1
|
Zieff GH, Stoner L, Frank B, Gaylord S, Battle S, Hackney AC. Aerobic exercise, mindfulness meditation, and stress-reduction in high-stress, college-based young adults: A pilot study. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:1331-1335. [PMID: 35613415 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2076103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This pilot study assessed the feasibility and combined effect of aerobic exercise (AE) and mindfulness meditation (MM), compared with MM alone and a control (CON) condition, on stress, anxiety, and depression in high-stress college-based young adults. Thirty-two participants (84.4% F, 20.5 ± 2.7 years, 23.9 ± 5.0 kg/m2) were randomized to a four-week, AE + MM (n = 16), MM (n = 10), or control intervention (n = 6). ANOVA revealed non-significant, but noteworthy group x time interactions (perceived stress: p = 0.09; anxiety/depression: p = 0.07). Both AE + MM and MM seem to be feasible strategies to reduce levels of stress, anxiety and depression in college-based young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel H Zieff
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barnett Frank
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan Gaylord
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Memorial Hospital, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Battle
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kang P, Wang AZX. Microbiota-gut-brain axis: the mediator of exercise and brain health. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2024; 4:kkae007. [PMID: 38756477 PMCID: PMC11096970 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The brain controls the nerve system, allowing complex emotional and cognitive activities. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional neural, hormonal, and immune signaling pathway that could link the gastrointestinal tract to the brain. Over the past few decades, gut microbiota has been demonstrated to be an essential component of the gastrointestinal tract that plays a crucial role in regulating most functions of various body organs. The effects of the microbiota on the brain occur through the production of neurotransmitters, hormones, and metabolites, regulation of host-produced metabolites, or through the synthesis of metabolites by the microbiota themselves. This affects the host's behavior, mood, attention state, and the brain's food reward system. Meanwhile, there is an intimate association between the gut microbiota and exercise. Exercise can change gut microbiota numerically and qualitatively, which may be partially responsible for the widespread benefits of regular physical activity on human health. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive method to show areas of brain activity enabling the delineation of specific brain regions involved in neurocognitive disorders. Through combining exercise tasks and fMRI techniques, researchers can observe the effects of exercise on higher brain functions. However, exercise's effects on brain health via gut microbiota have been little studied. This article reviews and highlights the connections between these three interactions, which will help us to further understand the positive effects of exercise on brain health and provide new strategies and approaches for the prevention and treatment of brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piao Kang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brush CJ, Keith LR, Santopetro NJ, Burani K, Hajcak G. Associations between physical activity, sedentary time, and neurocognitive function during adolescence: Evidence from accelerometry and the flanker P300. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 286:151-178. [PMID: 38876574 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Physical activity and sedentary behavior are two lifestyle factors related to overall health during adolescence. Public health efforts emphasize the importance of increasing physical activity to improve physical and mental health outcomes, including neurocognitive functioning. However, the unique effects of sedentary behavior on neurocognitive functioning remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate associations between daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time, and neurocognitive functioning during adolescence. Fifty-seven participants (37% female) between the ages of 13 and 17 years wore an accelerometer on their non-dominant wrist for approximately 1 week to quantify daily MVPA and sedentary time prior to completing a flanker task to elicit P300 amplitude at a laboratory visit. Results indicated that daily MVPA and sedentary time exhibited unique, significant associations with P300 amplitude in opposing directions: increased daily MVPA was correlated with larger P300 amplitudes, while increased daily sedentary time was linked to reduced P300 amplitudes. Notably, these associations remained significant even after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI-for-age percentile. These findings underscore the independent influence of daily MVPA and sedentary time on neurocognitive functioning during adolescence. Future research should explore whether modifying MVPA levels can improve neurocognitive outcomes-including the P300-during adolescence, and determine whether reducing sedentary time results in similar or differential effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Brush
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States.
| | - Lauren R Keith
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | | | - Kreshnik Burani
- Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Greg Hajcak
- School of Education and Counseling Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Calapai M, Puzzo L, Bova G, Vecchio DA, Blandino R, Barbagallo A, Ammendolia I, Cardia L, Calapai F, Currò M, Ficarra G, Esposito E, Trimarchi F, Di Mauro D, Calapai G, Mannucci C. Effects of Physical Exercise and Motor Activity on Depression and Anxiety in Post-Mastectomy Pain Syndrome. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:77. [PMID: 38255692 PMCID: PMC10820195 DOI: 10.3390/life14010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic post-surgical pain is a condition persisting for not less than 3 months after surgical intervention. It is evaluated that 25-60% of women who underwent breast cancer excision suffer from post-mastectomy pain syndrome, and anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and catastrophizing. Physical activity can reduce the risk of chronic diseases and has a good impact on mood and cognitive function. The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of physical activity on the intensity of pain, depression, and anxiety in women who underwent mastectomy for breast cancer removal. METHODS A prospective observational unicentric cohort study was performed. Patients were females who underwent unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) was used to measure pain intensity, Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) for depression, and Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7 (GAD-7) for anxiety evaluation. Physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Interleukin (IL)-17, IL-1β, cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were also evaluated in the blood of patients. All evaluations were assessed 3 and 6 months after the surgery. RESULTS Adequate physical activity reduced the intensity of pain, depression, and anxiety symptoms in women affected by post-mastectomy pain syndrome. Moreover, adequately active women showed a reduction in biomarkers of inflammation, cortisol, ACTH, and an increase of BDNF. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that physical activity can improve the quality of life, reduce the intensity of pain and inflammatory markers, and be useful in the reduction of associated anxiety and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Calapai
- Breast Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (L.P.); (D.A.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Luisa Puzzo
- Breast Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (L.P.); (D.A.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Bova
- Pain Therapy Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy; (G.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Daniele Alfio Vecchio
- Breast Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (L.P.); (D.A.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Rosario Blandino
- Breast Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (L.P.); (D.A.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Alessia Barbagallo
- Pain Therapy Unit, San Vincenzo Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Messina, 98039 Messina, Italy; (G.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Ilaria Ammendolia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (I.A.); (F.C.); (M.C.); (G.F.)
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Luigi Cardia
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Calapai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (I.A.); (F.C.); (M.C.); (G.F.)
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Mariaconcetta Currò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (I.A.); (F.C.); (M.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Giovanni Ficarra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (I.A.); (F.C.); (M.C.); (G.F.)
