1
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Titze M, Poplawsky JD, Kretschmer S, Krasheninnikov AV, Doyle BL, Bielejec ES, Hobler G, Belianinov A. Measurement and Simulation of Ultra-Low-Energy Ion-Solid Interaction Dynamics. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1884. [PMID: 37893321 PMCID: PMC10609604 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Ion implantation is a key capability for the semiconductor industry. As devices shrink, novel materials enter the manufacturing line, and quantum technologies transition to being more mainstream. Traditional implantation methods fall short in terms of energy, ion species, and positional precision. Here, we demonstrate 1 keV focused ion beam Au implantation into Si and validate the results via atom probe tomography. We show the Au implant depth at 1 keV is 0.8 nm and that identical results for low-energy ion implants can be achieved by either lowering the column voltage or decelerating ions using bias while maintaining a sub-micron beam focus. We compare our experimental results to static calculations using SRIM and dynamic calculations using binary collision approximation codes TRIDYN and IMSIL. A large discrepancy between the static and dynamic simulation is found, which is due to lattice enrichment with high-stopping-power Au and surface sputtering. Additionally, we demonstrate how model details are particularly important to the simulation of these low-energy heavy-ion implantations. Finally, we discuss how our results pave a way towards much lower implantation energies while maintaining high spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Titze
- Ion Beam Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Silvan Kretschmer
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arkady V. Krasheninnikov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Barney L. Doyle
- Ion Beam Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Edward S. Bielejec
- Ion Beam Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Gerhard Hobler
- Institute of Solid-State Electronics, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, A-1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Alex Belianinov
- Ion Beam Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
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2
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Zand F, Hangx SJT, Spiers CJ, van den Brink PJ, Burns J, Boebinger MG, Poplawsky JD, Monai M, Weckhuysen BM. Elucidating the Structure and Composition of Individual Bimetallic Nanoparticles in Supported Catalysts by Atom Probe Tomography. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17299-17308. [PMID: 37490556 PMCID: PMC10416302 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the structure and composition of nanoparticles in supported metal catalysts are crucial to improve chemical processes. For this, atom probe tomography (APT) is a unique tool, as it allows for spatially resolved three-dimensional chemical imaging of materials with sub-nanometer resolution. However, thus far APT has not been applied for mesoporous oxide-supported metal catalyst materials, due to the size and number of pores resulting in sample fracture during experiments. To overcome these issues, we developed a high-pressure resin impregnation strategy and showcased the applicability to high-porous supported Pd-Ni-based catalyst materials, which are active in CO2 hydrogenation. Within the reconstructed volume of 3 × 105 nm3, we identified over 400 Pd-Ni clusters, with compositions ranging from 0 to 16 atom % Pd and a size distribution of 2.6 ± 1.6 nm. These results illustrate that APT is capable of quantitatively assessing the size, composition, and metal distribution for a large number of nanoparticles at the sub-nm scale in industrial catalysts. Furthermore, we showcase that metal segregation occurred predominately between nanoparticles, shedding light on the mechanism of metal segregation. We envision that the presented methodology expands the capabilities of APT to investigate porous functional nanomaterials, including but not limited to solid catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zand
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne J. T. Hangx
- High
Pressure and Temperature Laboratory, Utrecht
University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J. Spiers
- High
Pressure and Temperature Laboratory, Utrecht
University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - James Burns
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Matthew G. Boebinger
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Poplawsky
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Matteo Monai
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Poplawsky JD, Sarker J, Roldan M, Chen Y. Laser Wavelength Dependence on Perovskite Interface Elemental Diffusion During Atom Probe Experiments. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:612-613. [PMID: 37613048 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jith Sarker
- The University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | | | - Yimeng Chen
- CAMECA Instruments, Inc, Madison, WI, United States
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4
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El Atwani O, Vo HT, Tunes MA, Lee C, Alvarado A, Krienke N, Poplawsky JD, Kohnert AA, Gigax J, Chen WY, Li M, Wang YQ, Wróbel JS, Nguyen-Manh D, Baldwin JKS, Tukac OU, Aydogan E, Fensin S, Martinez E. Author Correction: A quinary WTaCrVHf nanocrystalline refractory high-entropy alloy withholding extreme irradiation environments. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3490. [PMID: 37311813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- O El Atwani
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - H T Vo
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - M A Tunes
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - C Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Department of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - A Alvarado
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - N Krienke
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J D Poplawsky
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - A A Kohnert
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - J Gigax
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - W-Y Chen
- Division of Nuclear Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemon, IL, USA
| | - M Li
- Division of Nuclear Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemon, IL, USA
| | - Y Q Wang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - J S Wróbel
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - D Nguyen-Manh
- Culham Center for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - J K S Baldwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - O U Tukac
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E Aydogan
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Fensin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - E Martinez
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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5
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El Atwani O, Vo HT, Tunes MA, Lee C, Alvarado A, Krienke N, Poplawsky JD, Kohnert AA, Gigax J, Chen WY, Li M, Wang YQ, Wróbel JS, Nguyen-Manh D, Baldwin JKS, Tukac OU, Aydogan E, Fensin S, Martinez E. A quinary WTaCrVHf nanocrystalline refractory high-entropy alloy withholding extreme irradiation environments. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2516. [PMID: 37130885 PMCID: PMC10154406 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the quest of new materials that can withstand severe irradiation and mechanical extremes for advanced applications (e.g. fission & fusion reactors, space applications, etc.), design, prediction and control of advanced materials beyond current material designs become paramount. Here, through a combined experimental and simulation methodology, we design a nanocrystalline refractory high entropy alloy (RHEA) system. Compositions assessed under extreme environments and in situ electron-microscopy reveal both high thermal stability and radiation resistance. We observe grain refinement under heavy ion irradiation and resistance to dual-beam irradiation and helium implantation in the form of low defect generation and evolution, as well as no detectable grain growth. The experimental and modeling results-showing a good agreement-can be applied to design and rapidly assess other alloys subjected to extreme environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O El Atwani
