1
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Nosek V, Míšek J. Sulfinamide Crossover Reaction. J Org Chem 2024; 89:7927-7932. [PMID: 38785122 PMCID: PMC11165587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study unveils a new catalytic crossover reaction of sulfinamides. Leveraging mild acid catalysis, the reaction demonstrates a high tolerance to structural variations, yielding equimolar products across diverse sulfinamide substrates. Notably, small sulfinamide libraries can be selectively oxidized to sulfonamides, providing a new platform for ligand optimization and discovery in medicinal chemistry. This crossover chemotype provides a new tool for high-throughput experimentation in discovery chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Nosek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Míšek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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2
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Mohamed MA, Yan L, Shahini A, Rajabian N, Jafari A, Andreadis ST, Wu Y, Cheng C. Well-Defined pH-Responsive Self-Assembled Block Copolymers for the Effective Codelivery of Doxorubicin and Antisense Oligonucleotide to Breast Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4779-4792. [PMID: 36170623 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide steady increase in the number of cancer patients motivates the development of innovative drug delivery systems for combination therapy as an effective clinical modality for cancer treatment. Here, we explored a design concept based on poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-b-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-formylbenzoic acid) [PEG-b-PDMAEMA-b-P(HEMA-FBA)] for the dual delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and GTI2040 (an antisense oligonucleotide for ribonucleotide reductase inhibition) to MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PEG-b-PDMAEMA-b-PHEMA, the precursor copolymer, was prepared through chain extensions from a PEG-based macroinitiator via two consecutive atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) steps. Then, it was modified at the PHEMA block with 4-formylbenzoic acid (FBA) to install reactive aldehyde moieties. A pH-responsive polymer-drug conjugate (PDC) was obtained by conjugating DOX to the polymer structure via acid-labile imine linkages, and subsequently self-assembled in an aqueous solution to form DOX-loaded self-assembled nanoparticles (DOX-SAN) with a positively charged shell. DOX-SAN condensed readily with negatively charged GTI2040 to form GTI2040/DOX-SAN nanocomplexes. Gel-retardation assay confirmed the affinity between GTI2040 and DOX-SAN. The GTI2040/DOX-SAN nanocomplex at N/P ratio of 30 exhibited a volume-average hydrodynamic size of 136.4 nm and a zeta potential of 21.0 mV. The pH-sensitivity of DOX-SAN was confirmed by the DOX release study based on the significant cumulative DOX release at pH 5.5 relative to pH 7.4. Cellular uptake study demonstrated favorable accumulation of GTI2040/DOX-SAN inside MCF-7 cells compared with free GTI2040/DOX. In vitro cytotoxicity study indicated higher therapeutic efficacy of GTI2040/DOX-SAN relative to DOX-SAN alone because of the downregulation of the R2 protein of ribonucleotide reductase. These outcomes suggest that the self-assembled pH-responsive triblock copolymer is a promising platform for combination therapy, which may be more effective in combating cancer than individual therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alaa Mohamed
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Lingyue Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Aref Shahini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Nika Rajabian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Amin Jafari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States.,Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States.,Cell, Gene and Tissue Engineering (CGTE) Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States.,Cell, Gene and Tissue Engineering (CGTE) Center, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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3
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Da Silva Rodrigues R, Luis ET, Marshall DL, McMurtrie JC, Mullen KM. Hydrazone exchange: a viable route for the solid-tethered synthesis of [2]rotaxanes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00388g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Using a hydrazone exchange methodology, resin beads were functionalised with [2]rotaxanes at up to 80% efficiency—higher than using other dynamic or irreversible synthetic approaches to form self-assembled structures on solid supports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ena T. Luis
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - David L. Marshall
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility
| | - John C. McMurtrie
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - Kathleen M. Mullen
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
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4
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Sakata Y, Yamamoto R, Saito D, Tamura Y, Maruyama K, Ogoshi T, Akine S. Metallonanobelt: A Kinetically Stable Shape-Persistent Molecular Belt Prepared by Reversible Self-Assembly Processes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:15500-15506. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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5
