1
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Thangaraj B, Monama-Tsaulwayo W, Mohiuddin E, Millan Mdleleni M. Recent developments in (bio)ethanol conversion to fuels and chemicals over heterogeneous catalysts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024:131230. [PMID: 39117246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Bioethanol is one of the most important bio-resources produced from biomass fermentation and is an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil-based fuels as it is regarded as renewable and clean. Bioethanol and its derivatives are used as feedstocks in petrochemical processes as well as fuel and fuel additives in motor vehicles to compensate for the depletion of fossil fuels. This review chronicles the recent developments in the catalytic conversion of ethanol to diethyl ether, ethylene, propylene, long-chain hydrocarbons and other important products. Various heterogeneous catalysts, such as zeolites, metal oxides, heteropolyacids, mesoporous materials and metal-organic frameworks, have been used in the ethanol conversion processes and are discussed extensively. The significance of various reaction parameters such as pressure, temperature, water content in the ethanol feed and the effect of catalyst modification based on various kinds of literature are critically evaluated. Further, coke formation and coke product analysis using various analytical and spectroscopic techniques during the ethanol conversion are briefly discussed. The review concludes by providing insights into possible research paths pertaining to catalyst design aimed at enhancing the catalytic conversion of (bio)ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Thangaraj
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Winnie Monama-Tsaulwayo
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Ebrahim Mohiuddin
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Masikana Millan Mdleleni
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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2
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Ke L, Wu Q, Zhou N, Li H, Zhang Q, Cui X, Fan L, Liu Y, Cobb K, Ruan R, Wang Y. Polyethylene upcycling to aromatics by pulse pressurized catalytic pyrolysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132672. [PMID: 37793260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
To address the challenging issues of waste plastic pollution and petroleum shortage, we report herein a pulse pressurized catalytic pyrolysis process where polyethylene is continuously converted into aromatics using HZSM-5 catalyst incorporated with hydrated SiO2. Pressurization improves the activity of single-pulse pyrolysis of polyethylene by 14.42%. In contrast to the linear decrease of BTEXS relative yield with a K value of - 0.23 under non-pressurized conditions, pressurization results in a notable stability in the latter stage, characterized by a K value of only - 0.063. Comprehensive catalyst characterization demonstrates that pressurization promotes the release of water from hydrated SiO2, enabling HZSM-5 to effectively undergo dealumination and obtain suitable acidity and pore structure, and ultimately enhancing the resistance to carbon deposition. In summary, pressurization improves both pyrolysis activity and catalysis stability, offering a promising strategy for the high-value utilization of waste plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiuhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Institute of Thermal and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Liuhe Road 288#, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Liangliang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Kirk Cobb
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55112, USA
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55112, USA
| | - Yunpu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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3
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Taylor SD, Tao J, Shin Y, Buchko GW, Dohnalkova A, Grimm J, Tarasevich BJ, Ginovska B, Shaw WJ, Devaraj A. Resolving protein-mineral interfacial interactions during in vitro mineralization by atom probe tomography. MATERIALS TODAY. ADVANCES 2023; 18:100378. [PMID: 37324279 PMCID: PMC10262173 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtadv.2023.100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic macromolecules exert remarkable control over the nucleation and growth of inorganic crystallites during (bio)mineralization, as exemplified during enamel formation where the protein amelogenin regulates the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP). However, it is poorly understood how fundamental processes at the organic-inorganic interface, such as protein adsorption and/or incorporation into minerals, regulates nucleation and crystal growth due to technical challenges in observing and characterizing mineral-bound organics at high-resolution. Here, atom probe tomography techniques were developed and applied to characterize amelogenin-mineralized HAP particles in vitro, revealing distinct organic-inorganic interfacial structures and processes at the nanoscale. Specifically, visualization of amelogenin across the mineralized particulate demonstrates protein can become entrapped during HAP crystal aggregation and fusion. Identification of protein signatures and structural interpretations were further supported by standards analyses, i.e., defined HAP surfaces with and without amelogenin adsorbed. These findings represent a significant advance in the characterization of interfacial structures and, more so, interpretation of fundamental organic-inorganic processes and mechanisms influencing crystal growth. Ultimately, this approach can be broadly applied to inform how potentially unique and diverse organic-inorganic interactions at different stages regulates the growth and evolution of various biominerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D. Taylor
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Yongsoon Shin
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Garry W. Buchko
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Alice Dohnalkova
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Jack Grimm
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Barbara J. Tarasevich
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Bojana Ginovska
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Wendy J. Shaw
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Arun Devaraj
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
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4
