Association between underweight and tooth loss among Korean adults

Association of tooth loss and gallstones: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018

Introduction: Gallstones are one of the most common digestive diseases globally, with an estimated affected population of 15% in the United States. Our aim is to assess the current association between oral health and gallstones, exploring potential mediation factors. Methods: Self-reported gallstones were determined based on medical condition questionnaires. Dental status was assessed by dental professionals and oral health questionnaire. Mediation analysis was conducted for body mass index, blood glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol, and the percentage of mediation effects was calculated. Results: We included 444 patients with gallstones and 3565 non-gallstone participants from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. After fully adjusting for all covariates, the prevalence of gallstones is higher when the number of missing teeth is at T3 compared to T1 (odds ratio [OR]: 1.93, confidence interval [CI]: 1.14 - 3.26, p = 0.02, p-trend = 0.01), and there was an inverted L-shaped association between missing teeth and gallstones, with an inflection point of 17. Bone loss around mouth was also associated with gallstones (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.27 - 2.48, p = 0.002), but not root caries and gum disease. Mediation analysis identified blood glucose as a crucial mediator, with a mediation effect ratio of 4.91%. Conclusions: Appropriate lifestyle interventions for patients with missing teeth may help delay the onset of gallstones, such as healthy dietary habits, trace elements supplementing, and managing weight and blood sugar levels. Further exploration of the relationship between oral health and overall health contributes to disease prevention and comprehensive medical management.

Trends in underweight and severe underweight disparities in Korean adults and older adults: a nationwide, repeated cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES

Little is known about the disparities in underweight prevalence among the general population in high-income countries. We investigated the trends in underweight prevalence and disparities across sociodemographic groups among Korean adults and older adults.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

A series of cross-sectional data on Korean national health checkups for adults aged ≥20 years were analyzed from 2005 to 2016.

MEASUREMENTS

Based on body mass index (kg/m2), underweight was graded as mild (17.0-18.49), moderate (16.0-16.9), and severe (<16.0). Underweight prevalence was compared across sociodemographic subgroups in 2015-2016. Trends in underweight disparities were examined from 2005-2006 to 2015-2016. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs; 95% confidence intervals, CIs) were calculated using logistic regression.

RESULTS

Approximately 11-22 million adults were included in each wave. In 2015-2016, the overall prevalence of underweight was 3.6% (men 2.0%, women 5.2%); severe underweight was 0.2% (men 0.1%, women 0.3%). The prevalence of underweight varied by sex and age groups. In men, those aged ≥80 years had the highest prevalence (overall 7.33%, severe underweight 0.84%). In women, those aged 20-29 years had the highest prevalence of overall underweight (14.57%), whereas those aged ≥80 years had the highest prevalence of severe underweight (1.38%). Compared with individuals in the lowest income quartile, men in the highest income had lower ORs of overall (0.59, 95% CI 0.59-0.60) and severe underweight (0.46, 95% CI 0.44-0.48); women in the highest income quartile had a higher OR of overall (1.12, 95% CI 1.12-1.13) but a lower OR of severe underweight (0.89, 95% CI 0.86-0.92). From 2005-2006 to 2015-2016, severe underweight consistently declined in older men but remained constant in women aged ≥80 years, widening sex disparities among older adults. Severe underweight decreased or leveled off in the highest income quartile but steadily increased in the lowest quartile, worsening income disparities.

CONCLUSION

In this nationwide study, underweight was more prevalent among women, older adults aged ≥80 years, and low-income individuals. Disparities in severe underweight widened across sociodemographic subgroups over time.

Trend in the Incidence of Severe Partial Edentulism among Adults Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service Claim Data, 2014-2018

PURPOSE

Missing teeth is one of the most important indicators of oral health behavior and the result of dental caries, periodontal disease, and injuries. This study examined a trend in the incidence of severe partial edentulism (SPE) using the Korean National Health Insurance Service (KNHIS) data.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data of adults aged ≥20 years were obtained from the KNHIS for the 2014-2018 period. SPE was defined in dental information within a population with a treatment history of dental scaling as having 1 to 8 natural teeth. Crude incidence rates (CIRs) and age-standardized incidence rates (AIRs) with 95% confidence interval were calculated per 100000 persons. The Cochran Armitage trend (CAT) test and average annual percentage change were used to analyze SPE trends.

