1
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Mascarenhas EJ, Fondell M, Büchner R, Eckert S, Vaz da Cruz V, Föhlisch A. The Role of the Lowest Excited Triplet State in Defining the Rate of Photoaquation of Hexacyanometalates. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:241-247. [PMID: 38164541 PMCID: PMC10788954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Photosolvation is a type of ligand substitution reaction started by irradiation of a solution with light, triggering the replacement of a ligand with a molecule from the solvent. The excited state is created through many possible pathways. For the class of hexacyanides of groups 8 and 9 of the periodic table, irradiation in the ligand field band is followed by intersystem crossing to the lowest excited triplet state, which we propose to mediate the photoaquation reaction in this class of complexes. In this study, we present time-resolved X-ray absorption data showing indications of the triplet intermediate state in the cobalt(III) hexacyanide complex and we discuss general aspects of the photoaquation reaction in comparison with reported data on the isoelectronic iron(II) hexacyanide. Quantum chemical calculations are analyzed and suggest that the nature of the lowest excited triplet state in each complex can explain the drastically different rate of reactions observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Mascarenhas
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robby Büchner
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vinicius Vaz da Cruz
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute
of Physics and Astronomy, Universität
Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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2
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Ahsan MS, Kochetov V, Hein D, Bokarev SI, Wilkinson I. Probing the molecular structure of aqueous triiodide via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and correlated electron phenomena. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15540-15555. [PMID: 35713286 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-microjet-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was applied to aqueous triiodide solutions, I3-(aq.), to investigate the anion's valence- and core-level electronic structure, ionization dynamics, associated electron-correlation effects, and nuclear geometric structure. The roles of multi-active-electron (shake-up) ionization processes - with noted sensitivity to the solute geometric structure - were investigated through I3-(aq.) solution valence, I 4d, and I 3d core-level measurements. The experimental spectra were interpreted with the aid of simulated photoelectron spectra, built upon multi-reference ab initio electronic structure calculations associated with different I3-(aq.) molecular geometries. A comparison of the single-to-multi-active-electron ionization signal ratios extracted from the experimental and theoretical core-level photoemission spectra suggests that the ground state of the solute adopts a near-linear average geometry in aqueous solutions. This contrasts with the interpretation of time-resolved X-ray solution scattering studies, but is found to be fully consistent with the rest of the solution-phase I3-(aq.) literature. Comparing the results of low- and high-photon-energy photoemission measurements, we further suggest that the aqueous anion adopts a more asymmetric geometry at the aqueous-solution-gas interface than in the aqueous bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sabbir Ahsan
- Department of Locally-Sensitive and Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladislav Kochetov
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dennis Hein
- Operando Interfacial Photochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-platz. 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Bokarev
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Department of Locally-Sensitive and Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Supramolecular cis-“Bis(Chelation)” of [M(CN)6]3− (M = CrIII, FeIII, CoIII) by Phloroglucinol (H3PG). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134111. [PMID: 35807353 PMCID: PMC9268030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on molecular co-crystal type materials are important in the design and preparation of easy-to-absorb drugs, non-centrosymmetric, and chiral crystals for optical performance, liquid crystals, or plastic phases. From a fundamental point of view, such studies also provide useful information on various supramolecular synthons and molecular ordering, including metric parameters, molecular matching, energetical hierarchy, and combinatorial potential, appealing to the rational design of functional materials through structure–properties–application schemes. Co-crystal salts involving anionic d-metallate coordination complexes are moderately explored (compared to the generality of co-crystals), and in this context, we present a new series of isomorphous co-crystalline salts (PPh4)3[M(CN)6](H3PG)2·2MeCN (M = Cr, 1; Fe, 2; Co 3; H3PG = phloroglucinol, 1,3,5-trihydroxobenzene). In this study, 1–3 were characterized experimentally using SC XRD, Hirshfeld analysis, ESI-MS spectrometry, vibrational IR and Raman, 57Fe Mössbauer, electronic absorption UV-Vis-NIR, and photoluminescence spectroscopies, and theoretically with density functional theory calculations. The two-dimensional square grid-like hydrogen-bond {[M(CN)6]3−;(H3PG)2}∞ network features original {[M(CN)6]3−;(H3PG)4} supramolecular cis-bis(chelate) motifs involving: (i) two double cyclic hydrogen bond synthons M(-CN⋅⋅⋅HO-)2Ar, {[M(CN)6]3−;H2PGH}, between cis-oriented cyanido ligands of [M(CN)6]3− and resorcinol-like face of H3PG, and (ii) two single hydrogen bonds M-CN⋅⋅⋅HO-Ar, {[M(CN)6]3−;HPGH2}, involving the remaining two cyanide ligands. The occurrence of the above tectonic motif is discussed with regard to the relevant data existing in the CCDC database, including the multisite H-bond binding of [M(CN)6]3− by organic species, mononuclear coordination complexes, and polynuclear complexes. The physicochemical and computational characterization discloses notable spectral modifications under the regime of an extended hydrogen bond network.
