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Kaplan MF, Kaplan E, Raza A, Demirler M, Baran A, Cengiz S, Adiguzel MC. Evaluation of raw milk samples and vendor-derived Staphylococcus aureus and Coxiella burnetii prevalence in dairy delicatessens in eastern Turkey. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:5942-5950. [PMID: 39139930 PMCID: PMC11317735 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the detection and genetic relationship of Coxiella burnetii in retail milk samples and plastic bags from 25 local dairy delicatessens. Bacteriological culture, PCR, and Sanger sequencing were performed. Eleven percent of the samples were positive for S. aureus, none of which were methicillin-resistant or enterotoxigenic. The rep-PCR analysis revealed a high similarity between strains isolated from milk and bag samples from the same source. Moreover, 14% of the milk samples were positive for C. burnetii, which matched 100% of the reference strains in the GenBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Furkan Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineAtaturk UniversityErzurumTurkey
| | - Ece Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineAtaturk UniversityErzurumTurkey
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineAtaturk UniversityErzurumTurkey
| | - Mehtap Demirler
- Veterinary Control InstituteRepublic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and ForestryErzurumTurkey
| | - Alper Baran
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineAtaturk UniversityErzurumTurkey
| | - Seyda Cengiz
- Department of Microbiology, Milas Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMugla Sitki Kocman UniversityMuglaTurkey
| | - Mehmet Cemal Adiguzel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineAtaturk UniversityErzurumTurkey
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Kovács M, Wojnárovits L, Homlok R, Tegze A, Mohácsi-Farkas C, Takács E, Belák Á. Changes in the behavior of Staphylococcus aureus strains in the presence of oxacillin under the effect of gamma radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122843. [PMID: 37918768 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as a major pathogen is implicated in a wide range of foodborne and hospital-acquired infections, its methicillin resistant variants contribute to the spread of β-lactam antibiotic resistance. It is essentially important to destroy these pathogens, their resistance genes and the antibiotics in wastewaters. For this purpose reactions of reactive radicals (advanced oxidation processes), first of all hydroxyl radicals (•OH), are suggested. Here the radiolysis of water supplied these radicals. In the experiments B.01755 oxacillin sensitive and B.02174 resistant S. aureus strains were used to study their behaviorr in suspensions under the effect of irradiation in presence and absence of oxacillin. Oxacillin inactivation depended on concentration of the antibiotic used (0.042 and 1 g dm-3), higher concentration required a higher dose. When 106-109 CFU cm-3 S. aureus suspensions were irradiated with γ-radiation the bacteria were inactivated at low absorbed doses: 4 orders of magnitude decrease ocurred in the number of culturable cells at ∼0.6 kGy dose. Both cell membrane and DNA suffered considerable damages during irradiation. Due to the membrane damage the cells could not be stained, and the DNA content of cells in several days period was released into the solution. In DNA damage the oxacillin resistance mecA gene was also modified, it did not multiply in PCR test. These findings are important from the point of view of applying irradiation technology to stop the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Kovács
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Budapest, Somlói út 14-16, Hungary.
| | - László Wojnárovits
- Radiation Chemistry Department, Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121, Budapest, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary.
| | - Renáta Homlok
- Radiation Chemistry Department, Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121, Budapest, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary.
| | - Anna Tegze
- Radiation Chemistry Department, Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121, Budapest, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary.
| | - Csilla Mohácsi-Farkas
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Budapest, Somlói út 14-16, Hungary.
| | - Erzsébet Takács
- Radiation Chemistry Department, Institute for Energy Security and Environmental Safety, Centre for Energy Research, H-1121, Budapest, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Belák
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Budapest, Somlói út 14-16, Hungary.
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Abdullahi IN, Latorre-Fernández J, Reuben RC, Trabelsi I, González-Azcona C, Arfaoui A, Usman Y, Lozano C, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Beyond the Wild MRSA: Genetic Features and Phylogenomic Review of mecC-Mediated Methicillin Resistance in Non- aureus Staphylococci and Mammaliicocci. Microorganisms 2023; 12:66. [PMID: 38257893 PMCID: PMC10818522 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Methicillin resistance, mediated by the mecA gene in staphylococci and mammaliicocci, has caused tremendous setbacks in the use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine due to its high potential of presenting the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. Three other mec analogs exist, of which the mecC has evolutionary been associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in wild animals, thus loosely referred to as the wild MRSA. In this study, we present an epidemiological review and genomic analysis of non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci that carry the mecC-mediated methicillin resistance trait and determine whether this trait has any relevant link with the One Health niches. All previous studies (2007 till 2023) that described the mecC gene in non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci were obtained from bibliometric databases, reviewed, and systematically analyzed to obtain the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence determinants, mobilome, and other genetic contents. Moreover, core genome single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis was used to assess the relatedness of these strains. Of the 533 articles analyzed, only 16 studies (on livestock, environmental samples, milk bulk tanks, and wild animals) were eligible for inclusion, of which 17 genomes from 6 studies were used for various in silico genetic analyses. Findings from this systematic review show that all mecC-carrying non-aureus staphylococci were resistant to only beta-lactam antibiotics and associated with the classical SCCmec XI of S. aureusLGA251. Similarly, two studies on wild animals reported mecC-carrying Mammaliicoccus stepanovicii associated with SCCmec XI. Nevertheless, most of the mecC-carrying Mammaliicoccus species presented an MDR phenotype (including linezolid) and carried the SCCmec-mecC hybrid associated with mecA. The phylogenetic analysis of the 17 genomes revealed close relatedness (<20 SNPs) and potential transmission of M. sciuri and M. lentus strains in livestock farms in Algeria, Tunisia, and Brazil. Furthermore, closely related M. sciuri strains from Austria, Brazil, and Tunisia (<40 SNPs) were identified. This systematic review enhances our comprehension of the epidemiology and genetic organization of mecC within the non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci. It could be hypothesized that the mecC-carrying non-aureus staphylococci are evolutionarily related to the wild MRSA-mecC. The potential implications of clonal development of a lineage of mecA/mecC carrying strains across multiple dairy farms in a vast geographical region with the dissemination of MDR phenotype is envisaged. It was observed that most mecC-carrying non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci were reported in mastitis cases. Therefore, veterinarians and veterinary microbiology laboratories must remain vigilant regarding the potential existence of mecA/mecC strains originating from mastitis as a potential niche for this resistance trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (J.L.-F.); (R.C.R.); (C.G.-A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Javier Latorre-Fernández
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (J.L.-F.); (R.C.R.); (C.G.-A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Rine Christopher Reuben
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (J.L.-F.); (R.C.R.); (C.G.-A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Islem Trabelsi
- Bioresources, Environment and Biotechnology Laboratory, Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia;
| | - Carmen González-Azcona
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (J.L.-F.); (R.C.R.); (C.G.-A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Ameni Arfaoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Active Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia;
| | - Yahaya Usman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Nigeria;
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (J.L.-F.); (R.C.R.); (C.G.-A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (J.L.-F.); (R.C.R.); (C.G.-A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (J.L.-F.); (R.C.R.); (C.G.-A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
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Goncalves JL, Mani R, Sreevatsan S, Ruegg PL. Apparent prevalence and selected risk factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and non- aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci in bulk tank milk of dairy herds in Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:489-495. [PMID: 38045889 PMCID: PMC10692346 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the apparent prevalence and risk factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci (NASM) in bulk tank milk (BTM) obtained from 300 dairy farms that belong to a cooperative collecting milk from Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. Dairy field personnel recorded information about selected farm level risk factors and collected and froze BTM samples (n = 300) that were sent to Michigan State University researchers. Milk samples were thawed at room temperature and pre-enriched by adding 1 to 4 mL of Mueller-Hinton broth supplemented with 6.5% NaCl and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Subsequently, 10 µL was plated on mannitol salt agar and Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 2.5% NaCl containing 2 mg/L oxacillin and 20 mg/L aztreonam. Colonies that grew on the selective media were subcultured on blood agar and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Phenotypic methicillin resistance was tested using cefoxitin disk diffusion. Conventional PCR was used to detect mecA and mecC in phenotypically resistant isolates. Of 550 isolates that were obtained from mannitol salt agar plates and 10 isolates from Mueller-Hinton agar plates, 16 species of NASM accounted for 84% of staphylococci, while S. aureus accounted for the remaining 16%. Among S. aureus, 4 isolates from 4 farms (1.3%) demonstrated phenotypic resistance to methicillin resistance but none carried mecA or mecC genes. Among NASM, 45 isolates from 40 farms (13.3%) demonstrated phenotypic resistance to methicillin. However, only 13 NASM isolates (7 Mammaliicoccus sciuri, 2 Staphylococcus haemolyticus, 1 Mammaliicoccus fleuretti, 1 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 1 Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and 1 Staphylococcus hyicus) from 13 farms were positive for mecA, whereas all were negative for mecC. Thus, the prevalence of mecA-positive NASM in BTM was 4.3%. Based on molecular results, this study demonstrated a low prevalence of methicillin resistance NASM from BTM samples collected from farms in the Upper Midwest. Dairy farms that contained ≤200 lactating cows and had swine located on the farm had a higher prevalence of methicillin-resistant NASM than smaller farms that did not contain swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano L. Goncalves
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Rinosh Mani
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Pamela L. Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Venugopal N, Tewari R, Ganaie FA, Mitra S, Shome R, Shome BR. Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cattle in Bangalore India as a part of the One Health approach. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:000627.v3. [PMID: 37841096 PMCID: PMC10569652 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000627.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In India, limited studies are available on the epidemiological aspects of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in both animal and human settings. Herein, we investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profile and molecular characteristics of MRSA isolates recovered from cattle using the One Health approach. Out of 66 mecA-positive staphylococci, species-specific multiplex PCR detected 24 % (n=16) of isolates as MRSA. Maximum antibiotic resistance was seen against cloxacillin (94 %, n=15) and least for enrofloxacin and cephalothin (each 13 %, n=2). Overall, 13 % (n=2) of MRSA isolates were multidrug-resistant. Molecular characterization by SCCmec typing identified 88 % (n=14) of MRSA isolates as type V. Twelve isolates (75 %) belonged to novel spa-type t17242, of which 67 % (n=8) belonged to agr type I. MLST analysis revealed ST 1687 (50 %, n=8) as the most predominant sequence type. Circulation of different MRSA clones among the cattle populace offers a risk of transmission to humans through direct contact, food chain or environmental contamination. Thus, continuous monitoring of MRSA strains is imperative for early diagnosis and for establishing effective treatment strategies to restrain the disease burden caused by MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimita Venugopal
