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Sardoiwala MN, Biswal L, Choudhury SR. Immunomodulator-Derived Nanoparticles Induce Neuroprotection and Regulatory T Cell Action to Alleviate Parkinsonism. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39016239 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Post-translational modification, mitochondrial abruptions, neuroinflammation, and α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation are considered as major causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. The recent literature highlights neuroimmune cross talk and the negative role of immune effector T (Teff) and positive regulation by regulatory T (Treg) cells in PD treatment. Herein, a strategy to endow Treg action paves the path for development of PD treatment. Thus, we explored the neuroprotective efficiency of the immunomodulator and PP2A (protein phosphatase 2) activator, FTY720 nanoparticles in in vivo experimental PD models. Repurposing of FTY720 for PD is known due to its protective effect by reducing PD and its camouflaged role in endowing EZH2-mediated epigenetic regulation of PD. EZH2-FOXP3 interaction is necessary for the neuroprotective Treg cell activity. Therefore, we synthesized FTY720 nanoparticles to improve FTY720 protective efficacy in an in vivo PD model to explore the PP2A mediated signaling. We confirmed the formation of FTY720NPs, and the results of the behavioral and protein expression study showed the significant neuroprotective efficiency of our nanoformulations. In the exploration of neuroprotective mechanism, several lines of evidence confirmed FTY720NPs mediated induction of PP2A/EZH2/FOXP3 signaling in the induction of Treg cells effect in in vivo PD treatment. In summary, our nanoformulations have novel potential to alleviate PD by inducing PP2A-induced epigenetic regulation-mediated neuroimmunomodulation at the clinical setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nadim Sardoiwala
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Liku Biswal
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Subhasree Roy Choudhury
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
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Reza MI, Kumar A, Pabelick CM, Britt RD, Prakash YS, Sathish V. Downregulation of protein phosphatase 2Aα in asthmatic airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L651-L659. [PMID: 38529552 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00050.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle cell (ASM) is renowned for its involvement in airway hyperresponsiveness through impaired ASM relaxation and bronchoconstriction in asthma, which poses a significant challenge in the field. Recent studies have explored different targets in ASM to alleviate airway hyperresponsiveness, however, a sizeable portion of patients with asthma still experience poor control. In our study, we explored protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) in ASM as it has been reported to regulate cellular contractility by controlling intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), ion channels, and respective regulatory proteins. We obtained human ASM cells and lung tissues from healthy and patients with asthma and evaluated PP2A expression using RNA-Seq data, immunofluorescence, and immunoblotting. We further investigated the functional importance of PP2A by determining its role in bronchoconstriction using mouse bronchus and human ASM cell [Ca2+]i regulation. We found robust expression of PP2A isoforms in human ASM cells with PP2Aα being highly expressed. Interestingly, PP2Aα was significantly downregulated in asthmatic tissue and human ASM cells exposed to proinflammatory cytokines. Functionally, FTY720 (PP2A agonist) inhibited acetylcholine- or methacholine-induced bronchial contraction in mouse bronchus and further potentiated isoproterenol-induced bronchial relaxation. Mechanistically, FTY720 inhibited histamine-evoked [Ca2+]i response and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation in the presence of interleukin-13 (IL-13) in human ASM cells. To conclude, we for the first time established PP2A signaling in ASM, which can be further explored to develop novel therapeutics to alleviate airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This novel study deciphered the expression and function of protein phosphatase 2Aα (PP2Aα) in airway smooth muscle (ASM) during asthma and/or inflammation. We showed robust expression of PP2Aα in human ASM while its downregulation in asthmatic ASM. Similarly, we demonstrated reduced PP2Aα expression in ASM exposed to proinflammatory cytokines. PP2Aα activation inhibited bronchoconstriction of isolated mouse bronchi. In addition, we unveiled that PP2Aα activation inhibits the intracellular calcium release and myosin light chain phosphorylation in human ASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Irshad Reza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Rodney D Britt
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
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Johnson H, Narayan S, Sharma AK. Altering phosphorylation in cancer through PP2A modifiers. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:11. [PMID: 38184584 PMCID: PMC10770906 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase integral to the regulation of many cellular processes. Due to the deregulation of PP2A in cancer, many of these processes are turned toward promoting tumor progression. Considerable research has been undertaken to discover molecules capable of modulating PP2A activity in cancer. Because PP2A is capable of immense substrate specificity across many cellular processes, the therapeutic targeting of PP2A in cancer can be completed through either enzyme inhibitors or activators. PP2A modulators likewise tend to be effective in drug-resistant cancers and work synergistically with other known cancer therapeutics. In this review, we will discuss the patterns of PP2A deregulation in cancer, and its known downstream signaling pathways important for cancer regulation, along with many activators and inhibitors of PP2A known to inhibit cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Satya Narayan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Siddiqui MR, Reddy NM, Faridi HM, Shahid M, Shanley TP. Metformin alleviates lung-endothelial hyperpermeability by regulating cofilin-1/PP2AC pathway. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1211460. [PMID: 37361221 PMCID: PMC10285707 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1211460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Microvascular endothelial hyperpermeability is an earliest pathological hallmark in Acute Lung Injury (ALI), which progressively leads to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Recently, vascular protective and anti-inflammatory effect of metformin, irrespective of glycemic control, has garnered significant interest. However, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) of metformin's barrier protective benefits in lung-endothelial cells (ECs) has not been clearly elucidated. Many vascular permeability-increasing agents weakened adherens junctions (AJ) integrity by inducing the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and stress fibers formation. Here, we hypothesized that metformin abrogated endothelial hyperpermeability and strengthen AJ integrity via inhibiting stress fibers formation through cofilin-1-PP2AC pathway. Methods: We pretreated human lung microvascular ECs (human-lung-ECs) with metformin and then challenged with thrombin. To investigate the vascular protective effects of metformin, we studied changes in ECs barrier function using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing, levels of actin stress fibers formation and inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 expression. To explore the downstream mechanism, we studied the Ser3-phosphorylation-cofilin-1 levels in scramble and PP2AC-siRNA depleted ECs in response to thrombin with and without metformin pretreatment. Results: In-vitro analyses showed that metformin pretreatment attenuated thrombin-induced hyperpermeability, stress fibers formation, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-β in human-lung-ECs. We found that metformin mitigated Ser3-phosphorylation mediated inhibition of cofilin-1 in response to thrombin. Furthermore, genetic deletion of PP2AC subunit significantly inhibited metformin efficacy to mitigate thrombin-induced Ser3-phosphorylation cofilin-1, AJ disruption and stress fibers formation. We further demonstrated that metformin increases PP2AC activity by upregulating PP2AC-Leu309 methylation in human-lung-ECs. We also found that the ectopic expression of PP2AC dampened thrombin-induced Ser3-phosphorylation-mediated inhibition of cofilin-1, stress fibers formation and endothelial hyperpermeability. Conclusion: Together, these data reveal the unprecedented endothelial cofilin-1/PP2AC signaling axis downstream of metformin in protecting against lung vascular endothelial injury and inflammation. Therefore, pharmacologically enhancing endothelial PP2AC activity may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for prevention of deleterious effects of ALI on vascular ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Rizwan Siddiqui
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Narsa M. Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hafeez M. Faridi
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mohd Shahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Thomas P. Shanley
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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Muñoz JP, Sànchez-Fernàndez-de-Landa P, Diarte-Añazco EMG, Zorzano A, Blanco-Vaca F, Julve J. FTY720-P, a Biased S1PR Ligand, Increases Mitochondrial Function through STAT3 Activation in Cardiac Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087374. [PMID: 37108539 PMCID: PMC10139230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
FTY720 is an FDA-approved sphingosine derivative drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. This compound blocks lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs and autoimmunity through sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor blockage. Drug repurposing of FTY720 has revealed improvements in glucose metabolism and metabolic diseases. Studies also demonstrate that preconditioning with this compound preserves the ATP levels during cardiac ischemia in rats. The molecular mechanisms by which FTY720 promotes metabolism are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that nanomolar concentrations of the phosphorylated form of FTY720 (FTY720-P), the active ligand of S1P receptor (S1PR), activates mitochondrial respiration and the mitochondrial ATP production rate in AC16 human cardiomyocyte cells. Additionally, FTY720-P increases the number of mitochondrial nucleoids, promotes mitochondrial morphology alterations, and induces activation of STAT3, a transcription factor that promotes mitochondrial function. Notably, the effect of FTY720-P on mitochondrial function was suppressed in the presence of a STAT3 inhibitor. In summary, our results suggest that FTY720 promotes the activation of mitochondrial function, in part, through a STAT3 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Muñoz
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Sànchez-Fernàndez-de-Landa
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Zorzano
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Julve
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
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A novel DNA double-strand breaks biosensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Biomater Res 2023; 27:15. [PMID: 36803668 PMCID: PMC9936723 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Revealing the spatiotemporal behavior of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is crucial for understanding the processes of DNA damage and repair. Traditionally, γH2AX and DNA damage response (DDR) factors have been used to detect DSBs using classical biochemical assays, such as antibody-based immunostaining. However, a reliable method to visualize and assess DSB activity real-time in living cells is yet to be established. Herein, we developed a novel DNA double-strand breaks biosensor (DSBS) based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) by employing the H2AX and BRCT1 domains. By applying FRET imaging with DSBS, we show that DSBS specifically reacts to drug- or ionizing radiation (IR)-induced γH2AX activity, allowing for the quantification of DSB events at high spatiotemporal resolutions. Taken together, we provide a new experimental tool to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of DNA double-strand breaks. Ultimately, our biosensor can be useful for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying DNA damage and repair processes.
