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Kunzmann U, Wrosch C. Not all negative emotions are equal - Sadness and anger develop differently and their adaptivity is age-graded. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 55:101766. [PMID: 38086196 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
We argue that a comprehensive understanding of emotional development across adulthood must go beyond broad dimensions of affect and consider discrete emotions. Current evidence focuses on sadness and anger, two negative emotions that exert contrasting age trajectories because anger has high adaptive value in young adulthood, when people have abundant resources and need to carve out a niche in society, whereas sadness has high adaptive value in old age, a time of declining resources that requires adaptation to increasingly unattainable goals. We conclude that our position about the age-graded experience and adaptive value of emotions should hold for a variety of negative and positive emotions.
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Choi J, Kim M, Lee SW, Rhee SY, Yang H, Kim HJ, Kwon R, Koyanagi A, Smith L, Kim MS, Fond G, Boyer L, López Sánchez GF, Elena D, Cortese S, Shin JI, Lee H, Lee J, Rahmati M, Cho W, Yon DK. National trends in prevalence of sadness, counseling for sadness, and sleep time among Koreans amid pandemic, 2009-2021: A nationwide representative study of over 2.8 million individuals. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 87:103695. [PMID: 37480782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungwoo Choi
- Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Sang Youl Rhee
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwi Yang
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Kim
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rosie Kwon
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health, Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Min Seo Kim
- Medical and Population Genetics and Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guillaume Fond
- Research Centre on Health Services and Quality of Life, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Research Centre on Health Services and Quality of Life, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Guillermo F López Sánchez
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Dragioti Elena
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Research Laboratory Psychology of Patients, Families & Health Professionals, Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK; Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hayeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jinseok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Masoud Rahmati
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Wonyoung Cho
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Chaudhury SH, Garg N. "Heart strings and purse strings" revisited: A preregistered replication and extension. J Exp Psychol Gen 2023; 152:1873-1886. [PMID: 36951743 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The Appraisal-Tendency Framework outlines that discrete emotions of similar valence behave differently, based on each emotion's specific appraisal profile. In the domain of pricing decisions, a seminal paper by Lerner and colleagues report incidental, negative emotions of disgust and sadness to show a divergent effect on spending decisions based on the perceived ownership of a commodity. Specifically, disgust-reduced spending while sadness increased spending on a new product. However, these researchers theorized, but did not statistically test the effects of emotion-induced motivational goals for sadness ("change circumstances") and disgust ("expel and avoid") as the drivers behind their divergent effects on spending. This study (N = 403) sought to replicate these primary findings in close adherence to the original protocol with better measurement properties in a different geographical location. It further extended the examination by empirically testing the distinct mediating processes for sadness and disgust by utilizing measures identified from a pilot study (N = 169) based on the original protocol. We found support for the effect of sadness (vs. disgust and neutral) in inducing higher choice prices through the motivational goal of changing circumstances, but the expected pattern of results for disgust was not replicated. Additionally, we examined the role of arousal in this context as a factor driving the effect of these emotions on spending. Our research offers new insights regarding the well-known "misery-is not miserly" effect for practitioners while also providing impetus for future research on the endowment effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitika Garg
- UNSW Business School, University of New South Wales
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Grisanzio KA, Flournoy JC, Mair P, Somerville LH. Shifting qualities of negative affective experience through adolescence: Age-related change and associations with functional outcomes. Emotion 2023; 23:278-288. [PMID: 35201792 PMCID: PMC9756137 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Research shows negative affect increases in healthy adolescents, and this normative change is paralleled by increasing risk for the onset of psychopathology. However, research is limited in characterizing qualitative differences in the type of negative affect experienced beyond the positive-negative valence dimension. In the current study, we establish the relationship between different forms of negative affect and functioning outcomes (i.e., different facets of social functioning and life satisfaction), and examine whether these forms of negative affect are differentially prevalent across late childhood and adolescence. Seven-hundred and 70 participants aged 8-17 years completed self-report measures that assessed a wide range of negative affective experiences. A factor analysis on the negative affect items revealed a four-factor solution that characterized the dimensions of affective experience, with factors reflecting general anxiety, anger, evaluative anxiety, and sadness. Generalized additive model approaches revealed general anxiety increased nonlinearly with age and was associated with decreased reports of emotional support, a facet of social functioning. Anger was associated with increased perceived hostility, perceived rejection, and decreased life satisfaction, and remained stable across the age range. Evaluative anxiety was associated with greater loneliness and increased linearly with increasing age. Sadness was associated with all outcome measures and showed nonlinear changes with age, with notable increases in midadolescence. These results show that subsuming these subtypes of negative