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Beykou M, Bousgouni V, Moser N, Georgiou P, Bakal C. Biocompatibility characterisation of CMOS-based Lab-on-Chip electrochemical sensors for in vitro cancer cell culture applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 262:116513. [PMID: 38941688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Lab-on-Chip electrochemical sensors, such as Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors (ISFETs), are being developed for use in point-of-care diagnostics, such as pH detection of tumour microenvironments, due to their integration with standard Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. With this approach, the passivation of the CMOS process is used as a sensing layer to minimise post-processing, and Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) is the most common material at the microchip surface. ISFETs have the potential to be used for cell-based assays however, there is a poor understanding of the biocompatibility of microchip surfaces. Here, we quantitatively evaluated cell adhesion, morphogenesis, proliferation and mechano-responsiveness of both normal and cancer cells cultured on a Si3N4, sensor surface. We demonstrate that both normal and cancer cell adhesion decreased on Si3N4. Activation of the mechano-responsive transcription regulators, YAP/TAZ, are significantly decreased in cancer cells on Si3N4 in comparison to standard cell culture plastic, whilst proliferation marker, Ki67, expression markedly increased. Non-tumorigenic cells on chip showed less sensitivity to culture on Si3N4 than cancer cells. Treatment with extracellular matrix components increased cell adhesion in normal and cancer cell cultures, surpassing the adhesiveness of plastic alone. Moreover, poly-l-ornithine and laminin treatment restored YAP/TAZ levels in both non-tumorigenic and cancer cells to levels comparable to those observed on plastic. Thus, engineering the electrochemical sensor surface with treatments will provide a more physiologically relevant environment for future cell-based assay development on chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Beykou
- Imperial College London, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Circuits and Systems Group, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK; Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Biology, Dynamical Cell Systems, London, SW3 6JB, UK; Cancer Research UK Convergence Science Centre, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Vicky Bousgouni
- Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Biology, Dynamical Cell Systems, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nicolas Moser
- Imperial College London, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Circuits and Systems Group, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK; Cancer Research UK Convergence Science Centre, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pantelis Georgiou
- Imperial College London, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Circuits and Systems Group, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK; Cancer Research UK Convergence Science Centre, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Chris Bakal
- Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Biology, Dynamical Cell Systems, London, SW3 6JB, UK; Cancer Research UK Convergence Science Centre, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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2
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Ghaffari-Bohlouli P, Jafari H, Okoro OV, Alimoradi H, Nie L, Jiang G, Kakkar A, Shavandi A. Gas Therapy: Generating, Delivery, and Biomedical Applications. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301349. [PMID: 38193272 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and hydrogen (H2) with direct effects, and carbon dioxide (CO2) with complementary effects on the condition of various diseases are known as therapeutic gases. The targeted delivery and in situ generation of these therapeutic gases with controllable release at the site of disease has attracted attention to avoid the risk of gas poisoning and improve their performance in treating various diseases such as cancer therapy, cardiovascular therapy, bone tissue engineering, and wound healing. Stimuli-responsive gas-generating sources and delivery systems based on biomaterials that enable on-demand and controllable release are promising approaches for precise gas therapy. This work highlights current advances in the design and development of new approaches and systems to generate and deliver therapeutic gases at the site of disease with on-demand release behavior. The performance of the delivered gases in various biomedical applications is then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Ghaffari-Bohlouli
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Hafez Jafari
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Oseweuba Valentine Okoro
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Houman Alimoradi
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Lei Nie
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Guohua Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ashok Kakkar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Amin Shavandi
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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3
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Pezzotti G, Ohgitani E, Ikegami S, Shin-Ya M, Adachi T, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N, Marin E, Zhu W, Okuma K, Mazda O. Instantaneous Inactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus by Silicon Nitride Bioceramics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12657. [PMID: 37628838 PMCID: PMC10454075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrolytic reactions taking place at the surface of a silicon nitride (Si3N4) bioceramic were found to induce instantaneous inactivation of Human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1, also known as Herpes simplex virus 1 or HSV-1). Si3N4 is a non-oxide ceramic compound with strong antibacterial and antiviral properties that has been proven safe for human cells. HSV-1 is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects a variety of host tissues through a lytic and latent cycle. Real-time reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests of HSV-1 DNA after instantaneous contact with Si3N4 showed that ammonia and its nitrogen radical byproducts, produced upon Si3N4 hydrolysis, directly reacted with viral proteins and fragmented the virus DNA, irreversibly damaging its structure. A comparison carried out upon testing HSV-1 against ZrO2 particles under identical experimental conditions showed a significantly weaker (but not null) antiviral effect, which was attributed to oxygen radical influence. The results of this study extend the effectiveness of Si3N4's antiviral properties beyond their previously proven efficacy against a large variety of single-stranded enveloped and non-enveloped RNA viruses. Possible applications include the development of antiviral creams or gels and oral rinses to exploit an extremely efficient, localized, and instantaneous viral reduction by means of a safe and more effective alternative to conventional antiviral creams. Upon incorporating a minor fraction of micrometric Si3N4 particles into polymeric matrices, antiherpetic devices could be fabricated, which would effectively impede viral reactivation and enable high local effectiveness for extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (S.I.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.Y.); (N.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Eriko Ohgitani
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.)
| | - Saki Ikegami
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (S.I.); (W.Z.)
| | - Masaharu Shin-Ya
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.)
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.Y.); (N.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan;
| | - Toshiro Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (S.I.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (S.I.); (W.Z.)
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan;
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.)