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Hach T, Shakeri-Nejad K, Bigaud M, Dahlke F, de Micco M, Petricoul O, Graham G, Piani-Meier D, Turrini R, Brinkmann V, Nicoletti F. Rationale for Use of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Modulators in COVID-19 Patients: Overview of Scientific Evidence. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hach
- Patient Engagement, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kasra Shakeri-Nejad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bigaud
- Department of Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Dahlke
- Patient Engagement, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Olivier Petricoul
- Department of Neuroscience; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Graham
- Patient Engagement, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Renato Turrini
- Department of Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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8
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Chu J, Wang J, Cui L, Liu S, An N, Han J, Che X, Wu C, Yang J. Pseudoginsenoside-F11 ameliorates okadiac acid-induced learning and memory impairment in rats via modulating protein phosphatase 2A. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111496. [PMID: 33957218 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that pseudoginsenoside-F11 (PF11) can significantly improve the cognitive impairments in several Alzheimer's disease (AD) models, but the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the effects of PF11 on AD, in particular the underlying mechanisms related with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), were investigated in a rat model induced by okadaic acid (OA), a selective inhibitor of PP2A. The results showed that PF11 treatment dose-dependently improved the learning and memory impairments in OA-induced AD rats. PF11 could significantly inhibit OA-induced tau hyperphosphorylation, suppress the activation of glial cells, alleviate neuroinflammation, thus rescue the neuronal and synaptic damage. Further investigation revealed that PF11 could regulate the protein expression of methyl modifying enzymes (leucine carboxyl methyltransferase-1 and protein phosphatase methylesterase-1) in the brain, thus increase methyl-PP2A protein expression and indirectly increase the activity of PP2A. Molecular docking analysis, structural alignment and in vitro results showed that PF11 was similar in the shape and electrostatic field feature to a known activator of PP2A, and could directly bind and activate PP2A. In conclusion, the present data indicate that PF11 can ameliorate OA-induced learning and memory impairment in rats via modulating PP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Clinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, College of Elementary Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Lijuan Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Nina An
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Jian Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xiaohang Che
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Chunfu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Alborghetti M, Bellucci G, Gentile A, Calderoni C, Nicoletti F, Capra R, Salvetti M, Centonze D. Drugs used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis during COVID-19 pandemic: a critical viewpoint. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:107-125. [PMID: 33784961 PMCID: PMC9199540 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210330094017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since COVID-19 has emerged as a word public health problem, attention has been focused on how immune-suppressive drugs used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders influence the risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, we discuss the disease-modifying agents approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) within this context. Interferon (IFN)-β1a and -1b, which display antiviral activity, could be protective in the early stage of COVID-19 infection, although SARS-CoV-2 may have developed resistance to IFNs. However, in the hyperinflammation stage, IFNs may become detrimental by facilitating macrophage invasion in the lung and other organs. Glatiramer acetate and its analogues should not interfere with the development of COVID-19 and may be considered safe. Teriflunomide, a first-line oral drug used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), may display antiviral activity by depleting cellular nucleotides necessary for viral replication. The other first-line drug, dimethyl fumarate, may afford protection against SARS-CoV-2 by activating the Nrf-2 pathway and reinforcing the cellular defenses against oxidative stress. Concern has been raised regarding the use of second-line treatments for MS during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this concern is not always justified. For example, fingolimod might be highly beneficial during the hyperinflammatory stage of COVID-19 for a number of mechanisms, including the reinforcement of the endothelial barrier. Caution is suggested for the use of natalizumab, cladribine, alemtuzumab, and ocrelizumab, although MS disease recurrence after discontinuation of these drugs may overcome a potential risk for COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Alborghetti
- Departments of Neuroscience Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University Sapienza of Rome. Italy
| | - Gianmarco Bellucci
- Departments of Neuroscience Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University Sapienza of Rome. Italy
| | - Antonietta Gentile
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome. Italy
| | - Chiara Calderoni
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome. Italy
| | | | - Ruggero Capra
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASST Ospedali Civili, Brescia. Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Departments of Neuroscience Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS),University Sapienza of Rome. Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome. Italy
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Inflammation, immunity and potential target therapy of SARS-COV-2: A total scale analysis review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 150:112087. [PMID: 33640537 PMCID: PMC7905385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a complex disease that causes illness ranging from mild to severe respiratory problems. It is caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) that is an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus belongs to coronavirus CoV family. It has a fast-spreading potential worldwide, which leads to high mortality regardless of lows death rates. Now some vaccines or a specific drug are approved but not available for every country for disease prevention and/or treatment. Therefore, it is a high demand to identify the known drugs and test them as a possible therapeutic approach. In this critical situation, one or more of these drugs may represent the only option to treat or reduce the severity of the disease, until some specific drugs or vaccines will be developed and/or approved for everyone in this pandemic. In this updated review, the available repurpose immunotherapeutic treatment strategies are highlighted, elucidating the crosstalk between the immune system and SARS-CoV-2. Despite the reasonable data availability, the effectiveness and safety of these drugs against SARS-CoV-2 needs further studies and validations aiming for a better clinical outcome.