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
- Present address: Department of Microbiology, M.S.Ramaiah College of Arts, Science, and Commerce, Bangalore, India
| | - Rituparna Tewari
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
- Present address: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, UAS-GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
| | - Feroze A. Ganaie
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
- Present address: Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Susweta Mitra
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
- Present address: School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajeswari Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
| | - Bibek R. Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, India
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Carroll LM, Pierneef R, Mafuna T, Magwedere K, Matle I. Genus-wide genomic characterization of Macrococcus: insights into evolution, population structure, and functional potential. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1181376. [PMID: 37547688 PMCID: PMC10400458 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1181376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Macrococcus species have been isolated from a range of mammals and mammal-derived food products. While they are largely considered to be animal commensals, Macrococcus spp. can be opportunistic pathogens in both veterinary and human clinical settings. This study aimed to provide insight into the evolution, population structure, and functional potential of the Macrococcus genus, with an emphasis on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence potential. Methods All high-quality, publicly available Macrococcus genomes (n = 104, accessed 27 August 2022), plus six South African genomes sequenced here (two strains from bovine clinical mastitis cases and four strains from beef products), underwent taxonomic assignment (using four different approaches), AMR determinant detection (via AMRFinderPlus), and virulence factor detection (using DIAMOND and the core Virulence Factor Database). Results Overall, the 110 Macrococcus genomes were of animal commensal, veterinary clinical, food-associated (including food spoilage), and environmental origins; five genomes (4.5%) originated from human clinical cases. Notably, none of the taxonomic assignment methods produced identical results, highlighting the potential for Macrococcus species misidentifications. The most common predicted antimicrobial classes associated with AMR determinants identified across Macrococcus included macrolides, beta-lactams, and aminoglycosides (n = 81, 61, and 44 of 110 genomes; 73.6, 55.5, and 40.0%, respectively). Genes showing homology to Staphylococcus aureus exoenzyme aureolysin were detected across multiple species (using 90% coverage, n = 40 and 77 genomes harboring aureolysin-like genes at 60 and 40% amino acid [AA] identity, respectively). S. aureus Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin-associated lukF-PV and lukS-PV homologs were identified in eight M. canis genomes (≥40% AA identity, >85% coverage). Using a method that delineates populations using recent gene flow (PopCOGenT), two species (M. caseolyticus and M. armenti) were composed of multiple within-species populations. Notably, M. armenti was partitioned into two populations, which differed in functional potential (e.g., one harbored beta-lactamase family, type II toxin-antitoxin system, and stress response proteins, while the other possessed a Type VII secretion system; PopCOGenT p < 0.05). Discussion Overall, this study leverages all publicly available Macrococcus genomes in addition to newly sequenced genomes from South Africa to identify genomic elements associated with AMR or virulence potential, which can be queried in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Carroll
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, SciLifeLab, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Integrated Science Lab, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rian Pierneef
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Thendo Mafuna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Kudakwashe Magwedere
- Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Itumeleng Matle
- Bacteriology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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van Duijkeren E, Rantala M, Bouchard D, Busani L, Catry B, Kaspar H, Pomba C, Moreno MA, Nilsson O, Ružauskas M, Sanders P, Teale C, Wester AL, Ignate K, Jukes H, Kunsagi Z, Schwarz C. The use of aminopenicillins in animals within the EU, emergence of resistance in bacteria of animal and human origin and its possible impact on animal and human health. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023:7179861. [PMID: 37229552 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminopenicillins have been widely used for decades for the treatment of various infections in animals and humans in European countries. Following this extensive use, acquired resistance has emerged among human and animal pathogens and commensal bacteria. Aminopenicillins are important first-line treatment options in both humans and animals, but are also among limited therapies for infections with enterococci and Listeria spp. in humans in some settings. Therefore, there is a need to assess the impact of the use of these antimicrobials in animals on public and animal health. The most important mechanisms of resistance to aminopenicillins are the β-lactamase enzymes. Similar resistance genes have been detected in bacteria of human and animal origin, and molecular studies suggest that transmission of resistant bacteria or resistance genes occurs between animals and humans. Due to the complexity of epidemiology and the near ubiquity of many aminopenicillin resistance determinants, the direction of transfer is difficult to ascertain, except for major zoonotic pathogens. It is therefore challenging to estimate to what extent the use of aminopenicillins in animals could create negative health consequences to humans at the population level. Based on the extent of use of aminopenicillins in humans, it seems probable that the major resistance selection pressure in human pathogens in European countries is due to human consumption. It is evident that veterinary use of these antimicrobials increases the selection pressure towards resistance in animals and loss of efficacy will at minimum jeopardize animal health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engeline van Duijkeren
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Merja Rantala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Damien Bouchard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety, National Agency for Veterinary Medicinal Products, Fougères, France
| | - Luca Busani
- Instituto Superiore di Sanita, Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Boudewijn Catry
- Sciensano, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heike Kaspar
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Department Method Standardisation, Reference Laboratories, Resistance to Antibiotics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Constança Pomba
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Moreno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oskar Nilsson
- National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Modestas Ružauskas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Pascal Sanders
- French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety, Strategy and Programme Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | - Helen Jukes
- European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christine Schwarz
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Department Method Standardisation, Reference Laboratories, Resistance to Antibiotics, Berlin, Germany
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Veterinary Drugs, Berlin, Germany
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Baran A, Kwiatkowska A, Potocki L. Antibiotics and Bacterial Resistance-A Short Story of an Endless Arms Race. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065777. [PMID: 36982857 PMCID: PMC10056106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the undisputed development of medicine, antibiotics still serve as first-choice drugs for patients with infectious disorders. The widespread use of antibiotics results from a wide spectrum of their actions encompassing mechanisms responsible for: the inhibition of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, the disruption of cell membrane integrity, the suppression of nucleic acids and/or proteins synthesis, as well as disturbances of metabolic processes. However, the widespread availability of antibiotics, accompanied by their overprescription, acts as a double-edged sword, since the overuse and/or misuse of antibiotics leads to a growing number of multidrug-resistant microbes. This, in turn, has recently emerged as a global public health challenge facing both clinicians and their patients. In addition to intrinsic resistance, bacteria can acquire resistance to particular antimicrobial agents through the transfer of genetic material conferring resistance. Amongst the most common bacterial resistance strategies are: drug target site changes, increased cell wall permeability to antibiotics, antibiotic inactivation, and efflux pumps. A better understanding of the interplay between the mechanisms of antibiotic actions and bacterial defense strategies against particular antimicrobial agents is crucial for developing new drugs or drug combinations. Herein, we provide a brief overview of the current nanomedicine-based strategies that aim to improve the efficacy of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Baran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kwiatkowska
- Institute of Physical Culture Studies, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, ul. Towarnickiego 3, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Leszek Potocki
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
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9
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Abdullahi IN, Juárez-Fernández G, Höfle Ú, Cardona-Cabrera T, Mínguez D, Pineda-Pampliega J, Lozano C, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Nasotracheal Microbiota of Nestlings of Parent White storks with Different Foraging Habits in Spain. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:105-121. [PMID: 37060390 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Migratory storks could be vectors of transmission of bacteria of public health concern mediated by the colonization, persistence and excretion of such bacteria. This study aims to determine genera/species diversity, prevalence, and co-colonization indices of bacteria obtained from tracheal (T) and nasal (N) samples from storks in relation to exposure to point sources through foraging. One-hundred and thirty-six samples from 87 nestlings of colonies of parent white storks with different foraging habits (natural habitat and landfills) were obtained (84 T-samples and 52 N-samples) and processed. Morphologically distinct colonies (up to 12/sample) were randomly selected and identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. About 87.2% of the total 806 isolates recovered were identified: 398 from T-samples (56.6%) and 305 from N-samples (43.4%). Among identified isolates, 17 genera and 46 species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were detected, Staphylococcus (58.0%) and Enterococcus (20.5%) being the most prevalent genera. S. sciuri was the most prevalent species from T (36.7%) and N (34.4%) cavities of total isolates, followed by E. faecalis (11.1% each from T and N), and S. aureus [T (6.5%), N (13.4%)]. Of N-samples, E. faecium was significantly associated with nestlings of parent storks foraging in landfills (p = 0.018). S. sciuri (p = 0.0034) and M. caseolyticus (p = 0.032) from T-samples were significantly higher among nestlings of parent storks foraging in natural habitats. More than 80% of bacterial species in the T and N cavities showed 1-10% co-colonization indices with one another, but few had ≥ 40% indices. S. sciuri and E. faecalis were the most frequent species identified in the stork nestlings. Moreover, they were highly colonized by other diverse and potentially pathogenic bacteria. Thus, storks could be sentinels of point sources and vehicles of bacterial transmission across the "One Health" ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- OneHealth-UR Research Group, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Guillermo Juárez-Fernández
- OneHealth-UR Research Group, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Úrsula Höfle
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) Research Group, Game and Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Teresa Cardona-Cabrera
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) Research Group, Game and Wildlife Research Institute (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Mínguez
- OneHealth-UR Research Group, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Javier Pineda-Pampliega
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Lozano
- OneHealth-UR Research Group, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- OneHealth-UR Research Group, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- OneHealth-UR Research Group, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain.