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
- Genetics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Policlinico Universitario “G. Martino”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Fabio Trimarchi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (F.T.); (D.D.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Debora Di Mauro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (F.T.); (D.D.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (F.T.); (D.D.M.); (C.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Feng Q, Guo K. Physical activity and depression of Chinese college students: chain mediating role of rumination and anxiety. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1190836. [PMID: 37583607 PMCID: PMC10423818 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1190836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the relationship between physical activity and depression among college students, as well as the mediating role of rumination and anxiety. Methods A total of 1,292 Chinese college students were investigated by physical activity questionnaire, rumination scale, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and depression scale. Results (1) There was a significant negative correlation between physical activity and depression (r = -0.399, p < 0.01), and the direct path of physical activity on depression was significant (β = -0.399, t = -13.374, p < 0.01). (2) Physical activity negatively predicted rumination (β = -0.322, t = -10.440, p < 0.01) and anxiety (β = -0.222, t = -7.089, p < 0.01). Rumination positively predicted anxiety (β = 0.283, t = 9.017, p < 0.01) and depression (β = 0.267, t = 9.046, p < 0.01). Anxiety positively predicted depression (β = 0.262, t = 8.902, p < 0.01). (3) Rumination and anxiety play a significant mediating role between physical activity and depression. The mediating effect involves three paths: physical activity → rumination → depression (the mediating effect value: -0.076); physical activity → anxiety → depression (the mediating effect value: -0.052). Physical activity → rumination → anxiety → depression (the mediating effect value: -0.021). Conclusion (1) Physical activity can negatively predict the rumination, anxiety, and depression of college students, which means physical activity can reduce rumination, anxiety, and depression of college students. (2) Physical activity can not only directly affect the depression of college students, but also indirectly affect depression through the independent intermediary role of rumination and anxiety, and the chain mediation of rumination and anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelei Guo
- School of Physical Education and Health, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kikkawa M, Shimura A, Nakajima K, Morishita C, Honyashiki M, Tamada Y, Higashi S, Ichiki M, Inoue T, Masuya J. Mediating Effects of Trait Anxiety and State Anxiety on the Effects of Physical Activity on Depressive Symptoms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5319. [PMID: 37047935 PMCID: PMC10094143 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that physical activity can prevent the onset of depression and reduces anxiety. In the present study, the hypothesis that total physical activity time influences depressive symptoms via state and trait anxiety was tested by a path analysis. METHODS Self-administered questionnaires were used to survey 526 general adult volunteers from April 2017 to April 2018. Demographic information, physical activity, and state and trait anxiety were investigated. RESULTS The association between physical activity time and depressive symptoms was expressed as a U-shape curve. The results of the covariance structure analysis showed that differences from the optimal physical activity time (DOT) had direct positive effects on state and trait anxiety. DOT affected depressive symptoms only via trait anxiety, and this was a complete mediation model. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that an optimal physical activity time exists for depressive symptoms. The path model demonstrated an association between the three factors of optimal physical activity time, trait anxiety, and depressive symptoms, and the effect was fully mediated by trait anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kikkawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0004, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Shimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakajima
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Gakuji-kai Kimura Hospital, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-0004, Japan
| | - Chihiro Morishita
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Mina Honyashiki
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yu Tamada
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Hachioji-shi 193-0998, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Higashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Ibaraki Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ichiki
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Jiro Masuya
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dhami P, Quilty LC, Schwartzmann B, Uher R, Allen TA, Kloiber S, Lam RW, MacQueen G, Frey BN, Milev R, Müller DJ, Rotzinger S, Kennedy SH, Farzan F. Alterations in the neural correlates of affective inhibitory control following cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: A Canadian biomarker integration network for depression (CAN-BIND) study. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
|
8
|
Sun R, Li X, Zhu Z, Li T, Zhao M, Mo L, Li W, Xi X, Huang P, Gong W. Effects of dual-task training in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1027104. [PMID: 36353135 PMCID: PMC9639668 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1027104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-motor dual-task (CMDT) training in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) and no dementia is still lacking. More importantly, although some studies on the cognitive effect of CMDT training show an improvement in cognitive performance, the results are still controversial, and the intervention mechanism of CMDT training on cognitive function improvement is not clear. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of CMDT training on cognitive function, neuron electrophysiology, and frontal lobe hemodynamics in patients with PSCI. Methods Here we tested the effects of CMDT training on cognitive function in PSCI patients. Forty subjects who met the criteria of PSCI were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. CMDT training or cognitive task (CT) training was administered to each patient in the experimental and control groups, respectively. All subjects performed Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale before and after the intervention, and the event-related potentials (ERP) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) were used to evaluate the changes in neuron electrophysiology and hemodynamics. Results Forty patients were randomized across Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital Capital Medical University in Beijing. At the end of the intervention, 33 subjects completed the experimental process. The CMDT group showed significant improvement in the MMSE (P = 0.01) and MoCA (P = 0.024) relative to the CT group. The results of ERP and fNIRS showed that CMDT training could shorten the latency of P300 (P = 0.001) and the peak time of oxygenated hemoglobin (P = 0.004). The results showed that CMDT training shortened the response time of central neurons and significantly increased the rate of oxygen supply to the frontal lobe. Conclusion CMDT training in patients with PSCI improved global cognitive function, which was supported by the improved neural efficiency of associated brain areas. Clinical trial registration http://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2000034862.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Sun
- Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziman Zhu
- Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiancong Li
- Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Zhao
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linhong Mo
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenshan Li
- Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Xi
- Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peiling Huang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijun Gong
- Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Weijun Gong
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Demmin DL, Silverstein SM, Shors TJ. Mental and physical training with meditation and aerobic exercise improved mental health and well-being in teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:847301. [PMID: 36082230 PMCID: PMC9446448 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.847301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Teachers face significant stressors in relation to their work, placing them at increased risk for burnout and attrition. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about additional challenges, resulting in an even greater burden. Thus, strategies for reducing stress that can be delivered virtually are likely to benefit this population. Mental and Physical (MAP) Training combines meditation with aerobic exercise and has resulted in positive mental and physical health outcomes in both clinical and subclinical populations. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of virtual MAP Training on reducing stress and improving mood and well-being in teachers. Participants (n = 104) were from recruited online from kindergarten to grade twelve (K-12) schools in the Northeastern region of the United States and randomly assigned to a 6-week program of virtual MAP Training (n = 58) or no training (n = 13). Primary outcomes included pre-intervention and post-intervention ratings on self-report measures of social and emotional health. Changes in cognitive functioning and physical health were also examined in secondary analyses. By intervention end, participants in the MAP Training group reported less anxiety and work-related stress compared to those who received no training (ds = −0.75 to −0.78). Additionally, MAP Training participants reported improvements in depressive symptoms, rumination, work-related quality of life, perceived stress, and self-compassion (ds = 0.38 to −0.82), whereas no changes were observed in the no training group. Participants also reported increased subjective ratings of executive functioning, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and fewer sleep disturbances (ds = −0.41 to −0.74). Together, these results suggest that the combination of meditation and aerobic exercise is an effective virtual intervention for improving mental health and well-being among K-12 teachers and may enhance resilience to stressful life events such as occurred during the coronavirus pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Docia L. Demmin
- Department of Psychology, Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Docia L. Demmin,
| | - Steven M. Silverstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Tracey J. Shors
- Department of Psychology, Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sars D. PE augmented mindfulness: A neurocognitive framework for research and future healthcare. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:899988. [PMID: 36082227 PMCID: PMC9446465 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.899988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various well-controlled studies have suggested that practitioners in mindfulness can be prone to patient drop-out (e.g., due to chronic stress, pathology, cognitive reactivity), despite researchers having identified the underlying mechanisms that link mindfulness to mental health. In this article, a framework for physical exercise (PE) augmented mindfulness is proposed, which posits that consistently practiced PE before meditation can support (early-stage) mindfulness. Neurocognitive research shows PE (aerobic exercises or yoga) and mindfulness to impact similar pathways of stress regulation that involve cognitive control and stress regulation, thereby supporting the proposed synergistic potential of PE augmented mindfulness. Research focused on the psychophysiological impact of PE, showed its practice to promote short-term neurocognitive changes that can promote both cognitive control and the attainment of mindful awareness (MA). In order to chart dose responses required for protocol development, further research will be presented. Together these findings are discussed in light of future research on this multidisciplinary topic, protocol development, mindful walking, and further application in healthcare and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Sars
- Mettaminds.org, Mindfulness Based Projects, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centre for Integral Rehabilitation (CIR), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: David Sars,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kang SS, Sponheim SR, Lim KO. Interoception Underlies Therapeutic Effects of Mindfulness Meditation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:793-804. [PMID: 34688923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness-based interventions have proven efficacy in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the neurobiological mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects is unknown. As mindfulness meditation cultivates attention to the present moment and bodily sensations, neural functions related to interoception (i.e., central processes of bodily signals) might be such a mechanism. METHODS We conducted a clinical trial in which veterans with PTSD were randomly assigned to receive an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention (n = 47) or an active control intervention (present-centered group therapy; n = 51). We assessed pre- and postintervention PTSD symptoms and electroencephalography measures of neural outcomes, including spontaneous brain activity, cognitive task-related brain responses, and interoceptive brain responses (heartbeat-evoked brain responses). We conducted statistical causal mediation analyses using treatment type as a predictor, pre- and postintervention measures of symptom severity as treatment response, and the neural outcomes as mediators. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the MBSR group had greater improvements in PTSD symptoms and increases in spontaneous alpha power (8-13 Hz), task-related frontal theta power (4-7 Hz in 140-220 ms after stimulus), and frontal theta heartbeat-evoked brain responses (3-5 Hz and 265-336 ms after R peak). The mediation analysis using latent difference score modeling revealed that only changes in frontal theta heartbeat-evoked brain responses mediated the MBSR treatment effect. CONCLUSIONS Mindfulness meditation improves brain functions of attentional control and resting brain states reflective of internally oriented relaxation. However, interoceptive neural functions enhanced by MBSR seem to be a primary cerebral mechanism that improves symptoms of PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Suk Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri.