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - H T Vo
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - M A Tunes
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - C Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Department of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - A Alvarado
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - N Krienke
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J D Poplawsky
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - A A Kohnert
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - J Gigax
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - W-Y Chen
- Division of Nuclear Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemon, IL, USA
| | - M Li
- Division of Nuclear Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemon, IL, USA
| | - Y Q Wang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - J S Wróbel
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - D Nguyen-Manh
- Culham Center for Fusion Energy, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, UK
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - J K S Baldwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - O U Tukac
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E Aydogan
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Fensin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - E Martinez
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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6
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Kombaiah B, Zhou Y, Jin K, Manzoor A, Poplawsky JD, Aguiar JA, Bei H, Aidhy DS, Edmondson PD, Zhang Y. Nanoprecipitates to Enhance Radiation Tolerance in High-Entropy Alloys. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:3912-3924. [PMID: 36623205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of advanced energy technologies for power generation is enabled by the design, development, and integration of structural materials that can withstand extreme environments, such as high temperatures, radiation damage, and corrosion. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a class of structural materials in which suitable chemical elements in four or more numbers are mixed to typically produce single-phase concentrated solid solution alloys (CSAs). Many of these alloys exhibit good radiation tolerance like limited void swelling and hardening up to relatively medium radiation doses (tens of displacements per atom (dpa)); however, at higher radiation damage levels (>50 dpa), some HEAs suffer from considerable void swelling limiting their near-term acceptance for advanced nuclear reactor concepts. In this study, we developed a HEA containing a high density of Cu-rich nanoprecipitates distributed in the HEA matrix. The Cu-added HEA, NiCoFeCrCu0.12, shows excellent void swelling resistance and negligible radiation-induced hardening upon irradiation up to high radiation doses (i.e., higher than 100 dpa). The void swelling resistance of the alloy is measured to be significantly better than NiCoFeCr CSA and austenitic stainless steels. Density functional theory simulations predict lower vacancy and interstitial formation energies at the coherent interfaces between Cu-rich nanoprecipitates and the HEA matrix. The alloy maintained a high sink strength achieved via nanoprecipitates and the coherent interface with the matrix at a high radiation dose (∼50 dpa). From our experiments and simulations, the effective recombination of radiation-produced vacancies and interstitials at the coherent interfaces of the nanoprecipitates is suggested to be the critical mechanism responsible for the radiation tolerance of the alloy. The materials design strategy based on incorporating a high density of interfaces can be applied to high-entropy alloy systems to improve their radiation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boopathy Kombaiah
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
- Characterization and Post-Irradiation Examination Division, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho83415, United States
| | - Yufan Zhou
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Ke Jin
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Anus Manzoor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming82071, United States
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Jeffery A Aguiar
- Nuclear Science and Technology Division, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho83415, United States
| | - Hongbin Bei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Dilpuneet S Aidhy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina29634, United States
| | - Philip D Edmondson
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
- Department of Materials, Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester,Oxford Road, ManchesterM13 9PL, U.K
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
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7
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van Vreeswijk S, Monai M, Oord R, Schmidt JE, Parvulescu AN, Yarulina I, Karwacki L, Poplawsky JD, Weckhuysen BM. Detecting Cage Crossing and Filling Clusters of Magnesium and Carbon Atoms in Zeolite SSZ-13 with Atom Probe Tomography. JACS Au 2022; 2:2501-2513. [PMID: 36465530 PMCID: PMC9709938 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of methanol to valuable hydrocarbon molecules is of great commercial interest, as the process serves as a sustainable alternative for the production of, for instance, the base chemicals for plastics. The reaction is catalyzed by zeolite materials. By the introduction of magnesium as a cationic metal, the properties of the zeolite, and thereby the catalytic performance, are changed. With atom probe tomography (APT), nanoscale relations within zeolite materials can be revealed: i.e., crucial information for a fundamental mechanistic understanding. We show that magnesium forms clusters within the cages of zeolite SSZ-13, while the framework elements are homogeneously distributed. These clusters of just a few nanometers were analyzed and visualized in 3-D. Magnesium atoms seem to initially be directed to the aluminum sites, after which they aggregate and fill one or two cages in the zeolite SSZ-13 structure. The presence of magnesium in zeolite SSZ-13 increases the lifetime as well as the propylene selectivity. By using operando UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques, we are able to show that these findings are related to the suppression of aromatic intermediate products, while maintaining the formation of polyaromatic compounds. Further nanoscale analysis of the spent catalysts showed indications of magnesium redistribution after catalysis. Unlike zeolite H-SSZ-13, for which only a homogeneous distribution of carbon was found, carbon can be either homogeneously or heterogeneously distributed within zeolite Mg-SSZ-13 crystals as the magnesium decreases the coking rate. Carbon clusters were isolated, visualized, and analyzed and were assumed to be polyaromatic compounds. Small one-cage-filling polyaromatic compounds were identified; furthermore, large-cage-crossing aromatic molecules were found by isolating large coke clusters, demonstrating the unique coking mechanism in zeolite SSZ-13. Short-length-scale evidence for the formation of polyaromatic compounds at acid sites is discovered, as clear nanoscale relations between aluminum and carbon atoms exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie
H. van Vreeswijk
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3854 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Monai
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3854 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3854 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Joel E. Schmidt
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3854 CG, The Netherlands
| | | | - Irina Yarulina
- BASF, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67063 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Lukasz Karwacki
- BASF, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67063 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Jonathan D. Poplawsky
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht 3854 CG, The Netherlands
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8
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Lin SJ, Lin JA, Yu W, Lee C, Hung CY, Poplawsky JD, Liaw PK, Chou YC. Biocompatibility of NbTaTiVZr with Surface Modifications for Osteoblasts. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2022; 5:642-649. [PMID: 35080840 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a potential biomedical material, NbTaTiVZr, and the impact of surface roughness on the osteoblast culture and later behavior based on in vitro tests of preosteoblasts. Cell activities such as adhesion, viability, and typical protein activity on NbTaTiVZr showed comparable results with that of commercially pure Ti (CP-Ti). In addition, NbTaTiVZr with a smooth surface exhibits better cell adhesion, viability, and typical protein activity which shows that surface modification can improve the biocompatibility of NbTaTiVZr. This supports the biological evidence and shows that NbTaTiVZr can potentially be evaluated as a biomedical material for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jie Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 23653, Taiwan.,Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jia-An Lin
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chanho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2100, United States.,Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Chun-Yu Hung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Yunlin 63863, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophases Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Peter K Liaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2100, United States
| | - Yi-Chia Chou
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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9
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Feng R, Feng B, Gao MC, Zhang C, Neuefeind JC, Poplawsky JD, Ren Y, An K, Widom M, Liaw PK. Superior High-Temperature Strength in a Supersaturated Refractory High-Entropy Alloy. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2102401. [PMID: 34623699 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) show promising applications at high temperatures. However, achieving high strengths at elevated temperatures above 1173K is still challenging due to heat softening. Using intrinsic material characteristics as the alloy-design principles, a single-phase body-centered-cubic (BCC) CrMoNbV RHEA with high-temperature strengths (beyond 1000 MPa at 1273 K) is designed, superior to other reported RHEAs as well as conventional superalloys. The origin of the high-temperature strength is revealed by in situ neutron scattering, transmission-electron microscopy, and first-principles calculations. The CrMoNbV's elevated-temperature strength retention up to 1273 K arises from its large atomic-size and elastic-modulus mismatches, the insensitive temperature dependence of elastic constants, and the dominance of non-screw character dislocations caused by the strong solute pinning, which makes the solid-solution strengthening pronounced. The alloy-design principles and the insights in this study pave the way to design RHEAs with outstanding high-temperature strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Bojun Feng
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Michael C Gao
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 1450 Queen Ave SW, Albany, OR, 97321, USA
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Computherm, LLC, 8401 Greenway Blvd. Suite 248, Middleton, WI, 53562, USA
| | - Joerg C Neuefeind
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophases Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Yang Ren
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Ke An
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Michael Widom
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Peter K Liaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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10
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Pan Q, Zhang L, Feng R, Lu Q, An K, Chuang AC, Poplawsky JD, Liaw PK, Lu L. Gradient cell-structured high-entropy alloy with exceptional strength and ductility. Science 2021; 374:984-989. [PMID: 34554824 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Pan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China
| | - Liangxue Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China
| | - Rui Feng
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Qiuhong Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China
| | - Ke An
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophases Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Peter K Liaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Lei Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China
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11
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Feng R, Zhang C, Gao MC, Pei Z, Zhang F, Chen Y, Ma D, An K, Poplawsky JD, Ouyang L, Ren Y, Hawk JA, Widom M, Liaw PK. High-throughput design of high-performance lightweight high-entropy alloys. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4329. [PMID: 34267192 PMCID: PMC8282813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing affordable and light high-temperature materials alternative to Ni-base superalloys has significantly increased the efforts in designing advanced ferritic superalloys. However, currently developed ferritic superalloys still exhibit low high-temperature strengths, which limits their usage. Here we use a CALPHAD-based high-throughput computational method to design light, strong, and low-cost high-entropy alloys for elevated-temperature applications. Through the high-throughput screening, precipitation-strengthened lightweight high-entropy alloys are discovered from thousands of initial compositions, which exhibit enhanced strengths compared to other counterparts at room and elevated temperatures. The experimental and theoretical understanding of both successful and failed cases in their strengthening mechanisms and order-disorder transitions further improves the accuracy of the thermodynamic database of the discovered alloy system. This study shows that integrating high-throughput screening, multiscale modeling, and experimental validation proves to be efficient and useful in accelerating the discovery of advanced precipitation-strengthened structural materials tuned by the high-entropy alloy concept. Advanced screening strategies for the design of high-entropy alloys are highly desirable. Here the authors use the project-oriented design strategy and CALPHAD-based high-throughput calculation tool to rapidly screen promising Al-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ti structural HEAs for high-temperature applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Michael C Gao
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, OR, USA. .,Leidos Research Support Team, Albany, OR, USA.
