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Chienthavorn O, Subprasert P, Insuan W. Nitrosamines Extraction from Frankfurter Sausages by using Superheated Water. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2013.863338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ingested nitrate and nitrite and stomach cancer risk: An updated review. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3646-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang J, Wang Y. Carboxymethylation of DNA Induced by N-Nitroso Compounds and Its Biological Implications. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53864-2.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in developed countries such as the U.K., but incidence rates around the world vary approx. 20-fold. Diet is thought to be a key factor determining risk: red and processed meat, but not white meat or fish, are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. The endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds is a possible explanation because red and processed meat, but not white meat or fish, cause a dose-dependent increase in faecal ATNCs (apparent total N-nitroso compounds) and the formation of nitroso-compound-specific DNA adducts in humans. Red meat is particularly rich in haem which has been found to promote the endogenous formation of ATNC. Nitrosyl haem and nitroso thiols have been identified as major constituents of both faecal and ileal ATNC with a significant increase in the formation of these compounds following a diet rich in red meat. In vitro incubations show that, under simulated gastric conditions, nitroso thiols are the main species of nitroso compound formed, suggesting that acid-catalysed thionitrosation is the initial step in the endogenous formation of nitroso compounds. Nitrosyl haem and other nitroso compounds can then form under the alkaline and reductive conditions of the small and large bowel.
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated nitrosation reactions are involved in cell signaling and pathology. Recent efforts have focused on elucidating the role of S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) in different biological systems, including human plasma, where they are believed to represent a transport and buffer system that controls intercellular NO exchange. Although RSNOs have been implicated in cardiovascular disease processes, it is yet unclear what their true physiological concentration is, whether a change in plasma concentration is causally related to the underlying pathology or purely epiphenomenological, and to what extent other nitrosyl adducts may be formed under the same conditions. Therefore, using gas phase chemiluminescence and liquid chromatography we sought to quantify the basal plasma levels of NO-related metabolites in 18 healthy volunteers. We find that in addition to the oxidative products of NO metabolism, nitrite (0.20 +/- 0.02 micromol/l nitrite) and nitrate (14.4 +/- 1.7 micromol/l), on average human plasma contains an approximately 5-fold higher concentration of N-nitroso species (32.3 +/- 5.0 nmol/l) than RSNOs (7.2 +/- 1.1 nmol/l). Both N- and S-nitroso moieties appear to be associated with the albumin fraction. This is the first report on the constitutive presence of a high-molecular-weight N-nitroso compound in the human circulation, raising the question as to its origin and potential physiological role. Our findings may not only have important implications for the transport of NO in vivo, but also for cardiovascular disease diagnostics and the risk assessment of nitrosamine-related carcinogenesis in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Vermeer IT, Engels LG, Pachen DM, Dallinga JW, Kleinjans JC, van Maanen JM. Intragastric volatile N-nitrosamines, nitrite, pH, and Helicobacter pylori during long-term treatment with omeprazole. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:517-25. [PMID: 11522734 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.27098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS This study evaluated the effect of long-term gastric acid suppressive therapy with omeprazole on intragastric levels of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines and related parameters. METHODS Forty-five patients on long-term omeprazole medication (mean, 35 months) and 13 healthy subjects without medication participated. Volatile N-nitrosamines were determined in gastric juice and urine. Intragastric pH, nitrite, nitrate, and H. pylori status were determined. DNA isolated from gastric biopsy specimens was analyzed for precarcinogenic alkyl-DNA adducts. RESULTS The intragastric pH in patients was significantly higher compared with controls (P = 0.0001). Gastric nitrite levels in patients were nonsignificantly higher. There was no difference in total levels of intragastric volatile N-nitrosamines between patients and controls, however, urinary N-nitrosodimethylamine excretion was higher in patients (P = 0.001). On omeprazole, Helicobacter pylori-positive vs. -negative patients had a nonsignificantly higher intragastric nitrite level and higher urinary N-nitrosodimethylamine excretion. No alkyl-DNA adducts could be detected in gastric epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Increased intragastric pH caused by long-term treatment with omeprazole does not result in increased intragastric levels of nitrite and volatile N-nitrosamines. The significantly higher urinary N-nitrosamine excretion implies the risk of increased endogenous formation of N-nitrosamines during long-term omeprazole treatment. This risk may be higher in H. pylori-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Vermeer