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10
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Merghni A, Hamdi H, Ben Abdallah M, Al-Hasawi ZM, Al-Quwaie DA, Abid-Essefi S. Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Foodborne Pathogenic Strains and Assessment of Their Adhesion Ability and Cytotoxic Effects in HCT-116 Cells. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050974. [PMID: 36900491 PMCID: PMC10001405 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the high-threat pathogens equipped with a repertoire of virulence factors making it responsible for many infections in humans, including foodborne diseases. The present study aims to characterize antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in foodborne S. aureus isolates, and to investigate their cytotoxic effects in human intestinal cells (HCT-116). Our results revealed methicillin resistance phenotypes (MRSA) along with the detection of mecA gene (20%) among tested foodborne S. aureus strains. Furthermore, 40% of tested isolates showed a strong ability for adhesion and biofilm formation. A high rate of exoenzymes production by tested bacteria was also registered. Additionally, treatment with S. aureus extracts leads to a significant decrease in HCT-116 cell viability, accompanied by a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), as a result of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Thereby, S. aureus food poisoning remains daunting and needs particular concern to prevent foodborne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahmen Merghni
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance LR99ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
- Correspondence:
| | - Hiba Hamdi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, LR01SE17, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Ben Abdallah
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Zaki M. Al-Hasawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diana A. Al-Quwaie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, LR01SE17, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
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11
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Zhang F, Wu S, Dai J, Huang J, Zhang J, Zhao M, Rong D, Li Y, Wang J, Chen M, Xue L, Ding Y, Wu Q. The emergence of novel macrolide resistance island in Macrococcus caseolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus of food origin. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 386:110020. [PMID: 36427466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Food-derived Staphylococcaceae species with severe antimicrobial resistance, especially Staphylococcus aureus, is a major threat to public health. Macrococcus caseolyticus (M. caseolyticus) is a member of the Staphylococcaceae family which plays a vital role in fermented products and disease causation in animals. In our previous study, several Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic-resistant island msr (SaRImsr) were found in multidrug-resistant S. aureus. In this study, novel SaRImsr, SaRImsr-III emerged from S. aureus. Another novel SaRImsr-like further emerged in M. caseolyticus from food. These isolates' prevalence and genetic environment were investigated and characterized to understand the distribution and transmission of these novel SaRImsr strains. All SaRImsr-positive S. aureus isolates exhibited a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, within which a series of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factor genes (VFs) were identified. In addition, three SaRImsr types, SaRImsr-I (15.1 kb), SaRImsr-II (16-17 kb), and SaRImsr-III (18 kb) carrying mef(D)-msr(F), were identified in these isolates' chromosomes. SaRImsr-(I-III) contains a site-specific integrase gene int and operon mef(D)-msr(F). SaRImsr-III has an additional orf3-orf4-IS30 arrangement downstream of mef(D) and msr(F). Moreover, the SaRImsr-like and macrolide-resistant transposon Tn6776 forming a novel mosaic structure coexisted in one M. caseolyticus isolate. Within this mosaic structure, the macrolide-resistant genes mef(D)-msr(F) were absent in SaRImsr-like, whereas an operon, mef(F)-msr(G), was identified in Tn6776. The SaRImsr-(I-III) and SaRImsr-like structure were inserted into the rpsI gene encoding the 30S ribosomal protein S9 in the chromosome. Excision and cyclisation of SaRImsr-III, SaRImsr-like, operon mef(D)-msr(F), and orf3-orf4-IS30 arrangements were confirmed using two-step PCR. This study is the first to report MDR S. aureus harbouring novel SaRImsr-III and M. caseolyticus containing novel mosaic structures isolated from retail foods. Similar SaRImsr-type resistant islands' occurrence and propagation in Staphylococcaceae species require continuous monitoring and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China; School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Jingsha Dai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Dongli Rong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Yuanyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510432, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Qingping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, China.
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12
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Klempt M, Franz CMAP, Hammer P. Characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci and macrococci isolated from cheese in Germany. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7951-7958. [PMID: 35965117 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cheese, especially ripened varieties, harbor a very complex and heterogeneous microbiota. In addition to the desired microorganisms (starter cultures) added during cheese production, potentially harmful bacteria may also enter the production chain. Regarding the latter, the focus of this study was on coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and Macrococcus caseolyticus. Both are known to harbor a variety of genes coding for antibiotic resistance, including mecA, mecB, mecC, and mecD. Coagulase-negative staphylococci or macrococci carrying such genes or other virulence factors should not be present in cheese. Cheese samples (101 in total) were collected from retail sources. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and M. caseolyticus were isolated utilizing selective agars, and species were identified by phenotypical tests and partial sequencing of the sodA gene. The results allowed identification of 53 CNS strains and 19 M. caseolyticus strains. Among the CNS, 11 isolates of Staphylococcus saprophyticus and one Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate were obtained. Both species are potential human pathogens and may thus adversely affect the safety of these food products. Screening for antimicrobial resistance was performed by application of disc diffusion tests, a gradient strip-test, and 14 different PCR tests. Evidence for methicillin resistance (by either positive disc diffusion assay for cefoxitin or by mec PCR) was found in CNS isolates and M. caseolyticus (9 isolates each). Regarding other virulence factors, no genetic determinants for coagulase or the most common staphylococcal enterotoxins sea, seb, sec, sed, and see were detected in any of the CNS or M. caseolyticus isolates by PCR testing. In conclusion, the presence of facultatively pathogenic CNS and carriers of genes for antibiotic resistance in both groups of microorganisms, especially mec genes, and the respective food safety issues need further evaluation and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Klempt
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - C M A P Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - P Hammer
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 24103 Kiel, Germany.
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13
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The discovery of multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus harboring novel SaRI isolated from retail foods. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Adiguzel MC, Schaefer K, Rodriguez T, Ortiz J, Sahin O. Prevalence, Mechanism, Genetic Diversity, and Cross-Resistance Patterns of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Isolated from Companion Animal Clinical Samples Submitted to a Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory in the Midwestern United States. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050609. [PMID: 35625253 PMCID: PMC9138002 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections in companion animals, with limited treatment options available due to the frequent cross-resistance of MRS to other antibiotics. In this study, we report the prevalence, species distribution, genetic diversity, resistance mechanism and cross-resistance patterns of MRS isolated from companion animal (mostly dog and cat) clinical cases submitted to Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU VDL) between 2012 and 2019. The majority of isolates were identified as Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (68.3%; 2379/3482) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (24.6%; 857/3482), of which 23.9% and 40.5% were phenotypically resistant to methicillin, respectively. Cross resistance to other β-lactams (and to a lesser extent to non-β-lactams) was common in both methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and CoNS (MRCoNS), especially when oxacillin MIC was ≥4 μg/mL (vs. ≥0.5−<4 μg/mL). The PBP2a protein was detected by agglutination in 94.6% (521/551) MRSP and 64.3% (146/227) MRCoNS. A further analysis of 31 PBP2a-negative MRS isolates (all but one MRCoNS) indicated that 11 were mecA gene-positive while 20 were negative for mecA and other mec genes by PCR. The resistance to last-resort anti-staphylococcal human drugs (e.g., tigecycline, linezolid, vancomycin) among the MRS tested was none to very low. Even though genotyping indicated an overall high level of genetic diversity (87 unique PFGE patterns and 20 MLST types) among a subset of MRSP isolates tested (n = 106), certain genotypes were detected from epidemiologically connected cases at the same or different time points, suggesting persistence and/or nosocomial transmission. These results indicate a relatively high prevalence of MRS from companion animals in the Midwestern US; therefore, it is important to perform routine susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus in veterinary clinical settings for the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Cemal Adiguzel
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.A.); (K.S.); (T.R.); (J.O.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Kayla Schaefer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.A.); (K.S.); (T.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Trevor Rodriguez
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.A.); (K.S.); (T.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Jessica Ortiz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.A.); (K.S.); (T.R.); (J.O.)
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (M.C.A.); (K.S.); (T.R.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-515-294-3861
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15
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Nocturnal Birds of Prey as Carriers of Staphylococcus aureus and Other Staphylococci: Diversity, Antimicrobial Resistance and Clonal Lineages. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020240. [PMID: 35203842 PMCID: PMC8868206 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Owls are nocturnal predators that inhabit urbanized and farmlands. They are in direct contact with other animals, both livestock and small wild rodents that they mostly feed on. Staphylococci can be both commensal and pathogenic bacteria that are widespread across the various ecological niches. We aimed to isolate staphylococci from owls and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and genetic lineages. Swab samples were collected from the throat and cloaca of 114 owls admitted to two rehabilitation centers in Portugal. The identification of staphylococci species was performed by MALDI-TOF. Staphylococci antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes were investigated by means of the disk diffusion method and PCR. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were characterized by MLST, agr and spa-typing. Of the tested animals, 66 isolates were recovered, including 10 different species of staphylococci, of which 25 were coagulase-positive (CoPS) and 41 were coagulase-negative (CoNS). Twenty-three S. aureus were isolated, of which one mecC-MRSA was identified. The isolates were mainly resistant to penicillin, aminoglycosides, clindamycin and tetracycline. mecC-MRSA belonged to ST1245 and spa-type t843 and the remaining S. aureus were ascribed to 12 STs and 15 spa types. A high diversity of clonal lineages was identified among the S. aureus isolated from wild owls. Owls feed mainly on small rodents often exposed to waste and anthropogenic sources, which may explain the moderate prevalence of S. aureus in these animals.