| | - Zongrui Pei
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, OR, USA.,ORISE, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Yan Chen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Dong Ma
- Neutron Science Platform, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke An
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophases Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Lizhi Ouyang
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yang Ren
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | | | - Michael Widom
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter K Liaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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12
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Lee C, Chou Y, Kim G, Gao MC, An K, Brechtl J, Zhang C, Chen W, Poplawsky JD, Song G, Ren Y, Chou YC, Liaw PK. Lattice-Distortion-Enhanced Yield Strength in a Refractory High-Entropy Alloy. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2004029. [PMID: 33135322 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe distortion is one of the four core effects in single-phase high-entropy alloys (HEAs) and contributes significantly to the yield strength. However, the connection between the atomic-scale lattice distortion and macro-scale mechanical properties through experimental verification has yet to be fully achieved, owing to two critical challenges: 1) the difficulty in the development of homogeneous single-phase solid-solution HEAs and 2) the ambiguity in describing the lattice distortion and related measurements and calculations. A single-phase body-centered-cubic (BCC) refractory HEA, NbTaTiVZr, using thermodynamic modeling coupled with experimental verifications, is developed. Compared to the previously developed single-phase NbTaTiV HEA, the NbTaTiVZr HEA shows a higher yield strength and comparable plasticity. The increase in yield strength is systematically and quantitatively studied in terms of lattice distortion using a theoretical model, first-principles calculations, synchrotron X-ray/neutron diffraction, atom-probe tomography, and scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques. These results demonstrate that severe lattice distortion is a core factor for developing high strengths in refractory HEAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2100, USA
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Yi Chou
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - George Kim
- Department of Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Michael C Gao
- National Energy Technology Laboratory/Leidos Research Support Team, Albany, OR, 97321, USA
| | - Ke An
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jamieson Brechtl
- Energy and Transportation Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Computherm LLC, 8401 Greenway Blvd, Middleton, WI, 53562, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Gian Song
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering and Institute for Rare Metals, Kongju National University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 330-717, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Ren
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yi-Chia Chou
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Peter K Liaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2100, USA
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13
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Poplawsky JD, Dutta P, Guthrey H, Leonard D, Guo W, Kacharia M, Rathi M, Khatiwada D, Favela C, Sun S, Zhang C, Hubbard S, Selvamanickam V. Directly Linking Low-Angle Grain Boundary Misorientation to Device Functionality for GaAs Grown on Flexible Metal Substrates. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:10664-10672. [PMID: 32040297 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new growth method to make highly oriented GaAs thin films on flexible metal substrates has been developed, enabling roll-to-roll manufacturing of flexible semiconductor devices. The grains are oriented in the <001> direction with <1° misorientations between them, and they have a comparable mobility to single-crystalline GaAs at high doping concentrations. At the moment, the role of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) on device performance is unknown. A series of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and cathodoluminesence (CL) studies reveal that increased doping concentrations decrease the grain size and increase the LAGB misorientation. Cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) reveals the complex dislocation structures within LAGBs. Most importantly, a correlative EBSD/electron beam-induced current (EBIC) experiment reveals that LAGBs are carrier recombination centers and that the magnitude of recombination is dependent on the degree of misorientation. The presented results directly link increased LAGB misorientation to degraded device performance, and therefore, strategies to reduce LAGB misorientations and densities would improve highly oriented semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Pavel Dutta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Institute, Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, N207 Engineering Building 1, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Harvey Guthrey
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Denver, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Donovan Leonard
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Mitsul Kacharia
- Rochester Institute of Technology, 84 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Monika Rathi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Institute, Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, N207 Engineering Building 1, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Devendra Khatiwada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Institute, Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, N207 Engineering Building 1, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Carlos Favela
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Institute, Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, N207 Engineering Building 1, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sicong Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Institute, Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, N207 Engineering Building 1, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Chuanze Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Institute, Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, N207 Engineering Building 1, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Seth Hubbard
- Rochester Institute of Technology, 84 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Venkat Selvamanickam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Institute, Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, N207 Engineering Building 1, 4726 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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14
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Wang X, Hatzoglou C, Sneed B, Fan Z, Guo W, Jin K, Chen D, Bei H, Wang Y, Weber WJ, Zhang Y, Gault B, More KL, Vurpillot F, Poplawsky JD. Interpreting nanovoids in atom probe tomography data for accurate local compositional measurements. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1022. [PMID: 32094330 PMCID: PMC7039975 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying chemical compositions around nanovoids is a fundamental task for research and development of various materials. Atom probe tomography (APT) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) are currently the most suitable tools because of their ability to probe materials at the nanoscale. Both techniques have limitations, particularly APT, because of insufficient understanding of void imaging. Here, we employ a correlative APT and STEM approach to investigate the APT imaging process and reveal that voids can lead to either an increase or a decrease in local atomic densities in the APT reconstruction. Simulated APT experiments demonstrate the local density variations near voids are controlled by the unique ring structures as voids open and the different evaporation fields of the surrounding atoms. We provide a general approach for quantifying chemical segregations near voids within an APT dataset, in which the composition can be directly determined with a higher accuracy than STEM-based techniques. Atom probe tomography can image chemical composition at the nanoscale, but our understanding of how it images voids, or empty spaces, is still lacking. Here, the authors combine atom probe tomography, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and field-evaporation theory to show how voids are imaged and subsequently measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Constantinos Hatzoglou
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Brian Sneed
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Zhe Fan
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Ke Jin
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Hongbin Bei