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Dallinga JW, Krul CA, Tenfelde A, Moonen EJ, Vermeer IT, van Doorn D, Schothorst RC. Determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine in artificial gastric juice by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and by gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev 2001; 10:265-8. [PMID: 11432714 DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200106000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The thermal energy analyser (TEA) is considered to be the gold standard for the determination of nitrosamines. However, since many laboratories cannot justify the use of such a very specific detection system, alternative detection methods are useful. While standard gas chromatography (GC) detectors lack the selectivity of the TEA detector, mass spectrometry (MS) seems to be the method of choice to combine GC separation with mass selective detection. Moreover, the detection limits of the GC-MS assay in general use are about 4 times lower than those of the GC-TEA assay. A comparison of GC-MS and GC-TEA data on N-nitrosodimethylamine determinations showed a strong correlation between the two assays (R2 = 0.86), demonstrating the exchangeability of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Dallinga
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Guadagni S, Pistoia MA, Valenti M, Leocata P, Coletti G, Calvisi G, Madonna R, Deraco M, Reed PI. N-Nitroso compounds, bacteria, and carcinoembryonic antigen in the gastric stump. J Surg Res 1998; 80:345-51. [PMID: 9878336 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1998.5444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of biochemical and microbiological parameters such as pH, N-nitroso compound (NOC) concentration, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, and total viable counts (TVCs), and identification of microorganisms were carried out on 65 fasting gastric juice samples obtained at endoscopy from 45 patients previously submitted to partial gastrectomy for benign peptic ulcer disease (23 Billroth I, 22 Billroth II/Reichel-Polya) and 20 normal controls. Biopsy specimens were taken to determine histology, the Helicobacter pylori status, and both tissue CEA immunoreactivity and level. Significantly higher mean pH values, NOC and CEA concentrations, and TVCs were found in partial gastrectomies compared with normal controls. In relation to surgical methods, higher mean pH values, NOC concentrations, TVCs, and anaerobic bacterial counts were observed in the juice of patients with Billroth II compared with Billroth I gastrectomies. Mild CEA immunoreactivity and apical CEA localization were found significantly more often in Billroth II than in Billroth I stumps. Intensive CEA immunoreactivity and cytoplasmatic localization were found significantly more often in Billroth I than in Billroth II stumps. Independent of the type of surgical reconstruction, higher mean NOC levels were recorded in patients with more severe histological changes and H. pylori infection. Higher mean CEA levels in gastric juice and tissue were detected in the gastric stumps with more severe histological changes. All these data suggest that high levels of NOCs in the gastric juice could be a cofactor in gastric stump carcinogenesis and determination of CEA level in gastric juice and tissue could be included as a very useful marker in quantifying this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guadagni
- Department of Surgery, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
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Dallinga JW, Pachen DM, Lousberg AH, van Geel JA, Houben GM, Stockbrügger RW, van Maanen JM, Kleinjans JC. Volatile N-nitrosamines in gastric juice of patients with various conditions of the gastrointestinal tract determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and related to intragastric pH and nitrate and nitrite levels. Cancer Lett 1998; 124:119-25. [PMID: 9500200 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(97)00467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric juice samples of 71 patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were collected as well as saliva samples from 40 of these patients. Age, sex, endoscopic diagnosis and medication were recorded. The gastric juice samples were analyzed for the presence and quantity of individual volatile N-nitrosamines, which were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, without prior derivatization. The samples were screened for eight nitrosamines, i.e. N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosoethylmethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosopiperidine and N-nitrosomorpholine. The pH of the fresh gastric juice as well as nitrate and nitrite levels of gastric juice and saliva were determined. The mean total level of volatile N-nitrosamines in gastric juice was found to be 4.84 nmol/l (range 0-17.7 nmol/l). The main N-nitrosamines found were N-nitrosodiethylamine (mean concentration 3.1 nmol/l), N-nitrosodimethylamine (mean concentration 0.90 nmol/l) and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (mean concentration 0.38 nmol/l). Significant correlations between mean intragastric pH values and mean N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine level (P = 0.005) and total volatile N-nitrosamine contents (P = 0.009) were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Dallinga