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Zou R, Bi L, Huang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li L, Liu J, Feng L, Jiang X, Deng B. A biocompatible silicon nitride dental implant material prepared by digital light processing technology. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 141:105756. [PMID: 36898355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
For decades, titanium has been the preferred material for dental implant fabrication. However, metallic ions and particles can cause hypersensitivity and aseptic loosening. The growing demand for metal-free dental restorations has also promoted the development of ceramic-based dental implants, such as silicon nitride. In this study, silicon nitride (Si3N4) dental implants were fabricated for biological engineering by photosensitive resin based digital light processing (DLP) technology, comparable to conventionally produced Si3N4 ceramics. The flexural strength was (770 ± 35) MPa by the three-point bending method, and the fracture toughness was (13.3 ± 1.1) MPa · m1/2 by the unilateral pre-cracked beam method. The elastic modulus measured by the bending method was (236 ± 10) GPa. To confirm whether the prepared Si3N4 ceramics possessed good biocompatibility, in vitro biological experiments were performed with the fibroblast cell line L-929, and preferable cell proliferation and apoptosis were observed at the initial stages. Hemolysis test, oral mucous membrane irritation test, and acute systemic toxicity test (oral route) further confirmed that the Si3N4 ceramics did not exhibit hemolysis reaction, oral mucosal stimulation, or systemic toxicity. The findings indicate that Si3N4 dental implant restorations with personalized structures prepared by DLP technology have good mechanical properties and biocompatibility, which has great application potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfang Zou
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, China; Department of Stomatology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lunan Bi
- Shandong Industrial Ceramic Research and Design Institute Co. Ltd., Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of Stomatology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yadi Wang
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, PR China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Stomatology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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CerAMfacturing of silicon nitride by using lithography-based ceramic vat photopolymerization (CerAM VPP). Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Babaei M, Nasernejad B, Sharifikolouei E, Shokrgozar MA, Bonakdar S. Bioactivation of 3D Cell-Imprinted Polydimethylsiloxane Surfaces by Bone Protein Nanocoating for Bone Tissue Engineering. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26353-26367. [PMID: 35936447 PMCID: PMC9352215 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Physical and chemical parameters that mimic the physiological niche of the human body have an influence on stem cell fate by creating directional signals to cells. Micro/nano cell-patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates, due to their ability to mimic the physiological niche, have been widely used in surface modification. Integration of other factors such as the biochemical coating on the surface can achieve more similar microenvironmental conditions and promote stem cell differentiation to the target cell line. Herein, we investigated the effect of physical topography, chemical functionalization by acid bone lysate (ABL) nanocoating, and the combined functionalization of the bone proteins' nanocoated surface and the topographically modified surface. We prepared four distinguishing surfaces: plain PDMS, physically modified PDMS by 3D cell topography patterning, chemically modified PDMS with bone protein nanocoating, and chemically modified nano 3D cell-imprinted PDMS by bone proteins (ABL). Characterization of extracted ABL was carried out by Bradford staining and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, followed by the MTT assay for evaluation of cell viability on ABL-coated PDMS. Moreover, field emission scanning electron microscopy and profilometry were used for the determination of optimal coating thickness, and the appropriate coating concentration was identified and used in the study. The binding and retention of ABL to PDMS were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and bicinchoninic acid assay. Sessile drop static water contact angle measurements on substrates showed that the combined chemical functionalization and nano 3D cell-imprinting on the PDMS surface improved surface wettability by 66% compared to plain PDMS. The results of ALP measurement, alizarin red S staining, immunofluorescence staining, and real-time PCR showed that the nano 3D cell-imprinted PDMS surface functionalized by extracted bone proteins, ABL, is able to guide the fate of adipose derived stem cellss toward osteogenic differentiation. Eventually, chemical modification of the cell-imprinted PDMS substrate by bone protein extraction not only improved the cell adhesion and proliferation but also contributed to the topographical effect itself and caused a significant synergistic influence on the process of osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahrokh Babaei
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University
of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Bahram Nasernejad
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University
of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Elham Sharifikolouei
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
di Torino, Turin 10129, Italy
| | | | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National
Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran
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Du X, Lee SS, Blugan G, Ferguson SJ. Silicon Nitride as a Biomedical Material: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126551. [PMID: 35742996 PMCID: PMC9224221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicon nitride possesses a variety of excellent properties that can be specifically designed and manufactured for different medical applications. On the one hand, silicon nitride is known to have good mechanical properties, such as high strength and fracture toughness. On the other hand, the uniqueness of the osteogenic/antibacterial dualism of silicon nitride makes it a favorable bioceramic for implants. The surface of silicon nitride can simultaneously inhibit the proliferation of bacteria while supporting the physiological activities of eukaryotic cells and promoting the healing of bone tissue. There are hardly any biomaterials that possess all these properties concurrently. Although silicon nitride has been intensively studied as a biomedical material for years, there is a paucity of comprehensive data on its properties and medical applications. To provide a comprehensive understanding of this potential cornerstone material of the medical field, this review presents scientific and technical data on silicon nitride, including its mechanical properties, osteogenic behavior, and antibacterial capabilities. In addition, this paper highlights the current and potential medical use of silicon nitride and explains the bottlenecks that need to be addressed, as well as possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Du
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (S.S.L.); (S.J.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Seunghun S. Lee
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (S.S.L.); (S.J.F.)
| | - Gurdial Blugan
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
| | - Stephen J. Ferguson
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (S.S.L.); (S.J.F.)
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Gray MT, Davis KP, McEntire BJ, Bal BS, Smith MW. Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with a silicon nitride cage demonstrates early radiographic fusion. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY (HONG KONG) 2022; 8:29-43. [PMID: 35441113 PMCID: PMC8990392 DOI: 10.21037/jss-21-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degeneration of the lumbar spine is common in aging adults and reflects a significant morbidity burden in this population. In selected patients that prove unresponsive to non-surgical treatment, posterior lumbar fusion (PLF) surgery, with or without adjunctive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) can relieve pain and improve function. We describe here the radiographic fusion rates for PLF versus TLIF, using an intervertebral spinal cage made of silicon nitride ceramic (chemical formula Si3N4). METHODS This retrospective cohort analysis enrolled 99 patients from August 2013 to January 2017; 17 had undergone PLF at 24 levels, while 82 had undergone TLIF at 104 levels. All operations were performed by a single surgeon at one institution. Radiographic and clinical outcomes were compared between PLF and TLIF at 2 and 6 weeks and then at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. RESULTS TLIF patients fused at higher rates compared to PLF at the 3-month (38.5% vs. 8.3%, P=0.006), 6-month (78.7% vs. 35.0%, P<0.001) and 12-month time periods (97.9% vs. 81.3%, P=0.018), with no difference at 24 months (100% vs. 94.4%, P=0.102). Index level segmental motion was significantly less and intervertebral disc height was improved in TLIF over PLF at all follow up intervals. Foraminal height was only greater in early follow up periods (2 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months). TLIF patients experienced lover rates of PI-LL mismatch which was maintained across long term follow-up. Pelvic tilt was lower following TLIF compared to PLF, with no differences in complication rates between study groups. CONCLUSIONS Our retrospective series demonstrated that TLIF performed with silicon nitride interbody cages led to earlier radiographic fusion, greater restoration of disc and foraminal height, increased segmental rigidity and improved sagittal alignment when compared to PLF alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle P. Davis
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - B. Sonny Bal
- SINTX Technologies Corporation, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Hu G, Zhu Y, Xu F, Ye J, Guan J, Jiang Y, Di M, Li Z, Guan H, Yao X. Comparison of surface properties, cell behaviors, bone regeneration and osseointegration between nano tantalum/PEEK composite and nano silicon nitride/PEEK composite. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:35-56. [PMID: 34464239 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1974812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Both tantalum (Ta) and silicon nitride (SN) exhibit osteogenic bioactivity and antibacterial property. In addition, as a biomaterial for bone repair, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has outstanding biocompatibility and mechanical performances while it is biologically inert. In this study, by blending PEEK with Ta and SN nanoparticles, respectively, Ta/PEEK composite (TPC) and SN/PEEK composite (SPC) were fabricated for load-bearing bone repair. The surface roughness, hydrophilicity and surface energy of TPC containing Ta nanoparticles were higher than SPC containing SN nanoparticles and PEEK. In addition, TPC with Ta nanoparticles exhibited low antibacterial property while SPC with SN nanoparticles showed high bacterial property. Moreover, the MC3T3-E1 cells responses (e.g. proliferation and differentiation) to TPC was the highest while PEEK was the lowest in vitro. Furthermore, new bone formation and osseointegration for TPC was the highest while PEEK was the lowest in vivo. In conclusion, compared with PEEK, addition of Ta and SN nanoparticles into PEEK fabricated bioactive composites of TPC and SPC with optimized surface property, which played crucial roles in inducing cellular response/bone regeneration. Although the osteogenic activity of SPC was lower than TPC, SPC exhibited osteogenic activity and good antibacterial property, which could prevent infection from bacterial. Therefore, SPC would have better potential for bone substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangfeng Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangqi Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiakuan Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Guan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiqian Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meijuan Di