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - William J Weber
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str, 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mine, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Karren L More
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Francois Vurpillot
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
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15
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Schmidt JE, Ye X, van Ravenhorst IK, Oord R, Shapiro DA, Yu Y, Bare SR, Meirer F, Poplawsky JD, Weckhuysen BM. Probing the Location and Speciation of Elements in Zeolites with Correlated Atom Probe Tomography and Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:488-494. [PMID: 31123533 PMCID: PMC6519228 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing materials at nanoscale resolution to provide new insights into structure property performance relationships continues to be a challenging research target due to the inherently low signal from small sample volumes, and is even more difficult for nonconductive materials, such as zeolites. Herein, we present the characterization of a single Cu-exchanged zeolite crystal, namely Cu-SSZ-13, used for NOX reduction in automotive emissions, that was subject to a simulated 135,000-mile aging. By correlating Atom Probe Tomography (APT), a single atom microscopy method, and Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM), which produces high spatial resolution X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) maps, we show that a spatially non-uniform proportion of the Al was removed from the zeolite framework. The techniques reveal that this degradation is heterogeneous at length scales from micrometers to tens of nanometers, providing complementary insight into the long-term deactivation of this catalyst system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E. Schmidt
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CGNetherlands
| | - Xinwei Ye
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CGNetherlands
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE) Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringNankai UniversityTianjin300350P.R. China
| | - Ilse K. van Ravenhorst
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CGNetherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CGNetherlands
| | - David A. Shapiro
- Advanced Light SourceLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley CA94720USA
| | - Young‐Sang Yu
- Advanced Light SourceLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley CA94720USA
| | - Simon R. Bare
- SLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo Park CA94025USA
| | - Florian Meirer
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CGNetherlands
| | - Jonathan D. Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37831USA
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CGNetherlands
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16
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Danisi RM, Schmidt JE, Lucini Paioni A, Houben K, Poplawsky JD, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM, Vogt ETC. Revealing long- and short-range structural modifications within phosphorus-treated HZSM-5 zeolites by atom probe tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance and powder X-ray diffraction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27766-27777. [PMID: 30177980 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03828g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The average and the local structure of phosphorus-treated HZSM-5 zeolites were investigated by means of atom probe tomography, powder X-ray diffraction (at ambient and cryogenic temperatures) and 1H, 29Si, 27Al, and 31P magic angle spinning (MAS) solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Phosphatation to yield a product with P/Al ≤ 1 followed by thermal treatment leads to breaking of the Si-OH-Al bridging groups, and subsequent partial dealumination of the zeolite framework, as shown by the contraction of the orthorhombic unit-cell volume and by the loss of tetrahedral framework Al, as observed in the 27Al Multiple Quantum (MQ) MAS NMR spectrum. Most of the framework Al is present in an electronic environment distorted by the presence of phosphorus and appears not to be involved in classic Si-OH-Al Brønsted acid sites. The 31P MAS NMR signals indicate that phosphorus interacts with the zeolitic framework to locally form silico-aluminophosphate (SAPO) domains and the presence of a new kind of acidic site was confirmed by the resonance at ∼8.6 ppm in the 1H MAS NMR spectra, attributed to P-OH groups. Increasing the phosphorus loading (P/Al ≫ 1) promotes further dealumination of the framework and cross-dehydroxylation between P-OH and Si-OH species, leading to the formation of a crystalline silicon orthophosphate phase. With decreasing Al content, the monoclinic HZSM-5 structure becomes preferred, especially at 85 K where the strain relaxation is higher. However, the presence of a higher amount of silicophosphate impurities hinders the low-temperature strain release of the framework, indicating that some of these species are localized in the zeolite pores and contribute to the strain build up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Micaela Danisi
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E. Schmidt
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
| | - Linqing Peng
- Grinnell College 1115 8th Ave Grinnell, IA 50112 USA
| | - Jonathan D. Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831-6064 USA
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht Niederlande
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18
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Abstract
Understanding structure-composition-property relationships in zeolite-based materials is critical to engineering improved solid catalysts. However, this can be difficult to realize as even single zeolite crystals can exhibit heterogeneities spanning several orders of magnitude, with consequences for, for example, reactivity, diffusion as well as stability. Great progress has been made in characterizing these porous solids using tomographic techniques, though each method has an ultimate spatial resolution limitation. Atom probe tomography (APT) is the only technique so far capable of producing 3D compositional reconstructions with sub-nanometer-scale resolution, and has only recently been applied to zeolite-based catalysts. Herein, we discuss the use of APT to study zeolites, including the critical aspects of sample preparation, data collection, assignment of mass spectral peaks including the predominant CO peak, the limitations of spatial resolution for the recovery of crystallographic information, and proper data analysis. All sections are illustrated with examples from recent literature, as well as previously unpublished data and analyses to demonstrate practical strategies to overcome potential pitfalls in applying APT to zeolites, thereby highlighting new insights gained from the APT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E Schmidt
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linqing Peng
- Grinnell College, 1115 8th Ave, Grinnell, IA, 50112, USA
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6064, USA
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Schmidt JE, Peng L, Paioni AL, Ehren HL, Guo W, Mazumder B, Matthijs de Winter DA, Attila Ö, Fu D, Chowdhury AD, Houben K, Baldus M, Poplawsky JD, Weckhuysen BM. Isolating Clusters of Light Elements in Molecular Sieves with Atom Probe Tomography. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9154-9158. [PMID: 30003782 PMCID: PMC6065070 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Understanding the
3-D distribution and nature of active sites in
heterogeneous catalysts is critical to developing structure–function
relationships. However, this is difficult to achieve in microporous
materials as there is little relative z-contrast between active and
inactive framework elements (e.g., Al, O, P, and Si), making them
difficult to differentiate with electron microscopies. We have applied
atom probe tomography (APT), currently the only nanometer-scale 3-D
microscopy to offer routine light element contrast, to the methanol-to-hydrocarbons
(MTH) catalyst SAPO-34, with Si as the active site, which may be present
in the framework as either isolated Si species or clusters (islands)
of Si atoms. 29Si solid-state NMR data on isotopically
enriched and natural abundance materials are consistent with the presence
of Si islands, and the APT results have been complemented with simulations
to show the smallest detectable cluster size as a function of instrument
spatial resolution and detector efficiency. We have identified significant
Si–Si affinity in the materials, as well as clustering of coke
deposited by the MTH reaction (13CH3OH used)
and an affinity between Brønsted acid sites and coke. A comparison
with simulations shows that the ultimate spatial resolution that can
be attained by APT applied to molecular sieves is 0.5–1 nm.
