore isolates provided a more complete and clearer picture of the population genetic structure of P. brassicae, and the results suggest some promise for the development of pathotype-specific primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Askarian
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Alireza Akhavan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Leonardo Galindo González
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Sheau-Fang Hwang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Stephen E Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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16
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Li Q, Shah N, Zhou X, Wang H, Yu W, Luo J, Liu Y, Li G, Liu C, Zhang C, Chen P. Identification of Micro Ribonucleic Acids and Their Targets in Response to Plasmodiophora brassicae Infection in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:734419. [PMID: 34777417 PMCID: PMC8585624 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.734419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot disease, which is caused by the soil-borne pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae War (P. brassicae), is one of the oldest and most destructive diseases of Brassica and cruciferous crops in the world. Plant microRNAs [micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs)] play important regulatory roles in several developmental processes. Although the role of plant miRNAs in plant-microbe interaction has been extensively studied, there are only few reports on the specific functions of miRNAs in response to P. brassicae. This study investigated the roles of miRNAs and their targets during P. brassicae infection in a pair of Brassica napus near-isogenic lines (NILs), namely clubroot-resistant line 409R and clubroot-susceptible line 409S. Small RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) and degradome-seq were performed on root samples of 409R and 409S with or without P. brassicae inoculation. sRNA-seq identified a total of 48 conserved and 72 novel miRNAs, among which 18 had a significant differential expression in the root of 409R, while only one miRNA was differentially expressed in the root of 409S after P. brassicae inoculation. The degradome-seq analysis identified 938 miRNA target transcripts, which are transcription factors, enzymes, and proteins involved in multiple biological processes and most significantly enriched in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Between 409R and 409S, we found eight different degradation pathways in response to P. brassicae infection, such as those related to fatty acids. By combining published transcriptome data, we identified a total of six antagonistic miRNA-target pairs in 409R that are responsive to P. brassicae infection and involved in pathways associated with root development, hypersensitive cell death, and chloroplast metabolic synthesis. Our results reveal that P. brassicae infection leads to great changes in miRNA pool and target transcripts. More interestingly, these changes are different between 409R and 409S. Clarification of the crosstalk between miRNAs and their targets may shed new light on the possible mechanisms underlying the pathogen resistance against P. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nadil Shah
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueqing Zhou
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenlin Yu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajie Luo
- Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Linxiang, Lincang, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Lincang, Lincang, China
| | - Genze Li
- Industrial Crops Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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17
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Bosch M, Sweet MJ, Parton RG, Pol A. Lipid droplets and the host-pathogen dynamic: FATal attraction? J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202104005. [PMID: 34165498 PMCID: PMC8240858 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the ongoing conflict between eukaryotic cells and pathogens, lipid droplets (LDs) emerge as a choke point in the battle for nutrients. While many pathogens seek the lipids stored in LDs to fuel an expensive lifestyle, innate immunity rewires lipid metabolism and weaponizes LDs to defend cells and animals. Viruses, bacteria, and parasites directly and remotely manipulate LDs to obtain substrates for metabolic energy, replication compartments, assembly platforms, membrane blocks, and tools for host colonization and/or evasion such as anti-inflammatory mediators, lipoviroparticles, and even exosomes. Host LDs counterattack such advances by synthesizing bioactive lipids and toxic nucleotides, organizing immune signaling platforms, and recruiting a plethora of antimicrobial proteins to provide a front-line defense against the invader. Here, we review the current state of this conflict. We will discuss why, when, and how LDs efficiently coordinate and precisely execute a plethora of immune defenses. In the age of antimicrobial resistance and viral pandemics, understanding innate immune strategies developed by eukaryotic cells to fight and defeat dangerous microorganisms may inform future anti-infective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bosch
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthew J. Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Albert Pol
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Gazengel K, Aigu Y, Lariagon C, Humeau M, Gravot A, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ, Daval S. Nitrogen Supply and Host-Plant Genotype Modulate the Transcriptomic Profile of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:701067. [PMID: 34305867 PMCID: PMC8298192 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.701067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilization can affect the susceptibility of Brassica napus to the telluric pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. Our previous works highlighted that the influence of nitrogen can strongly vary regarding plant cultivar/pathogen strain combinations, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The present work aims to explore how nitrogen supply can affect the molecular physiology of P. brassicae through its life epidemiological cycle. A time-course transcriptome experiment was conducted to study the interaction, under two conditions of nitrogen supply, between isolate eH and two B. napus genotypes (Yudal and HD-018), harboring (or not harboring) low nitrogen-conditional resistance toward this isolate (respectively). P. brassicae transcriptional patterns were modulated by nitrogen supply, these modulations being dependent on both host-plant genotype and kinetic time. Functional analysis allowed the identification of P. brassicae genes expressed during the secondary phase of infection, which may play a role in the reduction of Yudal disease symptoms in low-nitrogen conditions. Candidate genes included pathogenicity-related genes ("NUDIX," "carboxypeptidase," and "NEP-proteins") and genes associated to obligate biotrophic functions of P. brassicae. This work illustrates the importance of considering pathogen's physiological responses to get a better understanding of the influence of abiotic factors on clubroot resistance/susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stéphanie Daval
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
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19
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Schwelm A, Ludwig-Müller J. Molecular Pathotyping of Plasmodiophora brassicae-Genomes, Marker Genes, and Obstacles. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030259. [PMID: 33668372 PMCID: PMC7996130 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we review the usefulness of the currently available genomic information for the molecular identification of pathotypes. We focused on effector candidates and genes implied to be pathotype specific and tried to connect reported marker genes to Plasmodiophora brassicae genome information. The potentials for practical applications, current obstacles and future perspectives are discussed.