affect under a singular concept may obscure meaningful relationships between affect, age, and functioning. Exploring diverse forms of negative affect may help refine theories of emotional development and ultimately inform windows of risk for psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Schroter FA, Günther BA, Jansen P. The effects of subliminal or supraliminal sadness induction on the sense of body ownership and the role of dissociative symptoms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22274. [PMID: 34782628 PMCID: PMC8592987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that emotions can alter our sense of ownership. Whether this relationship is modulated by differences in emotion experience and awareness, however, remains unclear. We investigated this by comparing the susceptibility to the rubber hand illusion (RHI) between participants who were either exposed to a low-arousing emotion induction (sadness) or placed in a neutral control group. Several factors that might influence this relationship were considered: dissociative symptoms were included to observe if a sadness induction led to a higher RHI score in participants scoring high in dissociation, as a result of detached emotion experience. Whether the level of awareness of the emotion mattered was also tested, as subliminal processing was shown to require less focal attention. Therefore, our sample (N = 122) was divided into three experimental groups: Sad pictures were presented to two of the three groups differing in presentation mode (subliminal: n = 40, supraliminal: n = 41), neutral pictures were presented supraliminally to the control group (n = 41). Additionally, the effects of slow (3 cm/s) and fast (30 cm/s) stroking, applied either synchronously or asynchronously, were examined as the comforting effects of stroking might interfere with the emotion induction. Results showed that the supraliminal sadness induction was associated with a stronger subjective illusion, but not with a higher proprioceptive drift compared to the subliminal induction. In addition, a stronger subjective illusion after fast and synchronous stroking was found compared to slow and asynchronous stroking. A significant proprioceptive drift was detected independent of group and stroking style. Both slow and synchronous stroking were perceived as more comforting than their respective counterparts. Participants with higher dissociative symptoms were more susceptible to the subjective illusion, especially in the supraliminal group in the synchronous condition. We concluded that individual differences in emotion experience are likely to play a role in body ownership. However, we cannot clarify at this stage whether differences in proprioception and the subjective illusion depend on the type of emotion experienced (e.g. different levels of arousal) and on concomitant changes in multisensory integration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca A Günther
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Jansen
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Rosenberg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
- Palliative Care and Resilience Lab, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Cambia Palliative Care Center of Excellence, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Robert M Arnold
- Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Palliative Research Center (PaRC), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yael Schenker
- Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Palliative Research Center (PaRC), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Zaid SM, Hutagalung FD, Bin Abd Hamid HS, Taresh SM. Sadness regulation strategies and measurement: A scoping review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256088. [PMID: 34388181 PMCID: PMC8362967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Accurate measurement and suitable strategies facilitate people regulate their sadness in an effective manner. Regulating or mitigating negative emotions, particularly sadness, is crucial mainly because constant negative emotions may lead to psychological disorders, such as depression and anxiety. This paper presents an overview of sadness regulation strategies and related measurement. METHOD Upon adhering to five-step scoping review, this study combed through articles that looked into sadness regulation retrieved from eight databases. RESULTS As a result of reviewing 40 selected articles, 110 strategies were identified to regulate emotions, particularly sadness. Some of the most commonly reported strategies include expressive suppression, cognitive reappraisal, distraction, seeking social or emotional support, and rumination. The four types of measures emerged from the review are self-reported, informant report (parents or peers), open-ended questions, and emotion regulation instructions. Notably, most studies had tested psychometric properties using Cronbach's alpha alone, while only a handful had assessed validity (construct and factorial validity) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha or test-retest) based on responses captured from questionnaire survey. CONCLUSION Several sadness regulation strategies appeared to vary based on gender, age, and use of strategy. Despite the general measurement of emotion regulation, only one measure was developed to measure sadness regulation exclusively for children. Future studies may develop a comprehensive battery of measures to assess sadness regulation using multi-component method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaia Mohammed Zaid
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Psychology, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Fonny Dameaty Hutagalung
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Perry SL, Grubbs JB, McElroy EE. Sex and Its Discontents: How Moral Incongruence Connects Same-Sex and Non-Marital Sexual Activity with Unhappiness. Arch Sex Behav 2021; 50:683-694. [PMID: 33469812 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01860-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research has demonstrated how the link between pornography use and various manifestations of psychological distress and dissatisfaction is explained by moral incongruence-the experience of violating one's deeply held moral values. The predictive power of moral incongruence, however, has yet to be applied to other sexual activities. Drawing on data from available waves of the General Social Surveys (1988-2018: nmen = 6590, nwomen = 7047; 1989-2018: nmen = 3558, nwomen = 4841), this study extended moral incongruence theory by testing whether engaging in same-sex or non-marital sexual activity when one rejects either as morally wrong is associated with a greater likelihood of reporting unhappiness. Analyses demonstrated that American men (but not women) who reported engaging in same-sex sex in the previous year were more likely than other men to say they were unhappy, but only if they viewed homosexuality as "always wrong." Analyses also showed that American women (not men) who reported higher frequencies of non-marital sex in the previous year were more likely than other women to report being unhappy, but only if they viewed non-marital sex as "always wrong." Though nuanced by gender, findings affirmed expectations from moral incongruence research: Sexual behavior per se is not associated with unhappiness, but moral inconsistency or conflict regarding one's sexual behavior is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Perry
- Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma, 780 Van Vleet Oval, Kaufman Hall, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
| | - Joshua B Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth E McElroy
- Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma, 780 Van Vleet Oval, Kaufman Hall, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
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Abstract
Past research has shown that pain experience reduces feelings of guilt for earlier wrongdoings. In this paper, we aim to investigate whether watching other people in pain can reduce feelings of guilt. In Study 1 (N = 60), we found that participants’ levels of guilt and sadness decreased after they watched a one-minute movie clip showing a painful medical procedure. Study 2 (N = 156), eliminated an alternative explanation in which pain observation but not the misattribution of unrelated excitation reduced guilt. Finally, in Study 3 (N = 60), pain observation lowered participants’ feelings of guilt but not their feelings of shame. Overall, these results suggest that the guilt-reducing effect of pain may appear even without the actual experience of physical pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Bocian
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology in Sopot, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Wieslaw Baryla
- Department of Psychology in Sopot, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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Sahoo S, Mehra A, Dua D, Suri V, Malhotra P, Yaddanapudi LN, Puri GD, Grover S. Psychological experience of patients admitted with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 54:102355. [PMID: 33271684 PMCID: PMC7434329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swapnajeet Sahoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Aseem Mehra
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Devakshi Dua
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Vikas Suri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Pankaj Malhotra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Lakshmi Narayana Yaddanapudi
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - G D Puri
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Abstract
Older adults experience greater emotional well-being in late life. However, older adults may be vulnerable to certain physiologic risk factors, including less physiologic resilience to prolonged stress. Depression and anxiety can be difficult to diagnose in late life owing to differences in self-reported symptoms from younger adults and unclear distinctions between normative and non-normative emotional experiences. We discuss age differences in the presentations of depression and anxiety, and normative and non-normative late life developmental trajectories around bereavement and grief, social isolation and loneliness, and thoughts of death and suicide. We provide recommendations for clinicians for assessing and diagnosing older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lutz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide, 300 Crittenden Boulevard, Box PSYCH, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kimberly A Van Orden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide, 300 Crittenden Boulevard, Box PSYCH, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Otsuka Y, Kaneita Y, Itani O, Jike M, Osaki Y, Higuchi S, Kanda H, Kinjo A, Kuwabara Y, Yoshimoto H. Skipping breakfast, poor sleep quality, and Internet usage and their relation with unhappiness in Japanese adolescents. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235252. [PMID: 32716944 PMCID: PMC7384641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective happiness is often regarded as a major life goal. Although Japan is an economically powerful country, the level of subjective well-being reported among Japanese adolescents is lower than in other countries. We aimed to investigate the lifestyle factors related to unhappiness in Japanese adolescents. We collected data through the 2017–2018 Lifestyle Survey of Adolescents, a nationally representative cross-sectional study enrolled in randomly selected junior and senior high schools throughout Japan. We assessed the prevalence of subjective unhappiness in junior and senior high school students according to school life factors and daily lifestyle habits. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associations between these factors and unhappiness. A total of 64,329 students were included in the sample (mean age 15.7 years, 53.9% boys). The average prevalence of unhappiness was 10.2%. The logistic regression analyses indicated that unhappiness was strongly associated with being male and with engaging in unhealthy lifestyle behaviors such as not having breakfast, poor sleep quality, and some problematic Internet usage. Although the prevalence of unhappiness was significantly higher among current smokers and alcohol drinkers, these behaviors were not associated with unhappiness in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Unhappiness among Japanese adolescents appears to be strongly related to how they spend their daily life. We therefore consider it desirable for school officials to educate students on the importance of happiness and lifestyle factors conducive to happiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Otsuka
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30–1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabasi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kaneita
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30–1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabasi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Osamu Itani
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30–1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabasi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Jike