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16
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Recent Developments in Phenotypic and Molecular Diagnostic Methods for Antimicrobial Resistance Detection in Staphylococcus aureus: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12010208. [PMID: 35054375 PMCID: PMC8774325 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections in humans, such as skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia, food poisoning or sepsis. Historically, S. aureus was able to rapidly adapt to anti-staphylococcal antibiotics and become resistant to several classes of antibiotics. Today, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a multidrug-resistant pathogen and is one of the most common bacteria responsible for hospital-acquired infections and outbreaks, in community settings as well. The rapid and accurate diagnosis of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus is crucial to the early initiation of directed antibiotic therapy and to improve clinical outcomes for patients. In this narrative review, I provide an overview of recent phenotypic and molecular diagnostic methods for antimicrobial resistance detection in S. aureus, with a particular focus on MRSA detection. I consider methods for resistance detection in both clinical samples and isolated S. aureus cultures, along with a brief discussion of the advantages and the challenges of implementing such methods in routine diagnostics.
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17
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18
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Göller PC, Elsener T, Lorgé D, Radulovic N, Bernardi V, Naumann A, Amri N, Khatchatourova E, Coutinho FH, Loessner MJ, Gómez-Sanz E. Multi-species host range of staphylococcal phages isolated from wastewater. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6965. [PMID: 34845206 PMCID: PMC8629997 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The host range of bacteriophages defines their impact on bacterial communities and genome diversity. Here, we characterize 94 novel staphylococcal phages from wastewater and establish their host range on a diversified panel of 117 staphylococci from 29 species. Using this high-resolution phage-bacteria interaction matrix, we unveil a multi-species host range as a dominant trait of the isolated staphylococcal phages. Phage genome sequencing shows this pattern to prevail irrespective of taxonomy. Network analysis between phage-infected bacteria reveals that hosts from multiple species, ecosystems, and drug-resistance phenotypes share numerous phages. Lastly, we show that phages throughout this network can package foreign genetic material enclosing an antibiotic resistance marker at various frequencies. Our findings indicate a weak host specialism of the tested phages, and therefore their potential to promote horizontal gene transfer in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline C. Göller
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tabea Elsener
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Lorgé
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natasa Radulovic
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viona Bernardi
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Naumann
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nesrine Amri
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Khatchatourova
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felipe Hernandes Coutinho
- grid.26811.3c0000 0001 0586 4893Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Martin J. Loessner
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Gómez-Sanz
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain.
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19
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Naji Hasan R, Abdal Kareem Jasim S. Detection of Panton- Valentine leukocidin and MecA Genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Iraqi Patients. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:1054-1059. [PMID: 35096341 PMCID: PMC8790979 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.355962.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, which is widely distributed is considered as a bacterial infection that commonly infects the skin and mucous membranes. Such infections can be the cause of death and illness. In the present study by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and MecA genes of S. aureus which were isolated from skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in Baghdad, Iraq were investigated. This study included 96 S. aureus isolated from SSTIs and identified by Vitek. The results showed that 61 (63.5%) and 48 (50%) of the isolates were positive for PVL and MecA genes, respectively. This work presented an effective real-time PCR technique for detecting PVL genes alone or in conjunction with MecA. The rt-PCR allows for easier reaction monitoring and eliminates the need for post-PCR processing, saving both resources and time. Moreover, it is ideal for diagnostic applications because of its high sensitivity, simplicity, and specificity. Besides, the rt-PCR has an option to do all the procedures in an automated mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Naji Hasan
- Biotechnology and Environmental Center, University of Fallujah, Al-Fallujah, Iraq
| | - S Abdal Kareem Jasim
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Anbar, Iraq
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20
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Dazio V, Nigg A, Schmidt JS, Brilhante M, Campos-Madueno EI, Mauri N, Kuster SP, Brawand SG, Willi B, Endimiani A, Perreten V, Schuller S. Duration of carriage of multidrug-resistant bacteria in dogs and cats in veterinary care and co-carriage with their owners. One Health 2021; 13:100322. [PMID: 34522760 PMCID: PMC8424212 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) represent a threat to human and animal health. Objectives To assess duration of carriage of MDROs in dogs and cats presented to veterinary clinics/hospitals in Switzerland. To estimate prevalence, duration of and risk factors for MDRO carriage in their owners and the occurrence of co-carriage in owner-pet pairs. Methods Prospective, longitudinal, observational study. Nasal swabs and fecal samples were collected from 50 owners of dogs and cats presented to 3 large veterinary hospitals, 1 medium-sized clinic and 1 practice. If pet or owner tested positive for a MDRO, follow-up samples were collected for up to 8 months. Methicillin-resistant (MR) Staphylococcus aureus, MR S. pseudintermedius, MR coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS), MR Macrococcus spp., cephalosporinase- and carbapenemase-producing (CP) Enterobacterales were isolated and further characterized by MALDI-TOF MS, microdilution, β-lactam resistance gene detection, REP/ERIC-PCR, multilocus sequence typing or whole-genome sequencing. Risk factors for MDRO carriage in owners were explored based on questionnaire-derived data. Results Five out of 50 owners carried 3rd generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (3GC-R-Ent.), and 5/50 MRCoNS. In 3 dogs and 4 cats carriage of 3GC-R-Ent. persisted for up to 136 days after discharge (median 99 days, IQR 83 days, range 36–136 days), in two cats isolates were carbapenem-resistant. Owner-pet co-carriage was not observed. No specific risk factors for MDRO carriage in owners were identified. Conclusions After discharge from veterinary care, dogs and cats may carry 3GC-R-Ent. for prolonged time periods. Carriage of MDROs was common in owners, but pet-owner co-carriage of the same MDRO was not observed.
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Key Words
- 3GC-R, Third Generation Cephalosporin-resistant
- 3GC-R-Ent., Third Generation Cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales
- AMR, Antimicrobial resistance
- CI, Confidence interval
- CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
- COL-R, Colistin-resistant
- CP, Carbapenemase-producing
- CR, Carbapenem-resistant
- CRE, Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales
- Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales
- Co-carriage
- Companion animal
- ERIC-PCR, Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction
- ESBL, Extended spectrum β-lactamase
- ESBL-E. coli, ESBL-producing Escherichia coli
- ESBL-KP, ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae
- EUCAST, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
- Extended-spectrum β-lactamase
- IQR, Interquartile range
- KP, Klebsiella pneumoniae
- MALDI-TOF MS, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
- MDR, Multidrug-resistant
- MDROs, Multidrug-resistant organisms
- MICs, Minimal inhibitory concentrations
- MLST, Multilocus sequence typing
- MR, Methicillin-resistant
- MRCoNS, Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci
- MRSA, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- MRSP, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
- REP-PCR, Repetitive element palindromic polymerase chain reaction
- ST, Sequence type
- TMP-S, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
- Transmission
- WGS, Whole-genome sequencing
- pAmpC, Plasmid-encoded AmpC
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Dazio
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Nigg
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janne S. Schmidt
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Brilhante
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Nico Mauri
- Tierklinik Aarau West AG, Oberentfelden, Switzerland
| | - Stefan P. Kuster
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Endimiani
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schuller
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Corresponding author at: Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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21
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Neil JR, Verma A, Kronewitter SR, McGee WM, Mullen C, Viirtola M, Kotovuori A, Friedrich H, Finell J, Rannisto J, Syka JEP, Stephenson JL. Rapid MRSA detection via tandem mass spectrometry of the intact 80 kDa PBP2a resistance protein. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18309. [PMID: 34526615 PMCID: PMC8443585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97844-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections is dependent on the detection of specific bacterial genes or proteins in clinical assays. Identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is often accomplished through the detection of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a). With greater dependence on mass spectrometry (MS)-based bacterial identification, complementary efforts to detect resistance have been hindered by the complexity of those proteins responsible. Initial characterization of PBP2a indicates the presence of glycan modifications. To simplify detection, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept tandem MS approach involving the generation of N-terminal PBP2a peptide-like fragments and detection of unique product ions during top-down proteomic sample analyses. This approach was implemented for two PBP2a variants, PBP2amecA and PBP2amecC, and was accurate across a representative panel of MRSA strains with different genetic backgrounds. Additionally, PBP2amecA was successfully detected from clinical isolates using a five-minute liquid chromatographic separation and implementation of this MS detection strategy. Our results highlight the capability of direct MS-based resistance marker detection and potential advantages for implementing these approaches in clinical diagnostics.
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22
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Complete Circular Genome Sequence of a mecB- and mecD-Containing Strain of Macrococcus canis. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0040821. [PMID: 34080896 PMCID: PMC8354543 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00408-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of Macrococcus canis strain 19/EPI0118, isolated from a veterinary clinic environment in Switzerland, was determined using hybrid assembly of Oxford Nanopore and Illumina reads. 19/EPI0118 harbored the methicillin resistance genes mecB and mecD on a staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element and a Macrococcus chromosomal resistance island, respectively.