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20
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Kumanski S, Viart BT, Kossida S, Moriel-Carretero M. Lipid Droplets Are a Physiological Nucleoporin Reservoir. Cells 2021; 10:472. [PMID: 33671805 PMCID: PMC7926788 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid Droplets (LD) are dynamic organelles that originate in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and mostly bud off toward the cytoplasm, where they store neutral lipids for energy and protection purposes. LD also have diverse proteins on their surface, many of which are necessary for the their correct homeostasis. However, these organelles also act as reservoirs of proteins that can be made available elsewhere in the cell. In this sense, they act as sinks that titrate key regulators of many cellular processes. Among the specialized factors that reside on cytoplasmic LD are proteins destined for functions in the nucleus, but little is known about them and their impact on nuclear processes. By screening for nuclear proteins in publicly available LD proteomes, we found that they contain a subset of nucleoporins from the Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC). Exploring this, we demonstrate that LD act as a physiological reservoir, for nucleoporins, that impacts the conformation of NPCs and hence their function in nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, chromatin configuration, and genome stability. Furthermore, our in silico modeling predicts a role for LD-released fatty acids in regulating the transit of nucleoporins from LD through the cytoplasm and to nuclear pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Kumanski
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 05, France;
| | - Benjamin T. Viart
- International ImMunoGeneTics Information System (IMGT®), Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34396 Montpellier CEDEX 05, France; (B.T.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Sofia Kossida
- International ImMunoGeneTics Information System (IMGT®), Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34396 Montpellier CEDEX 05, France; (B.T.V.); (S.K.)
| | - María Moriel-Carretero
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 05, France;
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21
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Biocontrol arsenals of bacterial endophyte: An imminent triumph against clubroot disease. Microbiol Res 2020; 241:126565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Zhou Q, Galindo-González L, Manolii V, Hwang SF, Strelkov SE. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Rutabaga ( Brassica napus) Cultivars Indicates Activation of Salicylic Acid and Ethylene-Mediated Defenses in Response to Plasmodiophora brassicae. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218381. [PMID: 33171675 PMCID: PMC7664628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, is an important soilborne disease of Brassica napus L. and other crucifers. To improve understanding of the mechanisms of resistance and pathogenesis in the clubroot pathosystem, the rutabaga (B. napus subsp. rapifera Metzg) cultivars ‘Wilhelmsburger’ (resistant) and ‘Laurentian’ (susceptible) were inoculated with P. brassicae pathotype 3A and their transcriptomes were analyzed at 7, 14, and 21 days after inoculation (dai) by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Thousands of transcripts with significant changes in expression were identified in each host at each time-point in inoculated vs. non-inoculated plants. Molecular responses at 7 and 14 dai supported clear differences in the clubroot response mechanisms of the two genotypes. Both the resistant and the susceptible cultivars activated receptor-like protein (RLP) genes, resistance (R) genes, and genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) signaling as clubroot defense mechanisms. In addition, genes related to calcium signaling and genes encoding leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinases, the respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) protein, and transcription factors such as WRKYs, ethylene responsive factors, and basic leucine zippers (bZIPs), appeared to be upregulated in ‘Wilhelmsburger’ to restrict P. brassicae development. Some of these genes are essential components of molecular defenses, including ethylene (ET) signaling and the oxidative burst. Our study highlights the importance of activation of genes associated with SA- and ET-mediated responses in the resistant cultivar. A set of candidate genes showing contrasting patterns of expression between the resistant and susceptible cultivars was identified and includes potential targets for further study and validation through approaches such as gene editing.