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30–1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabasi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoneatsu Osaki
- Division of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago-city, Tottori, Japan
| | - Susumu Higuchi
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kanda
- Department of Public Health, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Matsue-city, Shimane, Japan
| | - Aya Kinjo
- Division of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago-city, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuwabara
- Division of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago-city, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yoshimoto
- Department of Family Medicine, General Practice and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki, Japan
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Abstract
Children and adolescents receiving treatment for cancer experience multiple symptoms as a consequence of their disease and its treatment that interfere with the child's quality of life. Understanding of symptom assessment in children with cancer is foundational to the work of the Children's Oncology Group Nursing Discipline, whose research aims are to address knowledge gaps including understanding illness-related distress. This article is the second of a two-part summary of current evidence addressing the assessment of symptoms frequently reported by children and adolescents receiving treatment for cancer. Studies reporting assessment of pain, sadness, and symptom clusters published between January 2008 and May 2018 were included. Forty-three publications addressed pain. Pain was highly prevalent and distressing, varied in its trajectory across a cycle of chemotherapy and across multiple cycles of treatment, and correlated with biomarkers associated with the pain response. Consequences of pain were poorer functional status and emotional health. Twenty publications addressed sadness. Sadness was the most prevalent psychosocial symptom. Its prevalence decreased over the course of treatment and over a cycle of chemotherapy. Persistent sadness was of greater severity and distress. Eight publications addressed symptom clusters. These studies identified both groups of co-occurring symptoms and groups of patients with common symptom profiles. This two-article series provides evidence for the distressing nature of symptoms among children receiving cancer treatment. Efforts to support clinicians in routine symptom assessment are needed. Additional research directed at alleviating symptoms and building resilience among the child experiencing symptoms is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri A Linder
- 1 University of Utah College of Nursing, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- 2 Cancer Transplant Service, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mary C Hooke
- 3 University of Minnesota School of Nursing, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- 4 Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Sibold J, Edwards EM, O'Neil L, Murray-Close D, Hudziak JJ. Bullying Environment Moderates the Relationship Between Exercise and Mental Health in Bullied US Children. J Sch Health 2020; 90:194-199. [PMID: 31859403 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise reduces the odds of sadness and suicidality in bullied students, but the role of the bullying environment on this relationship remains unknown. METHODS Using combined data from the 2013 and 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 29,207), adjusted logistic regression models estimated odds ratios between exercise, sadness, and suicidal ideation and attempt, stratified by bullying exposure (electronically/at school). RESULTS Overall, 40.2% of students bullied at school and 48.3% of students bullied electronically reported feeling sad, compared to 22.6% of those not bullied. Bullied students were 2-3 times more likely to report suicidal ideation, and 3-4 times more likely to report suicidal attempt, regardless of bullying context. Students who were bullied at school and exercised 4-7 days per week had lower odds of sadness (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.51-0.81), suicidal ideation (AOR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.53-82), and suicidal attempt (AOR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.48-0.98) compared to those who exercised 0-3 days. There were no protective effects of exercise for students bullied electronically. CONCLUSIONS Exercise reduced sadness and suicidality in adolescents bullied at school but not for students who were cyberbullied. Bullying environment should be a primary consideration in school mental health treatment and maintenance paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Sibold
- ATC Associate Dean, , College of Nursing and Health Sciences, 105 Rowell, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Erika M Edwards
- Research Assistant Professor, , Mathematics and Statistics, University of Vermont, 16 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Linnae O'Neil
- Graduate Student, , College of Nursing and Health Sciences, 105 Rowell Hall, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Dianna Murray-Close
- Professor of Psychology, , 210A Dewey Hall, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - James J Hudziak
- Professor of Psychiatry, , FAHC-DU Campus, St. Josephs 3213, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
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Hua AY, Chen KH, Brown CL, Lwi SJ, Casey JJ, Rosen HJ, Miller BL, Levenson RW. Physiological, behavioral and subjective sadness reactivity in frontotemporal dementia subtypes. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:1453-1465. [PMID: 31993653 PMCID: PMC7137727 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a neurodegenerative disease broadly characterized by socioemotional impairments, includes three clinical subtypes: behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) and non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA). Emerging evidence has shown emotional reactivity impairments in bvFTD and svPPA, whereas emotional reactivity in nfvPPA is far less studied. In 105 patients with FTD (49 bvFTD, 31 svPPA and 25 nfvPPA) and 27 healthy controls, we examined three aspects of emotional reactivity (physiology, facial behavior and subjective experience) in response to a sad film. In a subset of the sample, we also examined the neural correlates of diminished aspects of reactivity using voxel-based morphometry. Results indicated that all three subtypes of FTD showed diminished physiological responding in respiration rate and diastolic blood pressure; patients with bvFTD and svPPA also showed diminished subjective experience, and no subtypes showed diminished facial behavior. Moreover, there were differences among the clinical subtypes in brain regions where smaller volumes were associated with diminished sadness reactivity. These results show that emotion impairments extend to sadness reactivity in FTD and underscore the importance of considering different aspects of sadness reactivity in multiple clinical subtypes for characterizing emotional deficits and associated neurodegeneration in FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Hua
