1
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Wang Y, Shi K, Fan Y, Zhang L, Chen N, Liu Q, Hou X. Sources of highly regional 129I in soils in northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171777. [PMID: 38499094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The transport and deposition pathways of anthropogenic radionuclides at the global scale, particularly volatile 129I, remain somewhat elusive due to a dearth of comprehensive investigations. To gain a better understanding of the transport dynamics and deposition mechanism of anthropogenic 129I in the terrestrial environment, one hundred surface soil samples collected from northeast China were analyzed for 129I and 127I concentrations in this study. Our findings reveal that 129I/127I atomic ratios in the mid-eastern Inner Mongolia (MIM) were approximately an order of magnitude higher than the rest of the investigated area. This is, besides the global fallout and the long-range transport of 129I released from the European nuclear reprocessing plants via westerly winds, possibly attributed to the dust with high 129I levels from the East Asian arid regions. In addition to the significant dust-induced 129I input, the unique meteorological conditions and topographical features in the MIM synergistically contribute to the pronounced accumulation and deposition of 129I in this region. This study will provide novel insights into the transport and deposition mechanism of anthropogenic radionuclides, which is significant for the assessment of anthropogenic nuclear activities on the environment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Wang
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Keliang Shi
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Yukun Fan
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Luyuan Zhang
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- Xi'an AMS Center, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi'an 710061, China
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2
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Determination of 129I in waters associated with coalbed methane using solvent extraction and accelerator mass spectrometry measurement. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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3
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On the determination of 36Cl and 129I in solid materials from nuclear decommissioning activities. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Kim J, Kim JY, Bae SE, Song K, Park JH. Review of the development in determination of 129I amount and the isotope ratio of 129I/127I using mass spectrometric measurements. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Determination of 129I in vegetation using alkaline ashing separation combined with AMS measurement and variation of vegetation iodine isotopes in Qinling Mountains. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Radioanalysis of ultra-low level radionuclides for environmental tracer studies and decommissioning of nuclear facilities. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Hou X. Liquid scintillation counting for determination of radionuclides in environmental and nuclear application. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Yang G, Tazoe H, Yamada M. Improved approach for routine monitoring of 129I activity and 129I/127I atom ratio in environmental samples using TMAH extraction and ICP-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1008:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Determination of 129I in environmental solid samples using pyrolysis separation and accelerator mass spectrometry measurement. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Present status and perspective of radiochemical analysis of radionuclides in Nordic countries. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-4741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Zhu NX, Zhao CW, Wang JC, Li YA, Dong YB. Micro-Cu4I4-MOF: reversible iodine adsorption and catalytic properties for tandem reaction of Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with acetals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12702-12705. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
I2@Cu4I4-MOF can be a highly heterogeneous catalyst to promote the tandem reaction of Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with acetals under solvent-free conditions at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng-Xiu Zhu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Chao-Wei Zhao
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Jian-Cheng Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Yan-An Li
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education
- Shandong Normal University
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education
- Shandong Normal University
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12
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Gómez-Guzmán JM, Holm E, Niagolova N, López-Gutiérrez JM, Pinto-Gómez AR, Abril JA, García-León M. Influence of releases of (129)I and (137)Cs from European reprocessing facilities in Fucus vesiculosus and seawater from the Kattegat and Skagerrak areas. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 108:76-84. [PMID: 24875915 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
(129)I is a very long-lived radionuclide (T1/2=15.7×10(6) years) that is present in the environment because of natural and anthropogenic sources. Compared to the pre-nuclear era, large amounts of (129)I have been released to the marine environment, especially as liquid and gaseous discharges from two European reprocessing facilities located at Sellafield (England) and La Hague (France). The marine environment, i.e., the oceans, is the major source of iodine. Brown seaweed accumulates iodine at high levels up to 1.0% of dry weigh, and therefore they are ideal bioindicators for studying levels of (129)I. In this work, (129)I concentrations have been determined in seaweed Fucus vesiculosus and seawater collected in the Kattegat and Skagerrak areas in July 2007. The resulting data were evaluated in terms of (129)I concentrations and (129)I/(137)Cs ratios. (129)I concentrations were found to be in the order of (44-575)×10(9) atoms g(-1) in seaweed and (5.4-51)×10(9) atoms g(-1) in seawater, with an enhancement in the Skagerrak area in comparison to the Kattegat area. Iodine-129 concentrations in both seaweed and seawater were used to determine the concentration factor of iodine in brown seaweed F. vesiculosus. The high levels of (129)I and (129)I/(137)Cs ratios in the Skagerrak area and their gradually decreasing trend to the Kattegat indicates that the most important contribution to the (129)I inventory in those areas comes from Sellafield and La Hague reprocessing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gómez-Guzmán
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Avda. Thomas Alva Edison 7, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain; Dpto. de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, University of Seville, Spain.
