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Wubuli A, Chai J, Liu H, Nijat D, Li J, Xia G, Cao Q, Zhang S, Huang W, Aipire A, Li J. In vivo pharmacokinetics of Glycyrrhiza uralensis polysaccharides. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1431221. [PMID: 39101144 PMCID: PMC11294697 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1431221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis polysaccharides (GUPS) are widely applied in biomedicine and functional food due to their multiple pharmacological activities and low toxicity. Despite their widespread use, the in vivo metabolic profile of GUPS remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we developed a quantitative analysis method that involves labeling GUPS with visible fluorescein (5-DTAF) and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescein (Cy7), resulting in stable conjugates with substitution degrees of 0.81% for 5-DTAF and 0.39% for Cy7. The pharmacokinetic studies showed a biphasic elimination pattern in the blood concentration-time curve following both intravenous and oral administration, consistent with a two-compartment model. Using fluorescence quantification and NIR imaging, we observed that GUPS was distributed to various tissues, exhibiting higher concentrations particularly in liver, kidney and lung. Excretion studies indicated that feces were the major excretion pathway of GUPS after oral administration (60.98%), whereas urine was the main pathway after intravenous administration (31.16%). Notably, GUPS could be absorbed rapidly by gut (Tmax 1 ± 0.61 h) and showed a biological half-time t1/2 26.4 ± 7.72 h after oral administration. Furthermore, the Caco-2 cells uptake studies illustrated that macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis were participated in the transport of GUPS in intestine epithelium. This comprehensive analysis of the in vivo pharmacokinetics of GUPS not only enhances our understanding of its metabolic pathways but also establishes a foundational basis for its clinical application, optimizing its therapeutic potential and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abudukahaer Wubuli
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Junwei Chai
- Urumqi Xinze Ziqi Biotechnology Company, Limited, Urumqi, China
| | - Haoqiang Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Dilaram Nijat
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Guoyu Xia
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Saidan Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | | | - Adila Aipire
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
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Ji X, Liu N, Huang S, Zhang C. A Comprehensive Review of Licorice: The Preparation, Chemical Composition, Bioactivities and Its Applications. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:667-716. [PMID: 38716617 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza) is a medicinal and food homologue of perennial plants derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of the genus Glycyrrhiza in the legume family. In recent years, the comprehensive utilization of licorice resources has attracted people's attention. It is widely utilized to treat diseases, health food products, food production, and other industrial applications. Furthermore, numerous bioactive components of licorice are found using advanced extraction processes, which mainly include polyphenols (flavonoids, dihydrostilbenes, benzofurans, and coumarin), triterpenoids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and volatile oils, all of which have been reported to possess a variety of pharmacological characteristics, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, neuroprotective, antidepressive, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, antisex hormone, skin effects, anticariogenic, antitussive, and expectorant activities. Thereby, all of these compounds promote the development of novel and more effective licorice-derived products. This paper reviews the progress of research on extraction techniques, chemical composition, bioactivities, and applications of licorice to provide a reference for further development and application of licorice in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, Emerging Disease Detection and Control, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Ning Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, Emerging Disease Detection and Control, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
| | - Shucheng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry, Emerging Disease Detection and Control, Luoyang 471023, P. R. China
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Gao HQ, Bu XM, Jiang W, Wan YZ, Song W. Compound Taxus exerts marked anti-tumor activity and radiosensitization effect on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27345. [PMID: 38495161 PMCID: PMC10940940 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Compound Taxus capsule, as an antineoplastic Chinese patent drug, has been increasingly applied as an adjunctive treatment for the management of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and some other malignancies, but research about its antitumor activity and radiosensitization effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells is very rare. Purpose To investigate the antitumor activity and radiosensitization effect of Compound Taxus on HCC cells and to preliminarily explore the possible molecule mechanisms involved. Methods Cell viability, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, DNA damage repair and protein expression levels were detected by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting analysis and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. The migration and invasion activities and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation and angiogenesis were evaluated by tube formation and VM formation assay. Radiation survival curves were obtained from the colony formation assay in human HCC cell lines, Smmc7721 and Bel7402 cells, pretreated with or without Compound Taxus before receiving X-ray irradiation. A Bel7402 tumor-bearing mouse model was established and the radiosensitization effect of Compound Taxus in vivo was evaluated by analyzing tumor volume and tumor weight in different groups receiving different treatments. Results Compound Taxus decreased viability, induced G2/M arrest, promoted apoptosis, suppressed migration and invasion, and inhibited VM formation and angiogenesis in Smmc7721 and Bel7402 cells. Furthermore, Compound Taxus inhibited irradiation-induced DNA damage repair, enhanced the radiosensitivity of Smmc7721 and Bel7402 cells and improved the anti-tumor therapeutic efficacy of irradiation in Bel7402 tumor-bearing mice. Radiotherapy in combination with Compound Taxus showed the best tumor inhibition compared to that of Compound Taxus alone or irradiation alone. In addition, Compound Taxus significantly down-regulated NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65 and Bcl-2, and up-regulated Bax in vitro and in vivo, yet NF-κB p65 overexpression reversed the proapoptotic effect of Taxus on HCC cells, indicating that the NF-κB signaling pathway might be an important signal mediator in the Compound-Taxus-modulated biological responses. Conclusion Our findings suggest that Compound Taxus shows marked antitumor activity and significant radiosensitization effect on HCC cells, making it possible for Compound Taxus to become a promising auxiliary modality for HCC management and a potential radiosensitizer of HCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-quan Gao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang-mao Bu
- Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Yan-zhen Wan
- Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Shen K, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Ma H, Wang Y, Zheng W, Xu J, Li Y, Wang B, Zhang Z, Wu S, Hou L, Chen W. Microparticulated Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide shows potent vaccine adjuvant effect. Int J Pharm 2024; 652:123802. [PMID: 38218508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Adjuvants are necessary for protein vaccines and have been used for nearly 100 years. However, developing safe and effective adjuvants is still urgently needed. Polysaccharides isolated from traditional Chinese medicine are considered novel vaccine adjuvant sources. This study aimed to investigate the adjuvant activity and immune-enhancing mechanisms of the microparticulated Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (MP-PSP) modified by calcium carbonate. PSP demonstrated adjuvant activity, and MP-PSP further showed a higher humoral response compared to PSP. Subsequently, MP-PSP was elucidated to improving the immunity by slowing the rate of antigen release and activating dendritic cells along with interleukin-6 secretion through toll-like receptor 4 signaling, followed by T follicular helper cell and B cell interactions. Moreover, MP-PSP had a good safety profile in vaccinated mice. Thus, MP-PSP may be a promising vaccine adjuvant and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 West Temple Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhenghao Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hao Ma
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Wanru Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jinghan Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yao Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Busen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shipo Wu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lihua Hou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, China.
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Shi Y, Ding G, Shen H, Li Z, Li H, Xiao G. Genome-wide identification and expression profiles analysis of the authentic response regulator gene family in licorice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1309802. [PMID: 38273943 PMCID: PMC10809405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1309802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction As one of the traditional Chinese medicinal herbs that were most generally used, licorice attracts lots of interest due to its therapeutic potential. Authentic response regulators (ARRs) are key factors in cytokinin signal transduction and crucial for plant growth and stress response processes. Nevertheless, the characteristics and functions of the licorice ARR genes are still unknown. Results In present study, a systematic genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the licorice ARR gene family were conducted and 51 ARR members were identified. Collinearity analysis revealed the significant roles of segmental duplications in the expansion of licorice ARR genes. The cis-acting elements associated with development, stress and phytohormone responses were identified, implying their pivotal roles in diverse regulatory processes. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR results suggested that A-type, but not B-type ARRs were induced by zeatin. Additionally, ARRs participated in diverse abiotic stresses and phytohormones responses. Yeast one-hybrid assay demonstrated that GuARR1, GuARR2, GuARR11, GuARR12, GuARR10-1, GuARR10-2 and GuARR14 were able to bind to the promoter of GuARR8-3, and GuARR1, GuARR12 bound to the GuARR8-1 promoter. GuARR1, GuARR2, GuARR11 and GuARR10-2 bound to the GuARR6-2 promoter as well as GuARR12 and GuARR10-2 bound to the GuARR6-1 promoter. Discussion Collectively, these findings provide a basis for future ARR genes function investigations, shedding light on the potential medicinal properties and agricultural applications of licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Guohua Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Hongbin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Guanghui Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Zhang T, Wei X, Li Y, Huang S, Wu Y, Cai S, Aipire A, Li J. Dendritic cell-based vaccine prepared with recombinant Lactococcus lactis enhances antigen cross-presentation and antitumor efficacy through ROS production. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1208349. [PMID: 37711617 PMCID: PMC10498461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lactococcus lactis (L.L) is safe and can be used as vehicle. In this study, the immunoregulatory effect of L.L on dendritic cell (DC) activation and mechanism were investigated. The immune responses and antigen cross-presentation mechanism of DC-based vaccine prepared with OVA recombinant L.L were explored. Methods Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were used to analyze the mechanism of L.L promoting DC maturation, phagosome membrane rupture and antigen presentation. The antitumor effect of DC vaccine prepared with L.L-OVA was assessed in the B16-OVA tumor mouse model. Results L.L significantly promoted DC maturation, which was partially dependent on TLR2 and downstream MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. L.L was internalized into DCs by endocytosis and did not co-localized with lysosome. OVA recombinant L.L enhanced antigen cross-presentation of DCs through the phagosome-to-cytosol pathway in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and proteasome-dependent manner. In mouse experiments, L.L increased the migration of DCs to draining lymph node and DC vaccine prepared with OVA recombinant L.L induced strong antigen-specific Th1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, which significantly inhibited B16-OVA tumor growth. Conclusion This study demonstrated that recombinant L.L as an antigen delivery system prepared DC vaccine can enhance the antigen cross-presentation and antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