- Berkeley Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Kuan-Hua Chen
- Berkeley Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Casey L Brown
- Berkeley Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Sandy J Lwi
- Berkeley Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - James J Casey
- Berkeley Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Robert W Levenson
- Berkeley Psychophysiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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Abstract
This study aimed to identify factors significantly associated with recent depressive mood with respect to health-related behavioral patterns at the individual level, perceived safety in the school environment, and willingness to share concerns with family and social networks. Self-reported responses to questions regarding recent feelings of depression, health-related behaviors in physical, psychological, and spiritual subdomains, school refusal and perceived safety at school, and perceived social support were obtained from 1,991 in-school adolescents (mean [SD] age = 15.3 [1.7] years; male/female = 936/1055). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify explanatory factors significantly associated with recent depression, defined as feelings of sadness or hopelessness for more than 2 weeks (during the last 12 months) that interfered with everyday functioning. Of the 1,991 students, 271 (13.6%) reported recent depression. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed higher odds of recent depression in adolescents with frequent thoughts of school refusal (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 3.25 [2.44-4.32]) and those who engaged in regular physical exercise (1.57 [1.19-2.07]), whereas a positive mindset (0.65 [0.49-0.86]), perceived safety at school (0.62 [0.47-0.82]), and perceived social support from one's mother (0.54 [0.40-0.72]) were associated with lower odds of recent depression. Taken together, our findings suggest that parents and teachers should talk regularly with adolescents about recent life (dis)satisfaction and stressors, particularly when they report frequent thoughts of school refusal. Perceived social support would increase perceived safety on school grounds and make it easier for teenagers to share their concerns with parents, thereby reducing the risk for depressive symptoms. School-based programs that promote a positive mindset would be helpful in preparing students for the challenges of adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Halin Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-ah Sim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Abstract
Pre- and post-migratory factors have been implicated in refugee children's mental health. However, findings regarding their unique and joint roles are inconsistent or nonexistent. We examined the main and interactive relations of pre-migratory life stressors and post-migratory daily hassles and routines to emotion regulation-a key marker of mental health-in 5- to 13-year-old Syrian refugee children (N = 103) resettling in Canada. Mothers and children completed questionnaires assessing pre-migratory life stressors and post-migratory daily hassles. Mothers also reported their children's adherence to family routines and emotion regulation abilities (i.e., anger and sadness regulation) via questionnaire. Overall, children who more frequently engaged in family routines showed better anger regulation. Pre- and post-migratory factors also interacted, such that greater post-migratory daily hassles were associated with worse sadness regulation for children with lower levels of pre-migratory life stressors, but were unassociated with the sadness regulation of children who experienced higher levels of pre-migratory life stressors. Results suggest that pre- and post-migratory factors play unique and joint roles in refugee children's emotion regulation during resettlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danah Elsayed
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road N, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Ju-Hyun Song
- Department of Child Development, California State University Dominguez Hills, 1000 E. Victoria St., Carson, CA, 90747, USA
| | - Eleanor Myatt
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road N, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Tyler Colasante
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road N, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Tina Malti
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road N, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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18
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Kostak MA, Semerci R, Eren T, Avci G, Savran F. Life experiences of adolescents with cancer in Turkey: a phenomenological study. J PAK MED ASSOC 2019; 69:1464-1469. [PMID: 31622298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore life experiences of adolescents after cancer diagnosis. METHODS The phenomenological qualitative study was conducted at the paediatric oncology clinic of a university hospital in Edirne, Turkey, from March 15 to April 1, 2016, and comprised semi-structured interviews with adolescents aged 10-18 years diagnosed with different types of cancer. Data was analysed using Colaizzi's method. RESULTS Of the 12 adolescents, 7(58.3%) were boys and 5(41.7%) were girls. The overall mean age was 14.92}2.19. Mean duration of life post-diagnosis was 2.87}2.94 years (range: 1-11 years), and all (100%) of them had undergone chemotherapy. More adolescents experienced shock, sadness, fear, anxiety, curiosity and uncertainty when they learned their diagnosis. Changes related to family included missing their siblings and parents, and feelings of guilt, anger, and sibling jealousy. Adolescents stated that they missed their schools and friends, feared stigmatisation, abandonment and changes related to future. They wanted a stress-free life, to have an occupation, to continue school, and to be independent. CONCLUSIONS Cancer changed adolescents' relationships with family and peers, and their feelings and thoughts regarding future. It is important that health professionals, especially nurses, recognise and understand such changes to provide quality care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Remziye Semerci