RESULTS

The CIRs among Korean adults were from 346.29 to 391.11 in 2014-2016 and from 391.11 to 354.09 in 2016-2018. The AIRs trend statistically increased by 4.31% from 346.29 to 376.80 and decreased by 4.72% from 376.80 to 342.10. The AIRs in men increased by 4.00% and decreased by 3.01%. The AIRs in women decreased by 2.18% and increased by 2.11% (CAT; p<0.01). The AIRs by region and income also showed trends of increase and decrease.

CONCLUSION

The study showed that the incidence trend of SPE increased and decreased from 2014 to 2018. This result would be able to aid in the planning of public oral health, and may also serve as fundamental data for verifying the impact of the public oral health policies implemented.

Chewing ability and associated factors in older adults in Germany. Results from GEDA 2019/2020-EHIS

BACKGROUND

Oral well-being is an important component of general well-being and quality of life, as it is greatly influenced by the ability to chew and speak, and thus by central factors of social interaction. Because quality of life and participation are important factors for health in older age, the aim of this article was to examine the chewing ability, including associated factors, for the older population in Germany on the basis of a nationally representative sample.

METHODS

Database is the German Health Update (GEDA 2019/2020-EHIS), a population based cross-sectional survey of the Robert Koch Institute. In the telephone interview, participants aged 55 years and older were asked: "Do you have difficulty biting and chewing on hard foods such as a firm apple? Would you say 'no difficulty', 'some difficulty', 'a lot of difficulty' or 'cannot do at all/ unable to do'?" Prevalences and multivariate prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) from log-Poisson regressions. Sociodemographic, health-, behavioral- and care-related characteristics were investigated as associated factors.

RESULTS

The analyses were based on data from 12,944 participants (7,079 women, 5,865 men). The proportion of people with reduced chewing ability was 20.0%; 14.5% had minor difficulty, 5.5% had major difficulty. There were no differences between women and men. The most important associated factors for reduced chewing ability were old age (PR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5-2.1), low socioeconomic status (PR 2.0, 95% CI 1.7-2.5), limitations to usual activities due to health problems (PR 1.9, 1.6-2.2), depressive symptoms (PR 1.7, 1.5-2.1), daily smoking (PR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-1.8), low dental utilization (PR 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.9), and perceived unmet needs for dental care (PR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5-2.1).

CONCLUSIONS

One fifth of adults from 55 years of age reported reduced chewing ability. Thus, this is a very common functional limitation in older age. Reduced chewing ability was associated with almost all investigated characteristics. Therefore, its prevention requires a holistic view in the living environment and health care context of older people. Given that chewing ability influences quality of life and social participation, maintaining or improving chewing ability is important for healthy aging.

Exploring an Association between Body Mass Index and Oral Health-A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

Basal metabolic index (BMI) is a unique anthropometric indicator used to define the relative amount of body fat on an individual's frame. There are many diseases and conditions associated with obesity and underweight. Recent research trials suggest that there is a significant association between oral health indicators and BMI as both are attributed to common risk factors such as dietary, genetic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle issues.

OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this review paper is to emphasize the association between BMI and oral health with available literature evidence.

METHODOLOGY

A literature search was conducted using multiple databases comprising of MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, and Web of Science. The terms used for the search were "body mass index", "periodontitis", "dental caries", and "tooth loss".

RESULTS

In total, 2839 articles were obtained from the analysis of the databases. Unrelated articles from the available full text of 1135 articles were excluded. The main reasons for excluding the articles were: they were dietary guidelines and policy statements. A total of 66 studies were finally included in the review.