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Liu X, Aimaier A, Wang W, Dong Y, Han P, He J, Mu L, Wang X, Li J. Quality variation and biosynthesis of anti-inflammatory compounds for Capparis spinosa based on the metabolome and transcriptome analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1224073. [PMID: 37528974 PMCID: PMC10388242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1224073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Capparis spinosa L. fruits as edible and medicinal plant, has anti-inflammatory activities. The different morphological characteristics of C. spinosa fruits from Ili, Turpan, and Karamay may affect their anti-inflammatory components and functions. Methods The anti-inflammatory activity of C. spinosa fruit was assessed using an LPS-induced inflammatory cell model. Furthermore, the differences in anti-inflammatory compounds were analyzed by metabolome and RNA-seq. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory mechanism was elucidated using network pharmacology. Results In the study, we found that the 95% ethanol extracts (CSE) obtained from the three kinds of fruits showed remarkable anti-inflammatory effects both in vivo and in vitro. However, the CSE derived from Ili fruits significantly reduced CD86 levels on DCs. As a result of metabolomic analysis, the metabolic profiles of Ili fruits differed significantly from those of the other two habitats, which were consistent with transcriptome analysis. A total of 15 compounds exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity were subjected to screening, revealing a greater accumulation of flavonoids in the Turpan and Karamay districts. Notably, phenolic compounds were identified as the principal anti-inflammatory components in C. spinosa. Conclusion There were significant differences in the morphology, metabolites, transcriptional levels, and anti-inflammatory activity of C. spinosa from the three districts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Alimu Aimaier
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Weilan Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yuliang Dong
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Peng Han
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jiang He
- Key Laboratory of Uygur Medicine, Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumqi, China
| | - Lihong Mu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
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Chen W, He L, Pei H, Li J, Zhao Y, Zong Y, Kan H, He Z, Du R. Neuroprotective effect of total flavonoids in stems and leaves of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. on oxidative stress in HT-22 cells and Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:5290-5303. [PMID: 37367832 PMCID: PMC10333086 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. is a common traditional Chinese medicine. However, its aerial part is currently not widely studied and used. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of total flavonoids in aerial stems and leaves of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (GSF) by an in vitro LPS-induced HT-22 cell model and an in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. In this study, cell apoptosis was evaluated by CCK-8 and Hoechst 33258 staining in LPS-induced HT-22 cells. Meanwhile, ROS level, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and Ca2+ level were detected by the flow cytometer. In vivo, C. elegans was also investigated the effect of GSF on lifespan, spawning, and paralysis. Moreover, the survival of C. elegans to oxidative stimuli (juglone and H2O2), and the nuclear translocation of DAF-16 and SKN-1 were evaluated. The results showed that GSF could inhibit LPS-induced HT-22 cell apoptosis. Moreover, GSF decreased the levels of ROS, MMP, Ca2+, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the activities of SOD and CAT in HT-22 cells. Furthermore, GSF did not affect the lifespan and laying of eggs of C. elegans N2. However, it delayed paralysis in C. elegans CL4176 in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, GSF increased the survival rate of C. elegans CL2006 after juglone and H2O2 treatment, increased SOD and CAT, and decreased MDA levels. Importantly, GSF promoted the nuclear translocation of DAF-16 and SKN-1 in C. elegans TG356 and LC333, respectively. Taken together, GSF can play a protective role in neuronal cells by inhibiting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Lei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hongyan Pei
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jianming Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hong Kan
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education of China, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Product Development of Sika Deer of China, Changchun 130118, China
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He R, Ma TT, Gong MX, Xie KL, Wang ZM, Li J. The correlation between pharmacological activity and contents of eight constituents of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14570. [PMID: 36967897 PMCID: PMC10036654 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (GUF), Leguminosae) has been extensively applied in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat diseases, exactly, in almost half of Chinese herbal prescription. However, the relationship between chemical contents and efficacy has not been established, which could evaluate GUF quality. To create a simple and effective quality-evaluation method, 33 batches of GUF from different habitats in China were collected. The correlation between eight constituents (liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, glycyrrhizic acid, licochalcone A, glabridin and glycyrrhetinic acid) and pharmacological activities (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunoregulatory) was analyzed per the partial least squares regression method. Results showed that eight constituents correlated significantly with the pharmacological activity. The correlation equation modes between pharmacological activity and contents of eight constituents were constructed and verified to be reliable. In GUF extract, the main constituents liquiritin, isoliquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid exhibited positive influence on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect with different potent, while the metabolites liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin exhibited positive effect on the immunoregulatory activity and glycyrrhetinic acid exhibited positive effect on all the tested activities. Thus, our chemical-efficacy correlation method is reliable and feasible to predict the pharmacological activity based on its eight constituents. It could be powerful in quality control of GUF and provides a useful way for quality evaluation of other medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ting-ting Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Mu-xin Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kai-li Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhi-min Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Quality Control Technology of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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Li G, Xu D, Huang G, Bi Q, Yang M, Shen H, Liu H. Analysis of Whole-Transcriptome RNA-Seq Data Reveals the Involvement of Alternative Splicing in the Drought Response of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Front Genet 2022; 13:885651. [PMID: 35656323 PMCID: PMC9152209 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.885651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that increases protein diversity. There is growing evidence that AS plays an important role in regulating plant stress responses. However, the mechanism by which AS coordinates with transcriptional regulation to regulate the drought response in Glycyrrhiza uralensis remains unclear. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of AS events in G. uralensis at different time points under drought stress using a high-throughput RNA sequencing approach. We detected 2,479 and 2,764 AS events in the aerial parts (AP) and underground parts (UP), respectively, of drought-stressed G. uralensis. Of these, last exon AS and exon skipping were the main types of AS. Overall, 2,653 genes undergoing significant AS regulation were identified from the AP and UP of G. uralensis exposed to drought for 2, 6, 12, and 24 h. Gene Ontology analyses indicated that AS plays an important role in the regulation of nitrogen and protein metabolism in the drought response of G. uralensis. Notably, the spliceosomal pathway and basal transcription factor pathway were significantly enriched with differentially spliced genes under drought stress. Genes related to splicing regulators in the AP and UP of G. uralensis responded to drought stress and underwent AS under drought conditions. In summary, our data suggest that drought-responsive AS directly and indirectly regulates the drought response of G. uralensis. Further in-depth studies on the functions and mechanisms of AS during abiotic stresses will provide new strategies for improving plant stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Dengxian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Quan Bi
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Mao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hailiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yao H, Wang F, Bi Q, Liu H, Liu L, Xiao G, Zhu J, Shen H, Li H. Combined Analysis of Pharmaceutical Active Ingredients and Transcriptomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Under PEG6000-Induced Drought Stress Revealed Glycyrrhizic Acid and Flavonoids Accumulation via JA-Mediated Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:920172. [PMID: 35769299 PMCID: PMC9234494 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.920172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis contains many secondary metabolites with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Drought stress acts as a positive regulator to stimulate the production of medicinal active component in G. uralensis, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this work is to investigate the accumulation and regulatory mechanism of pharmaceutical active ingredients in G. uralensis under drought stress. The materials of the aerial and underground parts of G. uralensis seedlings treated by 10% PEG6000 for 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h were used for RNA sequencing and determination of phytohormones and pharmaceutical active ingredients. PEG6000, ibuprofen (IBU), and jasmonic acid (JA) were utilized to treat G. uralensis seedlings for content detection and gene expression analysis. The results showed that, the contents of glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, and flavonoids (licochalcone A, glabridin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, and liquiritin) were significantly accumulated in G. uralensis underground parts under drought stress. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of the transcriptome data of drought-treated G. uralensis indicated that up-regulated differentially expressed genes (UDEGs) involved in glycyrrhizic acid synthesis in the underground parts and flavonoids synthesis in both aerial and underground parts were significantly enriched. Interestingly, the UDEGs participating in jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction in both aerial and underground parts were discovered. In addition, JA content in both aerial and underground parts under drought stress showed the most significantly accumulated. And drought stress stimulated the contents of JA, glycyrrhizic acid, and flavonoids, coupled with the induced expressions of genes regulating the synthesis and transduction pathway. Moreover, In PEG6000- and JA-treated G. uralensis, significant accumulations of glycyrrhizic acid and flavonoids, and induced expressions of corresponding genes in these pathways, were observed, while, these increases were significantly blocked by JA signaling inhibitor IBU. JA content and expression levels of genes related to JA biosynthesis and signal transduction were also significantly increased by PEG treatment. Our study concludes that drought stress might promote the accumulation of pharmaceutical active ingredients via JA-mediated signaling pathway, and lay a foundation for improving the medicinal component of G. uralensis through genetic engineering technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yao
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica of Xinjiang, Urumqi, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Quan Bi
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hailiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Cotton Institute, Xingjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science/Northwest Inland Region Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and Genetic Breeding, Shihezi, China
| | - Guanghui Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- *Correspondence: Jianbo Zhu,
| | - Haitao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Haitao Shen,
| | - Hongbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Hongbin Li,
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Functions of Traditional Chinese Medicine Combined with Recombinant Human Interferon α2b in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasias Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6881720. [PMID: 34925532 PMCID: PMC8677392 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6881720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a common malignant neoplasm in women, and its incidence is increasing year by year. This study explored the effects of traditional Chinese medicine combined with recombinant human interferon α2b in cervical cancer patients. 178 cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) combined with high-risk HPV-positive patients from June 2017 to August 2020 were divided into the study group (n = 89 cases) and the control group (n = 89 cases) by the random number table method. Patients in the control group were treated with recombinant human interferon α2b, and the study group was treated with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on the basis of the control group. After treatment, the recurrence rate in the study group was significantly decreased while the human papillomavirus (HPV) negative conversion rate was significantly increased. 3 months after treatment, the TCM symptom scores in the study group were lower than in the control group. Moreover, serum levels of inflammatory factors decreased in both groups, and the decrease was more significant in the study group. After treatment, the ultrasound parameters were significantly decreased in the study group than in the control group. In conclusion, traditional Chinese medicine combined with recombinant human interferon α2b in cervical cancer patients could effectively improve the negative conversion rate of HPV infection, the level of inflammatory factors, reduce the degree of cervical erosion, and enhance the immunity of patients with high safety and significantly improve the quality of life.