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kelvin O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Ren M, Zou S. Effect of Physical Exercise on College Students' Life Satisfaction: Mediating Role of Competence and Relatedness Needs. Front Psychol 2022; 13:930253. [PMID: 35967665 PMCID: PMC9372330 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.930253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of physical exercise on the life satisfaction among college students. On the basis of the Basic Psychological Need Theory, the mediating roles of competence and relatedness needs satisfaction and their differences among college students in physical education (PE) majors and non-PE majors were explored. The sample included 1,012 college students who were selected to participate in an online survey. Major findings were as follows: (1) The total effect of physical exercise commitment on college students' life satisfaction was marginally significant while that of physical exercise adherence was not significant; (2) The effect of physical exercise commitment was observed exclusively through the mediating role of relatedness need satisfaction, while that of physical exercise adherence was through both competence and relatedness needs satisfaction; (3) In terms of differences caused by major, only one mediation path, that was, physical exercise → competence need satisfaction → college students's life satisfaction was significant among PE majors. This study thus enriched the empirical research on the benefits of physical exercise to individual mental health, highlighted the particularity of college students majoring in PE, and provided targeted and sensible suggestions for the design of physical exercise intervention programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Zhang
- Faculty of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Education and Psychology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Menghao Ren
- Department of Psychology, Center for Mind and Brain Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengqi Zou
- Department of Psychology, Center for Mind and Brain Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brush CJ, Hajcak G, Bocchine AJ, Ude AA, Muniz KM, Foti D, Alderman BL. A randomized trial of aerobic exercise for major depression: examining neural indicators of reward and cognitive control as predictors and treatment targets. Psychol Med 2022; 52:893-903. [PMID: 32838817 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720002573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic exercise has demonstrated antidepressant efficacy among adults with major depression. There is a poor understanding of the neural mechanisms associated with these effects. Deficits in reward processing and cognitive control may be two candidate targets and predictors of treatment outcome to exercise in depression. METHODS Sixty-six young adults aged 20.23 years (s.d. = 2.39) with major depression were randomized to 8 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (n = 35) or light stretching (n = 31). Depressive symptoms were assessed across the intervention to track symptom reduction. Reward processing [reward positivity (RewP)] and cognitive control [error-related negativity (ERN)] were assessed before and after the intervention using event-related brain potentials. RESULTS Compared to stretching, aerobic exercise resulted in greater symptom reduction (gs = 0.66). Aerobic exercise had no impact on the RewP (gav = 0.08) or ERN (gav = 0.21). In the aerobic exercise group, individuals with a larger pre-treatment RewP [odds ratio (OR) = 1.45] and increased baseline depressive symptom severity (OR = 1.18) were more likely to respond to an aerobic exercise program. Pre-treatment ERN did not predict response (OR = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise is effective in alleviating depressive symptoms in adults with major depression, particularly for those with increased depressive symptom severity and a larger RewP at baseline. Although aerobic exercise did not modify the RewP or ERN, there is preliminary support for the utility of the RewP in predicting who is most likely to respond to exercise as a treatment for depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Brush
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Health and Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Anthony J Bocchine
- Department of Kinesiology and Health and Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew A Ude
- Department of Kinesiology and Health and Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kristina M Muniz
- Department of Kinesiology and Health and Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, Division of Child and Family Psychiatry, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Dan Foti
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brandon L Alderman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health and Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Varela AJ, Melvin A. The theatre of depression: a role for physical therapy. Physiother Theory Pract 2022:1-17. [DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2041136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Varela
- School of Physical Therapy, Arkansas College of Health Education, Fort Smith, AR, USA
| | - Ann Melvin
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Millon EM, Lehrer PM, Shors TJ. Meditation and Aerobic Exercise Enhance Mental Health Outcomes and Pattern Separation Learning Without Changing Heart Rate Variability in Women with HIV. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2022; 47:27-42. [PMID: 35040014 PMCID: PMC8763305 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-021-09530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mental and physical (MAP) training targets the brain and the body through a combination of focused-attention meditation and aerobic exercise. The following feasibility pilot study tested whether 6 weeks of MAP training improves mental health outcomes, while enhancing discrimination learning and heart rate variability (HRV) in a group of women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other stress-related conditions. Participants were assigned to training (n = 18) or no-training control (n = 8) groups depending on their ability and willingness to participate, and if their schedule allowed. Training sessions were held once a week for 6 weeks with 30 min of meditation followed by 30 min of aerobic exercise. Before and after 6 weeks of training, participants completed the Behavioral Pattern Separation Task as a measure of discrimination learning, self-report questionnaires of ruminative and trauma-related thoughts, depression, anxiety, and perceived stress, and an assessment of HRV at rest. After training, participants reported fewer ruminative and trauma-related thoughts, fewer depressive and anxiety symptoms, and less perceived stress (p’s < 0.05). The positive impact on ruminative thoughts and depressive symptoms persisted 6 months after training. They also demonstrated enhanced discrimination of similar patterns of information (p < 0.05). HRV did not change after training (p > 0.05). Combining mental and physical training is an effective program for enhancing mental health and aspects of cognition in women living with HIV, although not necessarily through variance in heart rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Millon
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Paul M Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tracey J Shors
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Högström S, Philipson A, Ekstav L, Eriksson M, Fagerberg UL, Falk E, Möller M, Sandberg E, Särnblad S, Duberg A. Dance and yoga reduced functional abdominal pain in young girls: A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pain 2021; 26:336-348. [PMID: 34529293 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) affect children, especially girls, all over the world. The evidence for existing treatments is mixed, and effective accessible treatments are needed. Dance, a rhythmic cardio-respiratory activity, combined with yoga, which enhances relaxation and focus, may provide physiological and psychological benefits that could help to ease pain. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a dance and yoga intervention on maximum abdominal pain in 9- to 13-year- old girls with FAPDs. METHODS This study was a prospective randomized controlled trial with 121 participants recruited from outpatient clinics as well as the general public. The intervention group participated in dance and yoga twice weekly for 8 months; controls received standard care. Abdominal pain, as scored on the Faces Pain Scale-Revised, was recorded in a pain diary. A linear mixed model was used to estimate the outcomes and effect sizes. RESULTS Dance and yoga were superior to standard health care alone, with a medium to high between-group effect size and significantly greater pain reduction (b = -1.29, p = 0.002) at the end of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS An intervention using dance and yoga is likely a feasible and beneficial complementary treatment to standard health care for 9- to 13-year-old girls with FAPDs. SIGNIFICANCE FAPDs affect children, especially girls, all over the world. The negative consequences such as absence from school, high consumption of medical care and depression pose a considerable burden on children and their families and effective treatments are needed. This is the first study examining a combined dance/yoga intervention for young girls with FAPDs and the result showed a reduction of abdominal pain. These findings contribute with new evidence in the field of managing FAPDs in a vulnerable target group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Högström
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Philipson
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Ekstav
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ulrika L Fagerberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Clinical Research, Västmanland Hospital, Västerås, Uppsala University Uppsala, Västerås, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Falk
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Uppsala University hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margareta Möller
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Elin Sandberg
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Center for primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Stefan Särnblad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Duberg
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Polaski AM, Phelps AL, Smith TJ, Helm ER, Morone NE, Szucs KA, Kostek MC, Kolber BJ. Integrated Meditation and Exercise Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Pilot of a Combined Nonpharmacological Intervention Focused on Reducing Disability and Pain in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 22:444-458. [PMID: 33621332 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnaa403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This pilot trial examined the effects of a combined intervention of mindfulness meditation followed by aerobic walking exercise compared with a control condition in chronic low back pain patients. We hypothesized that meditation before exercise would reduce disability, pain, and anxiety by increasing mindfulness prior to physical activity compared with an audiobook control group. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-eight adults completed either meditation and exercise treatment (MedExT) (n=18) or an audiobook control condition (n=20). SETTING Duquesne University Exercise Physiology Laboratory. DESIGN A pilot, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial. METHODS Over a 4-week period, participants in the MedExT group performed 12-17 minutes of guided meditation followed by 30 minutes of moderate-intensity walking exercise 5 days per week. Measures of disability, pain, mindfulness, and anxiety were taken at baseline and postintervention. Pain perception measurements were taken daily. RESULTS Compared with the control group, we observed larger improvements in disability in the MedExT intervention, although the changes were modest and not statistically significant (mean between-group difference, -1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], -3.1 to 0.6). For secondary outcome measures, MedExT increased mindfulness (within-group) from pre-intervention to postintervention (P=0.0141). Additionally, mean ratings of low back pain intensity and unpleasantness significantly improved with time for the MedExT group compared with that of the control group, respectively (intensity P=0.0008; unpleasantness P=0.0022). CONCLUSION . Overall, 4 weeks of MedExT produced suggestive between-group trends for disability, significant between-group differences for measures of pain, and significant within-group increases in mindfulness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Polaski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy L Phelps
- Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Palumbo-Donahue School of Business, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas J Smith
- Counseling and Wellbeing Center, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric R Helm
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Natalia E Morone
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberly A Szucs
- Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Occupational Therapy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew C Kostek
- Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benedict J Kolber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prochilo GA, Costa RJ, Hassed C, Chambers R, Molenberghs P. A 16-week aerobic exercise and mindfulness-based intervention on chronic psychosocial stress: a pilot and feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2021; 7:64. [PMID: 33676580 PMCID: PMC7936438 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-020-00751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Researchers have begun delivering mindfulness and aerobic exercise training concurrently on the premise that a combination intervention will yield salutary outcomes over and above each intervention alone. An estimate of the effect of combination training on chronic psychosocial stress in a nonclinical population has not been established. The objective of this study was to establish protocol feasibility in preparation of a definitive RCT targeting healthy individuals, and to explore the preliminary effect of combination training on reducing chronic psychosocial stress in this population. METHODS Twenty-four participants were allocated to a single-arm pre-post study and subjected to 16 weeks of concurrent mindfulness psychoeducation and aerobic exercise training. Feasibility criteria were collected and evaluated. Within-group changes in chronic psychosocial stress, mindfulness, emotion regulation, and cardiorespiratory fitness were also assessed. Primary analyses were based on 17 participants. RESULTS Retention rate, response rate, recruitment rate, and sample size analyses indicate a definitive trial is feasible for detecting most effects with precision. There was also a decline in our primary dependent measure of chronic psychosocial stress (dpretest = -0.56, 95% CI [ -1.14,-0.06]). With regard to secondary measures, there was an increase in the use of cognitive reappraisal, and a reduction in use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. We are insufficiently confident to comment on changes in mindfulness and aerobic capacity [Formula: see text]. However, there were subgroup improvements in aerobic economy at submaximal exercise intensities. CONCLUSIONS We recommend a definitive trial is feasible and should proceed. TRIAL REGISTRATION ANZCTR (ID: ACTRN12619001726145 ). Retrospectively registered December 9, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy A. Prochilo
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- ISN Psychology, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ricardo J.S. Costa
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig Hassed
- Department of General Practice, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Activation of the orbitofrontal cortex by both meditation and exercise: A near-infrared spectroscopy study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247685. [PMID: 33621250 PMCID: PMC7901739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In some types of meditation, such as mindfulness and Zen, breathing is the focus of attention, whereas during an excessive, short-period of anaerobic exercise, the muscles become the focus of attention. Thus, during both efforts, one’s attention is focused on a certain feature of the body. Both meditation and exercise generally provide mental refreshment to humans. We hypothesized that the same brain regions are activated by both efforts in humans. To examine this hypothesis, we engaged participants in 3 tasks: meditation, exercise, and a control task. After each task, the participants underwent a 2-back test to concentrate their thoughts, while changes in their blood hemoglobin levels were simultaneously monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Seventeen participants (20–24 years of age; 11 men, 6 women) were enrolled. We applied a fast-Fourier transform (FFT) analysis to the NIRS wave data and calculated the correlation coefficients of the FFT data between (1) meditation and control, (2) exercise and control, and (3) meditation and exercise, at the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), brain areas that are generally involved in mental refreshment. A significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the OFC and DLPFC was detected in the meditation and exercise analysis, and signal source analysis confirmed that the NIRS waves spread from the right and left OFC edges (i.e., right and left temples) toward the center. Our results suggest that both meditation and exercise activate the OFC, which is involved in emotional reactions and motivation behavior, resulting in mental refreshment.