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Seymour J, Gousseva E, Large A, Held G, Hein D, Wartner G, Quevedo W, Seidel R, Kolbeck C, Clarke CJ, Fogarty R, Bourne R, Bennett R, Palgrave R, Hunt PA, Lovelock KRJ. Resonant Electron Spectroscopy: Identification of Atomic Contributions to Valence States. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:389-411. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00117e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Valence electronic structure is crucial for understanding and predicting reactivity. Valence non-resonant X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NRXPS) provides a direct method for probing the overall valence electronic structure. However, it is...
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5
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Temperton RH, Guo M, D'Acunto G, Johansson N, Rosemann NW, Prakash O, Wärnmark K, Schnadt J, Uhlig J, Persson P. Resonant X-ray photo-oxidation of light-harvesting iron (II/III) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22144. [PMID: 34772983 PMCID: PMC8590020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two photoactive iron N-heterocyclic carbene complexes \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${[\hbox {Fe}^{{{\rm{II}}}}(\hbox {btz})_2(\hbox {bpy})]^{2+}}$$\end{document}[FeII(btz)2(bpy)]2+ and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${[\hbox {Fe}^{{\rm{III}}}(\hbox {btz})_3]^{3+}}$$\end{document}[FeIII(btz)3]3+, where btz is 3,3’-dimethyl-1,1’-bis(p-tolyl)-4,4’-bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene) and bpy is 2,2’-bipyridine, have been investigated by Resonant Photoelectron Spectroscopy (RPES). Tuning the incident X-ray photon energy to match core-valence excitations provides a site specific probe of the electronic structure properties and ligand-field interactions, as well as information about the resonantly photo-oxidised final states. Comparing measurements of the Fe centre and the surrounding ligands demonstrate strong mixing of the Fe \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\hbox {t}_{{\rm{2g}}}}$$\end{document}t2g levels with occupied ligand \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\pi$$\end{document}π orbitals but weak mixing with the corresponding unoccupied ligand orbitals. This highlights the importance of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\pi$$\end{document}π-accepting and -donating considerations in ligand design strategies for photofunctional iron carbene complexes. Spin-propensity is also observed as a final-state effect in the RPES measurements of the open-shell \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {Fe}^{{\rm{III}}}$$\end{document}FeIII complex. Vibronic coupling is evident in both complexes, where the energy dispersion hints at a vibrationally hot final state. The results demonstrate the significant impact of the iron oxidation state on the frontier electronic structure and highlights the differences between the emerging class of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {Fe}^{{\rm{III}}}$$\end{document}FeIII photosensitizers from those of more traditional \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {Fe}^{{\rm{II}}}$$\end{document}FeII complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Temperton
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70, Lund, Sweden
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giulio D'Acunto
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niclas Johansson
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nils W Rosemann
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joachim Schnadt
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden. .,Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Petter Persson
- Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, IDEON Building: Delta 5, Scheelevägen 19, 223 70, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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6
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Dupuy R, Richter C, Winter B, Meijer G, Schlögl R, Bluhm H. Core level photoelectron spectroscopy of heterogeneous reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces: Current status, challenges, and prospects. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:060901. [PMID: 33588531 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-vapor interfaces, particularly those between aqueous solutions and air, drive numerous important chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere and in the environment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is an excellent method for the investigation of these interfaces due to its surface sensitivity, elemental and chemical specificity, and the possibility to obtain information on the depth distribution of solute and solvent species in the interfacial region. In this Perspective, we review the progress that was made in this field over the past decades and discuss the challenges that need to be overcome