Finally, the observed 13C clusters are consistent with
hydrocarbon pool mechanism intermediates that are preferentially located
in regions of increased Brønsted acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E Schmidt
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Linqing Peng
- Grinnell College , 1115 8th Ave , Grinnell , Iowa 50112 , United States
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Helena Leona Ehren
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Baishakhi Mazumder
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - D A Matthijs de Winter
- Structural Geology & EM , Utrecht University , Postbus 80.021 , 3508 TA Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Özgün Attila
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Donglong Fu
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Abhishek Dutta Chowdhury
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Klaartje Houben
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science , Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 , 3584 CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
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20
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Ding J, Balachandran J, Sang X, Guo W, Veith GM, Bridges CA, Rouleau CM, Poplawsky JD, Bassiri-Gharb N, Ganesh P, Unocic RR. Influence of Nonstoichiometry on Proton Conductivity in Thin-Film Yttrium-Doped Barium Zirconate. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:4816-4823. [PMID: 29322765 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Proton-conducting perovskites have been widely studied because of their potential application as solid electrolytes in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Structural and chemical heterogeneities can develop during synthesis, device fabrication, or service, which can profoundly affect proton transport. Here, we use time-resolved Kelvin probe force microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, atom probe tomography, and density functional theory calculations to intentionally introduce Ba-deficient planar and spherical defects and link the resultant atomic structure with proton transport behavior in both stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric epitaxial, yttrium-doped barium zirconate thin films. The defects were intentionally induced through high-temperature annealing treatment, while maintaining the epitaxial single crystalline structure of the films, with an overall relaxation in the atomic structure. The annealed samples showed smaller magnitudes of local lattice distortions because of the formation of proton polarons, thereby leading to decreased proton-trapping effect. This resulted in a decrease in the activation energy for proton transport, leading to faster proton transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilai Ding
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, §Material Science and Technology Division, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ⊥The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Janakiraman Balachandran
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, §Material Science and Technology Division, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ⊥The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Xiahan Sang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, §Material Science and Technology Division, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ⊥The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, §Material Science and Technology Division, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ⊥The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Gabriel M Veith
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, §Material Science and Technology Division, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ⊥The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Craig A Bridges
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, §Material Science and Technology Division, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ⊥The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher M Rouleau
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, §Material Science and Technology Division, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ⊥The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, §Material Science and Technology Division, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ⊥The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nazanin Bassiri-Gharb
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, §Material Science and Technology Division, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ⊥The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Panchapakesan Ganesh
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, §Material Science and Technology Division, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ⊥The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Raymond R Unocic
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, §Material Science and Technology Division, and ∥Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ⊥The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Schmidt JE, Oord R, Guo W, Poplawsky JD, Weckhuysen BM. Nanoscale tomography reveals the deactivation of automotive copper-exchanged zeolite catalysts. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1666. [PMID: 29162802 PMCID: PMC5698465 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-exchanged zeolite chabazite (Cu-SSZ-13) was recently commercialized for the selective catalytic reduction of NO X with ammonia in vehicle emissions as it exhibits superior reaction performance and stability compared to all other catalysts, notably Cu-ZSM-5. Herein, the 3D distributions of Cu as well as framework elements (Al, O, Si) in both fresh and aged Cu-SSZ-13 and Cu-ZSM-5 are determined with nanometer resolution using atom probe tomography (APT), and correlated with catalytic activity and other characterizations. Both fresh catalysts contain a heterogeneous Cu distribution, which is only identified due to the single atom sensitivity of APT. After the industry standard 135,000 mile simulation, Cu-SSZ-13 shows Cu and Al clustering, whereas Cu-ZSM-5 is characterized by severe Cu and Al aggregation into a copper aluminate phase (CuAl2O4 spinel). The application of APT as a sensitive and local characterization method provides identification of nanometer scale heterogeneities that lead to catalytic activity and material deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E Schmidt
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Brady MP, Ievlev AV, Fayek M, Leonard DN, Frith MG, Meyer HM, Ramirez-Cuesta AJ, Daemen LL, Cheng Y, Guo W, Poplawsky JD, Ovchinnikova OS, Thomson J, Anovitz LM, Rother G, Shin D, Song GL, Davis B. Rapid Diffusion and Nanosegregation of Hydrogen in Magnesium Alloys from Exposure to Water. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:38125-38134. [PMID: 29016100 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen gas is formed when Mg corrodes in water; however, the manner and extent to which the hydrogen may also enter the Mg metal is poorly understood. Such knowledge is critical as stress corrosion cracking (SCC)/embrittlement phenomena limit many otherwise promising structural and functional uses of Mg. Here, we report via D2O/D isotopic tracer and H2O exposures with characterization by secondary ion mass spectrometry, inelastic neutron scattering vibrational spectrometry, electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography techniques direct evidence that hydrogen rapidly penetrated tens of micrometers into Mg metal after only 4 h of exposure to water at room temperature. Further, technologically important microalloying additions of <1 wt % Zr and Nd used to improve the manufacturability and mechanical properties of Mg significantly increased the extent of hydrogen ingress, whereas Al additions in the 2-3 wt % range did not. Segregation of hydrogen species was observed at regions of high Mg/Zr/Nd nanoprecipitate density and at Mg(Zr) metastable solid solution microstructural features. We also report evidence that this ingressed hydrogen was unexpectedly present in the alloy as nanoconfined, molecular H2. These new insights provide a basis for strategies to design Mg alloys to resist SCC in aqueous environments as well as potentially impact functional uses such as hydrogen storage where increased hydrogen uptake is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Brady