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Patrylak LK, Pertko OP, Yakovenko AV, Voloshyna YG, Povazhnyi VA, Kurmach MM. Isomerization of linear hexane over acid-modified nanosized nickel-containing natural Ukrainian zeolites. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Hernández-Giménez AM, Hernando H, Danisi RM, Vogt ET, Houben K, Baldus M, Serrano DP, Bruijnincx PC, Weckhuysen BM. Deactivation and regeneration of solid acid and base catalyst bodies used in cascade for bio-oil synthesis and upgrading. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Kalantzopoulos GN, Rojo Gama D, Pappas DK, Dovgaliuk I, Olsbye U, Beato P, Lundegaard LF, Wragg DS, Svelle S. Real-time regeneration of a working zeolite monitored via operando X-ray diffraction and crystallographic imaging: how coke flees the MFI framework. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:16845-16851. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02845j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction is used to investigate regeneration of an H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst used in the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios N. Kalantzopoulos
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Rojo Gama
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dimitrios K. Pappas
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Iurii Dovgaliuk
- Swiss-Norwegian Beamline at the European Synchrotron Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris, Département de Chimie, ENS - UMR 8004 CNRS-ENS-ESPCI, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Unni Olsbye
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pablo Beato
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Haldor Topsøes Allé 1, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - David S. Wragg
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stian Svelle
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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7
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Cui Y, Zhu Chen J, Peng B, Kovarik L, Devaraj A, Li Z, Ma T, Wang Y, Szanyi J, Miller JT, Wang Y, Gao F. Onset of High Methane Combustion Rates over Supported Palladium Catalysts: From Isolated Pd Cations to PdO Nanoparticles. JACS AU 2021; 1:396-408. [PMID: 34467303 PMCID: PMC8395651 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Industrial low-temperature methane combustion catalyst Pd/Al2O3 suffers from H2O-induced deactivation. It is imperative to design Pd catalysts free from this deactivation and with high atomic efficiency. Using a small-pore zeolite SSZ-13 as support, herein we report well-defined Pd catalysts with dominant active species as finely dispersed Pd cations, uniform PdO particles embedded inside the zeolite framework, or PdO particles decorating the zeolite external surface. Through detailed reaction kinetics and spectroscopic and microscopic studies, we show that finely dispersed sites are much less active than PdO nanoparticles. We further demonstrate that H2O-induced deactivation can be readily circumvented by using zeolite supports with high Si/Al ratios. Finally, we provide a few rational catalyst design suggestions for methane oxidation based on the new knowledge learned in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Cui
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Johnny Zhu Chen
- Davidson
School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bo Peng
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Libor Kovarik
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Arun Devaraj
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zhe Li
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Tao Ma
- Department
of Energy, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Yilin Wang
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Janos Szanyi
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Miller
- Davidson
School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Voiland
School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute
for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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8
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Zhokh AA, Trypolskyi AI, Gritsenko VI, Serebrii TG, Strizhak PE. High-performance composite H-ZSM-5/alumina catalyst for the methanol-to-ethylene conversion. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2021.1875217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Zhokh
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrey I. Trypolskyi
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valentina I. Gritsenko
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tamila G. Serebrii
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Peter E. Strizhak
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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9
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Valecillos J, Epelde E, Albo J, Aguayo AT, Bilbao J, Castaño P. Slowing down the deactivation of H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst in the methanol-to-olefin (MTO) reaction by P or Zn modifications. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Biogasoline Production from Palm Oil: Optimization of Catalytic Cracking Parameters. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-04354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Molecular elucidating of an unusual growth mechanism for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in confined space. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1079. [PMID: 32103001 PMCID: PMC7044299 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extension and clustering of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are key mechanistic steps for coking and deactivation in catalysis reactions. However, no unambiguous mechanistic picture exists on molecule-resolved PAHs speciation and evolution, due to the immense experimental challenges in deciphering the complex PAHs structures. Herein, we report an effective strategy through integrating a high resolution MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry with isotope labeling technique. With this strategy, a complete route for aromatic hydrocarbon evolution is unveiled for SAPO-34-catalyzed, industrially relevant methanol-to-olefins (MTO) as a model reaction. Notable is the elucidation of an unusual, previously unrecognized mechanistic step: cage-passing growth forming cross-linked multi-core PAHs with graphene-like structure. This mechanistic concept proves general on other cage-based molecule sieves. This preliminary work would provide a versatile means to decipher the key mechanistic step of molecular mass growth for PAHs involved in catalysis and combustion chemistry. Coke-induced catalyst deactivation draws increasing concerns in industrially catalytic processes. Here the authors provide a strategy integrating advanced mass spectroscopy and isotope labeling to uncover a cage-passing molecular route of coking species in molecular sieve catalysts.