CONCLUSION

The presence of dental caries, periodontitis and tooth loss may be associated with a higher BMI or obesity, whereas, improved oral health might be associated with lower BMI. Promoting general and oral health should be a hand in hand feature, as common risk factors can be embattled.

Association Between the Number of Remaining Teeth and Body Mass Index in Japanese Inpatients with Schizophrenia

Purpose

There is little evidence regarding the effects of dental status on body mass index (BMI) in inpatients with schizophrenia. Thus, we performed a cross-sectional study to explore the associations between the number of remaining teeth and BMI in Japanese inpatients with schizophrenia.

Patients and Methods

We performed multiple regression analysis to assess the effects of potential predictors (age, sex, number of remaining teeth, number of antipsychotics prescribed, chlorpromazine equivalent dose, and antipsychotic type) on BMI in 212 inpatients with schizophrenia. We then compared the number of remaining teeth between inpatients with schizophrenia and the Japanese general population (3283 individuals) from the Japan Dental Diseases Survey 2016, using an analysis of covariance with age and sex as covariates.

Results

Multiple regression analysis showed that the number of remaining teeth and the number of antipsychotics prescribed were significantly correlated with BMI (standardized regression coefficient = 0.201 and 0.235, respectively). In the analysis of covariance, inpatients with schizophrenia had significantly fewer remaining teeth compared with the Japanese general population (mean 14.8 [standard deviation: 10.9] vs mean 23.0 [standard deviation: 8.1]).

Conclusion

These results suggested that tooth loss and antipsychotic polypharmacy affect BMI in inpatients with schizophrenia, and that inpatients with schizophrenia lose more teeth compared with the general population.

Association between Healthy Lifestyle (Diet Quality, Physical Activity, Normal Body Weight) and Periodontal Diseases in Korean Adults

This study aimed to investigate the association between healthy lifestyle (HLS; i.e., diet quality, physical activity, normal weight) and periodontal diseases in Korean adults. Studying this association may help inform future intervention programs aimed at preventing the development of periodontal diseases. Raw data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VII (2016–2018) were used. Data from 12,689 adults aged 19 years and over who had a periodontal examination were analyzed. The associations between HLS and periodontal diseases were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression after adjusting for demographic and health factors as covariates. We found that each of the HLS (diet quality, physical activity, normal body weight) practices was significantly associated with periodontal diseases (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.13–1.55; OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04–1.30; OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.14–1.40, respectively). In particular, having poor HLS practices was identified as a risk factor for periodontal diseases (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.10–2.15). HLS was associated with periodontal diseases. Thus, in addition to improving oral hygiene—the primary focus in the past—improving HLS should be emphasized for patients with periodontal diseases.

Masulili SL, Kusdhany LS, Prahasanti C, Soedarsono N. Obesity correlated to a higher risk of acquiring periodontitis: a cross-sectional study

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between obesity and periodontitis, among other risk factors for periodontitis.  

Methods:  In total, 262 Indonesian male and female subjects were analysed for body mass index (BMI), oral hygiene, plaque index, and clinically evaluated periodontitis. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman tests and Pearson chi-square tests to estimate the correlation between BMI and periodontitis. Multivariate binary logistic analysis was conducted between covariate and periodontitis. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.  

Results: The prevalence of obesity was 48.47%. There were positive correlations between BMI and periodontal status for healthy-mild periodontitis, moderate, and severe periodontitis respectively. BMI and periodontitis crude odds ratio (OR) = 2.31 (95% CI 1.41-3.78); p < 0.05, adjusted OR of BMI among other variables, was 1.88 (95%CI 1.05-3.37); p < 0.05. Exploration of the ROC curve found a BMI cut off point of 24.785 kg/m2. 

Conclusion: Obesity by BMI measurement of ≥ 25kg/m2 correlated to a higher risk of acquiring periodontitis compared to normal-weight individuals.