for investigations of heterogeneous reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces under close-to-realistic environmental conditions. We close with an outlook on where some of the most exciting and promising developments might lie in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Hein D, Wartner G, Bergmann A, Bernal M, Roldan Cuenya B, Seidel R. Reversible Water-Induced Phase Changes of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15450-15457. [PMID: 33103880 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt oxides have been identified as highly active catalysts for the electrochemical water splitting and oxygen evolution reaction. Using near-ambient pressure resonant photoelectron spectroscopy, we studied changes in the metal-oxygen coordination of size-selected core-shell CoOx nanoparticles induced by liquid water. In dry conditions, the nanoparticles exhibit an octahedrally coordinated Co2+ core and a tetrahedrally coordinated Co2+ shell. In the presence of liquid water, we observe a reversible phase change of the nanoparticle shell into octahedrally coordinated Co2+ as well as partially oxidized octahedrally coordinated Co3+. This is in contrast to previous findings, suggesting an irreversible phase change of tetrahedrally coordinated Co2+ after the oxygen evolution reaction conditioning. Our results demonstrate the appearance of water-induced structural changes different from voltage-induced changes and help us to understand the atomic scale interaction of CoOx nanoparticles with water in electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Hein
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Garlef Wartner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Bergmann
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miguel Bernal
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Mudryk KD, Seidel R, Winter B, Wilkinson I. The electronic structure of the aqueous permanganate ion: aqueous-phase energetics and molecular bonding studied using liquid jet photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20311-20330. [PMID: 32895669 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Permanganate aqueous solutions, MnO4-(aq.), were studied using liquid-micro-jet-based soft X-ray non-resonant and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy to determine valence and core-level binding energies. To identify possible differences in the energetics between the aqueous bulk and the solution-gas interface, non-resonant spectra were recorded at two different probing depths. Similar experiments were performed with different counter ions, Na+ and K+, with the two solutions yielding indistinguishable anion electron binding energies. Our resonant photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, performed near the Mn LII,III- and O K-edges, selectively probed valence charge distributions between the Mn metal center, O ligands, and first solvation shell in the aqueous bulk. Associated resonantly-enhanced solute ionisation signals revealed hybridisation of the solute constituents' atomic orbitals, including the inner valence Mn 3p and O 2s. We identified intermolecular coulombic decay relaxation processes following resonant X-ray excitation of the solute that highlight valence MnO4-(aq.)-H2O(l) electronic couplings. Furthermore, our results allowed us to infer oxidative reorganisation energies of MnO4˙(aq.) and adiabatic valence ionisation energies of MnO4-(aq.), revealing the Gibbs free energy of oxidation and permitting estimation of the vertical electron affinity of MnO4˙(aq.). Finally, the Gibbs free energy of hydration of isolated MnO4- was determined. Our results and analysis allowed a near-complete binding-energy-scaled MnO4-(aq.) molecular orbital and a valence energy level diagram to be produced for the MnO4-(aq.)/MnO4˙(aq.) system. Cumulatively, our mapping of the aqueous-phase electronic structure of MnO4- is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of the exceptional redox properties of this widely applied aqueous transition-metal complex ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Mudryk
- Locally-Sensitive & Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. and Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Seidel
- Operando Interfacial Photochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany and Fachbereich Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Locally-Sensitive & Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Choi WH, Moon BC, Park DG, Choi JW, Kim K, Shin J, Kim MG, Choi KM, Kang JK. Autogenous Production and Stabilization of Highly Loaded Sub-Nanometric Particles within Multishell Hollow Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Utilization for High Performance in Li-O 2 Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000283. [PMID: 32382491 PMCID: PMC7201254 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sub-nanometric particles (SNPs) of atomic cluster sizes have shown great promise in many fields such as full atom-to-atom utilization, but