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Gomaa AA, Abdel-Wadood YA. The potential of glycyrrhizin and licorice extract in combating COVID-19 and associated conditions. PHYTOMEDICINE PLUS : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 1:100043. [PMID: 35399823 PMCID: PMC7886629 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several recent studies have stated that glycyrrhizin and licorice extract are present in most traditional Chinese medicine formulas used against SARS-CoV-2 in China. Significant data are showing that glycyrrhizin and licorice extract have multiple beneficial activities in combating most features of SARS-CoV-2. PURPOSE The aim of current review was to highlight recent progresses in research that showed the evidence of the potential use of glycyrrhizin and licorice extract against COVID-19. METHODOLOGY We have reviewed the information published from 1979 to October 2020. These studies demonstrated the effects , use and safety of glycyrrhizin and icorice extract against viral infections,bacterial infections, inflammatory disorders of lung ( in vitro and in vivo). These studies were collated through online electronic databases research (Academic libraries as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Egyptian Knowledge Bank). RESULTS Pooled effect size of articles provides information about the rationale for using glycyrrhizin and licorice extract to treat COVID-19. Fifty studies demonstrate antiviral activity of glycyrrhizin and licorice extract. The most frequent mechanism of the antiviral activity is due to disrupting viral uptake into the host cells and disrupting the interaction between receptor- binding domain (RBD) of SARS-COV2 and ACE2 in recent articles. Fifty studies indicate that glycyrrhizin and licorice extract have significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Twenty five studies provide evidence for the protective effect of glycyrrhizin and licorice extract against inflammation-induced acute lung injury and cardiovascular disorders. CONCLUSION The current study showed several evidence regarding the beneficial effects of glycyrrhizin and licorice extract in combating COVID-19. More randomized clinical trials are needed to obtain a precise conclusion.
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Key Words
- 18β-GA, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid
- : ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ALI, acute lung injury
- ARDS, acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- Acute lung injury protector
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- DCs, dendritic cells
- Gl, glycyrrhizin
- Glycyrrhizin and licorice extract;Antiviral and antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1
- IL, interleukin
- Immunododulator
- MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- MR, mineralocorticoid receptor
- MRSA, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- NO, nitric oxide
- RBD, receptor-binding domain
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- S, Spike
- SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TMPRSS2, type 2 transmembrane serine protease
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- h, hour
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- licorice extract, LE
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel A Gomaa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut Universitya, Beni-Suif, Egypt
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14
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Wang D, Zhang Z, Yang L, Tian S, Liu Y. ARPI, β-AS, and UGE regulate glycyrrhizin biosynthesis in Glycyrrhiza uralensis hairy roots. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1285-1296. [PMID: 34002270 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ARPI, β-AS, and UGE were cloned from G. uralensis and their regulatory effects on glycyrrhizin biosynthesis were investigated. β-AS and UGE but not ARPI positively regulate the biosynthesis of glycyrrhizin. Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. has been used to treat respiratory, gastric, and liver diseases since ancient China. The most important and widely studied active component in G. uralensis is glycyrrhizin (GC). Our pervious RNA-Seq study shows that GC biosynthesis is regulated by multiple biosynthetic pathways. In this study, three target genes, ARPI, β-AS, and UGE from different pathways were selected and their regulatory effects on GC biosynthesis were investigated using G. uralensis hairy roots. Our data show that hairy roots knocking out ARPI or UGE died soon after induction, indicating that the genes are essential for the growth of G. uralensis hairy roots. Hairy roots with β-AS knocked out grew healthily. However, they failed to produce GC, suggesting that β-AS is required for triterpenoid skeleton formation. Conversely, overexpression of UGE or β-AS significantly increased the GC content, whereas overexpression of ARPI had no obvious effects on GC accumulation in G. uralensis hairy roots. Our findings demonstrate that β-AS and UGE positively regulate the biosynthesis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Shaokai Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Yangguang South Street, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102401, China.