Associations between dental problems and underweight status among rural women in Burkina Faso: results from the first WHO Stepwise Approach to Surveillance (STEPS) survey

OBJECTIVE

To explore the relationships between dental problems and underweight status among rural women in Burkina Faso by using nationally representative data.

DESIGN

This was a cross-sectional secondary study of primary data obtained by the 2013 WHO Stepwise Approach to Surveillance survey conducted in Burkina Faso. Descriptive and analytical analyses were performed using Student's t test, ANOVA, the χ2 test, Fisher's exact test and logistic regression.

SETTING

All thirteen Burkinabè regions were categorised using quartiles of urbanisation rates.

PARTICIPANTS

The participants were 1730 rural women aged 25-64 years.

RESULTS

The prevalence of underweight was 16·0 %, and 24·1 % of participants experienced dental problems during the 12-month period. The women with dental problems were more frequently underweight (19·9 % and 14·7 %; P < 0·05) and had a lower mean BMI (21·1 ± 3·2 and 21·6 ± 3·7 kg/m2, P < 0·01) than those without dental problems. More risk factors for underweight were observed in less urbanised regions among elderly individuals (> 49 years old) and smokeless tobacco users. Age > 49 years, professions with inconsistent income, a lack of education, smokeless tobacco use and low BMI were factors that were significantly associated with dental problems, while residency in a low-urbanisation area was a protective factor.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of underweight in rural Burkinabè women is among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, and women with dental problems are more frequently affected than those without dental problems. Public health measures for the prevention of these disorders should specifically target women aged over 49 years and smokeless tobacco users.

Effect of obesity on risk and severity of periodontitis: a cross-sectional study

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between obesity and periodontitis, among other risk factors for periodontitis.   Methods:  In total, 262 Indonesian male and female subjects were analysed for body mass index (BMI), oral hygiene, plaque index, and clinically evaluated periodontitis. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman tests and Pearson chi-square tests to estimate the correlation between BMI and periodontitis. Multivariate binary logistic analysis was conducted between covariate and periodontitis. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.   Results: The prevalence of obesity was 48.47%. There were positive correlations between BMI and periodontal status for healthy-mild periodontitis, moderate, and severe periodontitis respectively. BMI and periodontitis crude odds ratio (OR) = 2.31 (95% CI 1.41-3.78); p < 0.05, adjusted OR of BMI among other variables, was 1.88 (95%CI 1.05-3.37); p < 0.05. Exploration of the ROC curve found a BMI cut off point of 24.785 kg/m2.  Conclusion: Obesity by BMI measurement of ≥ 25kg/m2 correlated to a higher risk of acquiring periodontitis compared to normal-weight individuals.

Estimation and change of edentulism among the Korean population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2018

OBJECTIVES

To estimate the prevalence of edentulism according to the socio-demographic variables of Korean adults between 2007 and 2018 and to analyze the trends.

METHODS

This study was conducted using raw data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2007 to 2018. Edentulism was defined as the absence of upper and lower teeth or the retained root of the missing teeth. To obtain the prevalence of edentulism, complex sample frequency analysis and regression analysis were performed according to the socio-demographic variables to represent the national population. The Korean population structure in 2005 was exploited as a standard population to calculate age-standardized edentulism.

RESULTS

The prevalence of edentulism in 2016-2018 was 9.7% in the Korean elderly, and the change of age-standardized edentulism steadily declined over time from 2007, 12.8%. In particular, it decreased by approximately 20% in the period between 2016 and 2018 compared to that in 2007 for those in their 80s. The trend of the prevalence according to gender decreased significantly in women. According to the level of education, the greatest decrease was seen in the group with the lowest education, although the prevalence itself was higher than that seen in those who were more educated.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of edentulism among the older Korean population has decreased over time. However, the concern is on those with lower education and men as these groups are still at higher risk for edentulism.

Tooth loss and risk of end-stage renal disease: A nationwide cohort study

BACKGROUND

The association between renal disease and oral health has been studied in previous researches. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether oral health, depicted by number of natural teeth was associated with an increased risk of kidney diseases.