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu C, Dong Z, Zhang P, Chang G, Xiang Q, Zhang M, Zhou J, Qiao C, Yang Q, Qin Y, Lou P. Effect of group cognitive behavioural therapy on psychological stress and blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A community-based cluster randomized controlled trial in China. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14491. [PMID: 33296541 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether group cognitive behavioural therapy (GCBT) delivered by general practitioners reduces anxiety and depression and improves glycaemic levels in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS We conducted a community-based cluster randomized controlled trial in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 48 communities in China. Participants received either GCBT plus usual care (UC) or UC only. General practitioners were trained in GCBT before intervention in the intervention group. The primary outcome was glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c ) concentration. Outcome data were collected from all participants at baseline, 2 months, 6 months and 1 year. The secondary outcomes were depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9) and anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder questionnaire; GAD-7). RESULTS The GCBT group showed greater improvement in GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores, respectively, than the UC group after 2 months post-baseline (T = -6.46, p < 0.0001; T = -5.29, p < 0.001), 6 months (T = -4.58, p < 0.001; T = -4.37, p < 0.001) and 1 year post-intervention (T = -3.91, p < 0.001; T = -3.57, p < 0.001). There was no difference in HbA1c values between the GCBT and UC groups at 2 months while the values were lower in the GCBT group at 6 months and 1 year (T = -6.83, p < 0.001; T = -4.93, p < 0.001, respectively). Subgroup analysis indicated a long-term effect of GCBT only for mild and moderate anxiety and mild depression groups. Similarly, HbA1c values reduced only in the mild and moderate anxiety and the mild depression groups. CONCLUSIONS General practitioners can deliver GCBT interventions. GCBT plus UC is superior to UC for reducing mild/moderate anxiety and depression, and improving glycaemic levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese clinical trials registration (ChiCTR-IOP-16008045).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Third People's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongmei Dong
- Department of Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guiqiu Chang
- Department of Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quanyong Xiang
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Third People's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinyi Zhou
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Qiao
- Department of Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xuzhou Third People's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peian Lou
- Department of Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Millon EM, Shors TJ. How mental health relates to everyday stress, rumination, trauma and interoception in women living with HIV: A factor analytic study. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
This commentary for this Special Issue on mindfulness highlights the progress and maturity of this growing field of scientific investigation and points the way toward important questions that require further study. Important methodological and implementation issues including the nature of proper comparison groups, the extension of mindfulness-based interventions to underserved populations, the assessment of baseline characteristics that predict beneficial outcomes, and how mindfulness might be combined with other health-promoting activities such as physical exercise are considered. New questions for future research were also showcased, including best practices for mobile interventions, the development and assessment of microinterventions, and the need for a more expansive framework to cultivate human flourishing. The learning of well-being is conceptualized as an urgent public health need that will require new approaches for global scaling.
Collapse
|
23
|
Xie Y, Wu Z, Sun L, Zhou L, Wang G, Xiao L, Wang H. The Effects and Mechanisms of Exercise on the Treatment of Depression. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:705559. [PMID: 34803752 PMCID: PMC8602192 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.705559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is necessary to seek alternative therapies for depression, because side effects of medications lead to poor adherence and some patients do not achieve a clinical treatment effect. Recently the role of exercise as a low-cost and easy-to-use treatment for depression has gained attention with a number of studies showing that exercise is effective at reducing depressive symptoms and improving body functions such as cardiorespiratory system and cognitive function. Because of the heterogeneity of exercise therapy programs, there is no standardized and unified program. Few studies have summarized the specific properties of exercise programs (type, intensity, duration, and frequency) and clinical prescriptions for exercise are not mentioned in most articles. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of exercise therapy for patients with depression, in order to appraise the evidence and outline accepted guidelines to direct individualized treatment plans for patients with depression based on their individual situations. Methods: A systematic review of English language literature including papers published from 2010 to present in PubMed was performed. Given the feasibility of prescribing exercise therapy for patients with depression, nearly 3 years of clinical studies on the treatments of depressive symptoms with exercise were first reviewed, comparing the exercise programs utilized. Conclusions: Exercise has therapeutic effects on depression in all age groups (mostly 18-65 years old), as a single therapy, an adjuvant therapy, or a combination therapy, and the benefits of exercise therapy are comparable to traditional treatments for depression. Moderate intensity exercise is enough to reduce depressive symptoms, but higher-dose exercise is better for overall functioning. Exercise therapy has become more widely used because of its benefits to the cardiovascular system, emotional state, and systemic functions. Recommendations: Aerobic exercise/mind-body exercise (3-5 sessions per week with moderate intensity lasting for 4-16 weeks) is recommended. Individualized protocols in the form of group exercise with supervision are effective at increasing adherence to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuotian Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Limin Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Philipson A, Särnblad S, Ekstav L, Eriksson M, Fagerberg UL, Möller M, Mörelius E, Duberg A. An Intervention With Dance and Yoga for Girls With Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders (Just in TIME): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e19748. [PMID: 33320103 PMCID: PMC7772067 DOI: 10.2196/19748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) affect many children worldwide, predominantly girls, and cause considerable long-term negative consequences for individuals and society. Evidence-based and cost-effective treatments are therefore strongly needed. Physical activity has shown promising effects in the practical management of FAPDs. Dance and yoga are both popular activities that have been shown to provide significant psychological and pain-related benefits with minimal risk. The activities complement each other, in that dance involves dynamic, rhythmic physical activity, while yoga enhances relaxation and focus. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the effects of a dance and yoga intervention among girls aged 9 to 13 years with FAPDs. METHODS The study is a prospective randomized controlled trial among girls aged 9 to 13 years with functional abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome, or both. The target sample size was 150 girls randomized into 2 arms: an intervention arm that receives dance and yoga sessions twice weekly for 8 months and a control arm that receives standard care. Outcomes will be measured at baseline and after 4, 8, 12, and 24 months, and long-term follow-up will be conducted 5 years from baseline. Questionnaires, interviews, and biomarker measures, such as cortisol in saliva and fecal microbiota, will be used. The primary outcome is the proportion of girls in each group with reduced pain, as measured by the faces pain scale-revised in a pain diary, immediately after the intervention. Secondary outcomes are gastrointestinal symptoms, general health, mental health, stress, and physical activity. The study also includes qualitative evaluations and health economic analyses. This study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Uppsala (No. 2016/082 1-2). RESULTS Data collection began in October 2016. The intervention has been performed in 3 periods from 2016 through 2019. The final 5-year follow-up is anticipated to be completed by fall 2023. CONCLUSIONS Cost-effective and easily accessible interventions are warranted to reduce the negative consequences arising from FAPDs in young girls. Physical activity is an effective strategy, but intervention studies are needed to better understand what types of activities facilitate regular participation in this target group. The Just in TIME (Try, Identify, Move, and Enjoy) study will provide insights regarding the effectiveness of dance and yoga and is anticipated to contribute to the challenging work of reducing the burden of FAPDs for young girls. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02920268); https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02920268. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/19748.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Philipson
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Stefan Särnblad
- Department of Paediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Ekstav
- Department of Paediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mats Eriksson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ulrika L Fagerberg
- Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland Hospital Västerås, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margareta Möller
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Evalotte Mörelius
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Anna Duberg
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Converse AK, Barrett BP, Chewning BA, Wayne PM. Tai Chi training for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A feasibility trial in college students. Complement Ther Med 2020; 53:102538. [PMID: 33066865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many young adults are affected by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and often desire non-pharmacological treatment options. Mind-body techniques might serve as complementary therapies to first-line stimulant medications, but studies are limited. Tai Chi is an increasingly popular practice that integrates movement with cognitive skills relevant to ADHD. We performed a feasibility trial of Tai Chi training in undergraduates to inform the design of a fully powered randomized controlled trial (RCT). METHOD Undergraduates with ADHD were recruited, screened, enrolled, and assessed at baseline. They were assigned to three parallel seven-week intervention arms, Tai Chi, Active Control (cardio-aerobic fitness), and Inactive Control (no contact), with follow-up assessments. Feasibility of a larger clinical trial was evaluated, especially with respect to enrollment and retention. Additionally, potential clinical outcome measures were examined for practicality and reliability. RESULTS 21 participants were assessed at baseline and 19 at follow-up (90 % retention). The primary clinical outcome measure, self-reported inattention symptoms (Conners' CAARS-S:L DSM-IV Inattentive Symptoms subscale), exhibited good test-retest reliability in controls (r = 0.87, n = 10) and correlated with reduced mindfulness (FFMQ acting with awareness subscale) at baseline (r = -0.74, n = 20). Class attendance and self-reported daily practice time were variable. Randomization to group classes was hindered by the college students' restricted schedules. CONCLUSION The high retention rate and good data quality suggest that an RCT of Tai Chi for ADHD is feasible. Further measures are identified to improve enrollment rates, adherence, and randomization procedures. Future work might extend to other young adult populations and high school students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce P Barrett