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23
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Liu L, Qin L, Zhou Z, Hendriks WGHM, Liu S, Wei Y. Refining the Life Cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1704-1712. [PMID: 32407251 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-20-0029-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As a soilborne protist pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae causes the devastating clubroot disease on Brassicaeae crops worldwide. Due to its intracellular obligate biotrophic nature, the life cycle of P. brassicae is still not fully understood. Here, we used fluorescent probe-based confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the infection process of P. brassicae on the susceptible host Arabidopsis under controlled conditions. We found that P. brassicae can initiate the primary infection in both root hairs and epidermal cells, producing the uninucleate primary plasmodium at 1 day postinoculation (dpi). After that, the developed multinucleate primary plasmodium underwent condensing and cytoplasm cleavage into uninucleate zoosporangia from 1 to 4 dpi. This was subsequently followed by the formation of multinucleate zoosporangia and the production of secondary zoospores within zoosporangium. Importantly, the secondary zoospores performed a conjugation in the root epidermal cells after their release. TEM revealed extensive uninucleate secondary plasmodium in cortical cells at 8 dpi, indicating the establishment of the secondary infection. The P. brassicae subsequently developed into binucleate, quadrinucleate, and multinucleate secondary plasmodia from 10 to 15 dpi, during which the clubroot symptoms appeared. The uninucleate resting spores were first observed in the cortical cells at 24 dpi, marking the completion of a life cycle. We also provided evidence that the secondary infection of P. brassicae may represent the diploid sexual life stage. From these findings, we propose a refined life cycle of P. brassicae which will contribute to understanding of the complicated infection biology of P. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Zhuqing Zhou
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | | | - Shengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, China
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
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Daval S, Gazengel K, Belcour A, Linglin J, Guillerm‐Erckelboudt A, Sarniguet A, Manzanares‐Dauleux MJ, Lebreton L, Mougel C. Soil microbiota influences clubroot disease by modulating Plasmodiophora brassicae and Brassica napus transcriptomes. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1648-1672. [PMID: 32686326 PMCID: PMC7415369 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of surrounding plant microbiota to disease development has led to the 'pathobiome' concept, which represents the interaction between the pathogen, the host plant and the associated biotic microbial community, resulting or not in plant disease. The aim herein is to understand how the soil microbial environment may influence the functions of a pathogen and its pathogenesis, and the molecular response of the plant to the infection, with a dual-RNAseq transcriptomics approach. We address this question using Brassica napus and Plasmodiophora brassicae, the pathogen responsible for clubroot. A time-course experiment was conducted to study interactions between P. brassicae, two B. napus genotypes and three soils harbouring high, medium or low microbiota diversities and levels of richness. The soil microbial diversity levels had an impact on disease development (symptom levels and pathogen quantity). The P. brassicae and B. napus transcriptional patterns were modulated by these microbial diversities, these modulations being dependent on the host genotype plant and the kinetic time. The functional analysis of gene expressions allowed the identification of pathogen and plant host functions potentially involved in the change of plant disease level, such as pathogenicity-related genes (NUDIX effector) in P. brassicae and plant defence-related genes (glucosinolate metabolism) in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Daval
- INRAEAgrocampus OuestUniversité de RennesIGEPPLe RheuF‐35650France
| | - Kévin Gazengel
- INRAEAgrocampus OuestUniversité de RennesIGEPPLe RheuF‐35650France
| | | | - Juliette Linglin
- INRAEAgrocampus OuestUniversité de RennesIGEPPPloudanielF‐29260France
| | | | - Alain Sarniguet
- INRAEAgrocampus OuestUniversité d'AngersIRHSBeaucouzéF‐49071France
| | | | - Lionel Lebreton
- INRAEAgrocampus OuestUniversité de RennesIGEPPLe RheuF‐35650France
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Zhu M, He Y, Li Y, Ren T, Liu H, Huang J, Jiang D, Hsiang T, Zheng L. Two New Biocontrol Agents Against Clubroot Caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3099. [PMID: 32038545 PMCID: PMC6986203 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae can lead to serious yield losses in crucifers such as Brassica napus. In this study, 323 bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of severely diseased B. napus in Dangyang county, Hubei province, China. Antagonistic strains were first identified based on dual culture inhibition zones with Fusarium oxysporum and Magnaporthe oryzae. These were then further screened in germination inhibition and viability assays of resting spores of P. brassicae. Finally, eight of the antagonistic strains were found to significantly reduce the disease severity of clubroot by more than 40% under greenhouse conditions, and two strains, F85 and T113, were found to have efficacy of more than 80%. Root hair infection experiments showed that F85 and T113 can inhibit early infection of root hairs, reduce the differentiation of primary plasmodia of P. brassicae, and inhibit formation of secondary zoosporangia. Based on sequence analysis of 16S rDNA gene, gyrA gene and 22 housekeeping genes as well as carbon source utilization analysis, the F85 was identified as Bacillus velezensis and T113 as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Genome analysis, PCR and RT-PCR detection revealed that both F85 and T113 harbor various antibiotic biosynthesis gene clusters required to form peptides with antimicrobial activity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. velezensis as a biocontrol agent against clubroot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Zhu
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youwei He
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Li
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tirong Ren
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Liu
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lu Zheng