METHODS

The present study analysed data from the Korean National Health Insurance from 2007 to 2008. Database of 4,544,610 individuals who received routine health checkups and dental examinations were included in this study.

RESULTS

There was an increase in end-stage renal disease with lower number of natural teeth and longer follow-up periods. Hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for end-stage renal disease in participants with a number of natural teeth of 28, 24 to 27, 20 to 23, and <20 were one (reference), 1.066(0.997,1.139), 1.285(1.161,1.422), and 1.285(1.155,1.429), respectively. The association was significantly noted with age and body mass index (P < 0.05). In general, the substantial increase in hazard ratios is seen with loss of teeth and smoking. Hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for end-stage renal disease in male smoking participants with a number of natural teeth <28 is 1.631(1.339,1.988). However, this association was not noted in female group.

CONCLUSIONS

The association between number of natural teeth and end-stage renal disease was suggested after adjusting for confounding factors by using multiple logistic regression analyses from the entire South Korean population. Oral health, depicted by the number of tooth loss showed strong and dose-dependent association with end-stage renal disease in a large population-based cohort.

Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with early tooth loss: results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V to VI

BACKGROUND/AIMS

To examine the association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis or tooth loss.

METHODS

The study used data from the fifth and sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted from 2010 to 2015. RA was defined as participant-reported physician-diagnosed RA that was being treated. Periodontitis and the number of natural teeth were determined by dental examination. Periodontitis was defined according to the community periodontal index (periodontal probing depth ≥ 4 mm). The association between RA and periodontitis or tooth loss was examined after controlling for confounding variables (e.g., age, smoking status, socioeconomic status, dental caries, frequency of toothbrushing, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and diabetes) in men and women. Subgroup analyses stratified by age were also performed.

RESULTS

The study enrolled 20,297 participants aged ≥ 19 years (157 RA patients and 20,140 non-RA controls). There was no association between RA and periodontitis or tooth loss in men and women. Subgroup analyses in those aged < 60 years revealed a non-significant association between RA and periodontitis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.53; p = 0.162), but they revealed a significant association between RA and tooth loss (adjusted β, 0.20; p = 0.042).

CONCLUSION

RA was not associated with periodontitis, but was associated with tooth loss in younger adults. Younger RA patients are more likely to suffer tooth loss than general younger population; thus dental management is required.

Association between Diabetes and the Use of Removable Dental Prostheses among the Korean Population

BACKGROUND

A balanced nutrient intake is important for patients with diabetes. Even if individuals have the same number of residual natural teeth, there are large differences in the masticatory performance between edentulous sites restored with a fixed dental prosthesis, including dental implants, and those restored with a removable dental prosthesis. This study assessed whether the prevalence and control of diabetes differed based on the use of removable dental prostheses through an analysis of nationally representative data.

METHODS

Overall, 8,155 individuals (3,525 men and 4,630 women) aged ≥ 50 years were included in this study and were classified into the following 3 groups: group 1, did not use any removable dental prostheses (NF); group 2, used removable partial dentures (RPD); and group 3, used removable complete dentures on at least 1 jaw (CD). The characterization of diabetic patients and glycemic control were analyzed and compared among groups. To determine the relationship between diabetes and the use of dental prostheses, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed (P < 0.05).

RESULTS

The adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for diabetes in men participants in groups NF, RPD, and CD were 1 (reference), 1.165 (0.878-1.544), and 1.491 (1.034-2.151), respectively, after adjusting for confounding factors. Diabetes and glycemic control were significantly associated with the use of removable dental prostheses among men.

CONCLUSION

The use of removable dental prostheses is a potential risk indicator for uncontrolled diabetes in Korean men adults, suggesting the need for a comprehensive approach to minimize the complications of diabetes mellitus.