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Betty A Chewning
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Peter M Wayne
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhao JL, Jiang WT, Wang X, Cai ZD, Liu ZH, Liu GR. Exercise, brain plasticity, and depression. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:885-895. [PMID: 32491278 PMCID: PMC7415205 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by high incidence, high disability, and high fatality, causing great burden to the society, families, and individuals. The changes in brain plasticity may be a main reason for depression. Recent studies have shown that exercise plays a positive role in depression, but systematic and comprehensive studies are lacking on brain plasticity changes in depression. To further understand the antidepressive effect of exercise and the changes in brain plasticity, we retrieved related literatures using key words “depression,” “depressive disorder,” “exercise,” “brain plasticity,” “brain structure,” and “brain function” from the database of Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO host, and CNKI, hoping to provide evidence for exercise in preventing and treating depression. Increase in exercise has been found negatively correlated with the risk of depression. Randomized controlled experiments have shown that aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and mind‐body exercise can improve depressive symptoms and levels. The intensity and long‐term effect of exercise are now topical research issues. Exercise has been proven to reshape the brain structure of depression patients, activate the function of related brain areas, promote behavioral adaptation changes, and maintain the integrity of hippocampal and white matter volume, thus improving the brain neuroprocessing and delaying cognitive degradation in depression patients. Future studies are urgently needed to establish accurate exercise prescriptions for improving depressive symptoms, and studies on different depressive populations and studies using multimodal brain imaging combined with multiple analytical methods are also needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lei Zhao
- School of Physical Education and Health, Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-Ting Jiang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Dong Cai
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zu-Hong Liu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Rong Liu
- School of Physical Education and Health, Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brinsley J, Schuch F, Lederman O, Girard D, Smout M, Immink MA, Stubbs B, Firth J, Davison K, Rosenbaum S. Effects of yoga on depressive symptoms in people with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:992-1000. [PMID: 32423912 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether physically active yoga is superior to waitlist control, treatment as usual and attention control in alleviating depressive symptoms in people with a diagnosed mental disorder recognised by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. DATA SOURCES Data were obtained from online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CENTRAL, EMCARE, PEDro). The search and collection of eligible studies was conducted up to 14 May 2019 (PROSPERO registration No CRD42018090441). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES We included randomised controlled trials with a yoga intervention comprising ≥50% physical activity in adults with a recognised diagnosed mental disorder according to DSM-3, 4 or 5. RESULTS 19 studies were included in the review (1080 participants) and 13 studies were included in the meta-analysis (632 participants). Disorders of depression, post-traumatic stress, schizophrenia, anxiety, alcohol dependence and bipolar were included. Yoga showed greater reductions in depressive symptoms than waitlist, treatment as usual and attention control (standardised mean difference=0.41; 95% CI -0.65 to -0.17; p<0.001). Greater reductions in depressive symptoms were associated with higher frequency of yoga sessions per week (β=-0.44, p<0.01).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Brinsley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia: Allied Health and Human Performance, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Felipe Schuch
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Oscar Lederman
- Keeping the Body In Mind, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Danielle Girard
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia: Allied Health and Human Performance, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew Smout
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maarten A Immink
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia: Allied Health and Human Performance, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kade Davison
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia: Allied Health and Human Performance, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon Rosenbaum
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Black Dog Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sibold J, Edwards EM, O'Neil L, Murray-Close D, Hudziak JJ. Bullying Environment Moderates the Relationship Between Exercise and Mental Health in Bullied US Children. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2020; 90:194-199. [PMID: 31859403 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise reduces the odds of sadness and suicidality in bullied students, but the role of the bullying environment on this relationship remains unknown. METHODS Using combined data from the 2013 and 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 29,207), adjusted logistic regression models estimated odds ratios between exercise, sadness, and suicidal ideation and attempt, stratified by bullying exposure (electronically/at school). RESULTS Overall, 40.2% of students bullied at school and 48.3% of students bullied electronically reported feeling sad, compared to 22.6% of those not bullied. Bullied students were 2-3 times more likely to report suicidal ideation, and 3-4 times more likely to report suicidal attempt, regardless of bullying context. Students who were bullied at school and exercised 4-7 days per week had lower odds of sadness (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.51-0.81), suicidal ideation (AOR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.53-82), and suicidal attempt (AOR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.48-0.98) compared to those who exercised 0-3 days. There were no protective effects of exercise for students bullied electronically. CONCLUSIONS Exercise reduced sadness and suicidality in adolescents bullied at school but not for students who were cyberbullied. Bullying environment should be a primary consideration in school mental health treatment and maintenance paradigms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Sibold
- ATC Associate Dean, , College of Nursing and Health Sciences, 105 Rowell, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Erika M Edwards
- Research Assistant Professor, , Mathematics and Statistics, University of Vermont, 16 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Linnae O'Neil
- Graduate Student, , College of Nursing and Health Sciences, 105 Rowell Hall, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Dianna Murray-Close
- Professor of Psychology, , 210A Dewey Hall, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - James J Hudziak
- Professor of Psychiatry, , FAHC-DU Campus, St. Josephs 3213, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bigliassi M, Bertuzzi R. Exploring the Use of Meditation as a Valuable Tool to Counteract Sedentariness. Front Psychol 2020; 11:299. [PMID: 32158418 PMCID: PMC7052308 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Some forms of meditation have been recently proposed as effective tools to facilitate the handling of undesired thoughts and reappraisal of negative emotions that commonly arise during exercise-related situations. The effects of meditation-based interventions on psychological responses could also be used as a means by which to increase exercise adherence and counteract the detrimental consequences of sedentariness. In the present article, we briefly describe the effects of meditation on physical activity and related factors. We also propose a theoretical model as a means by which to further understanding of the effects of meditation on psychological, psychophysical, and psychophysiological responses during exercise. The results of very recent studies in the realms of cognitive and affective psychology are promising. The putative psychological mechanisms underlying the effects of meditation on exercise appear to be associated with the interpretation of interoceptive and exteroceptive sensory signals. This is primarily due to the fact that meditation influences the cerebral processing of physical sensations, emotions, and thoughts. In such instances, the bodily and perceptual responses that are commonly reported during exercise might be assuaged during the practice of meditation. It also appears that conscious presence and self-compassion function as an emotional backdrop against which more complex behaviors can be forged. In such instances, re-engagement to physical activity programs can be more effectively achieved through the implementation of holistic methods to treat the body and mind. The comments provided in the present paper might have very important implications for exercise adherence and the treatment of hypokinetic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Bigliassi
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang Y, Fu R, Sun L, Gong Y, Tang D. How Does Exercise Improve Implicit Emotion Regulation Ability: Preliminary Evidence of Mind-Body Exercise Intervention Combined With Aerobic Jogging and Mindfulness-Based Yoga. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1888. [PMID: 31507480 PMCID: PMC6718717 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The primary aim of the present study is to examine the effect of 8-week mind-body exercise intervention combining aerobic jogging and mindfulness-based yoga on implicit emotion regulation ability. The secondary aim is to explore the specific potential pathways by which the mind-body exercise intervention fosters implicit emotion regulation. This may help us to understand how the key components of exercise intervention contribute to emotional benefits. Methods: Sixty participants were randomly allocated to one of two parallel groups: (1) the intervention group (n = 29) and (2) the waitlist control group (n = 31). Participants were asked to fill out scales measuring mindfulness and instructed to complete an emotion regulation task to assess implicit emotion regulation ability as well as the PWC 170 Test to evaluate aerobic fitness before and after the intervention. Results: The results of the two-way repeated ANOVA revealed that 8 weeks of intervention improved implicit emotion regulation, mindfulness, and aerobic fitness levels. Path analysis showed that only improved aerobic fitness mediated the intervention effect on implicit emotion regulation ability, controlling for change in negative affect. Notably, the relationship between the effects on implicit emotion regulation ability and aerobic fitness was moderated by improved mindfulness. Conclusion: Eight weeks of mind-body exercise intervention improves implicit emotion regulation ability. The aerobic fitness may be an essential pathway which mediates the efficacy on implicit emotion regulation ability. Furthermore, different components, such as aerobic fitness and mindfulness, may interactively contribute to such emotional benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - RuoFan Fu
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - YuJing Gong
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Donghui Tang