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23
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Polymicrobial Necrotizing Fasciitis in a Dog: The Involvement of Macrococcus caseolyticus, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli. Case Rep Vet Med 2021; 2021:5544558. [PMID: 33859862 PMCID: PMC8024095 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5544558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A male mixed breed dog was presented with two large wounds, extending the epidermis, dermis, and fascia: one at the dorsum of the thoracolumbar region and the other at the lumbosacral area. Lesions had extended inconspicuously to the dorsum of thorax affecting a large area, which showed regions with necrotic and crepitating foci after shaving. Based on histopathological and bacterial culture examinations, polymicrobial necrotizing fasciitis (NF) was diagnosed. Using the Bruker MALDI Biotyper identification technique, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli were identified. Hitherto, there is no report on these bacteria linking them simultaneously to NF in a dog. In addition, the authors highlight other microbes associated with NF in humans and animals.
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24
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Ngassam Tchamba C, Duprez JN, Lucas P, Blanchard Y, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Argudín MA, Mainil J, Thiry D. Comparison of the Staphylococcal Chromosome Cassette (SCC) mec in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Non- aureus Staphylococci (MRNAS) from Animals and Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030256. [PMID: 33806351 PMCID: PMC7998684 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and non-aureus staphylococci (MRNAS) cause different infections in animals, including mastitis, in livestock and humans. This study aimed to identify and compare the staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) types of MRSA or MRNAS isolated from several animal species and humans in different countries. Of 1462 S. aureus and non-aureus staphylococci, 68 grew on Chrom MRSA ID® agar, were phenotypically resistant to cefoxitin and tested positive with the PCR for the mecA gene. These 60 MRSA and 8 MRNAS were isolated in Belgium mainly from cows (livestock-associated (LA) MRS) and humans (community-acquired (CA) MRS) and in Japan from dogs and cats. The SCCmec cassettes were identified by multiplex PCR in 52 MRSA and 7 MRNAS and by whole genome sequencing (WGS) in 8 additional MRSA. The SCCmec types IV and V were the most frequent in Belgian LA-MRS and CA-MRS, while the SCCmec type II was identified in four of the five Japanese MRSA. The remaining isolate was a bovine S. haemolyticus in which no SCCmec was identified. These results confirm the high prevalence of the SCCmec types IV and V in LA-MRS and CA-MRS in Belgium, emphasizing the possible public health hazard of the former, and the absence of SCCmec in some MRNAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Ngassam Tchamba
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.N.T.); (J.-N.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Jean-Noël Duprez
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.N.T.); (J.-N.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- Viral Genetics and Bio-Security Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Rue des Fusillés, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (P.L.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Viral Genetics and Bio-Security Unit, ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Rue des Fusillés, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (P.L.); (Y.B.)
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.B.); (F.H.)
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (F.B.); (F.H.)
| | - Maria A. Argudín
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Catholic University of Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Jacques Mainil
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.N.T.); (J.-N.D.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Fundamental and Applied Research in Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.N.T.); (J.-N.D.); (D.T.)
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25
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Porcellato D, Smistad M, Bombelli A, Abdelghani A, Jørgensen HJ, Skeie SB. Longitudinal Study of the Bulk Tank Milk Microbiota Reveals Major Temporal Shifts in Composition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:616429. [PMID: 33708181 PMCID: PMC7940241 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.616429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction of microbial contaminations in the dairy value chain starts at the farm level and the initial microbial composition may severely affect the production of high-quality dairy products. Therefore, understanding the farm-to-farm variation and longitudinal shifts in the composition of the bulk tank milk microbiota is fundamental to increase the quality and reduce the spoilage and waste of milk and dairy products. In this study, we performed a double experiment to study long- and short-term longitudinal shifts in microbial composition using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We analyzed milk from 37 farms, that had also been investigated two years earlier, to understand the stability and overall microbial changes over a longer time span. In addition, we sampled bulk tank milk from five farms every 1–2 weeks for up to 7 months to observe short-term changes in microbial composition. We demonstrated that a persistent and farm-specific microbiota is found in bulk tank milk and that changes in composition within the same farm are mostly driven by bacterial genera associated with mastitis (e.g., Staphylococcus and Streptococcus). On a long-term, we detected that major shift in milk microbiota were not correlated with farm settings, such as milking system, number of cows and quality of the milk but other factors, such as weather and feeding, may have had a greater impact on the main shifts in composition of the bulk tank milk microbiota. Our results provide new information regarding the ecology of raw milk microbiota at the farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Porcellato
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU, Ås, Norway
| | - Marit Smistad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.,TINE SA, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alberto Bombelli
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Science, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Abdelghani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU, Ås, Norway
| | - Hannah Joan Jørgensen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU, Ås, Norway
| | - Siv B Skeie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU, Ås, Norway
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26
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Schwendener S, Keller JE, Overesch G, Perreten V. Novel SCCmec element containing the methicillin resistance gene mecD in Macrococcus bohemicus. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 24:360-362. [PMID: 33571707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Schwendener
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Gudrun Overesch
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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27
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Dazio V, Nigg A, Schmidt JS, Brilhante M, Mauri N, Kuster SP, Brawand SG, Schüpbach-Regula G, Willi B, Endimiani A, Perreten V, Schuller S. Acquisition and carriage of multidrug-resistant organisms in dogs and cats presented to small animal practices and clinics in Switzerland. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:970-979. [PMID: 33527554 PMCID: PMC7995377 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) present a threat to human and animal health. OBJECTIVES To assess acquisition, prevalence of and risk factors for MDRO carriage in dogs and cats presented to veterinary clinics or practices in Switzerland. ANIMALS Privately owned dogs (n = 183) and cats (n = 88) presented to 4 veterinary hospitals and 1 practice. METHODS Prospective, longitudinal, observational study. Oronasal and rectal swabs were collected at presentation and 69% of animals were sampled again at discharge. Methicillin-resistant (MR) staphylococci and macrococci, cephalosporinase-, and carbapenemase-producing (CP) Enterobacterales were isolated. Genetic relatedness of isolates was assessed by repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction and multilocus sequence typing. Risk factors for MDRO acquisition and carriage were analyzed based on questionnaire-derived and hospitalization data. RESULTS Admission prevalence of MDRO carriage in pets was 15.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.4-20.4). The discharge prevalence and acquisition rates were 32.1% (95% CI, 25.5-39.3) and 28.3% (95% CI, 22-35.4), respectively. Predominant hospital-acquired isolates were extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E coli; 17.3%) and β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.7%). At 1 institution, a cluster of 24 highly genetically related CP (blaoxa181 and blaoxa48 ) was identified. Multivariate analysis identified hospitalization at clinic 1 (odds ratio [OR], 5.1; 95% CI, 1.6-16.8) and days of hospitalization (OR 3-5 days, 4.4; 95% CI, 1.8-10.9; OR > 5 days, 6.2; 95% CI, 1.3-28.8) as risk factors for MDRO acquisition in dogs. CONCLUSIONS Veterinary hospitals play an important role in the selection and transmission of MDRO among veterinary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Dazio
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Nigg
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janne S Schmidt
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Brilhante
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nico Mauri
- Tierklinik Aarau West AG, Oberentfelden, Switzerland
| | - Stephan P Kuster
- Better Together Healthcare Consulting, Steinackerstrasse 44, Wiesendangen, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Endimiani
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Faculty of Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schuller
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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28
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da Silva Abreu AC, Matos LG, da Silva Cândido TJ, Barboza GR, de Souza VVMA, Munive Nuñez KV, Cirone Silva NC. Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from organic and conventional Minas Frescal cheese producers in São Paulo, Brazil. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4012-4022. [PMID: 33516545 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The genus Staphylococcus is recognized worldwide as a cause of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Antibiotics used in dairy cattle combined with ineffective control can increase antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to characterize 95 Staphylococcus strains isolated from organic and conventional Minas Frescal cheese production regarding antibiotic resistance (phenotype and genotype), presence of sanitizer-resistant genes and biofilm-formation genes, and SCCmec typing. Most strains (25.3%) showed higher resistance to penicillin, followed by oxacillin (21.1%) and clindamycin (11.6%). Among antibiotic resistance genes, the most prevalent were blaZ (25.3%), mecA (13.7%), lsaB (6.3%), msrA (4.2%), ant4 (3.2%), and tetM (2.1%); among sanitizer-resistance genes they were qacA/B (5.3%) and qacC (6.3%); and among biofilm, bap (4.2%), icaA (29.5%), icaD (41.1%). However, there was no statistically significant difference between organic and conventional dairy products, possibly due to the lack of synthetic antibiotic use on conventional farms during the sample collection period. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) had their SCCmec identified as types I and IVc, and the methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci had nontypeable SCCmec. These results suggest that there are antibiotic-resistant strains in both organic and conventional Minas Frescal cheese production in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This supports the idea that improved quality control is needed from the milking stage up to the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz Gustavo Matos
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Talita Junia da Silva Cândido
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Giovana Rueda Barboza
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | | | - Karen Vanessa Munive Nuñez
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
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Ramos GLPA, Vigoder HC, Nascimento JS. Technological Applications of Macrococcus caseolyticus and its Impact on Food Safety. Curr Microbiol 2020; 78:11-16. [PMID: 33165661 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrococcus spp. are Gram-positive cocci that belong to the Staphylococcaceae family; they are closely related to staphylococci, but, unlike staphylococci, they are not considered as human pathogens. Macrococcus spp. are recognized as relevant veterinary pathogens, and their presence has been reported in food products of animal origin. Macrococcus caseolyticus, the most studied species of the Macrococcus genus, is associated with the development of aroma and flavor in fermented foods and is, thus, used as starter cultures in fermentations. However, certain important issues regarding food safety must be taken into account when employing these microorganisms in fermentations. Recent studies have reported the presence of genes associated with resistance to methicillin and other antibiotics in M. caseolyticus. This can be harmful to human health as these genes can be transferred to other bacteria present in the food, mainly staphylococcal species. This work, therefore, aims to highlight the importance of a more critical view on the presence of macrococci in foods and the possible indirect risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H C Vigoder