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Qadri M, ElSayed S, Elsaid KA. Fingolimod Phosphate (FTY720-P) Activates Protein Phosphatase 2A in Human Monocytes and Inhibits Monosodium Urate Crystal-Induced Interleukin-1 β Production. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:222-230. [PMID: 33239408 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is a chronic inflammatory arthritis caused by monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystal deposits in joints of lower limbs. Phagocytic uptake of MSU crystals by joint-resident macrophages and recruited circulating monocytes results in IL-1β expression and production. Current acute gout treatments have serious toxicities and suffer suboptimal clinical outcomes. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) plays an important role in regulating signaling pathways relevant to inflammation. We hypothesized that innate immune danger signals, e.g., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble uric acid (sUA), prime human monocytes toward MSU crystal phagocytosis and that increased IL-1β production mediated by a reduction in PP2A activity and restoring PP2A activity exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in this setting. Priming monocytes with LPS + sUA increased cytosolic pro-IL-1β and mature IL-1β and enhanced MSU crystal phagocytosis and its downstream IL-1β expression (P < 0.001). A combination of LPS + sUA priming and MSU crystals reduced PP2A activity in monocytes by 60% (P = 0.013). PP2A catalytic subunit gene knockdown reduced PP2A activity and exacerbated MSU crystal-induced IL-1β expression and secretion (P < 0.0001). Fingolimod (FTY720) and its active metabolite, fingolimod phosphate (FTY720-P), were evaluated for their ability to activate PP2A in human monocytes over 24 hours. FTY720 and FTY720-P activated PP2A to a similar extent, and maximal enzyme activity occurred at 24 hours for FTY720 and at 6 hours for FTY720-P. FTY720-P (2.5 μM) reduced pro-IL-1β production and IL-1β secretion in primed and MSU crystal-stimulated monocytes (P < 0.0001) without changing the magnitude of crystal phagocytosis. We conclude that PP2A is a promising new target in acute gout. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is implicated in the enhanced expression and production of IL-1β by human monocytes in response to priming with soluble uric acid and lipopolysaccharide and phagocytosis of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals. Fingolimod phosphate activates PP2A in human monocytes and reduces cytosolic pro-IL-1β content and its conversion to biologically active IL-1β in human monocytes exposed to MSU crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Qadri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (M.Q.) and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Sciences Campus, Irvine, California (S.E., K.A.E.)
| | - Sandy ElSayed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (M.Q.) and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Sciences Campus, Irvine, California (S.E., K.A.E.)
| | - Khaled A Elsaid
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (M.Q.) and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Sciences Campus, Irvine, California (S.E., K.A.E.)
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Risiken und Chancen von Immuntherapien in Zeiten der Coronavirus-2019-Pandemie. DGNEUROLOGIE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7284681 DOI: 10.1007/s42451-020-00205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immuntherapien stellen die essenzielle Grundlage der Behandlung von neuroinflammatorischen Erkrankungen dar. In Zeiten der Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19)-Pandemie ergibt sich im klinischen Alltag jedoch zunehmend die Frage, ob eine Immuntherapie bei neurologischen Patienten aufgrund des potenziellen Infektionsrisikos eingeleitet, intensiviert, pausiert oder gar beendet werden sollte. Unsicherheit besteht v. a. deshalb, weil verschiedene nationale und internationale Fachgesellschaften diesbezüglich unterschiedliche Empfehlungen veröffentlichten. In diesem Artikel soll ein Überblick über die Wirkmechanismen von Immuntherapien und den daraus abzuleitenden Infektionsrisiken in Bezug auf COVID-19 (durch den Coronavirus verursachte Erkrankung) gegeben werden. Potenzielle Chancen und vorteilhafte Effekte einzelner Substrate in der Akuttherapie von COVID-19 werden diskutiert.
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Pawlitzki M, Zettl UK, Ruck T, Rolfes L, Hartung HP, Meuth SG. Merits and culprits of immunotherapies for neurological diseases in times of COVID-19. EBioMedicine 2020; 56:102822. [PMID: 32535547 PMCID: PMC7286830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression and immunomodulation are valuable therapeutic approaches for managing neuroimmunological diseases. In times of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, clinicians must deal with the question of whether immunotherapy should currently be initiated or discontinued in neurological patients. Uncertainty exists especially because different national medical associations publish different recommendations on the extent to which immunotherapies must be continued, monitored, or possibly switched during the current pandemic. Based on the most recently available data both about the novel coronavirus and the approved immunotherapies for neurological diseases, we provide an updated overview that includes current treatment strategies and the associated COVID-19 risk, but also the potential of immunotherapies to treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pawlitzki
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Uwe K Zettl
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimmunological Section, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Leoni Rolfes
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Arribas RL, Bordas A, Domènech Omella J, Cedillo JL, Janssens V, Montiel C, de Los Ríos C. An okadaic acid fragment analogue prevents nicotine-induced resistance to cisplatin by recovering PP2A activity in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103874. [PMID: 32361056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the design, synthesis, and functional impact of an okadaic acid (OA) small analogue, ITH12680, which restores the activity of phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), whose deficient activity has been implicated in nicotine-mediated tumor progression and chemoresistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For its design, we paid attention to the structure of the PP2A-OA complex, where the C16-C38 OA fragment confers PP2A affinity and selectivity, but it is not involved in the inhibitory effect. Confirming this hypothesis, PP2A activity was not inhibited by ITH12680. By contrast, the compound partially restored OA-exerted PP2A inhibition in vitro. Moreover, flow cytometry and immunoblotting experiments revealed that ITH12680 reversed nicotine-induced cisplatin resistance in NSCLC cells, as it prevented nicotine-induced reduction of Bax expression and inhibited nicotine-mediated activation of cell survival and proliferation kinases, Akt and ERK1/2. Our findings suggest that the rescue of nicotine-inhibited PP2A activity could diminish the resistance to cisplatin treatment observed in NSCLC patients who continue smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Arribas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Bordas