| | - E Holm
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Avda. Thomas Alva Edison 7, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain; Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås, Norway
| | - N Niagolova
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Avda. Thomas Alva Edison 7, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - J M López-Gutiérrez
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Avda. Thomas Alva Edison 7, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain; Dpto. de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica, University of Seville, Spain
| | - A R Pinto-Gómez
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Avda. Thomas Alva Edison 7, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - J A Abril
- Dpto. de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica, University of Seville, Spain
| | - M García-León
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Avda. Thomas Alva Edison 7, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain; Dpto. de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, University of Seville, Spain
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13
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Zhang LY, Hou XL. Speciation analysis of 129I and its applications in environmental research. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2013.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Summary
129I, a long-lived radionuclide, is important in view of geological repository of nuclear waste, and environmental tracing applications related to diverse natural processes of iodine. The environmental behaviors and bioavailability of 129I are highly related to its species. A number of methods have been reported for speciation analysis of 129I in a variety of environmental samples. These methods have been applied in many researches, including conversion processes of iodine species in marine and terrestrial systems, migration and retention of iodine in soil and sediment, geochemical cycling of iodine, as well as studies on atmospheric chemistry of iodine. This article aims to review these methods and their applications in environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Y. Zhang
- Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - X. L. Hou
- Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
- Xi’an AMS Center, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi’an 710075, China
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14
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Jabbar T, Steier P, Wallner G, Cichocki O, Sterba JH. Investigation of the isotopic ratio 129I/I in petrified wood. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2013; 120:33-38. [PMID: 23416227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In fossil specimens, measurements of the natural isotopic ratio (129)I/I may provide a method to estimate the age of sample. The motivation for measuring the isotopic composition ((129)I/I) of petrified wood samples collected from Austria was to check this feasibility. Alkaline fusion together with anion exchange was used to extract iodine from the sample. Typical sample size for this study was 10-90 g. An atomic ratio as low as 10(-14) was determined using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Uranium concentrations measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and α-spectrometry were found to be less than 3 mg kg(-1), therefore the contribution from fissiogenic (129)I was small and an estimation of ages was based on the decrease of the initial ratio (due to decay of the cosmogenic (129)I in a closed system) after subtraction of the fissiogenic (129)I. The value of the prenuclear ratio is crucial for the use of the (129)I system for dating purposes in the terrestrial environment. From the preanthropogenic (initial) ratio of 1.5 × 10(-12) of the hydrosphere and the results of the present study for the samples from Altenburg (1.05 × 10(-12)) and Fuerwald (6.16 × 10(-13)), respective ages of 8 ± 2.2 and 20.2 ± 2.2 million years were derived. Since samples were collected from a stratum deposited in the Upper Oligocene/Ergerien period (~25-30 million years ago), it can be concluded that these isotopic ratios do not show ages but an elapsed time since fossil wood was isolated from mineral rich water. Paleontological investigation shows that samples from Altenburg had mixed characteristics of old and modern Tertiary plants, thus an origin from a younger stratum re-sedimented with Oligocene cannot be excluded. However, the sample from Drasenhofen reflects that the (129)I/I system might not always be suitable for the dating of petrified wood sample due to fixation of anthropogenic (129)I into surface fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Jabbar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Gómez-Guzmán JM, Holm E, Enamorado-Báez SM, Abril JA, Pinto-Gómez AR, López-Gutiérrez JM, García-León M. Pre- and post-Chernobyl accident levels of 129I and 137Cs in the Southern Baltic Sea by brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2013; 115:134-42. [PMID: 22939948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