Presence of Metabolic Syndrome Components Is Associated with Tooth Loss in Middle-Aged Adults

PURPOSE

In general, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and tooth loss increases with age. We investigated the relationship between the presence of MS, its elements, and tooth loss in middle-aged Korean adults.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study included Korean adults between 30 and 64 years of age who resided in the capital area of Seoul. From January to June 2014, individuals interested in participating in the oral health survey among those who visited the university hospital's cardiovascular center and provided informed consent were selected. Among 748 subjects who responded to the oral health questionnaires, 30 were excluded due to unclear responses; therefore, a total of 718 were included in the final analysis.

RESULTS

The crude odds ratio (OR) of ≥one MS component affecting tooth loss was 1.45 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-2.00]. After adjusting for sex, age, education, income level, occupation, smoking status, kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rheumatic disease, the adjusted OR was 1.47 (95% CI, 1.06-2.05), which was statistically significant (p<0.05). The OR for tooth loss was higher in the presence of ≥one component of MS (50-64 years of age) in females.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that female aged 50-64 years may have higher likelihood of tooth loss upon the presence of at least one MS component. Prevention against MS among female of older age could contribute to maintenance of remaining teeth. Further well-designed studies are needed.

Fewer teeth are a risk factor for being underweight in community-dwelling Japanese aged 40 years and older: The Yamagata (Takahata) Study

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the present study was to investigate comprehensively, the risk factors for underweight in cross-sectional study in the general population of Japan.

METHODS

The survey population was the general population of individuals aged >40 years in Takahata town, Japan in 2005. A postal survey in the form of a self-administered questionnaire was distributed, and 6084 individuals were entered into the final statistical analysis. The self-administered questionnaire contained items regarding lifestyle, oral health status, socio-economic status and dietary intake. To examine the independent relationships between an underweight status and several parameters, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs).

RESULTS

The number of teeth, age, alcohol consumption, hypertension, spousal status, smoking habit, appetite, body weight at 20 years of age, habit of going out and physical activity were independently associated with an underweight status compared with the normal weight group. Individuals with fewer than 10 teeth were especially more likely to be underweight than individuals with more than 20 teeth (OR = 1.956, 95% CI = 1.261-3.035).

CONCLUSION

This study showed an independent association between the number of teeth and an underweight status, indicating that fewer teeth can increase the risk of being underweight.

Clinical implication of fasting glucose and systolic/diastolic blood pressure on the prevalence of periodontitis in non-diabetic and non-hypertensive adults using nationally representative data

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension is increasing worldwide and an association between fasting glucose/blood pressure and periodontitis has been suggested. The present study was performed to assess the association between fasting glucose and systolic/diastolic blood pressure on the prevalence of periodontitis in non-diabetic and non-hypertensive adults using nationally representative data. Subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the combined effects of obesity/abdominal obesity and impaired fasting glucose. This study involved a cross-sectional analysis using data from the Republic of Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2013 to 2015. A total of 8,341 respondents without diabetes and hypertension over 19 years old without missing values were included in the present study. A significant increase was observed in the prevalence of periodontitis with increasing systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. The percentage of periodontitis increased with increased glucose levels, with similar trends in glycated hemoglobin. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for systolic blood pressure of 90≤x<100, 100≤x<110, 110≤x<120, 120≤x<130 and 130≤x<140 were 1.116 (0.591-2.107), 1.165 (0.624-2.175), 1.238 (0.673-2.278), 1.008 (0.538-1.888) and 1.042 (0.545-1.993), respectively, when systolic blood pressure <90 was considered as a reference. The ORs and 95% CIs for glucose of 90≤x<100, 100≤x<110 and 110≤x<126 were 1.074 (0.92-1.253), 1.214 (0.986-1.494) and 1.358 (1.005-1.834), respectively when glucose <90 was considered as a reference. The association between fasting glucose/blood pressure and periodontitis was confirmed by multiple logistic regression analyses after adjusting for confounding factors among non-diabetic and non-hypertensive Republic of Korean adults. Subgroup analysis revealed that higher ORs of periodontitis were observed in participants with impaired glucose level and obesity when compared with individuals without impaired glucose level or obesity. The results of the present study suggest that detection of fasting glucose and blood pressure may serve as a risk indicator for periodontal disease.