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Anton V Ievlev
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Mostafa Fayek
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba (UM) , Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Donovan N Leonard
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Matthew G Frith
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Harry M Meyer
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | | | - Luke L Daemen
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yongqiang Cheng
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Wei Guo
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Olga S Ovchinnikova
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jeffrey Thomson
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Lawrence M Anovitz
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Gernot Rother
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Dongwon Shin
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Guang-Ling Song
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bruce Davis
- Magnesium Elektron North America (MENA) , Madison, Illinois 62060, United States
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23
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Guo W, Sneed BT, Zhou L, Tang W, Kramer MJ, Cullen DA, Poplawsky JD. Correlative Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopic Tomography and Atom Probe Tomography of the Phase Separation in an Alnico 8 Alloy. Microsc Microanal 2016; 22:1251-1260. [PMID: 27998366 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616012496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alnico alloys have long been used as strong permanent magnets because of their ferromagnetism and high coercivity. Understanding their structural details allows for better prediction of the resulting magnetic properties. However, quantitative three-dimensional characterization of the phase separation in these alloys is still challenged by the spatial quantification of nanoscale phases. Herein, we apply a dual tomography approach, where correlative scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDS) tomography and atom probe tomography (APT) are used to investigate the initial phase separation process of an alnico 8 alloy upon non-magnetic annealing. STEM-EDS tomography provides information on the morphology and volume fractions of Fe-Co-rich and Νi-Al-rich phases after spinodal decomposition in addition to quantitative information of the composition of a nanoscale volume. Subsequent analysis of a portion of the same specimen by APT offers quantitative chemical information of each phase at the sub-nanometer scale. Furthermore, APT reveals small, 2-4 nm Fe-rich α 1 phases that are nucleated in the Ni-rich α 2 matrix. From this information, we show that phase separation of the alnico 8 alloy consists of both spinodal decomposition and nucleation and growth processes. The complementary benefits and challenges associated with correlative STEM-EDS and APT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences,Oak Ridge,TN 37831,USA
| | - Brian T Sneed
- 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences,Oak Ridge,TN 37831,USA
| | - Lin Zhou
- 2Ames Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering,Ames,IA 50011,USA
| | - Wei Tang
- 2Ames Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering,Ames,IA 50011,USA
| | - Matthew J Kramer
- 2Ames Laboratory, Division of Materials Science and Engineering,Ames,IA 50011,USA
| | - David A Cullen
- 3Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Materials Science and Technology Division,Oak Ridge,TN 37831,USA
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- 1Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences,Oak Ridge,TN 37831,USA
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24
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Poplawsky JD, Guo W, Paudel N, Ng A, More K, Leonard D, Yan Y. Corrigendum: Structural and compositional dependence of the CdTexSe1-x alloy layer photoactivity in CdTe-based solar cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12831. [PMID: 27585645 PMCID: PMC5025797 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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25
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Schmidt JE, Poplawsky JD, Mazumder B, Attila Ö, Fu D, de Winter DAM, Meirer F, Bare SR, Weckhuysen BM. Coke Formation in a Zeolite Crystal During the Methanol-to-Hydrocarbons Reaction as Studied with Atom Probe Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11173-7. [PMID: 27485276 PMCID: PMC6681177 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the formation of carbon deposits in zeolites is vital to developing new, superior materials for various applications, including oil and gas conversion processes. Herein, atom probe tomography (APT) has been used to spatially resolve the 3D compositional changes at the sub‐nm length scale in a single zeolite ZSM‐5 crystal, which has been partially deactivated by the methanol‐to‐hydrocarbons reaction using 13C‐labeled methanol. The results reveal the formation of coke in agglomerates that span length scales from tens of nanometers to atomic clusters with a median size of 30–60 13C atoms. These clusters correlate with local increases in Brønsted acid site density, demonstrating that the formation of the first deactivating coke precursor molecules occurs in nanoscopic regions enriched in aluminum. This nanoscale correlation underscores the importance of carefully engineering materials to suppress detrimental coke formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E Schmidt
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Baishakhi Mazumder
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Özgün Attila
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Donglong Fu
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D A Matthijs de Winter
- Structural Geology & EM, Utrecht University, Postbus 80.021, 3508, TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simon R Bare
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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26
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Schmidt JE, Poplawsky JD, Mazumder B, Attila Ö, Fu D, de Winter DAM, Meirer F, Bare SR, Weckhuysen BM. Coke Formation in a Zeolite Crystal During the Methanol-to-Hydrocarbons Reaction as Studied with Atom Probe Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel E. Schmidt
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D. Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Baishakhi Mazumder
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Özgün Attila
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Donglong Fu
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Meirer
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Simon R. Bare
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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27