(129)I is a very long-lived radionuclide (T(1/2) = 15.7 × 10(6) years) that is present in the environment both because of natural and anthropogenic sources. In this work (129)I concentration and (129)I/(127)I ratio have been determined in seaweed Fucus vesiculosus collected in the Southern Baltic Sea during 1982 and 1986 (post-Chernobyl accident). The resulting data were evaluated in terms of (129)I concentrations, (129)I/(127)I and (129)I/(137)Cs ratios. (129)I concentrations were found to be in the order of (0.82-5.89) × 10(9) atoms g(-1) in 1982 and (1.33-38.83) × 10(9) atoms g(-1) in 1986. The (129)I/(127)I ratios ranged from (22.7-87.8) × 10(-10) for seaweed collected in 1982 and from (26.1-305.5) × 10(-10) for seaweed collected in 1986. Also a linear relationship was established for (127)I concentrations in seawater and salinity in this area, enabling the estimation of concentration factors for (127)I in F. vesiculosus. The high levels of (129)I and (129)I/(127)I in the Kattegat and their gradually decreasing trend to the Baltic Sea indicates that the most important contribution to the (129)I inventory in the Baltic Sea area comes from Sellafield and La Hague reprocessing plants. With respect to Chernobyl accident, (129)I concentrations in samples collected in 1986 were not much higher than those expected in less contaminated samples from 1982. This supports the view that the contribution of the Chernobyl accident to (129)I in the Baltic region was not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gómez-Guzmán
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Avda. Thomas Alva Edison 7, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain.
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16
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k 0-RNAA used in determination of 129I in a mixed resin sample. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Qiao J, Hansen V, Hou X, Aldahan A, Possnert G. Speciation analysis of 129I, 137Cs, 232Th, 238U, 239Pu and 240Pu in environmental soil and sediment. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:1698-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Hansen V, Roos P, Aldahan A, Hou X, Possnert G. Partition of iodine (¹²⁹I and ¹²⁷I) isotopes in soils and marine sediments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2011; 102:1096-104. [PMID: 21924531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter, such as humic and fulvic acids and humin, plays a key role in determining the fate and mobility of radioiodine in soil and sediments. The radioisotope ¹²⁹I is continuously produced and released from nuclear fuel reprocessing plants, and as a biophilic element, its environmental mobility is strongly linked to organic matter. Due to its long half-life (15.7 million years), ¹²⁹I builds up in the environment and can be traced since the beginning of the nuclear era in reservoirs such as soils and marine sediments. Nevertheless, partition of the isotope between the different types of organic matter in soil and sediment is rarely explored. Here we present a sequential extraction of ¹²⁹I and ¹²⁷I chemical forms encountered in a Danish soil, a soil reference material (IAEA-375), an anoxic marine sediment from Southern Norway and an oxic sediment from the Barents Sea. The different forms of iodine are related to water soluble, exchangeable, carbonates, oxides as well as iodine bound to humic acid, fulvic acid and to humin and minerals. This is the first study to identify ¹²⁹I in humic and fulvic acid and humin. The results show that 30-56% of the total ¹²⁷I and 42-60% of the total ¹²⁹I are associated with organic matter in soil and sediment samples. At a soil/sediment pH below 5.0-5.5, (¹²⁷I and ¹²⁹I in the organic fraction associate primarily with the humic acid while at soil/sediment pH > 6 ¹²⁹I was mostly found to be bound to fulvic acid. Anoxic conditions seem to increase the mobility and availability of iodine compared to oxic, while subaerial conditions (soils) reduces the availability of water soluble fraction compared to subaqueous (marine) conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Hansen
- Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, NUK-202, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O.B. 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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19
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Zhang L, Zhou W, Hou X, Chen N, Liu Q, He C, Fan Y, Luo M, Wang Z, Fu Y. Level and source of 129I of environmental samples in Xi'an region, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:3780-3788. [PMID: 21737119 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Iodine-129 is widely used as a tracer in various environmental practices such as monitoring of nuclear environmental safety, seawater exchange and transport, geochemical cycle of stable iodine and dating of geological events. The spatial distribution of (129)I concentration varies significantly on global scale because of anthropogenic input from nuclear activities coupled with scarcity of data on environmental (129)I variability in many parts of the world including Asia. Here we report new data on (129)I and (127)I concentrations in soil, vegetation, river water and precipitation collected from Xi'an area, China. The results indicate values for environmental (129)I/(127)I ratios in the investigated area range from 1.1×10(-10) to 43.5×10(-10) with a mean of 20.6×10(-10), which is 1-3 orders of magnitude lower than the ratios observed in Europe, but comparable with those observed in the locations far from direct effect of point release sources and at similar latitude. The main source of (129)I in the investigated area is attributed to the global fallout of both atmospheric nuclear weapons testing and long distance dispersion of fuel reprocessing releases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Zhang