- The Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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The Puzzling Conservation and Diversification of Lipid Droplets from Bacteria to Eukaryotes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2020; 69:281-334. [PMID: 33263877 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane compartments are amongst the most fascinating markers of cell evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, some being conserved and the others having emerged via a series of primary and secondary endosymbiosis events. Membrane compartments comprise the system limiting cells (one or two membranes in bacteria, a unique plasma membrane in eukaryotes) and a variety of internal vesicular, subspherical, tubular, or reticulated organelles. In eukaryotes, the internal membranes comprise on the one hand the general endomembrane system, a dynamic network including organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the nuclear envelope, etc. and also the plasma membrane, which are linked via direct lateral connectivity (e.g. between the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear outer envelope membrane) or indirectly via vesicular trafficking. On the other hand, semi-autonomous organelles, i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts, are disconnected from the endomembrane system and request vertical transmission following cell division. Membranes are organized as lipid bilayers in which proteins are embedded. The budding of some of these membranes, leading to the formation of the so-called lipid droplets (LDs) loaded with hydrophobic molecules, most notably triacylglycerol, is conserved in all clades. The evolution of eukaryotes is marked by the acquisition of mitochondria and simple plastids from Gram-positive bacteria by primary endosymbiosis events and the emergence of extremely complex plastids, collectively called secondary plastids, bounded by three to four membranes, following multiple and independent secondary endosymbiosis events. There is currently no consensus view of the evolution of LDs in the Tree of Life. Some features are conserved; others show a striking level of diversification. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the architecture, dynamics, and multitude of functions of the lipid droplets in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes deriving from primary and secondary endosymbiosis events.
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The architecture of the Plasmodiophora brassicae nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15753. [PMID: 31673019 PMCID: PMC6823432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is a soil-borne pathogen that attacks roots of cruciferous plants causing clubroot disease. The pathogen belongs to the Plasmodiophorida order in Phytomyxea. Here we used long-read SMRT technology to clarify the P. brassicae e3 genomic constituents along with comparative and phylogenetic analyses. Twenty contigs representing the nuclear genome and one mitochondrial (mt) contig were generated, together comprising 25.1 Mbp. Thirteen of the 20 nuclear contigs represented chromosomes from telomere to telomere characterized by [TTTTAGGG] sequences. Seven active gene candidates encoding synaptonemal complex-associated and meiotic-related protein homologs were identified, a finding that argues for possible genetic recombination events. The circular mt genome is large (114,663 bp), gene dense and intron rich. It shares high synteny with the mt genome of Spongospora subterranea, except in a unique 12 kb region delimited by shifts in GC content and containing tandem minisatellite- and microsatellite repeats with partially palindromic sequences. De novo annotation identified 32 protein-coding genes, 28 structural RNA genes and 19 ORFs. ORFs predicted in the repeat-rich region showed similarities to diverse organisms suggesting possible evolutionary connections. The data generated here form a refined platform for the next step involving functional analysis, all to clarify the complex biology of P. brassicae.
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Malinowski R, Truman W, Blicharz S. Genius Architect or Clever Thief-How Plasmodiophora brassicae Reprograms Host Development to Establish a Pathogen-Oriented Physiological Sink. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1259-1266. [PMID: 31210556 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-19-0069-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When plants are infected by Plasmodiophora brassicae, their developmental programs are subjected to extensive changes and the resultant clubroot disease is associated with formation of large galls on underground tissue. The pathogen's need to build an efficient feeding site as the disease progresses drives these changes, ensuring successful production of resting spores. This developmental reprogramming is an outcome of interactions between the pathogen and the infected host. During disease progression, we can observe alteration of growth regulator dynamics, patterns of cell proliferation and differentiation, increased cell expansion, and eventual cell wall degradation as well as the redirection of nutrients toward the pathogen. Recently, detailed studies of anatomical changes occurring during infection and studies profiling transcriptional responses have come together to provide a clearer understanding of the sequence of events and processes underlying clubroot disease. Additionally, genome sequencing projects have revealed P. brassicae's potential for the production of signaling molecules and effectors as well as its requirements and capacities with respect to taking up host nutrients. Integration of these new findings together with physiological studies can significantly advance our understanding of how P. brassicae brings about reprogramming of host development. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge on cellular changes induced by P. brassicae infection and aims to explain their impact and importance for both the host and the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Malinowski
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - William Truman
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sara Blicharz