their precise production and stabilization at high mass loadings remain a great challenge. As a solution to overcome this challenge, a strategy allowing synthesis and preservation of SNPs at high mass loadings within multishell hollow metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is demonstrated. First, alternating water-decomposable and water-stable MOFs are stacked in succession to build multilayer MOFs. Next, using controlled hydrogen bonding affinity, isolated water molecules are selectively sieved through the hydrophobic nanocages of water-stable MOFs and transferred one by one to water-decomposable MOFs. The transmission of water molecules via controlled hydrogen bonding affinity through the water-stable MOF layers is a key step to realize SNPs from various types of alternating water-decomposable and water-stable layers. This process transforms multilayer MOFs into SNP-embedded multishell hollow MOFs. Additionally, the multishell stabilizes SNPs by π-backbonding allowing high conductivity to be achieved via the hopping mechanism, and hollow interspaces minimize transport resistance. These features, as demonstrated using SNP-embedded multishell hollow MOFs with up to five shells, lead to high electrochemical performances including high volumetric capacities and low overpotentials in Li-O2 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Ho Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NanoCentury KAIST InstituteKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Cheul Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NanoCentury KAIST InstituteKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NanoCentury KAIST InstituteKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NanoCentury KAIST InstituteKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Keon‐Han Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NanoCentury KAIST InstituteKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Sun Shin
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL)Korea Pohang University of Science and Technology77 Cheongam‐ro, Namg‐guPohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringSookmyung Women's UniversityCheongpa‐ro 47‐gil 100, Yongsan‐guSeoul04310Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung Ku Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NanoCentury KAIST InstituteKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of EnergyEnvironment Water and Sustainability (EEWS)Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
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10
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Källman E, Guo M, Delcey MG, Meyer DA, Gaffney KJ, Lindh R, Lundberg M. Simulations of valence excited states in coordination complexes reached through hard X-ray scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8325-8335. [PMID: 32236271 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01003k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hard X-ray spectroscopy selectively probes metal sites in complex environments. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) makes it is possible to directly study metal-ligand interactions through local valence excitations. Here multiconfigurational wavefunction simulations are used to model valence K pre-edge RIXS for three metal-hexacyanide complexes by coupling the electric dipole-forbidden excitations with dipole-allowed valence-to-core emission. Comparisons between experimental and simulated spectra makes it possible to evaluate the simulation accuracy and establish a best-modeling practice. The calculations give correct descriptions of all LMCT excitations in the spectra, although energies and intensities are sensitive to the description of dynamical electron correlation. The consistent treatment of all complexes shows that simulations can rationalize spectral features. The dispersion in the manganese(iii) spectrum comes from unresolved multiple resonances rather than fluorescence, and the splitting is mainly caused by differences in spatial orientation between holes and electrons. The simulations predict spectral features that cannot be resolved in current experimental data sets and the potential for observing d-d excitations is also explored. The latter can be of relevance for non-centrosymmetric systems with more intense K pre-edges. These ab initio simulations can be used to both design and interpret high-resolution X-ray scattering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Källman
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Meiyuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mickaël G Delcey
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Drew A Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Roland Lindh