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Judit Domènech Omella
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, & LKI (Leuven Cancer Institute), Belgium
| | - Jose Luis Cedillo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, & LKI (Leuven Cancer Institute), Belgium
| | - Carmen Montiel
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristóbal de Los Ríos
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, C/ Diego de León, 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Bousoik E, Qadri M, Elsaid KA. CD44 Receptor Mediates Urate Crystal Phagocytosis by Macrophages and Regulates Inflammation in A Murine Peritoneal Model of Acute Gout. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5748. [PMID: 32238827 PMCID: PMC7113258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is a chronic arthritis caused by the deposition of poorly soluble monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals in peripheral joints. Resident macrophages initiate inflammation in response to MSU mediated by NF-κB nuclear translocation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We investigated the role of CD44, a transmembrane receptor, in mediating MSU phagocytosis by macrophages. We used an antibody that sheds the extracellular domain (ECD) of CD44 to study the role of the receptor and its associated protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in macrophage activation. We also studied the significance of CD44 in mediating MSU inflammation in-vivo. Cd44−/− BMDMs showed reduced MSU phagocytosis, LDH release, IL-1β expression and production compared to Cd44+/+ BMDMs. Elevated CD44 staining was detected intracellularly and CD44 colocalized with α-tubulin as a result of MSU exposure and ECD-shedding reduced MSU phagocytosis in murine and human macrophages. Anti-CD44 antibody treatment reduced NF-κB p65 subunit nuclear levels, IL-1β expression, pro-IL-1β and IL-8 production in MSU stimulated THP-1 macrophages (p < 0.01). The effect of the antibody was mediated by an enhancement in PP2A activity. CD44 ECD-shedding reduced the conversion of procaspase-1 to active caspase-1, caspase-1 activity and resultant generation of mature IL-1β in macrophages. Neutrophil and monocyte influx and upregulated production of IL-1β was evident in wildtype mice. MSU failed to trigger neutrophil and monocyte recruitment in Cd44−/− mice and lower IL-1β levels were detected in peritoneal lavages from Cd44−/− mice (p < 0.01). Anti-CD44 antibody treatment reduced neutrophil and monocyte recruitment and resulted in reduced lavage IL-1β levels in the same model. CD44 plays a biologically significant role in mediating phagocytosis of MSU and downstream inflammation and is a novel target in gout treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emira Bousoik
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA.,School of Pharmacy, Omar-Al-Mukhtar University, Derna, Libya
| | - Marwa Qadri
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 82826, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A Elsaid
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA.
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16
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Nader CP, Cidem A, Verrills NM, Ammit AJ. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A): a key phosphatase in the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to lung cancer. Respir Res 2019; 20:222. [PMID: 31623614 PMCID: PMC6798356 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) has the highest relative risk of development as a comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The molecular mechanisms that mediate chronic inflammation and lung function impairment in COPD have been identified in LC. This suggests the two diseases are more linked than once thought. Emerging data in relation to a key phosphatase, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and its regulatory role in inflammatory and tumour suppression in both disease settings suggests that it may be critical in the progression of COPD to LC. In this review, we uncover the importance of the functional and active PP2A holoenzyme in the context of both diseases. We describe PP2A inactivation via direct and indirect means and explore the actions of two key PP2A endogenous inhibitors, cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) and inhibitor 2 of PP2A (SET), and the role they play in COPD and LC. We explain how dysregulation of PP2A in COPD creates a favourable inflammatory micro-environment and promotes the initiation and progression of tumour pathogenesis. Finally, we highlight PP2A as a druggable target in the treatment of COPD and LC and demonstrate the potential of PP2A re-activation as a strategy to halt COPD disease progression to LC. Although further studies are required to elucidate if PP2A activity in COPD is a causal link for LC progression, studies focused on the potential of PP2A reactivating agents to reduce the risk of LC formation in COPD patients will be pivotal in improving clinical outcomes for both COPD and LC patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra P Nader
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aylin Cidem
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole M Verrills
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Cancer Research, Innovation & Translation, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Alaina J Ammit
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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17
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Fang Z, Pyne S, Pyne NJ. WITHDRAWN: Ceramide and Sphingosine 1-Phosphate in adipose dysfunction. Prog Lipid Res 2019:100991. [PMID: 31442525 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Fang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral St, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Susan Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral St, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Nigel J Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161, Cathedral St, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
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18