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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Guadagni S, Walters CL, Smith PL, Verzaro R, Valenti M, Reed PI. N-nitroso compounds in the gastric juice of normal controls, patients with partial gastrectomies, and gastric cancer patients. J Surg Oncol 1996; 63:226-33. [PMID: 8982366 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9098(199612)63:4<226::aid-jso3>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that the variation of biochemical and microbiological parameters in the gastric juice may play a role in the development of gastric cancer. In the present study we concurrently assessed the presence of N-Nitroso compounds (NOC) and their precursors, bacteria and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the gastric juice of normal controls, patients with gastric resection, and advanced gastric cancer. METHODS Detailed analyses of biochemical and microbiological parameters such as pH, nitrite (NO2) concentration, N-nitroso compounds (NOC) concentration, carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) level, total viable counts (TVC), nitrate-reductase positive bacterial counts (NRPBC), and identification of micro-organisms were carried out. RESULTS Significantly higher mean pH values, NO2, NOC and CEA concentrations, TVC, and NRPBC were found in partial gastrectomies compared with normal controls, and all these intragastric parameters were significantly higher in patients with gastric cancer than in those with partial gastrectomies. As far as surgical methods are concerned, higher mean pH values, NO2 and NOC concentrations, TVC, NRPBC, and anaerobic bacterial counts were observed in the juice of patients with Billroth II compared with Billroth I gastrectomies. Apart from the type of surgical reconstruction, higher mean NOC levels were recorded in patients with more severe histological changes and H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS All these data suggest that the presence of high levels of NOC in the gastric juice of gastroresected patients can be considered a risk factor of gastric stump cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guadagni
- Department of Surgery, University of L'Aquila, Italy
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Bellec G, Cauvin JM, Salaun MC, Le Calvé K, Dréano Y, Gouérou H, Ménez JF, Berthou F. Analysis of N-nitrosamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column photohydrolysis and colorimetric detection. J Chromatogr A 1996; 727:83-92. [PMID: 8900963 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines eluted from reversed-phase HPLC were quantitatively photohydrolysed in a UV photoreactor in aqueous solution to give the nitrite ion which could be determined colorimetrically with the Griess reagent. The chromatographic behavior of N-nitroso compounds (including 19 volatile dialkyl and 7 non-volatile N-nitrosamines) was studied on three octadecylsilane columns. The capacity factor varies linearly with the number of carbons atom of the n-dialkyl chains. N-nitrosamines bearing di-n-alkyl chains with the same number of carbon atoms could be separated with a highly polar mobile phase. The yield of photohydrolysis depends upon pH and time of exposure under UV light. The response was shown to be linear in the 0-200 ng range with a limit of detection of 8 pmoles injected for N-dialkyl nitrosamines. This limit was 20 pmoles for N-nitrosamines bearing two phenyl groups. Although N-nitrosamines could be detected at 230 nm without post-column reaction, such a reaction enhances the specificity of detection in biological matrices such as gastric juice or alcoholic beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bellec
- Laboratoires de Biochimie-Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France
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CHALLIS B, COLLING J, CROMIE D, GUTHRIE W, POLLOCK J, TAYLOR P, TELLING G, WALLACE L. A screening procedure for total N-nitroso contaminants in personal care products: results of collaborative studies undertaken by a CTPA Working Group. Int J Cosmet Sci 1995; 17:219-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.1995.tb00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mirvish SS. Role of N-nitroso compounds (NOC) and N-nitrosation in etiology of gastric, esophageal, nasopharyngeal and bladder cancer and contribution to cancer of known exposures to NOC. Cancer Lett 1995; 93:17-48. [PMID: 7600541 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(95)03786-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The questions of whether and how N-nitroso compounds (NOC) may be inducing cancer in humans are discussed. The principal subjects covered include nitrite-derived alkylating agents that are not NOC, reasons for the wide tissue specificity of carcinogenesis by NOC, the acute toxicity of nitrosamines in humans, mechanisms of in vivo formation of NOC by chemical and bacterial nitrosation in the stomach and via nitric oxide (NO) formation during inflammation, studies on nitrite esters, use of the nitrosoproline test to follow human gastric nitrosation, correlations of nitrate in food and water with in vivo nitrosation and the inhibition of gastric nitrosation by vitamin C and polyphenols. Evidence that specific cancers are caused by NOC is reviewed for cancer of the stomach, esophagus, nasopharynx, urinary bladder in bilharzia and colon. I review the occurrence of nitrosamines in tobacco products, nitrite-cured meat (which might be linked with childhood leukemia and brain cancer) and other foods, and in drugs and industrial situations. Finally, I discuss clues from mutations in ras and p53 genes in human tumors about whether NOC are etiologic agents and draw some general conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Mirvish
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Omaha, NE, USA
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