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12
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Characterization of deactivated and regenerated zeolite ZSM-5-based catalyst extrudates used in catalytic pyrolysis of biomass. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Gontard LC, Cauqui MÁ, Yeste MP, Ozkaya D, Calvino JJ. Accurate 3D Characterization of Catalytic Bodies Surface by Scanning Electron Microscopy. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel C. Gontard
- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgy and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11510 Spain
- Department of Informatics, ESIUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11519 Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Cauqui
- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgy and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11510 Spain
| | - María Pilar Yeste
- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgy and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11510 Spain
| | - Dogan Ozkaya
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre Blount's Court, Sonning Common Reading RG4 9NH UK
| | - José Juan Calvino
- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgy and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11510 Spain
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14
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Abstract
Atom probe tomography is a well-established analytical instrument for imaging the 3D structure and composition of materials with high mass resolution, sub-nanometer spatial resolution and ppm elemental sensitivity. Thanks to recent hardware developments in Atom Probe Tomography (APT), combined with progress on site-specific focused ion beam (FIB)-based sample preparation methods and improved data treatment software, complex materials can now be routinely investigated. From model samples to complex, usable porous structures, there is currently a growing interest in the analysis of catalytic materials. APT is able to probe the end state of atomic-scale processes, providing information needed to improve the synthesis of catalysts and to unravel structure/composition/reactivity relationships. This review focuses on the study of catalytic materials with increasing complexity (tip-sample, unsupported and supported nanoparticles, powders, self-supported catalysts and zeolites), as well as sample preparation methods developed to obtain suitable specimens for APT experiments.
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15
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Lee S, Choi M. Unveiling coke formation mechanism in MFI zeolites during methanol-to-hydrocarbons conversion. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Schmidt JE, Ye X, van Ravenhorst IK, Oord R, Shapiro DA, Yu Y, Bare SR, Meirer F, Poplawsky JD, Weckhuysen BM. Probing the Location and Speciation of Elements in Zeolites with Correlated Atom Probe Tomography and Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:488-494. [PMID: 31123533 PMCID: PMC6519228 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing materials at nanoscale resolution to provide new insights into structure property performance relationships continues to be a challenging research target due to the inherently low signal from small sample volumes, and is even more difficult for nonconductive materials, such as zeolites. Herein, we present the characterization of a single Cu-exchanged zeolite crystal, namely Cu-SSZ-13, used for NOX reduction in automotive emissions, that was subject to a simulated 135,000-mile aging. By correlating Atom Probe Tomography (APT), a single atom microscopy method, and Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM), which produces high spatial resolution X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) maps, we show that a spatially non-uniform proportion of the Al was removed from the zeolite framework. The techniques reveal that this degradation is heterogeneous at length scales from micrometers to tens of nanometers, providing complementary insight into the long-term deactivation of this catalyst system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E. Schmidt
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CGNetherlands
| | - Xinwei Ye
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CGNetherlands
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE) Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringNankai UniversityTianjin300350P.R. China
| | - Ilse K. van Ravenhorst
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CGNetherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CGNetherlands
| | - David A. Shapiro
- Advanced Light SourceLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley CA94720USA
| | - Young‐Sang Yu
- Advanced Light SourceLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley CA94720USA
| | - Simon R. Bare
- SLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo Park CA94025USA
| | - Florian Meirer
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CGNetherlands
| | - Jonathan D. Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37831USA
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CGNetherlands
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17
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Danisi RM, Schmidt JE, Lucini Paioni A, Houben K, Poplawsky JD, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM, Vogt ETC. Revealing long- and short-range structural modifications within phosphorus-treated HZSM-5 zeolites by atom probe tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance and powder X-ray diffraction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27766-27777. [PMID: 30177980 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03828g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The average and the local structure of phosphorus-treated HZSM-5 zeolites were investigated by means of atom probe tomography, powder X-ray diffraction (at ambient and cryogenic temperatures) and 1H, 29Si, 27Al, and 31P magic angle spinning (MAS) solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Phosphatation to yield a product with P/Al ≤ 1 followed by thermal treatment leads to breaking of the Si-OH-Al bridging groups, and subsequent partial dealumination of the zeolite framework, as shown by the contraction of the orthorhombic unit-cell volume and by the loss of tetrahedral framework Al, as observed in the 27Al Multiple Quantum (MQ) MAS NMR spectrum. Most of the framework Al is present in an electronic environment distorted by the presence of phosphorus and appears not to be involved in classic Si-OH-Al Brønsted acid sites. The 31P MAS NMR signals indicate that phosphorus interacts with the zeolitic framework to locally form silico-aluminophosphate (SAPO) domains and the presence of a new kind of acidic site was confirmed by the resonance at ∼8.6 ppm in the 1H MAS NMR spectra, attributed to P-OH groups. Increasing the phosphorus loading (P/Al ≫ 1) promotes further dealumination of the framework and cross-dehydroxylation between P-OH and Si-OH species, leading to the formation of a crystalline silicon orthophosphate phase. With decreasing Al content, the monoclinic HZSM-5 structure becomes preferred, especially at 85 K where the strain relaxation is higher. However, the presence of a higher amount of silicophosphate impurities hinders the low-temperature strain release of the framework, indicating that some of these species are localized in the zeolite pores and contribute to the strain build up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Micaela Danisi