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Guo W, Garfinkel DA, Tucker JD, Haley D, Young GA, Poplawsky JD. An atom probe perspective on phase separation and precipitation in duplex stainless steels. Nanotechnology 2016; 27:254004. [PMID: 27181108 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/25/254004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional chemical imaging of Fe-Cr alloys showing Fe-rich (α)/Cr-rich (α') phase separation is reported using atom probe tomography techniques. The extent of phase separation, i.e., amplitude and wavelength, has been quantitatively assessed using the Langer-Bar-on-Miller, proximity histogram, and autocorrelation function methods for two separate Fe-Cr alloys, designated 2101 and 2205. Although the 2101 alloy possesses a larger wavelength and amplitude after annealing at 427 °C for 100-10 000 h, it exhibits a lower hardness than the 2205 alloy. In addition to this phase separation, ultra-fine Ni-Mn-Si-Cu-rich G-phase precipitates form at the α/α' interfaces in both alloys. For the 2101 alloy, Cu clusters act to form a nucleus, around which a Ni-Mn-Si shell develops during the precipitation process. For the 2205 alloy, the Ni and Cu atoms enrich simultaneously and no core-shell chemical distribution was found. This segregation phenomenon may arise from the exact Ni/Cu ratio inside the ferrite. After annealing for 10 000 h, the number density of the G-phase within the 2205 alloy was found to be roughly one order of magnitude higher than in the 2101 alloy. The G-phase precipitates have an additional deleterious effect on the thermal embrittlement, as evaluated by the Ashby-Orowan equation, which explains the discrepancy between the hardness and the rate of phase separation with respect to annealing time (Gladman T 1999 Mater. Sci. Tech. Ser. 15 30-36).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak ridge, TN, USA
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28
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Poplawsky JD, Li C, Paudel NR, Guo W, Yan Y, Pennycook SJ. APT mass spectrometry and SEM data for CdTe solar cells. Data Brief 2016; 7:779-785. [PMID: 28795118 PMCID: PMC5540671 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Atom probe tomography (APT) data acquired from a CAMECA LEAP 4000 XHR for the CdS/CdTe interface for a non-CdCl2 treated CdTe solar cell as well as the mass spectrum of an APT data set including a GB in a CdCl2-treated CdTe solar cell are presented. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data showing the evolution of sample preparation for APT and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) electron beam induced current (EBIC) are also presented. These data show mass spectrometry peak decomposition of Cu and Te within an APT dataset, the CdS/CdTe interface of an untreated CdTe solar cell, preparation of APT needles from the CdS/CdTe interface in superstrate grown CdTe solar cells, and the preparation of a cross-sectional STEM EBIC sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Poplawsky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Naba R Paudel
- The University of Toledo, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster Hall, 2nd Floor Rm 2017, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Yanfa Yan
- The University of Toledo, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster Hall, 2nd Floor Rm 2017, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Stephen J Pennycook
- National University of Singapore, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Singapore
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29
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Ng A, Poplawsky JD, Li C, Pennycook SJ, Rosenthal SJ. Direct Electronic Property Imaging of a Nanocrystal-Based Photovoltaic Device by Electron Beam-Induced Current via Scanning Electron Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:856-860. [PMID: 26274078 DOI: 10.1021/jz402752k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) electron beam-induced current (EBIC) studies were performed on the cross-section of a nanocrystal-based hybrid bulk heterojunction photovoltaic device. Using these techniques, the short circuit carrier collection efficiencies are mapped with a better than 100 nm resolution. Electronically deficient and proficient regions within the photoactive layer are determined. The results show that only a fraction of the CdSe nanorod:P3HT layer (P3HT = poly-3(hexylthiophene)) at the Al cathode interface shows primary collection of charged carriers, in which the photoactivity decreases exponentially away from the interface. The recombination losses of the photoactive layer away from this interface prove that the limiting factor of the device is the inability for electrons to percolate between nanoparticles; to alleviate this problem, an interparticle network that conducts the electrons from one nanorod to the next must be established. Furthermore, the EBIC technique applied to the nanocrystalline device used in this study is the first measurement of its kind and can be applied toward other similar architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ng
- †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jonathan D Poplawsky
- ‡Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, United States
| | - Chen Li
- †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- ‡Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Stephen J Pennycook
- ‡Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, United States
| | - Sandra J Rosenthal
- †Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- ‡Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Poplawsky JD, Nishikawa A, Fujiwara Y, Dierolf V. Defect roles in the excitation of Eu ions in Eu:GaN. Opt Express 2013; 21:30633-30641. [PMID: 24514639 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.030633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Eu ions in situ doped in GaN with V/III ratios varying from 3200 to 9600 have been investigated using resonant site-selective photoluminescence (PL), power dependent cathodoluminescence (CL), and a unique electron beam power dependent dual excitation experiment combining the techniques of PL and CL. The results of these experiments reveal the role of defects in the electronic excitation of Eu ions and the link between the GaN host and Eu ion dopants. The relative number of beneficial defects present in each sample for a majority Eu site (Eu1) and a specific secondary site (Eu2) are revealed. Also, a room temperature activated non-radiative recombination pathway linked to a specific, sample dependent Eu2 excitation pathway is identified. Unlike conventional GaN LEDs, Eu:GaN device performance does not rely completely on crystalline quality, but on the presence of specific excitation enhancing defects and the absence of non-radiative de-excitation channels.
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31
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Zhao H, Liu G, Zhang J, Poplawsky JD, Dierolf V, Tansu N. Approaches for high internal quantum efficiency green InGaN light-emitting diodes with large overlap quantum wells. Opt Express 2011; 19 Suppl 4:A991-A1007. [PMID: 21747571 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.00a991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of internal quantum efficiency (IQE) for InGaN quantum wells (QWs) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is investigated. Staggered InGaN QWs with large electron-hole wavefunction overlap and improved radiative recombination rate are investigated for nitride LEDs application. The effect of interface abruptness in staggered InGaN QWs on radiative recombination rate is studied. Studies show that the less interface abruptness between the InGaN sub-layers will not affect the performance of the staggered InGaN QWs detrimentally. The growths of linearly-shaped staggered InGaN QWs by employing graded growth temperature grading are presented. The effect of current injection efficiency on IQE of InGaN QWs LEDs and other approaches to reduce dislocation in InGaN QWs LEDs are also discussed. The optimization of both radiative efficiency and current injection efficiency in InGaN QWs LEDs are required for achieving high IQE devices emitting in the green spectral regime and longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Zhao
- Center for Optical Technologies, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA.
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