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, S-75105 Uppsala, Sweden and Uppsala Center for Computational Chemistry (UC3), Uppsala University, P.O. Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Fogarty RM, Palgrave RG, Bourne RA, Handrup K, Villar-Garcia IJ, Payne DJ, Hunt PA, Lovelock KRJ. Electron spectroscopy of ionic liquids: experimental identification of atomic orbital contributions to valence electronic structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18893-18910. [PMID: 31441923 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02200g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The atomic contributions to valence electronic structure for 37 ionic liquids (ILs) are identified using a combination of variable photon energy XPS, resonant Auger electron spectroscopy (RAES) and a subtraction method. The ILs studied include a diverse range of cationic and anionic structural moieties. We introduce a new parameter for ILs, the energy difference between the energies of the cationic and anionic highest occupied fragment orbitals (HOFOs), which we use to identify the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). The anion gave rise to the HOMO for 25 of the 37 ILs studied here. For 10 of the ILs, the energies of the cationic and anionic HOFOs were the same (within experimental error); therefore, it could not be determined whether the HOMO was from the cation or the anion. For two of the ILs, the HOMO was from the cation and not from the anion; consequently it is energetically more favourable to remove an electron from the cation than the anion for these two ILs. In addition, we used a combination of area normalisation and subtraction of XP spectra to produce what are effectively XP spectra for individual ions; this was achieved for 10 cations and 14 anions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard A Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development, Schools of Chemistry and Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - David J Payne
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, UK
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12
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Carlotto S, Finetti P, de Simone M, Coreno M, Casella G, Sambi M, Casarin M. Comparative Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Fe L 2,3-Edges X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Three Highly Popular, Low-Spin Organoiron Complexes: [Fe(CO) 5], [(η 5-C 5H 5)Fe(CO)(μ-CO)] 2, and [(η 5-C 5H 5) 2Fe]. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5844-5857. [PMID: 30998004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The occupied and unoccupied electronic structures of three highly popular, closed shell organoiron complexes ([Fe(CO)5], [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(μ-CO)]2, and [(η5-C5H5)2Fe]) have been theoretically investigated by taking advantage of density functional theory (DFT) calculations coupled to the isolobal analogy ( Elian et al. Inorg. Chem. 1976 , 15 , 1148 ). The adopted approach allowed us to look into the relative role played by the ligand → Fe donation and the Fe → ligand back-donation in title molecules, as well as to investigate how CO- (terminal or bridging) and [(η5-C5H5)]--based π* orbitals compete when these two ligands are simultaneously present as in [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(μ-CO)]2. Insights into the nature and the strength of the bonding between Fe and the C donor atoms have been gained by exploiting the Nalewajski-Mrozek bond multiplicity index ( Nalewajski et al. Int. J. Quantum Chem. 1994 , 51 , 187 ), which have been found especially sensitive even to tiny bond distance variations. The bonding picture emerging from ground state DFT results proved fruitful to guide the assignment of original, high-resolution, gas-phase L2,3-edges X-ray absorption spectra of the title molecules, which have been modeled by the two-component relativistic time-dependent DFT including spin orbit coupling and correlation effects and taking advantage of the full use of symmetry. Assignments alternative to those reported in the literature for both [Fe(CO)5] and [(η5-C5H5)2Fe] are herein proposed. Despite the high popularity of the investigated molecules, the complementary use of symmetry, orbital, and spectroscopy allowed us to further look into the metal-ligand symmetry-restricted-covalency and the differential-orbital covalency, which characterize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carlotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Francesco Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Paola Finetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Metodi dell'Ingegneria , Università di Modena , Via Università 4 , 41121 Modena , Italy
| | | | | | - Girolamo Casella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare , Università degli Studi di Palermo , Via Archirafi 22 , 90123 Palermo , Italy
| | - Mauro Sambi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Francesco Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Maurizio Casarin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Francesco Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy.,CNR - ICMATE , Via Francesco Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy
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