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J S Nascimento
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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30
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Amin DHM, Guler E, Baddal B. Prevalence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates at a university hospital in Northern Cyprus: a pilot study. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:490. [PMID: 33081819 PMCID: PMC7576721 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a healthcare problem worldwide. There are no reports on the virulence characteristics of MRSA in Northern Cyprus (NC). This study aimed to determine the presence of pvl among MRSA isolates from patients admitted to a university hospital in NC using molecular methods. Fifty S. aureus strains were included in this study. BD Phoenix automated identification system was used for bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Methicillin resistance was confirmed by disc diffusion assay. Presence of nuc and mecA genes was tested by multiplex PCR. Detection of pvl gene was performed by single-target PCR. Results Out of 50 S. aureus isolates identified as MRSA by BD Phoenix system, 3 were susceptible to cefoxitin with disc diffusion assay and were confirmed as methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). All isolates (n = 50, 100%) tested positive for the presence nuc gene and 68% (n = 34/50) were mecA positive. pvl was detected in 27.7% (n = 13/47) of the MRSA isolates. Among PVL-positive MRSA isolates, 69.2% (9/13) were inpatients. PVL-MRSA was more common in isolates from deep tracheal aspirate (30.8%, 4/13) and abscess/wound (23.1%, 3/13). This represents the first study of PVL presence among MRSA in hospital setting in NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyar Hameed M Amin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Near East Boulevard, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Emrah Guler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Near East Boulevard, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Buket Baddal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Near East Boulevard, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus. .,Microbial Pathogenesis Research Group, DESAM Institute, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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31
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Methicillin-Resistant Macrococcus bohemicus Encoding a Divergent SCC mecB Element. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090590. [PMID: 32927653 PMCID: PMC7560078 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A methicillin-resistant Macrococcus isolate from canine otitis, H889678/16/1, was whole-genome sequenced using HiSeq technology to identify the species, antimicrobial resistance determinates and their genomic context. H889678/16/1 belonged to the newly described species Macrococcus bohemicus. It encoded mecB within a novel SCCmec element most similar to that of Macrococcus canis KM45013T. This SCCmecH889678/16/1 element also encoded blaZm and fusC, but no other resistance determinates were found in the H889678/16/1 genome. The ccrA and ccrB recombinase genes within SCCmecH889678/16/1 were distinct from those previously described in staphylococci and macrococci and therefore designated here as ccrAm3 and ccrBm3. Our study represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first description of mecB being encoded by M. bohemicus and of methicillin resistance in this species. Furthermore, the SCCmec described here is highly dissimilar to other such elements and encodes novel ccr genes. Our report demonstrates a wider distribution of mecB among Macrococcus species and expands the genomic context in which mecB may be found. The potential for dissemination of mec genes from Macrococcus to related but more pathogenic Staphylococcus species highlights the need to understand the epidemiology of these genes in macrococci.
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32
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Chanchaithong P, Perreten V, Schwendener S. Macrococcus canis contains recombinogenic methicillin resistance elements and the mecB plasmid found in Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:2531-2536. [PMID: 31243455 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the genetic context of mecB in two Macrococcus canis strains from dogs, compare the mecB-containing elements with those found in other Macrococcus and Staphylococcus species, and identify possible mobilizable mecB subunits. METHODS Whole genomes of the M. canis strains Epi0076A and KM0218 were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technologies. Multiple PCRs and restriction analysis confirmed structures of mecB-containing elements, circularization and recombination of mecB subunits. RESULTS Both M. canis strains contained novel composite pseudo (Ψ) staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements. Integration site sequences for SCC flanked and subdivided composite ΨSCCmecEpi0076A (69569 bp) into ΨSCC1Epi0076A-ΨSCCmecEpi0076A-ΨSCC2Epi0076A and composite ΨSCCmecKM0218 (24554 bp) into ΨSCCKM0218-ΨSCCmecKM0218. Putative γ-haemolysin genes (hlgB and hlgC) were found at the 3' end of both composite elements. ΨSCCmecKM0218 contained a complete mecB gene complex (mecIm-mecR1m-mecB-blaZm) downstream of a new IS21-family member (ISMaca1). ΨSCCmecEpi0076A carried a blaZm-deleted mecB gene complex similar to that reported in 'Macrococcus goetzii' CCM4927T. A second mecB gene was found on the 81325 bp MDR plasmid pKM0218 in KM0218. This plasmid contained a complete Tn6045-associated mecB gene complex distinct from that of ΨSCCmecKM0218. pKM0218 was almost identical to the mecB-containing plasmid recently reported in Staphylococcus aureus (overall 99.96% nucleotide identity). Mobilization of mecB within an unconventional circularizable structure was observed in Epi0076A as well as chromosomal plasmid insertion via recombination of mecB operons in KM0218. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence of both the continuing evolution of mecB-containing elements in macrococci and M. canis as a potential source of the mecB-containing plasmid found in staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattrarat Chanchaithong
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogen Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sybille Schwendener
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Schmidt JS, Kuster SP, Nigg A, Dazio V, Brilhante M, Rohrbach H, Bernasconi OJ, Büdel T, Campos-Madueno EI, Gobeli Brawand S, Schuller S, Endimiani A, Perreten V, Willi B. Poor infection prevention and control standards are associated with environmental contamination with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales and other multidrug-resistant bacteria in Swiss companion animal clinics. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:93. [PMID: 32576281 PMCID: PMC7310346 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intensive medical care in companion animal clinics could pose a risk for the selection and dissemination of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Infection prevention and control (IPC) concepts are key measures to reduce the spread of MDROs, but data on IPC standards in companion animal clinics is sparse. The study assessed IPC standards in seven companion animal clinics and practices in Switzerland by structured IPC audits and combined results with environmental MDRO contamination and MDRO carriage of the personnel. Methods IPC audits were held between August 2018 and January 2019. The observations in 34 IPC areas were scored based on predefined criteria (not fulfilled/partially fulfilled/fulfilled = score 0/1/2). Environmental swabs and nasal and stool samples from veterinary personnel were tested for methicillin-resistant (MR) staphylococci and macrococci and for colistin-resistant, extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing (CP) Enterobacterales (CPE). Species was identified by MALDI-TOF MS, antimicrobial resistance determined by microdilution and β-lactam resistance gene detection, and genetic relatedness assessed by REP−/ERIC-PCR and multilocus sequence typing. Results Of a maximum total IPC score of 68, the institutions reached a median (range) score of 33 (19–55). MDROs were detected in median (range) 8.2% (0–33.3%) of the sampling sites. Clinics with low IPC standards showed extensive environmental contamination, i.e. of intensive care units, consultation rooms and utensils. CPE were detected in two clinics; one of them showed extensive contamination with CP Klebsiella pneumoniae (ST11, blaOXA-48) and MR Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (ST551, mecA). Despite low IPC scores, environmental contamination with MDROs was low in primary opinion practices. Three employees were colonized with Escherichia coli ST131 (blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-14). Two employees carried CP E. coli closely related to environmental (ST410, blaOXA-181) and patient-derived isolates (ST167, blaNDM-5). MR Staphylococcus aureus (ST225, mecA) and MR S. pseudintermedius (ST551, mecA) of the same sequence types and with similar resistance profiles were found in employees and the environment in two clinics. Conclusions The study indicates that IPC standards in companion animal clinics are variable and that insufficient IPC standards could contribute to the evolution of MDROs which can be transferred between the environment and working personnel. The implementation of IPC concepts in companion animal clinics should urgently be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne S Schmidt
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan P Kuster
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Nigg
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Dazio
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Brilhante
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helene Rohrbach
- Small Animal Clinic, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Odette J Bernasconi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Büdel
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edgar I Campos-Madueno
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Gobeli Brawand
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schuller
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Endimiani
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ibrahim YM, Abu El-Wafa WM. Evaluation of fosfomycin combined with vancomycin against vancomycin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci. J Chemother 2020; 32:411-419. [DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2020.1761638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Musa Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology, General Division of Basic Medical Sciences, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Wael Mohamed Abu El-Wafa
- Department of Microbiology, General Division of Basic Medical Sciences, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
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The Novel Macrolide Resistance Genes mef(D), msr(F), and msr(H) Are Present on Resistance Islands in Macrococcus canis, Macrococcus caseolyticus, and Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00160-20. [PMID: 32122903 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00160-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal resistance islands containing the methicillin resistance gene mecD (McRI mecD ) have been reported in Macrococcus caseolyticus Here, we identified novel macrolide resistance genes in Macrococcus canis on similar elements, called McRI msr These elements were also integrated into the 3' end of the 30S ribosomal protein S9 gene (rpsI), delimited by characteristic attachment (att) sites, and carried a related site-specific integrase gene (int) at the 5' end. They carried novel macrolide resistance genes belonging to the msr family of ABC subfamily F (ABC-F)-type ribosomal protection protein [msr(F) and msr(H)] and the macrolide efflux mef family [mef(D)]. Highly related mef(D)-msr(F) fragments were found on diverse McRI msr elements in M. canis, M. caseolyticus, and Staphylococcus aureus Another McRI msr -like element identified in an M. canis strain lacked the classical att site at the 3' end and carried the msr(H) gene but no neighboring mef gene. The expression of the novel resistance genes in S. aureus resulted in a low-to-moderate increase in the MIC of erythromycin but not streptogramin B. In the mef(D)-msr(F) operon, the msr(F) gene was shown to be the crucial determinant for macrolide resistance. The detection of circular forms of McRI msr and the mef(D)-msr(F) fragment suggested mobility of both the island and the resistance gene subunit. The discovery of McRI msr in different Macrococcus species and S. aureus indicates that these islands have a potential for dissemination of antibiotic resistance within the Staphylococcaceae family.