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SIV-Mediated Synaptic Dysfunction Is Associated with an Increase in Synapsin Site 1 Phosphorylation and Impaired PP2A Activity. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7006-7018. [PMID: 31270156 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0178-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the reduction of viral loads in people with HIV undergoing combination antiretroviral therapy has mitigated AIDS-related symptoms, the prevalence of neurological impairments has remained unchanged. HIV-associated CNS dysfunction includes impairments in memory, attention, memory processing, and retrieval. Here, we show a significant site-specific increase in the phosphorylation of Syn I serine 9, site 1, in the frontal cortex lysates and synaptosome preparations of male rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) but not in uninfected or SIV-infected antiretroviral therapy animals. Furthermore, we found that a lower protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, a phosphatase responsible for Syn I (S9) dephosphorylation, is primarily associated with the higher S9 phosphorylation in the frontal cortex of SIV-infected macaques. Comparison of brain sections confirmed higher Syn I (S9) in the frontal cortex and greater coexpression of Syn I and PP2A A subunit, which was observed as perinuclear aggregates in the somata of the frontal cortex of SIV-infected macaques. Synaptosomes from SIV-infected animals were physiologically tested using a synaptic vesicle endocytosis assay and FM4-64 dye showing a significantly higher baseline depolarization levels in synaptosomes of SIV+-infected than uninfected control or antiretroviral therapy animals. A PP2A-activating FDA-approved drug, FTY720, decreased the higher synaptosome depolarization in SIV-infected animals. Our results suggest that an impaired distribution and lower activity of serine/threonine phosphatases in the context of HIV infection may cause an indirect effect on the phosphorylation levels of essential proteins involving in synaptic transmission, supporting the occurrence of specific impairments in the synaptic activity during SIV infection.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Even with antiretroviral therapy, neurocognitive deficits, including impairments in attention, memory processing, and retrieval, are still major concerns in people living with HIV. Here, we used the rhesus macaque simian immunodeficiency virus model with and without antiretroviral therapy to study the dynamics of phosphorylation of key amino acid residues of synapsin I, which critically impacts synaptic vesicle function. We found a significant increase in synapsin I phosphorylation at serine 9, which was driven by dysfunction of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A in the nerve terminals. Our results suggest that an impaired distribution and lower activity of serine/threonine phosphatases in the context of HIV infection may cause an indirect effect on the phosphorylation levels of essential proteins involved in synaptic transmission.
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Yao S, Li L, Sun X, Hua J, Zhang K, Hao L, Liu L, Shi D, Zhou H. FTY720 Inhibits MPP +-Induced Microglial Activation by Affecting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:478-492. [PMID: 31069623 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and excessive microglial activation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the therapeutic effectiveness of the potent sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor antagonist fingolimod (FTY720) in an animal model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and to identify the potential mechanisms underlying these therapeutic effects. C57BL/6J mice were orally administered FTY720 before subcutaneous injection of MPTP. Open-field and rotarod tests were performed to determine the therapeutic effect of FTY720. The damage to dopaminergic neurons and the production of monoamine neurotransmitters were assessed using immunohistochemistry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence (CD68- positive) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to analyze the activation of microglia, and the levels of activated signaling molecules were measured using Western blotting. Our findings indicated that FTY720 significantly attenuated MPTP-induced behavioral deficits, reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons, and increased dopamine release. FTY720 directly inhibited MPTP-induced microglial activation in the SNpc, suppressed the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α in BV-2 microglial cells treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), and subsequently decreased apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, in MPP+-treated BV-2 cells and primary microglia, FTY720 treatment significantly attenuated the increases in the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β, reduced ROS generation and p65 activation, and also inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1. In conclusion, FTY720 may reduce PD progression by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via its effects on ROS generation and p65 activation in microglia. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of FTY720, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic strategy against PD. Graphical Abstract FTY720 may reduce ROS production by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway, while at the same time reducing p65 phosphorylation, thus decreasing NLRP3 inflammasome activation through these two pathways, ultimately reducing microglia activation-induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yao
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, JS, China
| | - Longjun Li
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, JS, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, JS, China
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, Fuhua Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Keqi Zhang
- Institute of Microscope Science and Technology, Ningbo Yongxin Optics Co. Ltd., 385 Mingzhu Road, Hi-tech Industry Park, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Li Hao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Dongyan Shi
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, JS, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, JS, China. .,Department of Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, Jiangsu, China.
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20
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Ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate in adipose dysfunction. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:145-159. [PMID: 30951736 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The increased adipose tissue mass of obese individuals enhances the risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. During pathological expansion of adipose tissue, multiple molecular controls of lipid storage, adipocyte turn-over and endocrine secretion are perturbed and abnormal lipid metabolism results in a distinct lipid profile. There is a role for ceramides and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) in inducing adipose dysfunction. For instance, the alteration of ceramide biosynthesis, through the de-regulation of key enzymes, results in aberrant formation of ceramides (e.g. C16:0 and C18:0) which block insulin signaling and promote adipose inflammation. Furthermore, S1P can induce defective adipose tissue phenotypes by promoting chronic inflammation and inhibiting adipogenesis. These abnormal changes are discussed in the context of possible therapeutic approaches to re-establish normal adipose function and to, thereby, increase insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. Such novel approaches include blockade of ceramide biosynthesis using inhibitors of sphingomyelinase or dihydroceramide desaturase and by antagonism of S1P receptors, such as S1P2.