Correlation between oral health and quality of life among the elderly in Southwest China from 2013 to 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health among the elderly in Southwest China and to analyze the correlation between common oral diseases and quality of life (QOL) in the same population, thus providing recommendations to improve their oral health and life quality.Elderly people (>60 years' old) were randomly recruited into our study, and we performed oral health examinations and diagnoses, using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) to assess the periodontal condition, and Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) to score life quality associated with oral health. Then we analyzed correlations between oral health and QOL as well as body mass index (BMI).A total of 687 subjects participated in our study and 212 (30.9%) were diagnosed with gingivitis or subgingival calculus, 291 (42.4%) with moderate chronic periodontitis, 136 (19.8%) with severe chronic periodontitis, 514 (74.8%) with dental caries, and 648 (94.3%) with dentition defects. A total of 653 (95.1%) qualified OHIP-14 scores were collected, with a median score of 13. The scores of the severe and moderate periodontitis were similar to the dentition defects, but higher than the scores for gingivitis and subgingival calculus. Considering the most common side effect, 11% of the subjects with severe chronic periodontitis were reported to be "unsatisfied with eating," and 48.4% of the participants with dentition defects complained about "troubles with pronunciation." A logistic regression analysis revealed that underweight (BMI <20) correlated with dental caries (odds ratio [OR]: 0.167, P = .040) and dentition defects (OR: 0.119, P = .016).The general oral health condition was poor among the elderly in Southwest China. Periodontitis and dentition defects have considerable negative effects on the QOL among this population.

Evaluation of the association between the number of natural teeth and anemia among Korean adults using nationally representative data

BACKGROUND

Anemia as a chronic disease is defined as anemia occurring in chronic infections with inflammatory conditions. The purpose of this study is to assess the association between the number of natural teeth and anemia using nationally representative data.

METHODS

This study involved a cross-sectional analysis using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2010 to 2012. A total of 16,875 respondents aged > 19 years without missing values were included in this study. The association between the number of natural teeth and anemia was evaluated by multivariable logistic regression analyses after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking habits, drinking habits, exercise levels, income levels, education levels, vitamin D levels, diabetes, toothbrushing frequency, energy intake, and percentage of fat in total energy intake among Korean adults.

RESULTS

There was a significant decrease in prevalence of anemia and a significant increase in hemoglobin levels in participants with more natural teeth (P < 0.05). Adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for anemia in participants with numbers of natural teeth of < 15, 15 to 19, 20 to 24, or 24 to 28 were 1 (reference), 0.856(0.591 to 1.24), 0.659(0.5 to 0.868), and 0.607(0.463 to 0.797), respectively, with adjustment for confounding factors (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The number of natural teeth is negatively associated with anemia in Korean adults, and the number of natural teeth may be considered an independent risk indicator of anemia.

Coffee Intake as a Risk Indicator for Tooth Loss in Korean Adults

The aim of this study was to examine the association between coffee intake and tooth loss. This study hypothesized that the intake of coffee would increase the prevalence of tooth loss in Korean adults. Subject information was obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2010–2011. Sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, anthropometric and biochemical status, metabolic health and glucose tolerance status, as well as oral health behaviors were evaluated. The number of remaining teeth was negatively associated with the frequency of coffee intake (p-value < 0.05). Daily coffee consumers had significantly higher levels of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (all p-value < 0.05). Individuals with less than 20 remaining teeth had higher BMI, WC, diastolic blood pressure, and LDL-C (all p-value < 0.05). Finally, participants who drank coffee on a daily basis were more likely to have fewer remaining teeth. The prevalence of having less than 20 remaining teeth was 69% higher in groups with daily coffee intake than those with coffee intake of less than once a month after adjustment for potential covariates (Odds Ratio [95% CI] = 1.69 [1.35, 2.13]). In conclusion, daily coffee consumption is closely associated with tooth loss in Korean adults.