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhennan Li
- The Second Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Guan
- The Second Clinical Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocong Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Lee SS, Laganenka L, Du X, Hardt WD, Ferguson SJ. Silicon Nitride, a Bioceramic for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Reinforced Cryogel System With Antibiofilm and Osteogenic Effects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:794586. [PMID: 34976982 PMCID: PMC8714913 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.794586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicon nitride (SiN [Si3N4]) is a promising bioceramic for use in a wide variety of orthopedic applications. Over the past decades, it has been mainly used in industrial applications, such as space shuttle engines, but not in the medical field due to scarce data on the biological effects of SiN. More recently, it has been increasingly identified as an emerging material for dental and orthopedic implant applications. Although a few reports about the antibacterial properties and osteoconductivity of SiN have been published to date, there have been limited studies of SiN-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Here, we developed a silicon nitride reinforced gelatin/chitosan cryogel system (SiN-GC) by loading silicon nitride microparticles into a gelatin/chitosan cryogel (GC), with the aim of producing a biomimetic scaffold with antibiofilm and osteogenic properties. In this scaffold system, the GC component provides a hydrophilic and macroporous environment for cells, while the SiN component not only provides antibacterial properties and osteoconductivity but also increases the mechanical stiffness of the scaffold. This provides enhanced mechanical support for the defect area and a better osteogenic environment. First, we analyzed the scaffold characteristics of SiN-GC with different SiN concentrations, followed by evaluation of its apatite-forming capacity in simulated body fluid and protein adsorption capacity. We further confirmed an antibiofilm effect of SiN-GC against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as well as enhanced cell proliferation, mineralization, and osteogenic gene upregulation for MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells. Finally, we developed a bioreactor to culture cell-laden scaffolds under cyclic compressive loading to mimic physiological conditions and were able to demonstrate improved mineralization and osteogenesis from SiN-GC. Overall, we confirmed the antibiofilm and osteogenic effect of a silicon nitride reinforced cryogel system, and the results indicate that silicon nitride as a biomaterial system component has a promising potential to be developed further for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghun S. Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leanid Laganenka
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoyu Du
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J. Ferguson
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Pezzotti G, Boschetto F, Ohgitani E, Fujita Y, Shin-Ya M, Adachi T, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N, Marin E, Zhu W, Nishimura I, Mazda O. Mechanisms of instantaneous inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by silicon nitride bioceramic. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100144. [PMID: 34632359 PMCID: PMC8485720 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrolytic processes occurring at the surface of silicon nitride (Si3N4) bioceramic have been indicated as a powerful pathway to instantaneous inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the virus inactivation mechanisms promoted by Si3N4 remain yet to be elucidated. In this study, we provide evidence of the instantaneous damage incurred on the SARS-CoV-2 virus upon contact with Si3N4. We also emphasize the safety characteristics of Si3N4 for mammalian cells. Contact between the virions and micrometric Si3N4 particles immediately targeted a variety of viral molecules by inducing post-translational oxidative modifications of S-containing amino acids, nitration of the tyrosine residue in the spike receptor binding domain, and oxidation of RNA purines to form formamidopyrimidine. This structural damage in turn led to a reshuffling of the protein secondary structure. These clear fingerprints of viral structure modifications were linked to inhibition of viral functionality and infectivity. This study validates the notion that Si3N4 bioceramic is a safe and effective antiviral compound; and a primary antiviral candidate to replace the toxic and allergenic compounds presently used in contact with the human body and in long-term environmental sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, 160-0023, Tokyo, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0854, Japan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - F Boschetto
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - E Ohgitani
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Y Fujita
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - M Shin-Ya
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - T Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - T Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - N Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - E Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - W Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - I Nishimura
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - O Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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12
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Comprehensive in vitro comparison of cellular and osteogenic response to alternative biomaterials for spinal implants. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 127:112251. [PMID: 34225890 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A variety of novel biomaterials are emerging as alternatives to conventional metals and alloys, for use in spinal implants. These promise potential advantages with respect to e.g. elastic modulus compatibility with the host bone, improved radiological imaging or enhanced cellular response to facilitate osseointegration. However, to date there is scarce comparative data on the biological response to many of these biomaterials that would give insights into the relative level of bone formation, resorption inhibition and inflammation. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the in vitro biological response to standard discs of four alternative biomaterials: polyether ether ketone (PEEK), zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA), silicon nitride (SN) and surface-textured silicon nitride (ST-SN), and the reference titanium alloy Ti6Al4V (TI). Material-specific characteristics of these biomaterials were evaluated, such as surface roughness, wettability, protein adsorption (BSA) and apatite forming capacity in simulated body fluid. The activity of pre-osteoblasts seeded on the discs was characterized, by measuring viability, proliferation, attachment and morphology. Then, the osteogenic differentiation of pre-osteoblasts was compared in vitro from early to late stage by Alizarin Red S staining and real-time PCR analysis. Finally, osteoclast activity and inflammatory response were assessed by real-time PCR analysis. Compared to TI, all other materials generally demonstrated a lower osteoclastic activity and inflammatory response. ZTA and SN showed generally an enhanced osteogenic differentiation and actin length. Overall, we could show that SN and ST-SN showed a higher osteogenic effect than the other reference groups, an inhibitive effect against bone resorption and low inflammation, and the results indicate that silicon nitride has a promising potential to be developed further for spinal implants that require enhanced osseointegration.
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13
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Pezzotti G, Asai T, Adachi T, Ohgitani E, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N, Boschetto F, Zhu W, Zanocco M, Marin E, Bal BS, McEntire BJ, Makimura K, Mazda O, Nishimura I. Antifungal activity of polymethyl methacrylate/Si 3N 4 composites against Candida albicans. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:259-276. [PMID: 33727194 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies using gram-positive and -negative bacteria demonstrated that hydrolysis of silicon nitride (Si3N4) in aqueous suspensions elutes nitrogen and produces gaseous ammonia while buffering pH. According to immunochemistry assays, fluorescence imaging, and in situ Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrate here that the antipathogenic surface chemistry of Si3N4 can be extended to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) by compounding it with a minor fraction (~8 vol.%) of Si3N4 particles without any tangible loss in bulk properties. The hydrolytic products, which were eluted from partly exposed Si3N4 particles at the composite surface, exhibited fungicidal action against Candida albicans. Using a specific nitrative stress sensing dye and highly resolved fluorescence micrographs, we observed in situ congestion of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) radicals in the mitochondria of the Candida cells exposed to the PMMA/Si3N4 composite, while these radicals were absent in the mitochondria of identical cells exposed to monolithic PMMA. These in situ observations suggest that the surface chemistry of Si3N4 mimics the antifungal activity of macrophages, which concurrently produce NO radicals and superoxide anions (O2•-) resulting in the formation of candidacidal ONOO-. The fungicidal properties of PMMA/Si3N4 composites could be used in dental appliances to inhibit the uncontrolled growth of Candida albicans and ensuing candidiasis while being synergic with chemoprophylaxis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In a follow-up of previous studies of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, we demonstrate here that the antipathogenic surface chemistry of Si3N4 could be extended to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) containing a minor fraction (~8 vol.%) of Si3N4 particles without tangible loss in bulk properties. Hydrolytic products eluted from Si3N4 particles at the composite surface exhibited fungicidal action against Candida albicans. Highly resolved fluorescence microscopy revealed congestion of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) radicals in the mitochondria of the Candida cells exposed to the PMMA/Si3N4 composite, while radicals were absent in the mitochondria of identical cells exposed to monolithic PMMA. The fungicidal properties of PMMA/Si3N4 composites could be used in dental appliances to inhibit uncontrolled growth of Candida albicans and ensuing candidiasis in synergy with chemoprophylaxis.