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21
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Bazzari FH, Abdallah DM, El-Abhar HS. Pharmacological Interventions to Attenuate Alzheimer’s Disease Progression: The Story So Far. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:261-277. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190301111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Up to date, the available pharmacological options for AD are limited to cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine that may only provide modest symptomatic management with no significance in slowing down the disease progression. Over the past three decades, the increased interest in and the understanding of AD major pathological hallmarks have provided an insight into the mechanisms mediating its pathogenesis, which in turn introduced a number of hypotheses and novel targets for the treatment of AD. Initially, targeting amyloid-beta and tau protein was considered the most promising therapeutic approach. However, further investigations have identified other major players, such as neuroinflammation, impaired insulin signalling and defective autophagy, that may contribute to the disease progression. While some promising drugs are currently being investigated in human studies, the majority of the previously developed medical agents have come to an end in clinical trials, as they have failed to illustrate any beneficial outcome. This review aims to discuss the different introduced approaches to alleviate AD progression; in addition, provides a comprehensive overview of the drugs in the development phase as well as their mode of action and an update of their status in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas H. Bazzari
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalaal M. Abdallah
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan S. El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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22
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Martina JA, Puertollano R. Protein phosphatase 2A stimulates activation of TFEB and TFE3 transcription factors in response to oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12525-12534. [PMID: 29945972 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptations and responses to stress conditions are fundamental processes that all cells must accomplish to maintain or restore cellular homeostasis. Cells have a plethora of response pathways to mitigate the effect of different environmental stressors. The transcriptional regulators transcription factor EB (TFEB) and transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3 (TFE3) play a key role in the control of these stress pathways. Therefore, understanding their regulation under different stress conditions is of great interest. Here, using a range of human and murine cells, we show that TFEB and TFE3 are activated upon induction of acute oxidative stress by sodium arsenite via an mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1)-independent process. We found that the mechanism of arsenite-stimulated TFEB and TFE3 activation instead involves protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-mediated dephosphorylation at Ser-211 and Ser-321, respectively. Depletion of either the catalytic (PPP2CA+B) or regulatory (PPP2R2A/B55α) subunits of PP2A, as well as PP2A inactivation with the specific inhibitor okadaic acid, abolished TFEB and TFE3 activation in response to sodium arsenite. Conversely, PP2A activation by ceramide or the sphingosine-like compound FTY720 was sufficient to induce TFE3 nuclear translocation. MS analysis revealed that PP2A dephosphorylates TFEB at several residues, including Ser-109, Ser-114, Ser-122, and Ser-211, thus facilitating TFEB activation. Overall, this work identifies a critical mechanism that activates TFEB and TFE3 without turning off mTORC1 activity. We propose that this mechanism may enable some cell types such as immune or cancer cells that require simultaneous TFEB/TFE3 and mTORC1 signaling to survive and achieve robust cell growth in stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Martina
- From the Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Rosa Puertollano
- From the Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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23
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Huang J, Zhang T, Wang H, Zhao Y. Treatment of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis rats with FTY720 and its effect on Th1/Th2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7409-7414. [PMID: 29568889 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neurological disease that is characterized by the expression of anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies. The immune response at AChRs of neuromuscular junction is disrupted in patients with MG, which manifests as skeletal muscle fatigue and is aggravated following periods of activity and alleviated following rest. Although a novel immune suppressant FTY720 drug, which exhibits strong immune suppression efficacy and minor adverse effects, is available, its role and mechanism in MG have not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of FTY720 in MG. A total of 60 healthy female Lewis rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups: Control group, Model group of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), 0.5 mg/kg FTY720-treatment EAMG group and 1.0 mg/kg FTY720‑treatment EAMG group. Body weight and symptoms were examined; Lennon score was used to evaluate improvement of clinical symptoms. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA were used to test the mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively, of the helper T (Th)1 and Th2 cell cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‑2, interferon (IFN)‑γ, IL‑4 and IL‑6 in thymus tissue and serum. FTY720 treatment improved rat MG symptoms, increased body weight and decreased Lennon score. FTY720 treatments also reduced tissue and serum levels of IL‑2, IFN‑γ and IL‑6, but not IL‑4 expression levels. FTY720 suppressed the inflammatory response and improved EAMG symptoms by inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Yuwu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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Wedman PA, Aladhami A, Chumanevich AP, Fuseler JW, Oskeritzian CA. Mast cells and sphingosine-1-phosphate underlie prelesional remodeling in a mouse model of eczema. Allergy 2018; 73:405-415. [PMID: 28905998 PMCID: PMC10127444 DOI: 10.1111/all.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin inflammation that affects children and adults worldwide, but its pathogenesis remains ill-understood. METHODS We show that a single application of OVA to mouse skin initiates remodeling and cellular infiltration of the hypodermis measured by a newly developed computer-aided method. RESULTS Importantly, we demonstrate that skin mast cell (MC) activation and local sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are significantly augmented after OVA treatment in mice. Deficiency in sphingosine kinase (SphK)1, the S1P-producing enzyme, or in MC, remarkably mitigates all signs of OVA-mediated remodeling and MC activation. Furthermore, skin S1P levels remain unchanged in MC-deficient mice exposed to OVA. LPS-free OVA does not recapitulate any of the precursor signs of AD, supporting a triggering contribution of LPS in AD that, per se, suffice to activate local MC and elevate skin S1P. CONCLUSION We describe MC and S1P as novel pathogenic effectors that initiate remodeling in AD prior to any skin lesions and reveal the significance of LPS in OVA used in most studies, thus mimicking natural antigen (Ag) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Wedman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology; University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Columbia SC USA