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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Ciaghi S, Schwelm A, Neuhauser S. Transcriptomic response in symptomless roots of clubroot infected kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) mirrors resistant plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:288. [PMID: 31262271 PMCID: PMC6604361 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae (Phytomyxea, Rhizaria) is one of the economically most important diseases of Brassica crops. The formation of hypertrophied roots accompanied by altered metabolism and hormone homeostasis is typical for infected plants. Not all roots of infected plants show the same phenotypic changes. While some roots remain uninfected, others develop galls of diverse size. The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the intra-plant heterogeneity of P. brassicae root galls and symptomless roots of the same host plants (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) collected from a commercial field in Austria using transcriptome analyses. RESULTS Transcriptomes were markedly different between symptomless roots and gall tissue. Symptomless roots showed transcriptomic traits previously described for resistant plants. Genes involved in host cell wall synthesis and reinforcement were up-regulated in symptomless roots indicating elevated tolerance against P. brassicae. By contrast, genes involved in cell wall degradation and modification processes like expansion were up-regulated in root galls. Hormone metabolism differed between symptomless roots and galls. Brassinosteroid-synthesis was down-regulated in root galls, whereas jasmonic acid synthesis was down-regulated in symptomless roots. Cytokinin metabolism and signalling were up-regulated in symptomless roots with the exception of one CKX6 homolog, which was strongly down-regulated. Salicylic acid (SA) mediated defence response was up-regulated in symptomless roots, compared with root gall tissue. This is probably caused by a secreted benzoic acid/salicylic acid methyl transferase from the pathogen (PbBSMT), which was one of the highest expressed pathogen genes in gall tissue. The PbBSMT derived Methyl-SA potentially leads to increased pathogen tolerance in uninfected roots. CONCLUSIONS Infected and uninfected roots of clubroot infected plants showed transcriptomic differences similar to those previously described between clubroot resistant and susceptible hosts. The here described intra-plant heterogeneity suggests, that for a better understanding of clubroot disease targeted, spatial analyses of clubroot infected plants will be vital in understanding this economically important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ciaghi
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Schwelm
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Yu F, Wang S, Zhang W, Tang J, Wang H, Yu L, Zhang X, Fei Z, Li J. Genome-wide identification of genes encoding putative secreted E3 ubiquitin ligases and functional characterization of PbRING1 in the biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae. Curr Genet 2019; 65:1355-1365. [PMID: 31087129 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligases are key regulators of protein ubiquitination, which have been shown to be involved in a variety of cellular responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses in eukaryotes. However, the E3 ubiquitin ligase homologues in the soil-borne plant pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot disease of crucifer crops worldwide, remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized secreted E3 ubiquitin ligases, a group of proteins known to be involved in virulence in many pathogens, in a plasmodiophorid P. brassicae. Genome-wide search in the P. brassicae genome retrieved 139 putative E3 ubiquitin ligases, comprising of 115 RING, 15 HECT, 1 HECT-like, and 8 U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases. Among these E3 ubiquitin ligases, 11 RING, 1 U-box, and 3 HECT were found to harbor signal peptide. Based on published RNA-seq data (Schwelm et al. in Sci Rep 5:11153, 2015), we found that these genes were differentially expressed in distinct life stages including germinating spores, maturing spores, and plasmodia. We characterized one potential secreted E3 ubiquitin ligase, PbRING1 (PBRA_000499). Yeast invertase assay showed that PbRING1 harbors a functional N-terminal signal peptide. PbRING1 also harbors a really interested new gene (RING) domain at its C terminus, which was found to display the E3 ligase activity in vitro. Collectively, this study provides a comprehensive insight into the reservoir of putative secreted E3 ligases in P. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Shenyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Li Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Tianjin Gengyun Seed Co. Ltd, Tianjin, 300400, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Jianbin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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Zhou X, Chen X, Du Z, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Kong X, Thelen JJ, Chen C, Chen M. Terpenoid Esters Are the Major Constituents From Leaf Lipid Droplets of Camellia sinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:179. [PMID: 30863415 PMCID: PMC6399487 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) have been widely found from diverse species and exhibit diverse functions. It remains unexplored what potential roles they played in tea. To address this question, we analyzed the chemical composition and the dynamic changes of cytosolic LDs during leaf growth and diurnal cycle. Using TopFluor cholesterol and Nile Red staining we demonstrated that cytosolic LDs were heterogeneous in tea tree (Camellia sinensis cv. Tieguanyin); the size and number of LDs increased with leaf growth. Compositional analysis showed that terpenoid esters and diacylglycerol are the major components of cytosolic LDs. The contents of total sterol esters (SEs) and β-amyrin esters increased with leaf expansion and growth; individual SE also showed diurnal changes. Our data suggest that cytosolic LDs from tea tree leave mainly serve as storage site for free sterols and triterpenoids in the form of esters. Cytosolic LDs were not the major contributors to the aroma quality of made tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant System Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant System Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenghua Du
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiangrui Kong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian, China
| | - Jay J. Thelen
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian, China
- *Correspondence: Changsong Chen, Mingjie Chen,
| | - Mingjie Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- *Correspondence: Changsong Chen, Mingjie Chen,