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14
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Pezzotti G, Fujita Y, Boschetto F, Zhu W, Marin E, Vandelle E, McEntire BJ, Bal SB, Giarola M, Makimura K, Polverari A. Activity and Mechanism of Action of the Bioceramic Silicon Nitride as an Environmentally Friendly Alternative for the Control of the Grapevine Downy Mildew Pathogen Plasmopara viticola. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:610211. [PMID: 33381101 PMCID: PMC7767917 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.610211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Downy mildew of grapevine, caused by Plasmopara viticola (Berk. and Curt.) Berl. and de Toni, is one of the most devastating diseases of grapevine, severely affecting grape and wine production and quality worldwide. Infections are usually controlled by the intensive application of synthetic fungicides or by copper-based products in organic farming, rising problems for soil contamination and adverse impacts on environment and human health. While strict regulations attempt to minimize their harmful consequences, the situation calls for the development of alternative fungicidal strategies. This study presents the unprecedented case of a bioceramic, silicon nitride, with antimicrobial properties against P. viticola, but without adverse effects on human cells and environment, opening the way to the possible extension of silicon nitride applications in agriculture. Raman spectroscopic assessments of treated sporangia in conjunction with microscopic observations mechanistically showed that the nitrogen-chemistry of the bioceramic surface affects pathogen's biochemical components and cell viability, thus presenting a high potential for host protection from P. viticola infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujita
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Francesco Boschetto
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elodie Vandelle
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Sonny B. Bal
- SINTX Technologies Corporation, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Marco Giarola
- Raman Laboratory, Centro Piattaforme Tecnologiche, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Annalisa Polverari
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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15
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Adachi T, Boschetto F, Miyamoto N, Yamamoto T, Marin E, Zhu W, Kanamura N, Tahara Y, Akiyoshi K, Mazda O, Nishimura I, Pezzotti G. In Vivo Regeneration of Large Bone Defects by Cross-Linked Porous Hydrogel: A Pilot Study in Mice Combining Micro Tomography, Histological Analyses, Raman Spectroscopy and Synchrotron Infrared Imaging. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4275. [PMID: 32992758 PMCID: PMC7579234 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The transplantation of engineered three-dimensional (3D) bone graft substitutes is a viable approach to the regeneration of severe bone defects. For large bone defects, an appropriate 3D scaffold may be necessary to support and stimulate bone regeneration, even when a sufficient number of cells and cell cytokines are available. In this study, we evaluated the in vivo performance of a nanogel tectonic 3D scaffold specifically developed for bone tissue engineering, referred to as nanogel cross-linked porous-freeze-dry (NanoCliP-FD) gel. Samples were characterized by a combination of micro-computed tomography scanning, Raman spectroscopy, histological analyses, and synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. NanoCliP-FD gel is a modified version of a previously developed nanogel cross-linked porous (NanoCliP) gel and was designed to achieve highly improved functionality in bone mineralization. Spectroscopic imaging of the bone tissue grown in vivo upon application of NanoCliP-FD gel enables an evaluation of bone quality and can be employed to judge the feasibility of NanoCliP-FD gel scaffolding as a therapeutic modality for bone diseases associated with large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.B.); (N.M.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Francesco Boschetto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.B.); (N.M.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (N.K.)
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (W.Z.); (G.P.)
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Nao Miyamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.B.); (N.M.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (N.K.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiro Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.B.); (N.M.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Elia Marin
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.B.); (N.M.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (N.K.)
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (W.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (W.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (F.B.); (N.M.); (T.Y.); (E.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Yoshiro Tahara
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto-fu 610-0394, Japan;
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan;
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Re-constructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (W.Z.); (G.P.)
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Skjöldebrand C, Hulsart-Billström G, Engqvist H, Persson C. Si-Fe-C-N Coatings for Biomedical Applications: A Combinatorial Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2074. [PMID: 32366008 PMCID: PMC7254256 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ceramic coatings may prolong the lifetime of joint implants. Certain ions and wear debris may however lead to negative biological effects. SiN-based materials may substantially reduce these effects, but still need optimization for the application. In this study, a combinatorial deposition method enabled an efficient evaluation of a range of Si-Fe-C-N coating compositions on the same sample. The results revealed compositional gradients of Si (26.0-33.9 at.%), Fe (9.6-20.9 at.%), C (8.2-13.9 at.%) and N (39.7-47.2 at.%), and low oxygen contaminations (0.3-0.6 at.%). The mechanical properties varied with a hardness (H) ranging between 13.7-17.3 GPa and an indentation modulus (M) between 190-212 GPa. Both H and M correlated with the Si (H and M increased as Si increased) and Fe (H and M decreased as Fe increased) content. A slightly columnar morphology was observed in cross-sections, as well as a surface roughness in the nm range. A cell study revealed adhering pre-osteogenic MC3T3 cells, with a morphology similar to that of cells seeded on a tissue culture plastic control. The investigated coatings could be considered for further investigation due to the ability to tune their mechanical properties while maintaining a smooth surface, together with their promising in vitro cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Skjöldebrand
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; (C.S.); (H.E.)
| | - Gry Hulsart-Billström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Håkan Engqvist
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; (C.S.); (H.E.)
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Uppsala University, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden; (C.S.); (H.E.)
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17
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Surface Functionalization of Polyethylene by Silicon Nitride Laser Cladding. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional coatings are commonly applied to biomaterials in order to improve their properties. In this work, polyethylene was coated with a silicon nitride (Si3N4) powder using a pulsed laser source in a nitrogen gas atmosphere. Several analytical techniques were used to characterize the functionalized surface of the polymer, including Raman spectroscopy, laser microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Antibacterial properties were tested in vitro against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The Si3N4 coating sensibly reduced the amount of living bacteria when compared to the uncoated polymer. Osteoconductivity was also tested in vitro using SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells. The presence of Si3N4 coating resulted in an increased amount of hydroxyapatite. Coating of polyethylene with silicon nitride may lead to improved performance of indwelling orthopaedic or less invasive medical devices.
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Calvert GC, VanBuren Huffmon G, Rambo WM, Smith MW, McEntire BJ, Bal BS. Clinical outcomes for lumbar fusion using silicon nitride versus other biomaterials. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY (HONG KONG) 2020; 6:33-48. [PMID: 32309644 PMCID: PMC7154368 DOI: 10.21037/jss.2019.12.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In lumbar fusion surgery, intervertebral spacer cages made of silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic are an available option among other biomaterials. While the surface chemistry of Si3N4 is known to favor bone fusion, large-scale clinical studies attesting to its efficacy are lacking. This multicenter retrospective study compared lumbar fusion outcomes for Si3N4 cages to previously reported data for other cage materials. METHODS Pre-operative patient demographics, comorbidities, changes in visual analog scale (ΔVAS) pain scores, complications, adverse events, and secondary surgical interventions (SSI) were compiled from the records of 450 patients who underwent Si3N4 lumbar spinal fusion at four separate U.S. surgical centers. For comparison, MEDLINE/PubMed and Google Scholar searches identified studies reporting similar outcomes for other biomaterials. A total of 1,025 patients from 26 cohorts reported in 14 publications met inclusion criteria for this control group. RESULTS Overall, the mean last-follow-up for all patients was 341±293 days (11.4±9.8 months), with the longest follow-up being 6.4 years. Patients with Si3N4 implants were similar in gender and age distribution to the control group but had higher BMI values (30.9±6.1 vs. 25.8±4.1, P<0.01) and lower tobacco use (15.8% vs. 30.0%, P<0.01). Both the Si3N4 and control groups showed significant improvements in VAS pain scores from preoperative to last follow-up. For the Si3N4 group, ΔVAS was 36.8±35.4 points compared to 37.6±22.5 points (P=0.63) for the metadata group. Complications and reoperations for the Si3N4 and the control groups were similar (i.e., 9.8% and 3.1% versus 12.4% and 2.9%, P=0.16 and P=0.84, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Lumbar fusion with Si3N4 spacers compared favorably with the improvements reported with other commonly used biomaterial cages.