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Batiste SM, Johnston JN. Evidence for Ion-Templation During Macrocyclooligomerization of Depsipeptides. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4560-4568. [PMID: 29565576 PMCID: PMC5996984 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ion-mediated Mitsunobu macrocyclooligomerization (M-MCO) reaction of hydroxy acid depsipeptides provides small collections of cyclic depsipeptides with good mass recovery. The approach can produce good yields of a single macrocycle or provide rapid access to multiple oligomeric macrocycles in good overall yield. While Lewis acidic alkali metal salts are known to play a role in the outcome of MCO reactions, it is unclear whether their effect is due to an organizational (e.g., templating) mechanism. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to study macrocycle-metal ion binding interactions, and this report correlates these thermodynamic measurements to the (kinetically determined) size distributions of depsipeptides formed during a Mitsunobu-based macrocyclooligomerization (MCO). Key trends have been identified in quantitative metal ion-cyclic depsipeptide binding affinity ( Ka), enthalpy of binding (Δ H), and stoichiometry of complexation across discrete series of macrocycles, and they provide the first analytical platform to rationally select a metal-ion template for a targeted size regime of cyclic oligomeric depsipeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Batiste
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235-1822 , United States
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235-1822 , United States
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6
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Lee S, Wang W, Lee Y, Sampson NS. Cyclic acetals as cleavable linkers for affinity capture. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:8445-52. [PMID: 26152933 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01056j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Labeling proteins with biotin is a widely used method to identify target proteins due to biotin's strong binding affinity for streptavidin. Combined with alkyne-azide cycloaddition, which enables the coupling of probes to targeted proteins, biotin tags linked to an alkyne or azide have become a powerful tool for purification and analysis of proteins in proteomics. However, biotin requires harsh elution conditions to release the captured protein from the bead matrix. Use of these conditions reduces signal to noise and complicates the analysis. To improve affinity capture, cleavable linkers have been introduced. Here, we demonstrate the use of a cyclic acetal biotin probe that is prepared easily from commercially available starting materials, is stable to cell lysates, yet is cleaved under mildly acidic conditions, and which provides an aldehyde for further elaboration of the protein, if desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA.
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7
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Alfonso I. From simplicity to complex systems with bioinspired pseudopeptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:239-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07596c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This feature article highlights some of the recent advances in creating complexity from simple pseudopeptidic molecules. The bioinspired approaches discussed here allowed an increase in the structural, chemical and interactional complexity (see figure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Alfonso
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia
- IQAC-CSIC
- Jordi Girona
- 18-26
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8
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Herrmann A. Dynamic combinatorial/covalent chemistry: a tool to read, generate and modulate the bioactivity of compounds and compound mixtures. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:1899-933. [PMID: 24296754 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversible covalent bond formation under thermodynamic control adds reactivity to self-assembled supramolecular systems, and is therefore an ideal tool to assess complexity of chemical and biological systems. Dynamic combinatorial/covalent chemistry (DCC) has been used to read structural information by selectively assembling receptors with the optimum molecular fit around a given template from a mixture of reversibly reacting building blocks. This technique allows access to efficient sensing devices and the generation of new biomolecules, such as small molecule receptor binders for drug discovery, but also larger biomimetic polymers and macromolecules with particular three-dimensional structural architectures. Adding a kinetic factor to a thermodynamically controlled equilibrium results in dynamic resolution and in self-sorting and self-replicating systems, all of which are of major importance in biological systems. Furthermore, the temporary modification of bioactive compounds by reversible combinatorial/covalent derivatisation allows control of their release and facilitates their transport across amphiphilic self-assembled systems such as artificial membranes or cell walls. The goal of this review is to give a conceptual overview of how the impact of DCC on supramolecular assemblies at different levels can allow us to understand, predict and modulate the complexity of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Herrmann
- Firmenich SA, Division Recherche et Développement, Route des Jeunes 1, B. P. 239, CH-1211 Genève 8, Switzerland.