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Yang YY, Li SN, Xu L, Xing YP, Zhao R, Bao GH, Zhang TT, Zhang DC, Song YY, Ao WL, Kang TG. The complete mitochondrial genome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Fabales, Leguminosae). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2021; 6:475-477. [PMID: 33628894 PMCID: PMC7889147 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1872432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome of an important medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. is reported for the first time. The mitochondrial genome sequence of G. uralensis was 463,869 bp in length and had a GC content of 45.19%. The genome contained 40 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 30 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and three ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). The phylogenetic tree was built based on 25 plants, using the maximum-likelihood method. These data will provide certain help to determine the taxonomic status of G. uralensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Yan-Ping Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Gui-Hua Bao
- School of Mongol Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Da-Chuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Yue-Yue Song
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Wu-Liji Ao
- School of Mongol Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Ting-Guo Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
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Zhang Y, Lou Y, Wang J, Yu C, Shen W. Research Status and Molecular Mechanism of the Traditional Chinese Medicine and Antitumor Therapy Combined Strategy Based on Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609705. [PMID: 33552068 PMCID: PMC7859437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of malignant tumors encompasses multidisciplinary comprehensive diagnosis and treatment and reasonable combination and arrangement of multidisciplinary treatment, which is not a simple superimposition of multiple treatment methods, but a comprehensive consideration of the characteristics and specific conditions of the patients and the tumor. The mechanism of tumor elimination by restoring the body's immune ability is consistent with the concept of "nourishing positive accumulation and eliminating cancer by itself" in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The formation and dynamic changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) involve many different types of cells and multiple signaling pathways. Those changes are similar to the multitarget and bidirectional regulation of immunity by TCM. Discussing the relationship and mutual influence of TCM and antitumor therapy on the TME is a current research hotspot. TCM has been applied in the treatment of more than 70% of cancer patients in China. Data have shown that TCM can significantly enhance the sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs, enhance tumor-suppressing effects, and significantly improve cancer-related fatigue, bone marrow suppression, and other adverse reactions. TCM treatments include the application of Chinese medicine monomers, extracts, classic traditional compound prescriptions, listed compound drugs, self-made compound prescriptions, as well as acupuncture and moxibustion. Studies have shown that the TCM functional mechanism related to the positive regulation of cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and interleukin-12, while negatively regulating of regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressive cells, PD-1/PD-L1, and other immune regulatory factors. However, the application of TCM in cancer therapy needs further study and confirmation. This article summarizes the existing research on the molecular mechanism of TCM regulation of the TME and provides a theoretical basis for further screening of the predominant population. Moreover, it predicts the effects of the combination of TCM and antitumor therapy and proposes further developments in clinical practice to optimize the combined strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yanni Lou
- Oncology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingbin Wang
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Disease, Chinese Medicine Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cunguo Yu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Qinhuangdao Haigang Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Wenjuan Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Fan TT, Cheng BL, Fang XM, Chen YC, Su F. Application of Chinese Medicine in the Management of Critical Conditions: A Review on Sepsis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:1315-1330. [PMID: 32907362 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Critical care medicine is a medical specialty engaging the diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients who have or are likely to have life-threatening organ failure. Sepsis, a life-threatening condition that arises when the body responds to infection, is currently the major cause of death in intensive care units (ICU). Although progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of sepsis, many drawbacks in sepsis treatment remains unresolved. For example, antimicrobial resistance, controversial of glucocorticoids use, prolonged duration of ICU care and the subsequent high cost of the treatment. Recent years have witnessed a growing trend of applying traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in sepsis management. The TCM application emphasizes use of herbal formulation to balance immune responses to infection, which include clearing heat and toxin, promoting blood circulation and removing its stasis, enhancing gastrointestinal function, and strengthening body resistance. In this paper, we will provide an overview of the current status of Chinese herbal formulations, single herbs, and isolated compounds, as an add-on therapy to the standard Western treatment in the sepsis management. With the current trajectory of worldwide pandemic eruption of newly identified Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), the adjuvant TCM therapy can be used in the ICU to treat critically ill patients infected with the novel coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Fan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Li Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ming Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Can Chen
- Gastroenterology of Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310007, P. R. China