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Dai Y, Chu L, Luo Z, Tang T, Wu H, Wang F, Mei S, Wei J, Wang X, Shang X. Effects of a Coating of Nano Silicon Nitride on Porous Polyetheretherketone on Behaviors of MC3T3-E1 Cells in Vitro and Vascularization and Osteogenesis in Vivo. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6425-6435. [PMID: 33417795 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To improve the bioperformances of porous polyetheretherketone (PPK) for bone repair, silicon nitride-coated PPK (CSNPPK) was prepared by a method of suspension coating and melt binding. The results revealed that, as compared with PPK, the surface roughness, compressive strength, and water absorption of CSNPPK increased, while the pore size and porosity of CSNPPK exhibited no obvious changes. In addition, the cellular responses (including attachment, proliferation, and differentiation as well as osteogenically related gene expressions) of the MC3T3-E1 cells to CSNPPK were remarkably promoted compared with PPK and dense polyetheretherketone in vitro. Moreover, in the model of rabbit femoral condyle defects, the results of micro computed tomography and histological and mechanical evaluation revealed that the ingrowth of new vessels and bone tissues into CSNPPK was significantly greater than that into PPK in vivo. Furthermore, the load-displacement and push-out loads for CSNPPK with bone tissues were higher than for PPK, indicating good osseointegration. In short, CSNPPK not only promoted vascularization but also enhanced osteogenesis as well as osseointegration in vivo. Therefore, it can be suggested that CSNPPK with good biocompatibility, osteogenic activity, and vascularization might be a promising candidate as an implant for bone substitute and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Dai
- Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The Third People's Hospital of Hefei, No. 204, East Wangjiang Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Linyang Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Zhengliang Luo
- Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Han Wu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shiqi Mei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuehong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xifu Shang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 17 Lujiang Road, Hefei 230001, China
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20
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Calvert GC, Huffmon GV, Rambo WM, Smith MW, McEntire BJ, Bal BS. Clinical outcomes for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with silicon nitride spine cages: a multicenter study. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY (HONG KONG) 2019; 5:504-519. [PMID: 32043001 PMCID: PMC6989924 DOI: 10.21037/jss.2019.11.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral spacers made of silicon nitride (Si3N4) are currently used in cervical and thoracolumbar fusion. While basic science data demonstrate several advantages of Si3N4 over other biomaterials, large-scale clinical results on its safety and efficacy are lacking. This multicenter retrospective study examined outcomes for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) using Si3N4 cages. Results were compared to compiled metadata for other ACDF materials. METHODS Pre-operative patient demographics, comorbidities, changes in visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, complications, adverse events, and secondary surgical interventions were collected from the medical records of 860 patients who underwent Si3N4 ACDF at four surgical centers. For comparison, MEDLINE/PubMed and Google Scholar searches were performed for ACDF using other cage or spacer materials. Nine studies with 13 cohorts and 736 patients met the inclusion criteria for this control group. RESULTS Overall, the mean last-follow-up for all patients was 319±325 days (10.6±10.8 months), with the longest follow-up being 6.5 years. In comparison to the metadata, patients from the Si3N4 groups were older (57.9±12.2 vs. 56.8±11.1 y, P=0.06) and had higher BMI values (30.0±6.3 vs. 28.1±6.5, P<0.01), but gender and smoking were not different. The Si3N4 patients reported significant improvements in VAS pain scores at last follow-up (i.e., pre-op of 71.0±22.1 vs. follow-up of 36.4±31.5, P<0.01). Although both preoperative and last-follow-up pain scores were higher for Si3N4 patients than the control, the overall change in scores (ΔVAS) was similar. From pre-op to last-follow up, ΔVAS values were 35.4±34.3 for patients receiving the Si3N4 implants versus 34.4±27.3 for patients from the meta-analysis (P=0.56). The complication and reoperation rate for the Si3N4 and the metadata were also comparable (i.e., 7.39% and 0.31% versus 9.79% and 0%, P=0.17 and 0.25, respectively). CONCLUSIONS ACDF outcomes using Si3N4 implants matched the clinical efficacy of other cage biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Micah W. Smith
- Ortho Northeast, 11130 Parkview Plaza Dr., Fort Wayne, IN, USA
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Zanocco M, Boschetto F, Zhu W, Marin E, McEntire BJ, Bal BS, Adachi T, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N, Ohgitani E, Yamamoto K, Mazda O, Pezzotti G. 3D-additive deposition of an antibacterial and osteogenic silicon nitride coating on orthopaedic titanium substrate. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 103:103557. [PMID: 32090951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A 3D-additive manufacturing approach produced a dense Si3N4 ceramic coating on a biomedical grade commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) substrate by an automatic laser-sintering procedure. Si3N4 coatings could be prepared with thicknesses from the single to the tens of microns. A coating thickness, t = 15 ± 5 μm, was selected for this study, based on projections of homogeneity and scratching resistance. The Si3N4 coating met the 20 N threshold required for biomaterial applications, according to the standard scratch testing (ASTM C1624-05). The Si3N4 coating imparted both the antibacterial and osteogenic properties of bulk Si3N4 to the cp-Ti substrate. Both properties were comparable to those previously described for bulk Si3N4 biomedical implants. The newly developed Si3N4-coating was applied to commercially available Ti-alloy acetabular shells for total hip arthroplasty. A "glowing" test based on luciferase gene transformation was applied to visualize the colonization of gram-negative Escherichia coli on Si3N4-coated and uncoated Ti-alloy acetabular shells. The results showed that the coating technology conferred resistance to Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli adhesion onto the bulk acetabular sockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zanocco
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan; Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Francesco Boschetto
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan; Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan; Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Bryan J McEntire
- SINTX Technologies Corporation, 1885 West 2100 South, Salt Lake City, UT, 84119, USA
| | - B Sonny Bal
- SINTX Technologies Corporation, 1885 West 2100 South, Salt Lake City, UT, 84119, USA
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiro Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Eriko Ohgitani
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kengo Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, 160-0023, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan; Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, 160-0023, Tokyo, Japan; The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0854, Japan.