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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18
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Lin F, Zhang J, Liu D, Chin Y(C. Cascade Reactions in Tunable Lamellar Micro‐ and Mesopores for C=C Bond Coupling and Hydrocarbon Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Maryland 4418 Stadium Drive College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Dongxia Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Maryland 4418 Stadium Drive College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Ya‐Huei (Cathy) Chin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5 Canada
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19
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Lin F, Zhang J, Liu D, Chin Y(C. Cascade Reactions in Tunable Lamellar Micro‐ and Mesopores for C=C Bond Coupling and Hydrocarbon Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12886-12890. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Maryland 4418 Stadium Drive College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Dongxia Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Maryland 4418 Stadium Drive College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Ya‐Huei (Cathy) Chin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E5 Canada
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Schmidt JE, Peng L, Poplawsky JD, Weckhuysen BM. Nanoskalige chemische Bildgebung von Zeolithen durch Atomsondentomographie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel E. Schmidt
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Linqing Peng
- Grinnell College 1115 8th Ave Grinnell, IA 50112 USA
| | - Jonathan D. Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831-6064 USA
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
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Schmidt JE, Peng L, Poplawsky JD, Weckhuysen BM. Nanoscale Chemical Imaging of Zeolites Using Atom Probe Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10422-10435. [PMID: 29718553 PMCID: PMC6519151 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding structure-composition-property relationships in zeolite-based materials is critical to engineering improved solid catalysts. However, this can be difficult to realize as even single zeolite crystals can exhibit heterogeneities spanning several orders of magnitude, with consequences for, for example, reactivity, diffusion as well as stability. Great progress has been made in characterizing these porous solids using tomographic techniques, though each method has an ultimate spatial resolution limitation. Atom probe tomography (APT) is the only technique so far capable of producing 3D compositional reconstructions with sub-nanometer-scale resolution, and has only recently been applied to zeolite-based catalysts. Herein, we discuss the use of APT to study zeolites, including the critical aspects of sample preparation, data collection, assignment of mass spectral peaks including the predominant CO peak, the limitations of spatial resolution for the recovery of crystallographic information, and proper data analysis. All sections are illustrated with examples from recent literature, as well as previously unpublished data and analyses to demonstrate practical strategies to overcome potential pitfalls in applying APT to zeolites, thereby highlighting new insights gained from the APT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E Schmidt
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linqing Peng
- Grinnell College, 1115 8th Ave, Grinnell, IA, 50112, USA
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6064, USA
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Schmidt JE, Peng L, Paioni AL, Ehren HL, Guo W, Mazumder B, Matthijs de Winter DA, Attila Ö, Fu D, Chowdhury AD, Houben K, Baldus M, Poplawsky JD, Weckhuysen BM. Isolating Clusters of Light Elements in Molecular Sieves with Atom Probe Tomography. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9154-9158. [PMID: 30003782 PMCID: PMC6065070 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Understanding the
3-D distribution and nature of active sites in
heterogeneous catalysts is critical to developing structure–function
relationships. However, this is difficult to achieve in microporous
materials as there is little relative z-contrast between active and
inactive framework elements (e.g., Al, O, P, and Si), making them
difficult to differentiate with electron microscopies. We have applied
atom probe tomography (APT), currently the only nanometer-scale 3-D
microscopy to offer routine light element contrast, to the methanol-to-hydrocarbons
(MTH) catalyst SAPO-34, with Si as the active site, which may be present
in the framework as either isolated Si species or clusters (islands)
of Si atoms. 29Si solid-state NMR data on isotopically
enriched and natural abundance materials are consistent with the presence
of Si islands, and the APT results have been complemented with simulations
to show the smallest detectable cluster size as a function of instrument
spatial resolution and detector efficiency. We have identified significant
Si–Si affinity in the materials, as well as clustering of coke
deposited by the MTH reaction (13CH3OH used)
and an affinity between Brønsted acid sites and coke. A comparison
with simulations shows that the ultimate spatial resolution that can
be attained by APT applied to molecular sieves is 0.5–1 nm.
Finally, the observed 13C clusters are consistent with
hydrocarbon pool mechanism intermediates that are preferentially located
in regions of increased Brønsted acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E Schmidt
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Linqing Peng
- Grinnell College , 1115 8th Ave , Grinnell , Iowa 50112 , United States
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Helena Leona Ehren
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Baishakhi Mazumder
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - D A Matthijs de Winter
- Structural Geology & EM , Utrecht University , Postbus 80.021 , 3508 TA Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Özgün Attila
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Donglong Fu
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Klaartje Houben
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
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