- Department of Child Health and Disease Nursing, Trakya University
| | - Tuba Eren
- Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Trakya University Hospital, Turkey
| | - Gulcan Avci
- Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Trakya University Hospital, Turkey
| | - Filiz Savran
- Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Trakya University Hospital, Turkey
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Vacaru SV, van Schaik JE, Hunnius S. The modulation of facial mimicry by attachment tendencies and their underlying affiliation motives in 3-year-olds: An EMG study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218676. [PMID: 31260488 PMCID: PMC6602198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
From early in life, facial mimicry represents an important example of implicit non-verbal communication. Facial mimicry is conceived of as the automatic tendency to mimic another person’s facial expressions and is thought to serve as a social glue among interaction partners. Although in adults mimicry has been shown to be moderated by the social context and one’s needs to affiliate with others, evidence from behavioural mimicry studies suggest that 3-year-olds do not yet show sensitivity to social dynamics. Here, we examined whether attachment tendencies, as a proxy for interindividual differences in affiliation motivation, modulates facial mimicry in 3-year-olds. Resistant and avoidant insecure attachment tendencies are characterized by high and low affiliation motivation, respectively, and these were hypothesized to lead to either enhancement or suppression of mimicry. Additionally, we hypothesized that these effects will be moderated by inhibitory control skills. Facial mimicry of happy and sad expressions was recorded with electromyography (EMG), attachment tendencies were assessed with a parent-report questionnaire and inhibitory control with the gift delay task. The final sample consisted of 42 children, with overall scores suggesting secure attachment. Our findings revealed that 3-year-olds mimicked happy and sad facial expressions. Moreover, resistant tendencies predicted enhanced sad but not happy facial mimicry, whereas avoidant tendencies were not significantly related to mimicry. These effects were not moderated by inhibitory control skills. In conclusion, these findings provide the first evidence for the modulation of mimicry by attachment tendencies and their underlying motivation for affiliation in young children, specifically for negatively-valenced emotional expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania V. Vacaru
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Sabine Hunnius
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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20
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Misev A, Phillips CB. Dangerous sadness: nervoza among first and second generation Macedonian immigrants to Australia. Ethn Health 2019; 24:301-311. [PMID: 28555499 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1332757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nervoza is a commonly-used illness category among Macedonian Australians. Although nervoza belongs broadly to the category of 'nerve illnesses' little is known of its meaning among Macedonian immigrants, and whether there is intergenerational attrition in its meaning and use. We aimed to explore how nervoza and its treatment are perceived by members of the Macedonian community in Australia. DESIGN In-depth interviews in Macedonian with 18 participants from the Macedonian community in Melbourne, Australia. RESULTS Nervoza is a layered concept relating shame, emotional experience and nerves, used as an idiom of distress and sadness in the presence of acute and chronic stressors. Nervoza develops in both the social world (through poverty, grief or the loss of war), and in the psyche of distressed and isolated people. It is viewed as dangerous on many levels: to physical health, as a 'gateway condition' to long-term psychological illnesses such as depression and schizophrenia, and to the person's social well-being. The normalised treatment for nervoza in Macedonia - benzodiazepines - is the subject of significant medical control in Australia. CONCLUSION For sufferers of nervoza, the social self is both medicalized and stigmatised. Health services in Australia are often considered marginal in the management of nervoza. Second generation Macedonians viewed the concept as unhelpful, and possibly increasing the stigmatisation of mental illnesses. The lack of knowledge about, and underutilisation of, mental health services and support groups in the Macedonian Australian community should be the focus of community-based inter-generational health literacy initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Misev
- a Medical School , Australian National University , Canberra , ACT , Australia
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21
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Kovacs M, Lopez-Duran NL, George C, Mayer L, Baji L, Kiss E, Vetró Á, Kapornai K. The Development of Mood Repair Response Repertories: I. Age-Related Changes Among 7- to 14-Year-Old Depressed and Control Children and Adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2019; 48:143-152. [PMID: 29251992 PMCID: PMC6201294 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1399399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test developmentally informed hypotheses about regulatory responses to sadness that attenuate versus exacerbate it (adaptive versus maladaptive mood repair responses, respectively) across late childhood, early adolescence, and mid-adolescence. In a multi-site study in Hungary, clinic-based, 7- to 14-year-olds with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders' (4th ed., text rev.) depressive disorders (N = 697; 55% male) and age/sex matched (at 1:2) nondepressed, school-based controls (N = 1,394) reported on their usual responses to sadness/dysphoria; parental reports were obtained separately. Adaptive and maladaptive response repertoire scores were compared across ages within and across subject groups, and by informant, controlling for confounds. Contrary to Hypothesis 1, older (vs. younger) youths in both groups reported fewer adaptive regulatory responses. Maladaptive response repertoires were unrelated to age among controls but significantly increased with age among depressed youths, particularly the girls. Partially supporting Hypothesis 2, subject groups differed in age-related trajectories of mood repair repertories, but not as expected (e.g., younger depressed children reported larger adaptive response repertoires than did controls). Parental reports revealed no developmental changes in offspring's mood repair repertories. Parent-offspring reports were most discordant for younger (vs. older) offspring, tended to converge around age 11, and were consistently and significantly larger in the depressed sample. Self-reported adaptive mood repair repertories appear to have been laid down by late childhood and then undergo "trimming" across ages 7-14 years. The extensive maladaptive mood repair response repertoires of depressed youths, which increased with age, distinguish them primarily from controls. Therefore, reducing maladaptive regulatory responses to sadness should be a priority when treating depressed youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kovacs