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22
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Dai Y, Guo H, Chu L, He Z, Wang M, Zhang S, Shang X. Promoting osteoblasts responses in vitro and improving osteointegration in vivo through bioactive coating of nanosilicon nitride on polyetheretherketone. J Orthop Translat 2019; 24:198-208. [PMID: 33101971 PMCID: PMC7548345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To enhance the bioactivity of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) while maintain its mechanical strengths. Methods Suspension coating and melt bonding. Results Silicon nitride (Si3N4, SN) coating lead to higher surface roughness, hydrophilicity and protein absorption; SN coating could slowly release Si ion into simulated body fluid (SBF), which caused weak alkaline of micro-environment owing to the slight dissolution of SN; SN coating resulted in the improvements of adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and gene expressions of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro; SN coating of PEEK with bioactive SN coating (CSNPK) obviously promoted bone regeneration and osseointegration in vivo. Conclusions CSNPK with SN coating as bone implant might be a promising candidate for orthopedic implants. The Translational Potential of this Article The silicon nitride-coated polyetheretherketone (CSNPK) prepared in this article could induce MC3T3-E1 cells adhesion, proliferation and differentiation in vitro; it could also induce bone regeneration in bone defect in vivo, which indicate its good cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. If the raw materials are medical grade, and preparation process as well as production process of this article are further improved, it will have great translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Dai
- Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Han Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, CAS, 2019 Jialuo Road, Shanghai, 201800, China.,Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, CAS, 239 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Linyang Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zihao He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Minqi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xifu Shang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
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Filho LC, Schmidt S, López A, Cogrel M, Leifer K, Engqvist H, Högberg H, Persson C. The Effect of Coating Density on Functional Properties of SiN x Coated Implants. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3370. [PMID: 31618981 PMCID: PMC6829552 DOI: 10.3390/ma12203370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ceramic coatings may be applied onto metallic components of joint replacements for improved wear and corrosion resistance as well as enhanced biocompatibility, especially for metal-sensitive patients. Silicon nitride (SiNx) coatings have recently been developed for this purpose. To achieve a high coating density, necessary to secure a long-term performance, is however challenging, especially for sputter deposited SiNx coatings, since these coatings are insulating. This study investigates the time-dependent performance of sputter-deposited SiNx based coatings for joint applications. SiNx coatings with a thickness in the range of 4.3-6.0 µm were deposited by reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering onto flat discs as well as hip heads made of CoCrMo. SiNx compositional analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed N/Si ratios between 0.8 and 1.0. Immersion of the flat disks in fetal bovine serum solution over time as well as short-term wear tests against ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) discs showed that a high coating density is required to inhibit tribocorrosion. Coatings that performed best in terms of chemical stability were deposited using a higher target power and process heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luimar Correa Filho
- Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Susann Schmidt
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Alejandro López
- Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mathilde Cogrel
- Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Klaus Leifer
- Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Håkan Engqvist
- Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hans Högberg
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Persson
- Division of Applied Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
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24
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Magnesium matrix nanocomposites for orthopedic applications: A review from mechanical, corrosion, and biological perspectives. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:1-19. [PMID: 31181263 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) and some of its alloys have attracted extensive interests for biomedical applications as they exhibit biodegradability and low elastic modulus that is closer to natural bones than the currently used metallic implant materials such as titanium (Ti) and its alloys, stainless steels, and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys. However, the rapid degradation of Mg alloys and loss of their mechanical integrity before sufficient bone healing impede their clinical application. Our literature review shows that magnesium matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) reinforced with nanoparticles possess enhanced strength, high corrosion resistance, and good biocompatibility. This article provides a detailed analysis of the effects of nanoparticle reinforcements on the mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and biocompatibility of MMNCs as promising biodegradable implant materials. The governing equations to quantitatively predict the mechanical properties and underlying synergistic strengthening mechanisms in MMNCs are elucidated. The potential, recent advances, challenges and future research directions in relation to nanoparticles reinforced MMNCs are highlighted. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Critically reviewing magnesium metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) for the biomedical application. Clear definitions of strengthening mechanisms using reinforcement particle in the magnesium matrix, as there were controversial in governing equations of strengthening parameters. Providing better understanding of the effect of particle size, volume fraction, interfacial bonding, and uniform dispersion of reinforcement particles on MMNCs.
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25
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Pezzotti G, Adachi T, Boschetto F, Zhu W, Zanocco M, Marin E, Bal BS, McEntire BJ. Off-Stoichiometric Reactions at the Cell-Substrate Biomolecular Interface of Biomaterials: In Situ and Ex Situ Monitoring of Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Bone Tissue Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4080. [PMID: 31438530 PMCID: PMC6751500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of osteoinductive biomaterials has encouraged new therapies in bone regeneration and has potentially triggered paradigmatic shifts in the development of new implants in orthopedics and dentistry. Among several available synthetic biomaterials, bioceramics have gained attention for their ability to induce mesenchymal cell differentiation and successive bone formation when implanted in the human body. However, there is currently a lack of understanding regarding the fundamental biochemical mechanisms by which these materials can induce bone formation. Phenomenological studies of retrievals have clarified the final effect of bone formation, but have left the chemical interactions at the cell-material interface uncharted. Accordingly, the knowledge of the intrinsic material properties relevant for osteoblastogenesis and osteoinduction remains incomplete. Here, we systematically monitored in vitro the chemistry of mesenchymal cell metabolism and the ionic exchanges during osteoblastogenesis on selected substrates through conventional biological assays as well as via in situ and ex situ spectroscopic techniques. Accordingly, the chemical behavior of different bioceramic substrates during their interactions with mesenchymal cells could be unfolded and compared with that of biomedical titanium alloy. Our goal was to clarify the cascade of chemical equations behind the biological processes that govern osteoblastogenic effects on different biomaterial substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0854, Japan.
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Francesco Boschetto
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Matteo Zanocco
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - B Sonny Bal
- SINTX Technologies Corporation, 1885 West 2100 South, Salt Lake City, UT 84119, USA
| | - Bryan J McEntire
- SINTX Technologies Corporation, 1885 West 2100 South, Salt Lake City, UT 84119, USA
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The role of nitrogen off-stoichiometry in the osteogenic behavior of silicon nitride bioceramics. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 105:110053. [PMID: 31546420 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The surface chemistry of silicon nitride plays an important role in stimulating osteoblasts to proliferate and produce bone tissue with improved efficiency. This property, which is advantageous in spinal fusion surgery has a chemical origin and is a direct consequence of the cleavage of covalent SN bonds in an aqueous environment. Building upon a wealth of published research on the stimulation of osteoblastic activity by silicon, the aim of this paper is to explore the role of nitrogen and, more specifically, the N/Si atomic ratio on the osteogenic response of Si3N4. The surface stoichiometry of Si3N4 was gradually altered toward a silicon-rich composition by systematically treating the Si3N4 surface with a high-power pulsed laser in an Ar gas atmosphere (i.e., operated at different pulse times, spot sizes, and voltages). Different analytical probes were used to characterize the surface including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Osteoconductivity was tested in vitro using SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells, and samples with different surface stoichiometry were compared for their osteogenic response. These experiments clearly indicated a fundamental role for nitrogen off-stoichiometry in osteogenesis, and showed that both cell proliferation and growth of bone tissue diminished with decreasing nitrogen content.