- College of P. E. and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Millon EM, Shors TJ. Taking neurogenesis out of the lab and into the world with MAP Train My Brain™. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112154. [PMID: 31421141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus was rediscovered in the 1990's after being reported in the 1960's. Since then, thousands upon thousands of laboratories have reported on the characteristics and presumed functional significance of new neurons in the adult brain. In 1999, we reported that mental training with effortful learning could extend the survival of these new cells and in the same year, others reported that physical training with exercise could increase their proliferation. Based on these studies and others, we developed MAP Train My Brain™, which is a brain fitness program for humans. The program combines mental and physical (MAP) training through 30-min of effortful meditation followed by 30-min of aerobic exercise. This program, when practiced twice a week for eight weeks reduced depressive symptoms and ruminative thoughts in men and women with major depressive disorder (MDD) while increasing synchronized brain activity during cognitive control. It also reduced anxiety and depression and increased oxygen consumption in young mothers who had been homeless. Moreover, engaging in the program reduced trauma-related cognitions and ruminative thoughts while increasing self-worth in adult women with a history of sexual trauma. And finally, the combination of mental and physical training together was more effective than either activity alone. Albeit effortful, this program does not require inordinate amounts of time or money to practice and can be easily adopted into everyday life. MAP Training exemplifies how we as neuroscientists can take discoveries made in the laboratory out into the world for the benefit of others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Millon
- Department of Psychology and Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Tracey J Shors
- Department of Psychology and Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
McDonough IM, Allen RS. Biological markers of aging and mental health: A seed and soil model of neurocognitive disorders. Aging Ment Health 2019; 23:793-799. [PMID: 30449142 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1531383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
As the population of the world gets older, cognitive and mental health decline in older adults has become one of the most pressing scientific problems of the 21st century. It has been well-established that multiple pathways exist that can lead to future cognitive decline and the development of age-related mental health conditions. Making matters more complicated is the fact that aging is not a homogenous or simple process; rather, each person brings a diverse set of circumstances to the table, leading to differences in biologically aging. Research is needed to identify how the intersection of environmental and biological factors may protect older adults or put them at future risk for cognitive decline and the development of age-related mental health conditions. Furthermore, each potential factor may impact different domains of cognition and mental health or may impact individuals differentially based on genetic, environmental, social, emotional, and behavioral factors. Neuroimaging is one key tool that can be used to discover and assess markers of cognitive and mental health. The goal of this special issue is to expand the science on how biological markers can aid the understanding of aging and mental health through the lens of the individual from an international perspective, representing Germany, Taiwan, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Common themes from these articles are used to support the new Seed and Soil Model of Neurocognitive Disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M McDonough
- a Department of Psychology , The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , AL , USA.,b Alabama Research Institute on Aging, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , AL , USA
| | - Rebecca S Allen
- b Alabama Research Institute on Aging, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , AL , USA.,c Department of Psychology , The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , AL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lesnewich LM, Conway FN, Buckman JF, Brush CJ, Ehmann PJ, Eddie D, Olson RL, Alderman BL, Bates ME. Associations of depression severity with heart rate and heart rate variability in young adults across normative and clinical populations. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 142:57-65. [PMID: 31195066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Limitations of current depression treatments may arise from a lack of knowledge about unique psychophysiological processes that contribute to depression across the full range of presentations. This study examined how individual variations in heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are related to depressive symptoms across normative and clinical populations in 152 young adults (aged 18-35 years). Moderating effects of sex and antidepressant medication status were considered. Electrocardiogram data were collected during "vanilla" baseline and in response to positive and negative emotional cues. Linear regressions and repeated-measures mixed models were used to assess the relationships between Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) scores, sex, antidepressant use, and cardiovascular outcomes. Baseline models yielded significant main effects of BDI-II and sex on HR and significant interactions between antidepressant medication status and BDI-II on HRV outcomes. The main effects of BDI-II and sex on HR were no longer significant after controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness. Participants who denied current antidepressant use (n = 137) exhibited a negative association and participants who endorsed current antidepressant (n = 15) use exhibited a positive association between BDI-II scores and HRV. Emotional reactivity models were largely non-significant with the exception of a significant main effect of antidepressant medication status on high-frequency HRV reactivity. Results indicated antidepressant medication use may moderate the relationship between depression severity and cardiovascular functioning, but this requires replication given the modest proportion of medicated individuals in this study. Overall, findings suggest cardiovascular processes and cardiorespiratory fitness are linked to depression symptomatology and may be important to consider in depression treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Lesnewich
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Fiona N Conway
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, 1925 San Jacinto Boulevard, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Jennifer F Buckman
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Christopher J Brush
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Peter J Ehmann
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - David Eddie
- Recovery Research Institute, Center for Addiction Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 151 Merrimac Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Ryan L Olson
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, 1921 Chestnut Street, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Brandon L Alderman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Marsha E Bates
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Knight MJ, Mills NT, Baune BT. Contemporary methods of improving cognitive dysfunction in clinical depression. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:431-443. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1610395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Knight
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Natalie T. Mills
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brush CJ, Olson RL, Ehmann PJ, Bocchine AJ, Bates ME, Buckman JF, Leyro TM, Alderman BL. Lower resting cardiac autonomic balance in young adults with current major depression. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13385. [PMID: 31020679 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research on cardiac autonomic function in major depressive disorder (MDD) has predominantly examined cardiac vagal control and adopted a model of reciprocal autonomic balance. A proposed bivariate autonomic continuum uses cardiac autonomic balance (CAB) and cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR) models, derived from normalized values of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and pre-ejection period, to more adequately index patterns of autonomic control. The purpose of this study was to assess resting levels of CAB and CAR among young adults with and without a current diagnosis of major depression. One hundred forty-two young adults (n = 65 MDD, n = 77 healthy controls; 20.8 ± 2.6 years) completed a structured diagnostic interview, cardiovascular assessment, and a maximal aerobic fitness test. The findings revealed that CAB, but not CAR, significantly predicted current MDD status (OR = 0.70, 95% CI [0.53, 0.93]), an effect that remained after controlling for aerobic fitness and body mass index. Although CAB was found to be a significant predictor of current MDD status among a sample of young adults, there remained substantial variation in autonomic control that was not captured by the traditional model of reciprocal autonomic balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Brush
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Ryan L Olson
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Peter J Ehmann
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Anthony J Bocchine
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Marsha E Bates
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jennifer F Buckman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Teresa M Leyro
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Brandon L Alderman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Steinberg F, Pixa NH, Fregni F. A Review of Acute Aerobic Exercise and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Effects on Cognitive Functions and Their Potential Synergies. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 12:534. [PMID: 30687048 PMCID: PMC6336823 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, several pharmaceutic and non-pharmaceutic approaches exist to treat psychiatric and neurological diseases. Because of the lack of treatment procedures that are medication free and without severe side effects, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and aerobic exercise (AE) have been tested to explore the potential for initiating and modulating neuroplasticity in the human brain. Both tDCS and AE could support cognition and behavior in the clinical and non-clinical context to improve the recovery process within neurological or psychiatric conditions or to increase performance. As these techniques still lack meaningful effects, although they provide multiple beneficial opportunities within disease and health applications, there is emerging interest to find improved tDCS and AE protocols. Since multimodal approaches could provoke synergetic effects, a few recent studies have begun to combine tDCS and AE within different settings such as in cognitive training in health or for treatment purposes within clinical settings, all of which show superior effects compared to single technique applications. The beneficial outcomes of both techniques depend on several parameters and the understanding of neural mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Recent studies have begun to directly combine tDCS and AE within one session, although their interactions on the behavioral, neurophysiological and neurochemical levels are entirely unclear. Therefore, this review: (a) provides an overview of acute behavioral, neurophysiological, and neurochemical effects that both techniques provoke within only one single application in isolation; (b) gives an overview regarding the mechanistic pathways; and (c) discusses potential interactions and synergies between tDCS and AE that might be provoked when directly combining both techniques. From this literature review focusing primarily on the cognitive domain in term of specific executive functions (EFs; inhibition, updating, and switching), it is concluded that a direct combination of tDCS and AE provides multiple beneficial opportunities for synergistic effects. A combination could be useful within non-clinical settings in health and for treating several psychiatric and neurologic conditions. However, there is a lack of research and there are several possibly interacting moderating parameters that must be considered and more importantly must be systematically investigated in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Steinberg
- Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils Henrik Pixa