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | | | - Charles George
- c Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - László Mayer
- d Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Széchényi István University
| | - Ldiko Baji
- e Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged
| | - Enikö Kiss
- e Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged
| | - Ágnes Vetró
- e Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged
| | - Krisztina Kapornai
- e Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged
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22
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Knausenberger J, Echterhoff G. I belong but I'm still sad: Reminders of Facebook increase feelings of belonging but do not facilitate coping with sadness. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209889. [PMID: 30596750 PMCID: PMC6312302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One way in which people may cope with sadness is to seek positive social contact. We examined whether subtle reminders of Facebook increase positive mood and thus attenuate the interest in social activities that is typically enhanced by sad mood induction. Participants watched either a loss-related sad or neutral video and were afterwards presented with either a Facebook, positive (sun) or neutral (Word) icon. We then examined their mood and their desire to engage in social activities as well as their feeling of belonging. The presentation of the Facebook icon increased feelings of belonging, but it did not influence participants' other responses to the sad video. Participants reported more negative mood and a greater desire to engage in social activities after the sad (vs. control) video regardless of the icon condition. The results suggest that the activation of thoughts about Facebook can enhance users' feeling of belonging; however, this effect might not be sufficient to facilitate coping with loss-related sadness.
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23
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Kühn S, Düzel S, Drewelies J, Gerstorf D, Lindenberger U, Gallinat J. Psychological and neural correlates of embitterment in old age. Psychol Trauma 2018; 10:51-57. [PMID: 29323526 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) comprises a stress-related response to a negative life event that violates the belief system of the individual. Characteristic symptoms involve repeated intrusive thoughts, emotional arousal when reminded of the event, and decreases in well-being. METHOD Within the scope of the present study, embitterment was treated as a continuous rather than categorical concept, and we investigated its psychological and brain structural correlates in a sample of healthy older adults. RESULTS We found a negative association between the PTED self-rating score and self-reported well-being, life satisfaction, and future time perspective and a positive association with loneliness, perceived stress, chronic strain, and external control beliefs. We found no significant association between embitterment and brain regions that have been associated with stress exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex. This may emphasize the fundamental difference between PTED and PTSD. In a whole-brain analysis, we found a positive correlation between embitterment and gray matter volume in the precuneus and white matter volume in the bilateral uncinate fasciculus. CONCLUSIONS The precuneus and uncinate fasciculus are brain regions that have been related to episodic memory retrieval, matching well to the symptoms of intrusive thoughts and an overwhelming preoccupation with the event that caused the PTED. Further longitudinal research is needed to unravel whether these structural correlates represent preconditions or rather the consequence of embitterment. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kühn
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development
| | - Sandra Düzel
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development
| | | | | | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf
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24
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Chang EC, Yu T, Lee J, Kamble SV, Batterbee CNH, Stam KR, Chang OD, Najarian ASM, Wright KM. Understanding the Association Between Spirituality, Religiosity, and Feelings of Happiness and Sadness Among HIV-Positive Indian Adults: Examining Stress-Related Growth as a Mediator. J Relig Health 2018; 57:1052-1061. [PMID: 29302854 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-017-0540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the role of stress-related growth as a mediator of the associations between spirituality, religiosity, and feelings of happiness and sadness in a sample of 178 HIV-positive Indian adults. Results indicated that spirituality, but not religiosity, was associated with feelings of happiness and sadness. Subsequent mediation analyses indicated that stress-related growth fully mediated the relationships involving spirituality and feelings of happiness and sadness. Overall, our findings point to the importance of facilitating greater spiritual development among HIV-positive Indians, as well as promoting strategies that help them develop and apply stress-related growth coping methods in their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Chang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Tina Yu
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jerin Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Kayla R Stam
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Olivia D Chang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Kaitlin M Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
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25