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27
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Pezzotti G. Silicon Nitride: A Bioceramic with a Gift. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26619-26636. [PMID: 31251018 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the closing decades of the 20th century, silicon nitride (Si3N4) was extensively developed for high-temperature gas turbine applications. Technologists attempted to take advantage of its superior thermal and mechanical properties to improve engine reliability and fuel economy. Yet, this promise was never realized in spite of the worldwide research, which was conducted at that time. Notwithstanding this disappointment, its use in medical applications in the early 21st century has been an unexpected gift. While retaining all of its engineered mechanical properties, it is now recognized for its peculiar surface chemistry. When immersed in an aqueous environment, the slow elution of silicon and nitrogen from its surface enhances healing of soft and osseous tissue, inhibits bacterial proliferation, and eradicates viruses. These benefits permit it to be used in a wide array of different disciplines inside and outside of the human body including orthopedics, dentistry, virology, agronomy, and environmental remediation. Given the global public health threat posed by mutating viruses and bacteria, silicon nitride offers a valid and straightforward alternative approach to fighting these pathogens. However, there is a conundrum behind these recent discoveries: How can this unique bioceramic be both friendly to mammalian cells while concurrently lysing invasive pathogens? This unparalleled characteristic can be explained by the pH-dependent kinetics of two ammonia species-NH4+ and NH3-both of which are leached from the wet Si3N4 surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory , Kyoto Institute of Technology , Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki , Kyoto 606-8585 , Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Tokyo Medical University , 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023 , Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics , Osaka University , 2-2 Yamadaoka , Suita 565-0854 , Osaka , Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho , Kyoto 602-8566 , Japan
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28
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Marin E, Horiguchi S, Zanocco M, Boschetto F, Rondinella A, Zhu W, Bock RM, McEntire BJ, Adachi T, Bal BS, Pezzotti G. Bioglass functionalization of laser-patterned bioceramic surfaces and their enhanced bioactivity. Heliyon 2018; 4:e01016. [PMID: 30560211 PMCID: PMC6288463 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The surfaces of silicon nitride (β-Si3N4) and zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) were patterned using a high-energy laser source, which operated at a wavelength of 1064 nm. The patterning procedure yielded a series regular, cylindrical cavities 500 and 300 μm in diameter and depth, respectively. These cavities were subsequently filled with bioglass mixed with different fractions of Si3N4 powder (0, 5, and 10 mol.%) to obtain bioactive functionalized bioceramic surfaces. The laser-patterned samples were first characterized using several spectroscopic techniques before and after functionalization, and then tested in vitro with respect to their osteoconductivity using a human osteosarcoma cell line (SaOS-2). After in vitro testing, fluorescence microscopy was used to address the biological response and to estimate osteopontin and osteocalcin protein contents and distributions. The presence of bioglass greatly enhanced the biological response of both ceramic surfaces, but mainly induced production of inorganic apatite. On the other hand, the addition of minor fraction of Si3N4 into the bioglass-filled holes greatly enhanced bio-mineralization and stimulated the SaOS-2 cells to produce higher amounts of bone extracellular matrix (collagen and proteins), thus enhancing the osteopontin to osteocalcin ratio. It was also observed that the presence of a fraction of Si3N4 in the powder mixture filling the holes bestowed more uniform cell colonization on the otherwise bioinert ZTA surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Horiguchi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Matteo Zanocco
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Francesco Boschetto
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alfredo Rondinella
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryan M. Bock
- Amedica Corporation, 1885 West 2100 South, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - B. Sonny Bal
- Amedica Corporation, 1885 West 2100 South, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8585 Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi dori, 602-0841 Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, 160-0023 Tokyo, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
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Nanogel tectonic porous 3D scaffold for direct reprogramming fibroblasts into osteoblasts and bone regeneration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15824. [PMID: 30361649 PMCID: PMC6202359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33892-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of engineered three-dimensional (3D) bone tissue may provide therapeutic benefits to patients with various bone diseases. To achieve this goal, appropriate 3D scaffolds and cells are required. In the present study, we devised a novel nanogel tectonic material for artificial 3D scaffold, namely the nanogel-cross-linked porous (NanoCliP)-freeze-dried (FD) gel, and estimated its potential as a 3D scaffold for bone tissue engineering. As the osteoblasts, directly converted osteoblasts (dOBs) were used, because a large number of highly functional osteoblasts could be induced from fibroblasts that can be collected from patients with a minimally invasive procedure. The NanoCliP-FD gel was highly porous, and fibronectin coating of the gel allowed efficient adhesion of the dOBs, so that the cells occupied the almost entire surface of the walls of the pores after culturing for 7 days. The dOBs massively produced calcified bone matrix, and the culture could be continued for at least 28 days. The NanoCliP-FD gel with dOBs remarkably promoted bone regeneration in vivo after having been grafted to bone defect lesions that were artificially created in mice. The present findings suggest that the combination of the NanoCliP-FD gel and dOBs may provide a feasible therapeutic modality for bone diseases.
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Kersten RFMR, Wu G, Pouran B, van der Veen AJ, Weinans HH, de Gast A, Öner FC, van Gaalen SM. Comparison of polyetheretherketone versus silicon nitride intervertebral spinal spacers in a caprine model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:688-699. [PMID: 30091515 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is commonly used as a spinal spacer for intervertebral fusion surgery. Unfortunately, PEEK is bioinert and does not effectively osseointegrate into living bone. In contrast, comparable spacers made of silicon nitride (Si3 N4 ) possess a surface nanostructure and chemistry that encourage appositional bone healing. This observational study was designed to compare the outcomes of these two biomaterials when implanted as spacers in an adult caprine model. Lumbar interbody fusion surgeries were performed at two adjacent levels in eight adult goats using implants of PEEK and Si3 N4 . At six-months after surgery, the operative and adjacent spinal segments were extracted and measured for bone fusion, bone volume, bone-implant contact (BIC) and soft-tissue implant contact (SIC) ratios, and biodynamic stability. The null hypothesis was that no differences in these parameters would be apparent between the two groups. Fusion was observed in seven of eight implants in each group with greater bone formation in the Si3 N4 group (52.6%) versus PEEK (27.9%; p = 0.2). There were no significant differences in BIC ratios between PEEK and Si3 N4 , and the biodynamic stability of the two groups was also comparable. The results suggest that Si3 N4 spacers are not inferior to PEEK and they may be more effective in promoting arthrodesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 00B: 000-000, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 688-699, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel F M R Kersten
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinical Orthopedic Research Center midden-Nederland (CORCmN), Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Behdad Pouran
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J van der Veen
- Department of Physics and Medical Technology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie H Weinans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur de Gast
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinical Orthopedic Research Center midden-Nederland (CORCmN), Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F Cumhur Öner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven M van Gaalen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinical Orthopedic Research Center midden-Nederland (CORCmN), Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Lal S, Caseley EA, Hall RM, Tipper JL. Biological Impact of Silicon Nitride for Orthopaedic Applications: Role of Particle Size, Surface Composition and Donor Variation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9109. [PMID: 29904079 PMCID: PMC6002550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27494-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The adverse biological impact of orthopaedic wear debris currently limits the long-term safety of human joint replacement devices. We investigated the role of particle size, surface composition and donor variation in influencing the biological impact of silicon nitride as a bioceramic for orthopaedic applications. Silicon nitride particles were compared to the other commonly used orthopaedic biomaterials (e.g. cobalt-chromium and Ti-6Al-4V alloys). A novel biological evaluation platform was developed to simultaneously evaluate cytotoxicity, inflammatory cytokine release, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity potential of particles using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) from individual human donors. Irrespective of the particle size, silicon nitride did not cause any adverse responses whereas cobalt-chromium wear particles caused donor-dependent cytotoxicity, TNF-α cytokine release, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in PBMNCs after 24 h. Despite being similar in size and morphology, silicon dioxide nanoparticles caused the release of significantly higher levels of TNF-α compared to silicon nitride nanoparticles, suggesting that surface composition influences the inflammatory response in PBMNCs. Ti-6Al-4V wear particles also released significantly elevated levels of TNF-α cytokine in one of the donors. This study demonstrated that silicon nitride is an attractive orthopaedic biomaterial due to its minimal biological impact on human PBMNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Lal
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK.