- Xi'an AMS center and State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
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20
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Hou X, Zhou W, Chen N, Zhang L, Liu Q, Luo M, Fan Y, Liang W, Fu Y. Determination of Ultralow Level 129I/127I in Natural Samples by Separation of Microgram Carrier Free Iodine and Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Detection. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7713-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101558k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Hou
- Xi’an AMS Center and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi’an, 710075, China, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Xi’an Jiaotong Univeristy, Xi’an, 710049, China
| | - Weijian Zhou
- Xi’an AMS Center and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi’an, 710075, China, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Xi’an Jiaotong Univeristy, Xi’an, 710049, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Xi’an AMS Center and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi’an, 710075, China, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Xi’an Jiaotong Univeristy, Xi’an, 710049, China
| | - Luyuan Zhang
- Xi’an AMS Center and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi’an, 710075, China, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Xi’an Jiaotong Univeristy, Xi’an, 710049, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Xi’an AMS Center and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi’an, 710075, China, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Xi’an Jiaotong Univeristy, Xi’an, 710049, China
| | - Maoyi Luo
- Xi’an AMS Center and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi’an, 710075, China, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Xi’an Jiaotong Univeristy, Xi’an, 710049, China
| | - Yukun Fan
- Xi’an AMS Center and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi’an, 710075, China, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Xi’an Jiaotong Univeristy, Xi’an, 710049, China
| | - Wangguo Liang
- Xi’an AMS Center and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi’an, 710075, China, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Xi’an Jiaotong Univeristy, Xi’an, 710049, China
| | - Yunchong Fu
- Xi’an AMS Center and SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xi’an, 710075, China, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Xi’an Jiaotong Univeristy, Xi’an, 710049, China
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21
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Hou X, Hansen V, Aldahan A, Possnert G, Lind OC, Lujaniene G. A review on speciation of iodine-129 in the environmental and biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 632:181-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Osterc A, Stibilj V. 127I and 129I/127I isotopic ratio in marine alga Fucus virsoides from the North Adriatic Sea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2008; 99:757-65. [PMID: 18054129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 10/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The only stable iodine isotope is 127I and the natural 129I/127I ratio in the biosphere has increased from 10(-15)-10(-14) to 10(-10)-10(-9), mainly due to emissions from nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. In Europe they are located at La Hague (France) and Sellafield (England), where the ratio of 129I/127I is up to 10(-4). The marine environment, i.e. the oceans, is the major source of iodine with average concentrations of around 60 mirogL(-1) iodine in seawater. Brown algae accumulate iodine at high levels of up to 1.0% of dry weight, and therefore they are an ideal bioindicator for studying the levels of 127I and 129I in the marine environment. A radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) method, developed at our laboratory, was used for 129I determination in the brown alga Fucus virsoides (Donati) J. Agardh, and the same technique of RNAA was used for total 127I determination. The samples were collected along the coast of the Gulf of Trieste and the West coast of Istria in the North Adriatic Sea in the period from 2005 to 2006. Values of the 129I/127I ratio up to 10(-9) were found, which is in agreement with the present average global distribution of 129I. The levels of stable iodine found were in the range from 235 to 506 microg g(-1) and the levels of 129I from 1.7 to 7.3 x 10(-3)Bq kg(-1) (2.6-10.9 x 10(-7) microg g(-1)), on a dry matter basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Osterc