- Sport Psychology, Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Millon EM, Chang HYM, Shors TJ. Stressful Life Memories Relate to Ruminative Thoughts in Women With Sexual Violence History, Irrespective of PTSD. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:311. [PMID: 30233419 PMCID: PMC6134204 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
More than one in every four women in the world experience sexual violence (SV) in their lifetime, most often as teenagers and young adults. These traumatic experiences leave memories in the brain, which are difficult if not impossible to forget. We asked whether women with SV history experience stronger memories of their most stressful life event than women without SV history and if so, whether strength relates to ruminative and trauma-related thoughts. Using the Autobiographical Memory Questionnaire (AMQ), women with SV history (n = 64) reported this memory as especially strong (p < 0.001), remembering more sensory and contextual details, compared to women without SV history (n = 119). They further considered the event a significant part of their personal life story. The strength of the memory was highly correlated with posttraumatic cognitions and ruminative thoughts, as well as symptoms of depression and anxiety (p's < 0.001, n = 183). A third (33%) of the women with SV history were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but PTSD alone did not account for the increase in memory strength (p's < 0.001). These data suggest that the experience of SV increases the strength of stressful autobiographical memories, which are then reexperienced in everyday life during posttraumatic and ruminative thoughts. We propose that the repeated rehearsal of vivid stressful life memories generates more trauma memories in the brain, making the experience of SV even more difficult to forget.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracey J. Shors
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Levy MJF, Boulle F, Steinbusch HW, van den Hove DLA, Kenis G, Lanfumey L. Neurotrophic factors and neuroplasticity pathways in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2195-2220. [PMID: 29961124 PMCID: PMC6061771 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a major health problem with a high prevalence and a heavy socioeconomic burden in western societies. It is associated with atrophy and impaired functioning of cortico-limbic regions involved in mood and emotion regulation. It has been suggested that alterations in neurotrophins underlie impaired neuroplasticity, which may be causally related to the development and course of depression. Accordingly, mounting evidence suggests that antidepressant treatment may exert its beneficial effects by enhancing trophic signaling on neuronal and synaptic plasticity. However, current antidepressants still show a delayed onset of action, as well as lack of efficacy. Hence, a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of depression, as well as in the action of antidepressants, might provide further insight to drive the development of novel fast-acting and more effective therapies. Here, we summarize the current literature on the involvement of neurotrophic factors in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Further, we advocate that future development of antidepressants should be based on the neurotrophin theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion J F Levy
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (Inserm U894), Université Paris Descartes, 102-108 rue de la santé, 75014, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabien Boulle
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (Inserm U894), Université Paris Descartes, 102-108 rue de la santé, 75014, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry W Steinbusch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël L A van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Gunter Kenis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (Inserm U894), Université Paris Descartes, 102-108 rue de la santé, 75014, Paris, France.
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Loprinzi PD, Edwards MK, Frith E. Exercise and Prospective Memory. J Lifestyle Med 2018; 8:51-59. [PMID: 30474001 PMCID: PMC6239140 DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2018.8.2.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to review the literature to evaluate the potential effects of exercise on prospective memory (PM). A narrative review was employed. In this review, we provide a brief description of PM; indicate the effects of PM on health; evaluate the effects of age and neurological impairment on PM; examine the neural correlates of PM; provide a description of specific components that subserve PM; identify non-behavioral strategies used to enhance PM; and evaluate the literature and plausibility through which exercise behavior may influence PM. Regarding the latter, this paper aims to burgeon the development of a new research paradigm that will play a critical role in patient health, given that memory function, and in particular, the prospective (vs. retrospective) component of memory, is highly sensitive to aging and is critically associated with health status. This is an emerging line of research that has critical implications for patient health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Meghan K Edwards
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Emily Frith
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Green D, Loprinzi PD. Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Prospective Memory and False Memory. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:1313-1326. [PMID: 29890899 DOI: 10.1177/0033294118782466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Research demonstrates that acute exercise can enhance retrospective episodic memory performance. However, limited research has examined the effects of acute exercise on prospective memory, and no studies have examined the effects of exercise on false memory performance. This study examined the potential effects of acute exercise on prospective memory and false memory performance. A between-group randomized controlled trial was employed, with participants (college students; Mage = 20 years) randomized into an exercise group (15-minute acute bout of treadmill walking; N = 25) or a control group (15 minutes of sitting; N = 26). Prospective memory was assessed from two laboratory and two naturalistic assessments outside the lab. False memory was assessed using a word-list trial. There were no statistically significant differences in prospective memory based on group allocation (FGroup×Time = 1.17; P = 0.32; η2 = 0.06). However, the control group recalled more false words and had a higher rate of false memory recognition (FGroup×Time = 3.15; P = 0.01; η2 = 0.26). These findings indicate that acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is not associated with prospective memory performance but provides some suggestive evidence that acute exercise may reduce the rate of false memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Edwards MK, Loprinzi PD. Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise and Meditation on Parameters of Cognitive Function. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7060125. [PMID: 29843454 PMCID: PMC6025452 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7060125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Single bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation have been shown to improve cognitive function. Yet to be examined in the literature, we sought to examine the effects of a combination of acute bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation on cognitive function among young adults. Participants (n = 66, mean (SD) age = 21 (2)) were randomly assigned to walk then meditate, meditate then walk, or to sit (inactive control). All walking and meditation bouts were 10 min in duration. Participants’ cognition was monitored before and after the intervention using Identification, Set Shifting, Stroop, and Trail Making tasks. Additionally, a subjective assessment of cognitive function was implemented before and after the intervention. Significant group by time interaction effects were observed when examining the Stroop congruent trials (P = 0.05). Post hoc paired t-tests revealed that reaction time significantly decreased from baseline to post-intervention in both combination groups (P < 0.001 for both), but not in the control group (P = 0.09). Regarding all other cognitive assessments, there were no significant group by time interaction effects (P > 0.05). Cognitive function was not substantially affected by a combination of brief meditation and exercise, though there is evidence to suggest that this combination may have beneficial effects on certain aspects of cognition. Future work should be conducted to evaluate the influences of different doses of exercise and meditation on cognitive functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Edwards
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, School of Applied Sciences, The University of Mississippi, 229 Turner Center, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, School of Applied Sciences, The University of Mississippi, 229 Turner Center, University, MS 38677, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shors TJ, Chang HYM, Millon EM. MAP Training My Brain™: Meditation Plus Aerobic Exercise Lessens Trauma of Sexual Violence More Than Either Activity Alone. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:211. [PMID: 29740264 PMCID: PMC5924799 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual violence against women often leads to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a mental illness characterized by intrusive thoughts and memories about the traumatic event (Shors and Millon, 2016). These mental processes are obviously generated by the brain but often felt in the body. MAP Training My Brain™ is a novel clinical intervention that combines mental training of the brain with physical training of the body (Curlik and Shors, 2013; Shors et al., 2014). Each training session begins with 20-min of sitting meditation, followed by 10-min of slow-walking meditation, and ending with 30-min of aerobic exercise at 60-80% of the maximum heart rate (see maptrainmybrain.com). In previous studies, the combination of mental and physical (MAP) training together significantly reduced symptoms of depression and ruminative thoughts, while reducing anxiety (Shors et al., 2014, 2017; Alderman et al., 2016). We also documented positive changes in brain activity during cognitive control and whole-body oxygen consumption in various populations. In the present pilot study, we asked whether the combination of meditation and aerobic exercise during MAP Training would reduce trauma-related thoughts, ruminations, and memories in women and if so, whether the combination would be more effective than either activity alone. To test this hypothesis, interventions were provided to a group of women (n = 105), many of whom had a history of sexual violence (n = 32). Groups were trained with (1) MAP Training, (2) meditation alone, (3) aerobic exercise alone, or (4) not trained. Individuals in training groups completed two sessions a week for at least 6 weeks. MAP Training My Brain™ significantly reduced post-traumatic cognitions and ruminative thoughts in women with a history of sexual violence, whereas meditation alone, and exercise alone did not. MAP Training significantly enhanced a measure of self-worth, whereas meditation and exercise alone did not. Similar positive effects were observed for all participants, although meditation alone was also effective in reducing trauma-related thoughts. Overall, these data indicate the combination of meditation and exercise is synergistic. As a consequence, MAP Training is preferable and especially so for women who have experienced sexual violence in their past. Simply put, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey J Shors
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Han Y M Chang
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Emma M Millon
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gentili RJ, Jaquess KJ, Shuggi IM, Shaw EP, Oh H, Lo LC, Tan YY, Domingues CA, Blanco JA, Rietschel JC, Miller MW, Hatfield BD. Combined assessment of attentional reserve and cognitive-motor effort under various levels of challenge with a dry EEG system. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13059. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe J. Gentili