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Bi K, Chen T, He Z, Gao Z, Zhao Y, Fu Y, Cheng J, Xie J, Jiang D. Proto-oncogenes in a eukaryotic unicellular organism play essential roles in plasmodial growth in host cells. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:881. [PMID: 30522435 PMCID: PMC6282348 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The eukaryotic unicellular protist Plasmodiophora brassicae is an endocellular parasite of cruciferous plants. In host cortical cells, this protist develops a unicellular structure that is termed the plasmodium. The plasmodium is actually a multinucleated cell, which subsequently splits and forms resting spores. The mechanism for the growth of this endocellular parasite in host cell is unclear. RESULTS Here, combining de novo genome sequence and transcriptome analysis of strain ZJ-1, we identified top five significant enriched KEGG pathways of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), namely translation, cell growth and death, cell communication, cell motility and cancers. We detected 171 proto-oncogenes from the genome of P. brassicae that were implicated in cancer-related pathways, of which 46 were differential expression genes. Three predicted proto-oncogenes (Pb-Raf1, Pb-Raf2, and Pb-MYB), which showed homology to the human proto-oncogenes Raf and MYB, were specifically activated during the plasmodial growth in host cortical cells, demonstrating their involvement in the multinucleate development stage of the unicellular protist organism. Gene networks involved in the tumorigenic-related signaling transduction pathways and the activation of 12 core genes were identified. Inhibition of phosphoinositol-3-kinase relieved the clubroot symptom and significantly suppressed the development process of plasmodia. CONCLUSIONS Proto-oncogene-related regulatory mechanisms play an important role in the plasmodial growth of P. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangchao He
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Fu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Walerowski P, Gündel A, Yahaya N, Truman W, Sobczak M, Olszak M, Rolfe S, Borisjuk L, Malinowski R. Clubroot Disease Stimulates Early Steps of Phloem Differentiation and Recruits SWEET Sucrose Transporters within Developing Galls. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:3058-3073. [PMID: 30413655 PMCID: PMC6354258 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Successful biotrophic plant pathogens can divert host nutrition toward infection sites. Here we describe how the protist Plasmodiophora brassicae establishes a long-term feeding relationship with its host by stimulating phloem differentiation and phloem-specific expression of sugar transporters within developing galls. Development of galls in infected Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants is accompanied by stimulation of host BREVIS RADIX, COTYLEDON VASCULAR PATTERN, and OCTOPUS gene expression leading to an increase in phloem complexity. We characterized how the arrest of this developmental reprogramming influences both the host and the invading pathogen. Furthermore, we found that infection leads to phloem-specific accumulation of SUGARS WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTERS11 and 12 facilitating local distribution of sugars toward the pathogen. Utilizing Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy to monitor spatial distribution of carbohydrates, we found that infection leads to the formation of a strong physiological sink at the site of infection. High resolution metabolic and structural imaging of sucrose distributions revealed that sweet11 sweet12 double mutants are impaired in sugar transport toward the pathogen, delaying disease progression. This work highlights the importance of precise regulation of sugar partitioning for plant-pathogen interactions and the dependence of P brassicae's performance on its capacity to induce a phloem sink at the feeding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Walerowski
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - André Gündel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Nazariyah Yahaya
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - William Truman
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Olszak
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Stephen Rolfe
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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Ciaghi S, Neuhauser S, Schwelm A. Draft Genome Resource for the Potato Powdery Scab Pathogen Spongospora subterranea. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:1227-1229. [PMID: 29969057 PMCID: PMC6443038 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-18-0163-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Plasmodiophorida (Phytomyxea, Rhizaria) are a group of protists that infect plants. Of this group, Spongospora subterranea causes major problems for the potato industry by causing powdery scab and root galling of potatoes and as vector for the Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) (genus Pomovirus, family Virgaviridae). A single tuber isolate (SSUBK13) of this uncultivable protist was used to generate DNA for Illumina sequencing. The data were assembled to a draft genome of 28.08 Mb consisting of 2,340 contigs and an L50 of 280. A total of 10,778 genes were predicted and 93% of the BUSCO genes were detected. The presented genome assembly is only the second genome of a plasmodiophorid. The data will accelerate functional genomics to study poorly understood interaction of plasmodiophorids and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ciaghi
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Schwelm
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Corresponding author: Arne Schwelm;
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Daval S, Belcour A, Gazengel K, Legrand L, Gouzy J, Cottret L, Lebreton L, Aigu Y, Mougel C, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ. Computational analysis of the Plasmodiophora brassicae genome: mitochondrial sequence description and metabolic pathway database design. Genomics 2018; 111:1629-1640. [PMID: 30447277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate biotrophic pathogenic protist responsible for clubroot, a root gall disease of Brassicaceae species. In addition to the reference genome of the P. brassicae European e3 isolate and the draft genomes of Canadian or Chinese isolates, we present the genome of eH, a second European isolate. Refinement of the annotation of the eH genome led to the identification of the mitochondrial genome sequence, which was found to be bigger than that of Spongospora subterranea, another plant parasitic Plasmodiophorid phylogenetically related to P. brassicae. New pathways were also predicted, such as those for the synthesis of spermidine, a polyamine up-regulated in clubbed regions of roots. A P. brassicae pathway genome database was created to facilitate the functional study of metabolic pathways in transcriptomics approaches. These available tools can help in our understanding of the regulation of P. brassicae metabolism during infection and in response to diverse constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Daval
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France.