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Schlattmann A, von Lützau K, Kaspar U, Becker K. The Porcine Nasal Microbiota with Particular Attention to Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Germany-A Culturomic Approach. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040514. [PMID: 32260366 PMCID: PMC7232296 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) remains a serious public health threat. Porcine nasal cavities are predominant habitats of LA-MRSA. Hence, components of their microbiota might be of interest as putative antagonistically acting competitors. Here, an extensive culturomics approach has been applied including 27 healthy pigs from seven different farms; five were treated with antibiotics prior to sampling. Overall, 314 different species with standing in nomenclature and 51 isolates representing novel bacterial taxa were detected. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from pigs on all seven farms sampled, comprising ten different spa types with t899 (n = 15, 29.4%) and t337 (n = 10, 19.6%) being most frequently isolated. Twenty-six MRSA (mostly t899) were detected on five out of the seven farms. Positive correlations between MRSA colonization and age and colonization with Streptococcus hyovaginalis, and a negative correlation between colonization with MRSA and Citrobacter spp. were found (p < 0.05). Of 209 non-S. aureus members of the Staphylococcaceae family, 25 isolates (12.0%) from three out of the seven farms exhibited methicillin resistance, including two Macrococcus goetzii isolates carrying the mecB gene. Among 125 Enterobacterales, none tested positive for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase production. The high frequency of methicillin-resistant staphylococci supports the need for enhanced efforts within the “One Health” concept to manage the antibiotic resistance crisis in the human and veterinary medicine sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schlattmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (A.S.); (K.v.L.); (U.K.)
| | - Knut von Lützau
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (A.S.); (K.v.L.); (U.K.)
| | - Ursula Kaspar
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (A.S.); (K.v.L.); (U.K.)
- Landeszentrum Gesundheit Nordrhein-Westfalen, Fachgruppe Infektiologie und Hygiene, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (A.S.); (K.v.L.); (U.K.)
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3834-86-5560
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Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Lineages in Wild Animals in Europe: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9030122. [PMID: 32183272 PMCID: PMC7148531 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunist pathogen that is responsible for numerous types of infections. S. aureus is known for its ability to easily acquire antibiotic resistance determinants. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of infections both in humans and animals and is usually associated with a multidrug-resistant profile. MRSA dissemination is increasing due to its capability of establishing new reservoirs and has been found in humans, animals and the environment. Despite the fact that the information on the incidence of MRSA in the environment and, in particular, in wild animals, is scarce, some studies have reported the presence of these strains among wildlife with no direct contact with antibiotics. This shows a possible transmission between species and, consequently, a public health concern. The aim of this review is to better understand the distribution, prevalence and molecular lineages of MRSA in European free-living animals.
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Becker K, Both A, Weißelberg S, Heilmann C, Rohde H. Emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:349-366. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1730813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Becker
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Both
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samira Weißelberg
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine Heilmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Susceptible and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Wild, Captive and Laboratory Rats: Effect of Habitat on the Nasal S. aureus Population. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020080. [PMID: 31991690 PMCID: PMC7076793 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats are a reservoir of human- and livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the composition of the natural S. aureus population in wild and laboratory rats is largely unknown. Here, 144 nasal S. aureus isolates from free-living wild rats, captive wild rats and laboratory rats were genotyped and profiled for antibiotic resistances and human-specific virulence genes. The nasal S. aureus carriage rate was higher among wild rats (23.4%) than laboratory rats (12.3%). Free-living wild rats were primarily colonized with isolates of clonal complex (CC) 49 and CC130 and maintained these strains even in husbandry. Moreover, upon livestock contact, CC398 isolates were acquired. In contrast, laboratory rats were colonized with many different S. aureus lineages—many of which are commonly found in humans. Five captive wild rats were colonized with CC398-MRSA. Moreover, a single CC30-MRSA and two CC130-MRSA were detected in free-living or captive wild rats. Rat-derived S. aureus isolates rarely harbored the phage-carried immune evasion gene cluster or superantigen genes, suggesting long-term adaptation to their host. Taken together, our study revealed a natural S. aureus population in wild rats, as well as a colonization pressure on wild and laboratory rats by exposure to livestock- and human-associated S. aureus, respectively.
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Jung D, Rubin JE. Identification of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from plant-based food products imported into Canada. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 319:108509. [PMID: 31945714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of plant-based foods in the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance has been inadequately studied. In this investigation, resistant organisms from vegetables, fruits and spices imported into Canada were identified and characterized. A total of 143 products imported from primarily Asian and African countries were purchased from international markets in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Samples were selectively cultured for bacterial species where resistance is known to be emerging. The proportions of samples positive for each organism were as follows: E. coli (n = 13, 9.1%), Salmonella spp. (n = 2, 1.4%), ESBL producing Enterobacter spp. (n = 2, 1.4%) and K. pneumoniae (n = 2, 1.4%), S. aureus (n = 7, 4.9%) and Enterococcus spp. (n = 66, 46.2%). Antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by broth micro-dilution and agar-dilution. Based on the susceptibility of each organism, isolates were screened for resistance genes (β-lactamases and plasmid mediated quinolones resistance determinants) by PCR. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were identified from 6/143 (4.2%) and 2/143 (1.4%) of samples respectively. The qnrB, qnrS and aac(6')-Ib-cr plasmid mediated quinolone resistance determinants were identified in 2/143 (1.4%) of samples tested. None of the Enterobacteriaceae isolates were resistant to meropenem or colistin. Similarly, all Enterococcus isolates remained susceptible to ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin. Finding multi-drug resistant bacteria which are frequently isolated from human infections is concerning, although the contribution of the global food trade to the dissemination of resistance remains cryptic. These results suggest that imported plant-based foods may be an underappreciated source of clinically relevant resistant organisms. Further study is required to address these gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of resistance, and the magnitude of the risk posed to human health by these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph E Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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41
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Enzyme-based strategy to eradicate monospecies Macrococcus caseolyticus biofilm contamination in dairy industries. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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42
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Giulieri SG, Tong SYC, Williamson DA. Using genomics to understand meticillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Microb Genom 2020; 6:e000324. [PMID: 31913111 PMCID: PMC7067033 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to meticillin and vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus significantly complicates the management of severe infections like bacteraemia, endocarditis or osteomyelitis. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms and genomic epidemiology of resistance to these agents, with a focus on how genomics has provided insights into the emergence and evolution of major meticillin-resistant S. aureus clones. We also provide insights on the use of bacterial whole-genome sequencing to inform management of S. aureus infections and for control of transmission at the hospital and in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano G. Giulieri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Infectious Disease Department, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steven Y. C. Tong
- Victorian Infectious Disease Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Doherty Department University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - Deborah A. Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Typing of mecD Islands in Genetically Diverse Methicillin-Resistant Macrococcus caseolyticus Strains from Cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01496-19. [PMID: 31375493 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01496-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrococcus caseolyticus belongs to the normal bacterial flora of dairy cows and does not usually cause disease. However, methicillin-resistant M. caseolyticus strains were isolated from bovine mastitis milk. These bacteria had acquired a chromosomal island (McRI mecD -1 or McRI mecD -2) carrying the methicillin resistance gene mecD To gain insight into the distribution of McRI mecD types in M. caseolyticus from cattle, 33 mecD-containing strains from Switzerland were characterized using molecular techniques, including multilocus sequence typing, antibiotic resistance gene identification, and PCR-based McRI mecD typing. In addition, the same genetic features were analyzed in 27 mecD-containing M. caseolyticus strains isolated from bovine bulk milk in England/Wales using publicly available whole-genome sequences. The 60 strains belonged to 24 different sequence types (STs), with strains belonging to ST5, ST6, ST21, and ST26 observed in both Switzerland and England/Wales. McRI mecD -1 was found in different STs from Switzerland (n = 19) and England/Wales (n = 4). McRI mecD -2 was only found in 7 strains from Switzerland, all of which belonged to ST6. A novel island, McRI mecD -3, which contains a complete mecD operon (mecD-mecR1m-mecIm [where the subscript m indicates Macrococcus]) combined with the left part of McRI mecD -2 and the right part of McRI mecD -1, was found in heterogeneous STs from both collections (Switzerland, n = 7; England/Wales, n = 21). Two strains from England/Wales carried a truncated McRI mecD -3. Phylogenetic analyses revealed no clustering of strains according to geographical origin or carriage of McRI mecD -1 and McRI mecD -3. Circular excisions were also detected for McRI mecD -1 and McRI mecD -3 by PCR. The analyses indicate that these islands are mobile and may spread by horizontal gene transfer between genetically diverse M. caseolyticus strains.IMPORTANCE Since its first description in 2017, the methicillin resistance gene mecD has been detected in M. caseolyticus strains from different cattle sources and countries. Our study provides new insights into the molecular diversity of mecD-carrying M. caseolyticus strains by using two approaches to characterize mecD elements: (i) multiplex PCR for molecular typing of McRI mecD and (ii) read mapping against reference sequences to identify McRI mecD types in silico In combination with multilocus sequence typing, this approach can be used for molecular characterization and surveillance of M. caseolyticus carrying mecD.