| | - Emily A Caseley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - Richard M Hall
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - Joanne L Tipper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
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Smith MW, Romano DR, McEntire BJ, Bal BS. A single center retrospective clinical evaluation of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion comparing allograft spacers to silicon nitride cages. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY (HONG KONG) 2018; 4:349-360. [PMID: 30069528 PMCID: PMC6046334 DOI: 10.21037/jss.2018.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iliac crest autograft or allograft spacers have been traditionally utilized in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) to provide vertebral stabilization and enhanced osteogenesis. However, abiotic cages have largely replaced these allogenic sources due to host-site morbidities and disease transmission risks, respectively. Although devices made of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or titanium-alloys (Ti) have gained wide popularity, they lack osteoinductive or conductive capabilities. In contrast, silicon nitride (Si3N4) is a relatively new implant material that also provides structural stability and yet purportedly offers osteopromotive and antimicrobial behavior. This study compared radiographic outcomes at ≥12 months of follow-up for osseous integration, fusion rate, time to fusion, and subsidence in ACDF patients with differing intervertebral spacers. METHODS Fifty-eight ACDF patients (108 segments) implanted with Si3N4 cages were compared to thirty-four similar ACDF patients (61 segments) implanted with fibular allograft spacers. Lateral radiographs (normal, flexion, and extension) were obtained at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months to assess osseous integration, the presence of bridging bone, the absence of peri-implant radiolucencies, subsidence, and fusion using both interspinous distance (ISD) and Cobb angle methods. RESULTS In patients with ≥12 months of follow-up, fusion for the allograft spacers and Si3N4 cages was 86.84% and 96.83%, respectively (ISD method, P=0.10), and 67.65% and 84.13%, respectively (Cobb angle method P=0.07), while osseointegration was 76.32% and 93.65%, respectively (P=0.02). The time to fusion significantly favored the Si3N4 cages (4.08 vs. 8.64 months (ISD method, P=0.01), and 6.76 vs. 11.74 months (Cobb angle method, P=0.04). The assessed time for full osseointegration was 7.83 and 19.24 months for Si3N4 and allograft, respectively (P=0.00). Average subsidence at 1-year follow-up was 0.51 and 2.71 mm for the Si3N4 and allograft cohorts, respectively (P=0.00). CONCLUSIONS In comparison to fibular allograft spacers, Si3N4 cages showed earlier osseointegration and fusion, higher fusion rates, and less subsidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - B. Sonny Bal
- Amedica Corporation, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri Health Care, Columbia, MO, USA
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33
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Pezzotti G, Marin E, Adachi T, Lerussi F, Rondinella A, Boschetto F, Zhu W, Kitajima T, Inada K, McEntire BJ, Bock RM, Bal BS, Mazda O. Incorporating Si3
N4
into PEEK to Produce Antibacterial, Osteocondutive, and Radiolucent Spinal Implants. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800033. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki 606-8585 Kyoto Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Tokyo Medical University; 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku Shinjuku-ku 160-0023 Tokyo Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics; Osaka University; Yamadaoka Suita 565-0871 Osaka Japan
- Department of Immunology; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kamigyo-ku; 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi dori 602-0841 Kyoto Japan
| | - Elia Marin
- Department of Dental Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kamigyo-ku Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kamigyo-ku Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Federica Lerussi
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki 606-8585 Kyoto Japan
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems; Ca' Foscari University of Venice; Dorsoduro 2137 30123 Venezia Italy
| | - Alfredo Rondinella
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki 606-8585 Kyoto Japan
| | - Francesco Boschetto
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki 606-8585 Kyoto Japan
- Department of Immunology; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kamigyo-ku Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory; Kyoto Institute of Technology; Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki 606-8585 Kyoto Japan
| | - Takashi Kitajima
- Functional Composite Material Laboratory; Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.; 2-2 Tsukasa-cho Chiyoda-ku 101-0048 Tokyo Japan
| | - Kosuke Inada
- Market and Research Department; Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.; 2-2 Tsukasa-cho Chiyoda-ku 101-0048 Tokyo Japan
| | - Bryan J. McEntire
- Amedica Corporation; 1885 West 2100 South Salt Lake City UT 84119 USA
| | - Ryan M. Bock
- Amedica Corporation; 1885 West 2100 South Salt Lake City UT 84119 USA
| | - B. Sonny Bal
- Amedica Corporation; 1885 West 2100 South Salt Lake City UT 84119 USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; University of Missouri; Columbia MO 65212 USA
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kamigyo-ku Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
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34
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Rambo WM. Treatment of lumbar discitis using silicon nitride spinal spacers: A case series and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep 2018; 43:61-68. [PMID: 29462728 PMCID: PMC5832668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Septic infection of a lumbar intervertebral disc is a serious disorder which is often difficult to diagnose and appropriately treat because of the rarity of the disease, the varied presentation of symptoms, and the frequency of low-back pain within the overall population. Its etiology can be pyogenic, granulomatous, fungal, or parasitic; its incidence is rising due to increased patient susceptibility and improved diagnostic tools. Conservative treatments involve antibiotics, physical therapy, and/or immobilization. More aggressive management requires discectomy, debridement, and spinal fusion in combination with local and systemic antibiotic administration. PRESENTATION OF CASES Presented here are two case studies of lumbar pyogenic discitis associated with Escherichia coli and Candida albicans infections. Both required single-level anterior discectomy followed by spinal fusion using an antimicrobial silicon nitride (Si3N4) spacer for stabilization without instrumentation. Localized antibiotics were used for only one of the patients. Follow-up CT and MRI scans showed that the infections had been resolved with no recurrence of symptoms. DISCUSSION Si3N4 is a relatively new spinal spacer material. It was utilized in these two cases because it reportedly provides a local environment which promotes rapid arthrodesis while resisting bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. It is also highly compatible with X-ray, MRI, and CT imaging modalities. These properties were particularly attractive for these two cases given the patients' histories, presentation of symptoms, and the decision to forego instrumentation. CONCLUSION The use of Si3N4 as an antimicrobial spacer may lead to improved outcomes for patients with pyogenic discitis of the lumbar spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Rambo
- Midlands Orthopaedics & Neurosurgery, 1910 Blanding St, Columbia, SC 29201, USA.
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35
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Boschetto F, Toyama N, Horiguchi S, Bock RM, McEntire BJ, Adachi T, Marin E, Zhu W, Mazda O, Bal BS, Pezzotti G. In vitroantibacterial activity of oxide and non-oxide bioceramics for arthroplastic devices: II. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Analyst 2018; 143:2128-2140. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00234g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic response of Gram-positiveStaphylococcus epidermidisbacteria to bioceramic substrates was probed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boschetto
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto
- Japan
- Department of Immunology
| | - Nami Toyama
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto
- Japan
| | - Satoshi Horiguchi
- Department of Dental Medicine
- Graduate School of Medical Science
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
- Kyoto 602-8566
- Japan
| | | | | | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine
- Graduate School of Medical Science
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
- Kyoto 602-8566
- Japan
| | - Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto
- Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto
- Japan
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
- Kyoto 602-8566
- Japan
| | - B. Sonny Bal
- Amedica Corporation
- Salt Lake City
- USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- University of Missouri
| | - Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory
- Kyoto Institute of Technology
- Kyoto
- Japan
- Department of Immunology
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36
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Pezzotti G, Oba N, Zhu W, Marin E, Rondinella A, Boschetto F, McEntire B, Yamamoto K, Bal BS. Human osteoblasts grow transitional Si/N apatite in quickly osteointegrated Si 3N 4 cervical insert. Acta Biomater 2017; 64:411-420. [PMID: 28963015 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics possesses surface chemistry that accelerates bone repair, as previously established by in vitro experiments using both osteosarcoma and mesenchymal cells. The release of silicic acid and nitrogen compounds from the surface Si3N4 enhanced in vitro cellular activity. The results of this study demonstrate for the first time that the osseointegration behavior previously observed is operative with a peculiar chemistry within the human milieu. Si and N elements stimulated progenitor cell differentiation and osteoblastic activity, which ultimately resulted in accelerated bone ingrowth. At the molecular scale, insight into the effect of silicon and nitrogen ions released from the Si3N4 surface was obtained through combined histomorphometric analyses, Raman, Fourier-transform-infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Identical analyses conducted on a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) spinal explant showed no chemical changes and a lower propensity for osteogenic activity. Silicon and nitrogen are key elements in stimulating cells to generate bony apatite with crystallographic imperfections, leading to enhanced bioactivity of Si3N4 biomedical devices. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This research studies osseointegration processes comparing results from explanted PEEK and Si3N4 spinal spacers. Data show that the formation of hydroxyapatite on silicon nitride bio-ceramic surfaces happens with a peculiar mechanism inside the human body. Silicon and nitrogen were incorporated inside the bony tissue structure allowing the developing of off-stoichiometric bony apatite and stimulating progenitor cell differentiation/osteoblastic activity. Silicon and nitrogen ions released from the Si3N4 surface were detected through combined histologic analyses, Raman microspectroscopy, Fourier-transform-infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies.
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