| | - Arnaud Belcour
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
| | - Kévin Gazengel
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
| | - Ludovic Legrand
- LIPM, INRA, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Jérôme Gouzy
- LIPM, INRA, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Ludovic Cottret
- LIPM, INRA, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Lionel Lebreton
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
| | - Yoann Aigu
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
| | - Christophe Mougel
- IGEPP, INRA, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Université Rennes, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu F-35653, France
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Zhang C, Liu P. The New Face of the Lipid Droplet: Lipid Droplet Proteins. Proteomics 2018; 19:e1700223. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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Yang Y, Zuzak K, Harding M, Strelkov S, Hwang SF, Feindel D, Feng J. DNA Sequence Dimorphisms in Populations of the Clubroot Pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1703-1707. [PMID: 30125173 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-18-0225-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To develop genetic markers for differentiation between pathotypes of the clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, DNA polymorphisms of 85 P. brassicae genes were investigated by comparing the sequences of these genes from published expressed sequence tag libraries to their sequences in the two released whole genomes. A significant portion of the identified sequence differences across all polymorphic genes are between an isolate from New Zealand and the two whole-genome sequenced isolates. Four genes with a high density of polymorphisms were selected and their partial sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the old pathotypes 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8 (based on the Williams differential set) and the new virulent populations 3-like and 5-like. On the sequences of two of the four genes, the old pathotypes are all identical to the two whole-genome sequenced isolates and all of the new virulent populations are identical to the New Zealand isolate. Based on the dimorphism on the sequence of these two genes, an RNase H-dependent PCR protocol was developed. This protocol was demonstrated to be useful for virulent pathotype identification and may also be used to study the population dynamics of P. brassicae and the in planta interaction of different pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Yang
- Alberta Plant Health Lab, Crop Diversification Centre North, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB, T5Y 6H3, Canada
| | - Krista Zuzak
- Alberta Plant Health Lab, Crop Diversification Centre North, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB, T5Y 6H3, Canada
| | - Michael Harding
- Crop Diversification Centre South, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Brooks, AB, T1R 1E6, Canada
| | - Stephen Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Sheau-Fang Hwang
- Crop Diversification Centre North, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB, T5Y 6H3, Canada
| | - David Feindel
- Crop Diversification Centre North, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB, T5Y 6H3, Canada
| | - Jie Feng
- Alberta Plant Health Lab, Crop Diversification Centre North, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry
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Li H, Harwood JD, Liu T, Chu D. Novel proteome and acetylome of Bemisia tabaci Q in response to Cardinium infection. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:523. [PMID: 29976144 PMCID: PMC6034306 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has become increasingly clear that symbionts have crucial evolutionary and ecological ramifications for their host arthropods. However, little is known whether these symbiont infections influence the proteome and lysine acetylome of their host arthropods. Here we performed experiments to investigate the proteomes and acetylomes of Cardinium-infected (C*+) and -uninfected (C−) Bemisia tabaci Q with identical backgrounds, through the combination of affinity enrichment and high-resolution LC-MS/MS analysis. Results Of the 3353 proteins whose levels were quantitated in proteome, a total of 146 proteins dividing into 77 up-regulated and 69 down-regulated proteins were discovered to be differentially expressed as having at least a 1.2-fold change when C*+ strain was compared with C− strain. Furthermore, a total of 528 lysine acetylation sites in 283 protein groups were identified, among which 356 sites in 202 proteins were quantified. The comparison of acetylomes revealed 30 sites in 26 lysine acetylation proteins (Kac) were quantified as up-regulated targets and 35 sites in 29 Kac proteins were quantified as down-regulated targets. Functional analysis showed that these differentially expressed proteins and Kac proteins were mainly involved in diverse physiological processes related to development, immune responses and energy metabolism, such as retinol metabolism, methane metabolism and fatty acid degradation. Notably, protein interaction network analyses demonstrated widespread interactions modulated by protein acetylation. Conclusion Here we show the proteome and acetylom of B. tabaci Q in response to the symbiont Cardinium infection. This is the first study to utilize the tool of acetylome analysis for revealing physiological responses of arthropods to its symbiont infection, which will provide an important resource for exploring the arthropod-symbiont interaction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4907-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongran Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - James D Harwood
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Tongxian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China.