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Hammer P, Jordan J, Jacobs C, Klempt M. Characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci from brining baths in Germany. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8734-8744. [PMID: 31421877 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brining is an important step in cheese making, and using brine baths for this purpose is common practice in German dairies. Time of brining, brine concentration, and composition of the complex and heterogeneous microbiota, including coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), contribute to the ripening and taste of cheese. As well as producing staphylococcal enterotoxins, some CNS show antibiotic resistance; therefore, we isolated 52 strains of presumptive CNS from cheese brines from 13 factories in Germany. Species identification by sodA gene sequencing revealed that 50 isolates were CNS: 31 Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 4 Staphylococcus carnosus, 4 Staphylococcus equorum, 3 Staphylococcus sciuri, 2 Staphylococcus hominis, and 2 Staphylococcus warneri. One isolate each was identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus pasteurii, Staphylococcus succinus, and Staphylococcus xylosus. Further subtyping of the Staph. saprophyticus isolates to the subspecies level revealed the presence of 6 Staph. saprophyticus ssp. saprophyticus. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with the identified Staph. saprophyticus strains, 12 independent clones were identified, resulting in the exclusion of 18 strains from further testing. In 19 of the remaining 32 CNS isolates, resistance to antibiotics was observed. Resistance was found against oxacillin (17), penicillin (5), and cefoxitin (1). Four isolates expressed resistance to both oxacillin and penicillin. No resistance was found to enrofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, or erythromycin. Then, PCR analysis for antibiotic resistance genes was performed for 22 different genes. Only genes blaZ and blaTEM were found in 7 isolates. These isolates were selected for challenge tests with different concentrations of lactic acid and NaCl to examine whether expression of antibiotic resistance was influenced by these stressors. An increase in the minimal inhibitory concentration from 0 to 2.0 µg/mL was seen for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole only in one isolate of Staph. saprophyticus at an increased lactic acid concentration. Finally, all isolates were tested for genetic determinants (entA, entB, entC, entD, and entE) of the most common staphylococcal enterotoxins; none of these genes were detected. We found no indication for unacceptable risks originating from the isolated CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hammer
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 24103 Kiel, Germany.
| | - J Jordan
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - C Jacobs
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - M Klempt
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, 24103 Kiel, Germany
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Draft Genome Sequences of Macrococcus caseolyticus, Macrococcus canis, Macrococcus bohemicus, and Macrococcus goetzii. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/19/e00343-19. [PMID: 31072881 PMCID: PMC6509530 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00343-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the draft genome sequences of 14 strains of 4 species of the genus Macrococcus. These strains were isolated from bovine milk and tongue samples obtained during a screening program. Here, we present the draft genome sequences of 14 strains of 4 species of the genus Macrococcus. These strains were isolated from bovine milk and tongue samples obtained during a screening program.
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Becker K, van Alen S, Idelevich EA, Schleimer N, Seggewiß J, Mellmann A, Kaspar U, Peters G. Plasmid-Encoded Transferable mecB-Mediated Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:242-248. [PMID: 29350135 PMCID: PMC5782906 DOI: 10.3201/eid2402.171074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During cefoxitin-based nasal screening, phenotypically categorized methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated and tested negative for the presence of the mecA and mecC genes as well as for the SCCmec-orfX junction region. The isolate was found to carry a mecB gene previously described for Macrococcus caseolyticus but not for staphylococcal species. The gene is flanked by β-lactam regulatory genes similar to mecR, mecI, and blaZ and is part of an 84.6-kb multidrug-resistance plasmid that harbors genes encoding additional resistances to aminoglycosides (aacA-aphD, aphA, and aadK) as well as macrolides (ermB) and tetracyclines (tetS). This further plasmidborne β-lactam resistance mechanism harbors the putative risk of acceleration or reacceleration of MRSA spread, resulting in broad ineffectiveness of β-lactams as a main therapeutic application against staphylococcal infections.
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Kaspar U, von Lützau A, Schlattmann A, Roesler U, Köck R, Becker K. Zoonotic multidrug-resistant microorganisms among small companion animals in Germany. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208364. [PMID: 30532196 PMCID: PMC6285998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MDRO) can be transmitted between companion animals and their human owners. Aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) and Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in different companion animal species. Dogs (n = 192), cats (n = 74), and rabbits (n = 17), treated in a veterinary practice and hospital or living in an animal shelter and private households, were sampled. All facilities were located in a region characterized by a high density of pig production. Nasal, buccal and perianal swabs were enriched and cultured on solid chromogenic selective media. A subgroup of 20 animals (13 dogs, 3 cats, 4 rabbits) was analyzed for the presence of staphylococci other than S. aureus. Amongst all animals (n = 283), twenty dogs (10.4%) and six cats (8.1%) carried S. aureus. MRSA was found in five dogs (2.6%) and two cats (2.7%). Isolates were of spa types t011, t034, t108 (all mecA-positive, ST398), and t843 (mecC-positive, ST130), typical for livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA. Except for one dog, MRSA-positive animals did not have direct contact to husbandry. ESBL-Escherichia coli (blaCTX-M/blaTEM/blaSHV genes) were present in seven dogs (3.6%), one cat (1.4%) possessed a cefotaxime-resistant Citrobacter freundii isolate (blaTEM/blaCMY-2 genes). MDRO carriage was associated with animals from veterinary medical settings (p<0.05). One dog and one rabbit carried methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci. The exclusive occurrence of MRSA lineages typically described for livestock stresses the impact of MDRO strain dissemination across species barriers in regional settings. Presence of ESBL-E and LA-MRSA among pets and probable dissemination in clinical settings support the necessity of a “One Health” approach to address the potential threats due to MDRO-carrying companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Kaspar
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexa von Lützau
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlattmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, FU Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin Köck
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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48
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Miragaia M. Factors Contributing to the Evolution of mecA-Mediated β-lactam Resistance in Staphylococci: Update and New Insights From Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2723. [PMID: 30483235 PMCID: PMC6243372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance development are fundamental to alert and preview beforehand, the large scale dissemination of resistance to antibiotics, enabling the design of strategies to prevent its spread. The mecA-mediated methicillin resistance conferring resistance to broad-spectrum β-lactams is globally spread in staphylococci including hospitals, farms and community environments, turning ineffective the most widely used and efficient class of antibiotics to treat staphylococcal infections. The use of whole genome sequencing (WGS) technologies at a bacterial population level has provided a considerable progress in the identification of key steps that led to mecA-mediated β-lactam resistance development and dissemination. Data obtained from multiple studies indicated that mecA developed from a harmless core gene (mecA1) encoding the penicillin-binding protein D (PbpD) from staphylococcal species of animal origin (S. sciuri group) due to extensive β-lactams use in human created environments. Emergence of the resistance determinant involved distortion of PbpD active site, increase in mecA1 expression, addition of regulators (mecR1, mecI) and integration into a mobile genetic element (SCCmec). SCCmec was then transferred into species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) that are able to colonize both animals and humans and subsequently transferred to S. aureus of human origin. Adaptation of S. aureus to the exogenously acquired SCCmec involved, deletion and mutation of genes implicated in general metabolism (auxiliary genes) and general stress response and the adjustment of metabolic networks, what was accompanied by an increase in β-lactams minimal inhibitory concentration and the transition from a heterogeneous to homogeneous resistance profile. Nowadays, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carrying SCCmec constitutes one of the most important worldwide pandemics. The stages of development of mecA-mediated β-lactam resistance described here may serve as a model for previewing and preventing the emergence of resistance to other classes of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Miragaia
- Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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49
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Schwendener S, Perreten V. The integrase of the Macrococcus caseolyticus
resistance island mecD
(McRI
mecD
) inserts DNA site-specifically into Staphylococcus
and Bacillus
chromosomes. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:455-468. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Schwendener
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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50
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Lakhundi S, Zhang K. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Characterization, Evolution, and Epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00020-18. [PMID: 30209034 PMCID: PMC6148192 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00020-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 754] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, has a collection of virulence factors and the ability to acquire resistance to most antibiotics. This ability is further augmented by constant emergence of new clones, making S. aureus a "superbug." Clinical use of methicillin has led to the appearance of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The past few decades have witnessed the existence of new MRSA clones. Unlike traditional MRSA residing in hospitals, the new clones can invade community settings and infect people without predisposing risk factors. This evolution continues with the buildup of the MRSA reservoir in companion and food animals. This review focuses on imparting a better understanding of MRSA evolution and its molecular characterization and epidemiology. We first describe the origin of MRSA, with emphasis on the diverse nature of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). mecA and its new homologues (mecB, mecC, and mecD), SCCmec types (13 SCCmec types have been discovered to date), and their classification criteria are discussed. The review then describes various typing methods applied to study the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary nature of MRSA. Starting with the historical methods and continuing to the advanced whole-genome approaches, typing of collections of MRSA has shed light on the origin, spread, and evolutionary pathways of MRSA clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahreena Lakhundi
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kunyan Zhang
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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