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Rottenberg J, Kovacs M, Yaroslavsky I. Non-response to sad mood induction: implications for emotion research. Cogn Emot 2018; 32:431-436. [PMID: 28466682 PMCID: PMC6174537 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1321527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental induction of sad mood states is a mainstay of laboratory research on affect and cognition, mood regulation, and mood disorders. Typically, the success of such mood manipulations is reported as a statistically significant pre- to post-induction change in the self-rated intensity of the target affect. The present commentary was motivated by an unexpected finding in one of our studies concerning the response rate to a well-validated sad mood induction. Using the customary statistical approach, we found a significant mean increase in self-rated sadness intensity with a moderate effect size, verifying the "success" of the mood induction. However, that "success" masked that, between one-fifth and about one-third of our samples (adolescents who had histories of childhood-onset major depressive disorder and healthy controls) reported absolutely no sadness in response to the mood induction procedure. We consider implications of our experience for emotion research by (1) commenting upon the typically overlooked phenomenon of nonresponse, (2) suggesting changes in reporting practices regarding mood induction success, and (3) outlining future directions to help scientists determine why some subjects do not respond to experimental mood induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Kovacs
- b Department of Psychiatry , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Ilya Yaroslavsky
- c Department of Psychology , Cleveland State University , Cleveland , OH , USA
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26
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Mandel T, Dunkley DM, Lewkowski M, Zuroff DC, Lupien SJ, Juster RP, Ng Ying Kin NMK, Foley JE, Myhr G, Westreich R. Self-critical perfectionism and depression maintenance over one year: The moderating roles of daily stress-sadness reactivity and the cortisol awakening response. J Couns Psychol 2018; 65:334-345. [PMID: 29672083 DOI: 10.1037/cou0000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study of depressed outpatients (N = 43) examined daily stress-sadness reactivity and the cortisol awakening response (CAR) as moderators of the relationship between self-critical (SC) perfectionism and depression over one year. Participants completed perfectionism measures at baseline (Time 1), daily diaries and salivary sampling six months later (Time 2), and an interviewer-rated depression measure at Time 1, Time 2, and one year after baseline (Time 3). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses of moderator effects demonstrated that patients with higher SC perfectionism and higher levels of daily stress-sadness reactivity (i.e., greater increases in daily sadness in response to increases in daily stress) had less improvement in depressive symptoms at Time 3 relative to those of other patients, adjusting for the effects of Time 1 and Time 2 depression. Furthermore, higher SC perfectionism in conjunction with an elevated CAR predicted higher levels of depression at Time 3. In addition, lower SC perfectionism in combination with higher levels of stress-sadness reactivity/CAR was associated with the lowest levels of depression at Time 3. These findings highlight the importance of targeting dysfunctional self-critical characteristics that exacerbate the impact of heightened stress-sadness reactivity and CAR to generate better treatment outcomes for patients with higher SC perfectionism. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobey Mandel
- Department of Psychiatry, Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital
| | - David M Dunkley
- Department of Psychiatry, Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital
| | - Maxim Lewkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | - J Elizabeth Foley
- Department of Psychiatry, Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital
| | - Gail Myhr
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Center, McGill University
| | - Ruta Westreich
- Department of Psychiatry, Lady Davis Institute - Jewish General Hospital
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27
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Panaite V, Bylsma LM, Kovacs M, O'Leary K, George CJ, Baji I, Benák I, Dochnal R, Kiss E, Vetró Á, Kapornai K, Rottenberg J. Dysregulated behavioral responses to hedonic probes among youth with depression histories and their high-risk siblings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 19:171-177. [PMID: 29578741 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Affect dysregulation in response to rewarding stimuli has been proposed as a vulnerability factor for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it remains unclear how affective behavioral dynamics may be altered among individuals who are at high risk for depression but not currently depressed. We examined the dynamics of affective facial behavior during hedonic probes among 3 groups of adolescents: remitted probands who had histories of childhood-onset MDD (n = 187), never-depressed siblings of probands (high familial risk; n = 207), and healthy controls (n = 166). Participants' happy and sad facial expressions were coded during 3 hedonic laboratory tasks: receiving a preferred prize, describing a positive autobiographical memory, and watching a humorous film. Happy and sad behavioral dynamics were indexed by mean level- and time-dependent reactivity, variability (mean of the squared successive differences), and inertia (autocorrelation). Relative to controls, probands and siblings exhibited a more rapid decrease in happy behaviors, and probands exhibited higher inertia of sad behaviors during hedonic probes. Both probands and siblings exhibited lower inertia of sad behaviors while receiving a desired prize, which highlights the importance of context variation in testing hypotheses. Overall, our study provides new evidence that hedonic behavioral dysregulation, as reflected in dynamic facial behavior, may highlight depression vulnerability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Panaite
- HSR&D Center of Innovation on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (CINDRR)
| | - Lauren M Bylsma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Maria Kovacs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | | | - Charles J George
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Ildikó Baji
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged
| | | | | | - Enikő Kiss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged
| | - Ágnes Vetró
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged
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