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Chen T, Bi K, Zhao Y, Lyu X, Gao Z, Zhao Y, Fu Y, Cheng J, Xie J, Jiang D. MAPKK Inhibitor U0126 Inhibits Plasmodiophora brassicae Development. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:711-720. [PMID: 29381451 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-17-0240-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a central role in cellular growth, proliferation, and survival. MAPK cascade genes have been extensively investigated in model plants, mammals, yeast, and fungi but are not characterized in Plasmodiophora brassicae, which causes clubroot disease in cruciferous plants. Here, we identified 7 PbMAPK, 3 PbMAPKK, and 9 PbMAPKKK genes in the P. brassicae genome. Transcriptional profiling analysis demonstrated that several MAPK, MAPK kinase (MAPKK), and MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) genes were preferentially expressed in three different zoosporic stages. Based on yeast two-hybrid assays, PbMAKKK7 interacted with PbMAKK3 and PbMAKK3 interacted with PbMAK1/PbMAK3. The PbMAKKK7-PbMAKK3-PbMAK1/PbMAK3 cascade may be present in P. brassicae. U0126, a potent and specific inhibitor of MAPKK, could inhibit the germination of P. brassicae resting spores. U0126 was used to treat the resting spores of P. brassicae and coinoculate rapeseed, and was proven to significantly relieve the severity of clubroot symptoms in the host plant and delay the life cycle of P. brassicae. These results suggest that MAPK signaling pathways may play important roles in P. brassicae growth, development, and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, and The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Kai Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, and The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, and The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Xueliang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, and The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Zhixiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, and The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, and The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, and The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, and The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, and The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, and The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, PR China
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Schwelm A, Badstöber J, Bulman S, Desoignies N, Etemadi M, Falloon RE, Gachon CMM, Legreve A, Lukeš J, Merz U, Nenarokova A, Strittmatter M, Sullivan BK, Neuhauser S. Not in your usual Top 10: protists that infect plants and algae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1029-1044. [PMID: 29024322 PMCID: PMC5772912 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungi, nematodes and oomycetes belong to the most prominent eukaryotic plant pathogenic organisms. Unicellular organisms from other eukaryotic lineages, commonly addressed as protists, also infect plants. This review provides an introduction to plant pathogenic protists, including algae infecting oomycetes, and their current state of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schwelm
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCentre, Linnean Centre for Plant BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala SE‐75007Sweden
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Julia Badstöber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Simon Bulman
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LtdLincoln 7608New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Desoignies
- Applied Plant Ecophysiology, Haute Ecole Provinciale de Hainaut‐CondorcetAth 7800Belgium
| | - Mohammad Etemadi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Richard E. Falloon
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LtdLincoln 7608New Zealand
| | - Claire M. M. Gachon
- The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine InstituteOban PA37 1QAUK
| | - Anne Legreve
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life InstituteLouvain‐la‐Neuve 1348Belgium
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of South Bohemia37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Canadian Institute for Advanced ResearchTorontoOntario M5G 1Z8Canada
| | - Ueli Merz
- Plant PathologyInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092Switzerland
| | - Anna Nenarokova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of South Bohemia37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
| | - Martina Strittmatter
- The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine InstituteOban PA37 1QAUK
- Present address:
Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS – UPMC, UMR7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Place Georges Teissier, CS 90074, 29688 Roscoff CedexFrance
| | - Brooke K. Sullivan
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010Australia
- School of BiosciencesVictorian Marine Science ConsortiumQueenscliffVic. 3225Australia
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
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Zhang S, Zheng X, Reiter RJ, Feng S, Wang Y, Liu S, Jin L, Li Z, Datla R, Ren M. Melatonin Attenuates Potato Late Blight by Disrupting Cell Growth, Stress Tolerance, Fungicide Susceptibility and Homeostasis of Gene Expression in Phytophthora infestans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1993. [PMID: 29209352 PMCID: PMC5702310 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans) is the causal agent of potato late blight, which caused the devastating Irish Potato Famine during 1845-1852. Until now, potato late blight is still the most serious threat to potato growth and has caused significant economic losses worldwide. Melatonin can induce plant innate immunity against pathogen infection, but the direct effects of melatonin on plant pathogens are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the direct effects of melatonin on P. infestans. Exogenous melatonin significantly attenuated the potato late blight by inhibiting mycelial growth, changing cell ultrastructure, and reducing stress tolerance of P. infestans. Notably, synergistic anti-fungal effects of melatonin with fungicides on P. infestans suggest that melatonin could reduce the dose levels and enhance the efficacy of fungicide against potato late blight. A transcriptome analysis was carried out to mine downstream genes whose expression levels were affected by melatonin. The analysis of the transcriptome suggests that 66 differentially expressed genes involved in amino acid metabolic processes were significantly affected by melatonin. Moreover, the differentially expressed genes associated with stress tolerance, fungicide resistance, and virulence were also affected. These findings contribute to a new understanding of the direct functions of the melatonin on P. infestans and provide a potential ecofriendly biocontrol approach using a melatonin-based paradigm and application to prevent potato late blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xianzhe Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Shun Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sen Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Raju Datla
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Maozhi Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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