| | - A. Aladhami
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology; University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Columbia SC USA
- University of Baghdad; Baghdad Iraq
| | - A. P. Chumanevich
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology; University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Columbia SC USA
| | - J. W. Fuseler
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology; University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Columbia SC USA
| | - C. A. Oskeritzian
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology; University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Columbia SC USA
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25
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Velmurugan BK, Lee CH, Chiang SL, Hua CH, Chen MC, Lin SH, Yeh KT, Ko YC. PP2A deactivation is a common event in oral cancer and reactivation by FTY720 shows promising therapeutic potential. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1300-1311. [PMID: 28516459 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a tumor suppressor gene, that has been frequently deactivated in many types of cancer. However, its molecular and clinical relevance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unclear. Here we show that, PP2A deactivation is a common event in oral cancer cells and hyperphosphorylation in its tyrosine-307 (Y307) residue contributes to PP2A deactivation. PP2A restoration by FTY720 treatment reduced cell growth and decreased GSK-3β phosphorylation without significantly altering other PP2A targets. We further detected PP2A phosphorylation in 262 OSCC tissues. Increased expression of p-PP2A in the tumor tissues was significantly correlated with higher N2/N3-stage (aOR = 2.1, 95%CI: 1.2-3.8). Patients with high p-PP2A expression had lower overall survival rates than those with low expression. Hazard ratio analysis showed that, high p-PP2A expression was significantly associated with mortality density (aOR = 2.2, 95%CI: 1.2-4.0) and lower 10-year overall survival (p = 0.027) in lymph node metastasis. However, no interaction was observed between p-PP2A expression and lymph node metastasis. All our results suggest that PP2A is frequently deactivated in oral cancer and determines poor outcome, restoring its expression by FTY720 can be an alternative therapeutic approach in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath K Velmurugan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsuing, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Lun Chiang
- Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health Risk Management, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Hua
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chung Chen
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Lin
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Tu Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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26
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Gendron DR, Lecours PB, Lemay AM, Beaulieu MJ, Huppé CA, Lee-Gosselin A, Flamand N, Don AS, Bissonnette É, Blanchet MR, Laplante M, Bourgoin SG, Bossé Y, Marsolais D. A Phosphorylatable Sphingosine Analog Induces Airway Smooth Muscle Cytostasis and Reverses Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Experimental Asthma. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:78. [PMID: 28270767 PMCID: PMC5318459 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In asthma, excessive bronchial narrowing associated with thickening of the airway smooth muscle (ASM) causes respiratory distress. Numerous pharmacological agents prevent experimental airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) when delivered prophylactically. However, most fail to resolve this feature after disease is instated. Although sphingosine analogs are primarily perceived as immune modulators with the ability to prevent experimental asthma, they also influence processes associated with tissue atrophy, supporting the hypothesis that they could interfere with mechanisms sustaining pre-established AHR. We thus assessed the ability of a sphingosine analog (AAL-R) to reverse AHR in a chronic model of asthma. We dissected the pharmacological mechanism of this class of agents using the non-phosphorylatable chiral isomer AAL-S and the pre-phosphorylated form of AAL-R (AFD-R) in vivo and in human ASM cells. We found that a therapeutic course of AAL-R reversed experimental AHR in the methacholine challenge test, which was not replicated by dexamethasone or the non-phosphorylatable isomer AAL-S. AAL-R efficiently interfered with ASM cell proliferation in vitro, supporting the concept that immunomodulation is not necessary to interfere with cellular mechanisms sustaining AHR. Moreover, the sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase inhibitor SM4 and the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor antagonist VPC23019 failed to inhibit proliferation, indicating that intracellular accumulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate or interference with cell surface S1P1/S1P3 activation, are not sufficient to induce cytostasis. Potent AAL-R-induced cytostasis specifically related to its ability to induce intracellular AFD-R accumulation. Thus, a sphingosine analog that possesses the ability to be phosphorylated in situ interferes with cellular mechanisms that beget AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Gendron
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec QC, Canada
| | - Pascale B Lecours
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Lemay
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Beaulieu
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec QC, Canada
| | - Carole-Ann Huppé
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Lee-Gosselin
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, QuébecQC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Anthony S Don
- Centenary Institute and NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW, Australia
| | - Élyse Bissonnette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, QuébecQC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Marie-Renée Blanchet
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, QuébecQC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, QuébecQC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Sylvain G Bourgoin
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, QuébecQC, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CHU de Québec Research Center, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - Ynuk Bossé
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, QuébecQC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, QuébecQC, Canada
| | - David Marsolais
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, QuébecQC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, QuébecQC, Canada
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