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hou X, Roos P. Critical comparison of radiometric and mass spectrometric methods for the determination of radionuclides in environmental, biological and nuclear waste samples. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 608:105-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Analysis of radionuclides using ICP-MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-4860(07)11009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Hou X. Radiochemical analysis of radionuclides difficult to measure for waste characterization in decommissioning of nuclear facilities. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-007-0708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chapter 8 Developments in analytical technologies for marine radionuclide studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-4860(05)80009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Hou XL, Fogh CL, Kucera J, Andersson KG, Dahlgaard H, Nielsen SP. Iodine-129 and caesium-137 in Chernobyl contaminated soil and their chemical fractionation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 308:97-109. [PMID: 12738204 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples from areas in Belarus, Russia and Sweden contaminated by the Chernobyl accident were analysed for (129)I by radiochemical neutron activation analysis, as well as for 137Cs by gamma-spectrometry. The atomic ratio of (129)I/137Cs in the upper layer of the examined soil cores ranged from 0.10 to 0.30, with an average of 0.18, and no correlation between (129)I/137Cs ratio and the distance from Chernobyl reactor to sampling location was observed. It seems feasible to use the (129)I/137Cs ratio to reconstruct the deposition pattern of 131I in these areas. The association of (129)I and 137Cs in the Chernobyl soil and Irish Sea sediment was investigated by a sequential extraction method. Similar speciation of (129)I in the Chernobyl soil and Irish Sea sediment was found. Approximately 70% of (129)I is bound to oxides and organic matter, and 10-20% is in the readily available phase, while most of the 137Cs (73%) in Chernobyl soil remains in the extraction residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Hou
- Risø National Laboratory, NUK-202, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Hou XL, Dahlgaard H, Nielsen SP, Kucera J. Level and origin of iodine-129 in the Baltic Sea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2002; 61:331-343. [PMID: 14689996 DOI: 10.1016/s0265-931x(01)00143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental samples, such as seawater, seaweed, lake water, lake sediment and grass collected from the Baltic Sea area were analyzed for 129I and 127I by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. In 2000, the concentration of 129I in the seawater from Borholm and Møen in the Baltic Sea has reached 6.0 x 10(-13) and 16 x 10(-13) g/l, respectively, these are more than two orders of magnitude higher than the global fallout level. The highest value of 270 x 10(-13) g/l being found in the seawater from the Kattegat. By comparison of the level of 129I in the lake water and precipitation in this region, it is estimated that more than 95% of 129I in the Baltic Sea originates from reprocessing emissions, especially from the French nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at La Hague. More than 30% of 129I in the south Baltic and 93% in the Kattegat directly originates from the marine discharges of the European reprocessing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Hou
- Risø National Laboratory, NUK-202, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Hou X, Dahlgaard H, Nielsen SP, Ding W. Iodine-129 in human thyroids and seaweed in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2000; 246:285-91. [PMID: 10696729 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 129I and the ratios of 129I/127I in normal human thyroids collected in Tianjin, China, and some seaweed samples from the Chinese coast were determined by neutron activation analysis. The mean 129I/127I ratio in these thyroids was found to be 1.13 x 10(-9), which is two orders of magnitude higher than the level of the pre-nuclear era, but one order of magnitude lower than the level in Europe in the post-nuclear era. There is no significant difference between the ratio of 129I/127I in the thyroids for the post-nuclear era from China and other areas, which are considered not to have been directly exposed to 129I emission from a nuclear source, such as Chile, Taiwan and Tokyo. The mean 129I/127I ratio in seaweed from the Chinese coast is 2.35 x 10(-10), approximately two orders of magnitude higher than in seaweed collected in the pre-nuclear age, and similar to that from locations without direct exposure to the emission from nuclear installations, influenced only by global fallout. This indicates that the 129I level in China is within the global fallout background level.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hou
- Risø National Laboratoty, Roskilde, Denmark.
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