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Maryland Robotics Center; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Kyle J. Jaquess
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Isabelle M. Shuggi
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Emma P. Shaw
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Hyuk Oh
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Li-Chuan Lo
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Ying Ying Tan
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Clayton A. Domingues
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Department of Neurology; Federal Fluminense University; Niterói Brazil
- Special Operations Instruction Center; Niterói Brazil
| | - Justin A. Blanco
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; United States Naval Academy; Annapolis Maryland USA
| | - Jeremy C. Rietschel
- Veterans Health Administration; Maryland Exercise and Robotics Center of Excellence; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | | | - Bradley D. Hatfield
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sun M, Lanctot K, Herrmann N, Gallagher D. Exercise for Cognitive Symptoms in Depression: A Systematic Review of Interventional Studies. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2018; 63:115-128. [PMID: 29186973 PMCID: PMC5788135 DOI: 10.1177/0706743717738493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of exercise on cognition in depression as well as the impact of potential moderators and intervention type. METHOD Controlled and uncontrolled interventional studies that described an exercise intervention and cognitive outcomes in participants with major depressive disorder (MDD) were included following a search of Pubmed, Ovid Medline, PsycInfo and Embase from inception to January 2017. Meta-analyses were conducted to calculate Hedges' g using a random-effects model. Meta-regression explored the relationships among age, baseline cognition, frequency and duration of exercise, and cognitive outcomes. Subgroup analyses were also conducted according to type and intensity of exercise interventions. RESULTS Of 12 controlled studies and 3 uncontrolled studies that met inclusion criteria, 9 (642 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. No significant effect of exercise was found on global cognition (Hedges' g = 0.08, P = 0.33, I2 = 0%) or on individual cognitive domains. Meta-regression analyses failed to find significant relationships among participant age, baseline cognition, number of exercise sessions per wk, duration of exercise per wk, total duration of exercise during the intervention, or improvement in global cognition. Interventions combining physical with cognitive activity significantly improved global cognition ( P = 0.048), whereas low-intensity interventions were also positive ( P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS No impact of physical exercise was found on cognition in MDD overall. However, we found that interventions combining physical and cognitive activities had a positive impact, and that lower-intensity interventions, where adherence was improved, also impacted positively. There remains a lack of high-quality data in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xianga Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Health Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China
- China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Mental Health Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krista Lanctot
- Medical Outcome and Research in Economics Group (MORE), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damien Gallagher
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Edwards MK, Loprinzi PD. Affective Responses to Acute Bouts of Aerobic Exercise, Mindfulness Meditation, and Combinations of Exercise and Meditation: A Randomized Controlled Intervention. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:465-484. [PMID: 29368545 DOI: 10.1177/0033294118755099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Single bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation have been shown to induce positive affect. In a novel experimental paradigm, we sought to examine the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise and meditation, as well as exercise and meditation combined on affect among young adults. Participants ( N = 110, mean age = 21.4 years) were randomly assigned to walk, meditate, walk then meditate, meditate then walk, or to sit (inactive control). All walking and meditation bouts were 10 minutes in duration. Participants' affect was monitored before and after the intervention using the Exercise Induced Feelings Inventory. Significant group × time interaction effects were observed for three Exercise Induced Feelings Inventory subscales, including revitalization ( p < .001), tranquility ( p = .02), and exhaustion ( p = .03); the group × time interaction for Exercise Induced Feelings Inventory positive engagement was nonsignificant ( p = .16). A single bout of brisk walking or meditation, as well as a combination of walking and meditation, may positively influence affect. There is some evidence to suggest that affective benefits may be greater following meditation or a combination of meditation and walking, when compared with walking alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Edwards
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Edwards MK, Rhodes RE, Mann JR, Loprinzi PD. Effects of acute aerobic exercise or meditation on emotional regulation. Physiol Behav 2018; 186:16-24. [PMID: 29309746 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Effective emotional regulation is critical for overall psychological well-being; as such, it is important to investigate potential methods to optimize emotion regulation abilities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise and meditation on emotional regulation among young adults. Participants (N=63, mean age=21.3yrs) were randomly assigned to stretch (control group, n=21), walk (n=21), or meditate (n=21) for 10-min, after which they were exposed to a film clip (3min) intended to elicit a negative emotional state (e.g., sadness, anger). Participants then viewed 12 International Affective Picture System images validated to elicit a negative valence. Participants' affect (valence and arousal) states were monitored before, during, and after the stretching, walking, and meditation bouts using the Feeling Scale (FS) and Felt Arousal Scale (FAS). Distinct affect was assessed utilizing an affective circumplex measure before and after the stretch/walk/meditation bout, as well as following the film clip and image viewing. A significant group×time interaction effect was present when evaluating circumplex excited: P=0.001 (η2=0.21). Additionally, an interaction effect of meditation and emotional regulation was observed (P=0.009) among those with varying degrees of meditation experience. A 10-min bout of brisk walking and meditation, prior to exposure to a negative emotion cue, did not differentially effect the ability to regulate sadness, anger, or anxiousness when compared to an active stretching control group. Future replicative work addressing this paradigm, which is in support of positive psychology theory, is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Edwards
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- Behavioral Medicine Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, The University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Joshua R Mann
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, United States
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Edwards MK, Rosenbaum S, Loprinzi PD. Differential Experimental Effects of a Short Bout of Walking, Meditation, or Combination of Walking and Meditation on State Anxiety Among Young Adults. Am J Health Promot 2017; 32:949-958. [PMID: 29216745 DOI: 10.1177/0890117117744913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Single bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation have been shown to improve anxiety states. Yet to be evaluated in the literature, we sought to examine the effects of a single, short bout of aerobic exercise or meditation, as well as exercise and meditation combined on state anxiety among young adults. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING University. SUBJECTS Participants (N = 110, mean age = 21.4 years) were randomly assigned to walk, meditate, walk then meditate, meditate then walk, or to sit (inactive control). MEASURES All walking and meditation bouts were 10 minutes in duration. Participants' state anxiety was monitored before and after the intervention using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire. RESULTS Significant group × time interaction effects were observed ( P = .01). Post hoc paired t tests revealed that state anxiety significantly decreased from baseline to postintervention in the meditation ( P = .002), meditation then walk ( P = .002), and walk then meditation ( P = .03) groups but not the walk ( P = .75) or control ( P = .45) groups. CONCLUSION Meditation (vs a brisk walk) may be a preferred method of attenuating anxiety symptomology. Individuals desiring the health benefits associated with aerobic exercise may achieve additional anxiolytic benefits if they employ a brief meditation session before or after exercising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Edwards
- 1 Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Simon Rosenbaum
- 2 School of Psychiatry, Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- 3 Jackson Heart Study Vanguard Center of Oxford, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Edwards MK, Loprinzi PD. Comparative effects of meditation and exercise on physical and psychosocial health outcomes: a review of randomized controlled trials. Postgrad Med 2017; 130:222-228. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2018.1409049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K. Edwards
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Paul D. Loprinzi
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Shors TJ, Millon EM, Chang HYM, Olson RL, Alderman BL. Do sex differences in rumination explain sex differences in depression? J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:711-718. [PMID: 27870434 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that women tend to ruminate more than men do and these thought patterns are often associated with depressive symptoms (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., ). Based on these findings, we considered whether the relationship between rumination and depression is stronger in women than in men and if so, whether this might explain the higher prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in women and finally, whether the association can be disrupted through a mind/body intervention. Adult men and women, most of whom were clinically depressed, participated in an intervention known as MAP Training, which combines "mental" training with silent meditation and "physical" training with aerobic exercise (Shors et al., ). After eight weeks of training, both men and women reported significantly fewer symptoms of depression and fewer ruminative thoughts (Alderman et al., ). Statistical correlations between depressive symptoms and ruminative thoughts were strong and significant (rho > 0.50; p < 0.05) for both men and women before and after MAP Training. However, only in women did depressive symptoms relate to "reflective" ruminations, which involve analyses of past events, feelings, and behaviors. This is also the only relationship that dissipated after the intervention. In general, these analyses suggest that the strength of the relationship between depressive symptoms and rumination does not necessarily explain sex differences in depression; but because the relationship is strong, targeting rumination through intervention can reduce the incidence of MDD, which is more prevalent among women. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey J Shors
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Emma M Millon
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Han Yan M Chang
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ryan L Olson
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Brandon L Alderman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Alsaraireh FA, Aloush SM. Mindfulness Meditation Versus Physical Exercise in the Management of Depression Among Nursing Students. J Nurs Educ 2017; 56:599-604. [DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20170918-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|