| | - Fan Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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Yuan P, Aipire A, Yang Y, Wei X, Fu C, Zhou F, Mahabati M, Li J, Li J. Comparison of the structural characteristics and immunostimulatory activities of polysaccharides from wild and cultivated Pleurotus feruleus. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Mahabati M, Aipire A, Yuan P, Liu X, Cai S, Aimaier A, Ziyayiding D, Yasheng M, Abudujilile D, Li J. Comparison of structural characteristics and immunoregulatory activities of polysaccharides from four natural plants. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2020.1743647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahepali Mahabati
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Adila Aipire
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Yuan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Cai
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alimu Aimaier
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dilinigeer Ziyayiding
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mayila Yasheng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dilinazi Abudujilile
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
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Aipire A, Mahabati M, Cai S, Wei X, Yuan P, Aimaier A, Wang X, Li J. The immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharides from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8294. [PMID: 32030319 PMCID: PMC6995267 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The enhancement of immunity is very important for immunocompromised patients such as cancer patients with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Glycyrrhiza uralensis has been used as food and medicine for a long history. G. uralensis polysaccharides (GUPS) were prepared and its immunostimulatory effects were investigated. Methods Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and murine bone marrow-derived DCs were treated with different concentrations of GUPS. The DCs maturation and cytokine production were analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Inhibitors and Western blot were used to study the mechanism of GUPS. The immunostimulatory effects of GUPS were further evaluated by naïve mouse model and immunosuppressive mouse model induced by cyclophosphamide. Results GUPS significantly promoted the maturation and cytokine secretion of human monocyte-derived DCs and murine bone marrow-derived DCs through TLR4 and down-stream p38, JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Interestingly, the migration of GUPS treated-DCs to lymph node was increased. In the mouse model, GUPS increased IL-12 production in sera but not for TNF-α. Moreover, GUPS ameliorated the side effect of cyclophosphamide and improved the immunity of immunosuppressive mice induced by cyclophosphamide. These results suggested that GUPS might be used for cancer therapy to ameliorate the side effect of chemotherapy and enhance the immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila Aipire
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Mahepali Mahabati
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Shanshan Cai
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xianxian Wei
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Pengfei Yuan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Alimu Aimaier
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
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21
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Aipire A, Yuan P, Aimaier A, Cai S, Mahabati M, Lu J, Ying T, Zhang B, Li J. Preparation, Characterization, and Immuno-Enhancing Activity of Polysaccharides from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010159. [PMID: 31963790 PMCID: PMC7022281 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis is a Chinese herbal medicine with various bioactivities. Three fractions (GUPS-I, GUPS-II and GUPS-III) of G. uralensis polysaccharides (GUPS) were obtained with molecular weights of 1.06, 29.1, and 14.9 kDa, respectively. The monosaccharide compositions of GUPS-II and GUPS-III were similar, while that of GUPS-I was distinctively different. The results of scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR, and NMR suggested that GUPS-II and GUPS-III were flaky with a smooth surface and contained α- and β-glycosidic linkages, while GUPS-I was granulated and contained only α-glycosidic linkages. Moreover, GUPS-II and GUPS-III exhibited better bioactivities on the maturation and cytokine production of dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro than that of GUPS-I. An in vivo experiment showed that only GUPS-II significantly enhanced the maturation of DCs. These results indicate that GUPS-II has the potential to be used in combination with cancer immunotherapy to enhance the therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila Aipire
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (A.A.); (P.Y.); (A.A.); (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Pengfei Yuan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (A.A.); (P.Y.); (A.A.); (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Alimu Aimaier
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (A.A.); (P.Y.); (A.A.); (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Shanshan Cai
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (A.A.); (P.Y.); (A.A.); (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Mahepali Mahabati
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (A.A.); (P.Y.); (A.A.); (S.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Science, and School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Faculty of Health & Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (A.A.); (P.Y.); (A.A.); (S.C.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-991-858-3259; Fax: +86-991-858-3517
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22
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Bahramabadi R, Dabiri S, Iranpour M, Kazemi Arababadi M. TLR4: An Important Molecule Participating in Either Anti-Human Papillomavirus Immune Responses or Development of Its Related Cancers. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:417-423. [PMID: 31721657 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that human papillomavirus (HPV) is a main cause of cervical cancer. Immune system plays key roles in the HPV infection clearance. Additionally, the roles played by immune responses in development of cancers have been documented previously. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the main surface or intravesicular receptors driving innate immunity, which either participate in the fight against infectious agents or participate in the progression of cancers. Thus, it has been hypothesized that the molecules may be part of the HPV/cancers puzzle. TLR4 is a unique member of TLRs family that uses both well-known TLRs related intracellular signaling pathways. Furthermore, the roles played by TLR4 against several viruses and also their related complications, such as tumors, have been demonstrated. Thus, it has been hypothesized that TLR4 may play a key role in HPV infection and its related complications. This review article collected the information regarding the mentioned plausible roles by TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bahramabadi
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Iranpour
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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23
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Koosha S, Mohamed Z, Sinniah A, Alshawsh MA. Evaluation of Anti-Tumorigenic Effects of Diosmetin against Human Colon Cancer Xenografts in Athymic Nude Mice. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142522. [PMID: 31295840 PMCID: PMC6680397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most common type of cancer in the world. Diosmetin (Dis), a natural O-methylated flavone, has been reported to have anti-cancer effects against different types of cancer. Although the mechanisms of action of Dis against several cancer cell lines are well reported, in vivo anti-tumorigenesis properties of this compound are still obscure. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-tumorigenesis properties of Dis against HCT-116 colon cancer xenografts in nude mice. HCT-116 colon cancer cells were injected in NCr nu/nu nude mice and treatment with Dis was initiated after the tumor volumes reached 100 mm3 and continued for four weeks. On the sacrificing date nude mice treated with 100 mg/kg of Dis showed significant lower tumor volume (264 ± 238.3 mm3) as compared to the untreated group (1428.8 ± 459.6 mm3). Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was significantly downregulated, while apoptotic protein (Bax) was significantly overexpressed in nude mice treated with 100 mg/kg Dis as compared to untreated mice. In conclusion, our in vivo results indicate that Dis significantly reduces tumor growth rate of HCT-116 colon cancer cells in nude mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg, and has no toxic effects in ICR mice up to 2000 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Koosha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ajantha Sinniah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed A Alshawsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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24
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Li J, Aipire A, Zhao H, Yuan P, Li J. Pleurotus ferulae polysaccharides improve the antitumor efficacy of therapeutic human papillomavirus dendritic cell-based vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:611-619. [PMID: 30427754 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1547604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously found that Pleurotus ferulae polysaccharides (PFPS) improved the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we investigated the effects of PFPS on the antitumor efficacy of therapeutic human papillomavirus (HPV) DC-based vaccine. PFPS stimulated DCs pulsed with HPV E6/E7 peptides were used to treat tumor mice on day 5 & 12 (HPV + PFPS-DCs early) and day 12 & 19 (HPV + PFPS-DCs late) after TC-1 cell injection. Compared to control group, both HPV + PFPS-DCs early and HPV + PFPS-DCs late strategies significantly inhibited tumor growth, which was significantly correlated with the increased activation status of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, the decreased frequencies of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and the induction of HPV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. The survival of tumor mice was also greatly improved by HPV + PFPS-DCs early. Moreover, HPV + PFPS-DCs early completely inhibited the growth of second challenged TC-1 cells in tumor free mice. The results showed that PFPS improved the antitumor efficacy of therapeutic HPV DC-based vaccine, suggesting that PFPS might be a potential adjuvant for DC-based vaccines. This study provides a potential strategy for developing the therapeutic DC-based vaccine against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Li
- a College of Life Science , Xinjiang Normal University , Urumqi , Xinjiang , China
| | - Adila Aipire
- b Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology , Xinjiang University , Urumqi , Xinjiang , China
| | - Huixin Zhao
- a College of Life Science , Xinjiang Normal University , Urumqi , Xinjiang , China
| | - Pengfei Yuan
- b Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology , Xinjiang University , Urumqi , Xinjiang , China
| | - Jinyao Li
- b Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology , Xinjiang University , Urumqi , Xinjiang , China
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Inhibition effect of glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GCP) on tumor growth through regulation of the gut microbiota composition. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 137:324-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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26
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Deng B, Sun W. Herbal medicine for hand-foot syndrome induced by fluoropyrimidines: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1211-1228. [PMID: 29682836 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of herbal medicine for the prevention and management of hand-foot syndrome (HFS) induced by fluoropyrimidines and to identify herbs associated with HFS alleviation for further research. The PubMed, Cochrane, Springer, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases were searched up to May 2017 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated herbal medicine for relieving HFS in patients undergoing fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy. Study evaluation and synthesis methods were in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook, and data were analyzed using RevMan 5.3. In total, 35 RCTs (2,668 participants) were included. Meta-analysis showed that the addition of herbal medicine significantly reduced the incidences of all-grade and high-grade HFS. The total effective rate and complete remission rate of HFS patients increased significantly with herbal medicine arm. Further sensitivity analysis identified Paeoniae Radix Alba, Carthami Flos, Cinnamomi Ramulus, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma as being consistently associated with significant reductions in HFS incidence without important heterogeneity. However, the lack of blinding in most studies may have led to overestimation of these effects. More high-quality RCTs and experimental research are needed to confirm and investigate the efficacy of the herbs identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- Department of Oncology of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, P. R. China
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