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9
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Mahon CS, Fulton DA. Mimicking nature with synthetic macromolecules capable of recognition. Nat Chem 2014; 6:665-72. [PMID: 25054935 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nature has, through billions of years of evolution, assembled a multitude of polymeric macromolecules capable of exquisite molecular recognition. This functionality arises from the precise control exerted over their biosynthesis that results in key residues being anchored in the appropriate positions to interact with target substrates. Developing 'wholly synthetic' macromolecular analogues that can mimic this behaviour presents a considerable challenge to chemists, who lack the 'biological machinery' used in nature to assemble polymers with such precision. In addressing this challenge, familiar chemical concepts, such as combinatorial methods and supramolecular interactions, have been adapted for application in the macromolecular arena. Working from a limited set of residues, synthetic macromolecules have been produced that display surprisingly high binding affinities towards target proteins, even possessing useful in vivo activities. These observations are all the more surprising when one considers the heterogeneity inherent within these synthetic macromolecular receptors, and provoke intriguing questions regarding our assumptions about the design of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare S Mahon
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - David A Fulton
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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10
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Kool ET, Crisalli P, Chan KM. Fast alpha nucleophiles: structures that undergo rapid hydrazone/oxime formation at neutral pH. Org Lett 2014; 16:1454-7. [PMID: 24559274 PMCID: PMC3993714 DOI: 10.1021/ol500262y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrazones and oximes are widely useful structures for conjugate formation in chemistry and biology, but their formation can be slow at neutral pH. Kinetics studies were performed for a range of structurally varied hydrazines, and a surprisingly large variation in reaction rate was observed. Structures that undergo especially rapid reactions were identified, enabling reaction rates that rival orthogonal cycloaddition-based conjugation chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. Kool
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | | | - Ke Min Chan
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
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11
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Mahon CS, Jackson AW, Murray BS, Fulton DA. Investigating templating within Polymer-Scaffolded Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20600e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Mahon CS, Fulton DA. Templation-induced re-equilibration in polymer-scaffolded dynamic combinatorial libraries leads to enhancements in binding affinities. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Saleki M, Colgin N, Kirby JA, Cobb SL, Ali S. Evaluation of two cyclic di-peptides as inhibitors of CCL2 induced chemotaxis. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00043e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Escalante AM, Orrillo AG, Cabezudo I, Furlan RLE. Two-Stage Amplification of Receptors Using a Multilevel Orthogonal/Simultaneous Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Org Lett 2012; 14:5816-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3027335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Escalante
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - A. Gastón Orrillo
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cabezudo
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ricardo L. E. Furlan
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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15
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Revelou P, Kokotos CG, Moutevelis-Minakakis P. Novel prolinamide–ureas as organocatalysts for the asymmetric aldol reaction. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Chung MK, White PS, Lee SJ, Waters ML, Gagné MR. Self-Assembled Multi-Component Catenanes: Structural Insights into an Adaptable Class of Molecular Receptors and [2]-Catenanes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11415-29. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302345n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Kyung Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Peter S. White
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lee
- U.S. Army Research Office, P.O.
Box 12211, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Marcey L. Waters
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Michel R. Gagné
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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17
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Denadai ÂM, de Oliveira AM, Daniel IM, Carneiro LA, Ribeiro KC, Beraldo HDO, da Costa KJ, da Cunha VC, Cortés ME, Sinisterra RD. Chlorhexidine/losartan ionic pair binding and its nanoprecipitation: physico-chemical characterisation and antimicrobial activity. Supramol Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2011.642101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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18
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Klein JM, Saggiomo V, Reck L, Lüning U, Sanders JKM. Dynamic combinatorial libraries for the recognition of heavy metal ions. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:60-6. [PMID: 22028051 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We present the use of hydrazone dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) to identify macrocyclic receptors that are selective for alkaline earth metal ions over alkali metal ions. In particular, the toxic heavy metal ions Sr(2+) and Ba(2+) induce characteristic changes in the DCLs. Four macrocycles were isolated and characterised by LCMS, HRMS, NMR and X-ray crystallography; binding studies by UV-Vis spectroscopy confirm the selectivity observed in the DCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg M Klein
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 1EW
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S. Murray
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Fulton
- Chemical Nanoscience Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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20
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Klein JM, Saggiomo V, Reck L, McPartlin M, Pantoş GD, Lüning U, Sanders JKM. A remarkably flexible and selective receptor for Ba2+ amplified from a hydrazone dynamic combinatorial library. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:3371-3. [PMID: 21264417 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new [2+2] tetra-hydrazone macrocyclic receptor was significantly amplified in a dynamic combinatorial library upon templation with alkaline earth metal ions. After optimisation the product could be isolated in 95% yield and its interaction with ions was investigated by NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg M Klein
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 1EW
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21
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Mahon CS, Jackson AW, Murray BS, Fulton DA. Templating a polymer-scaffolded dynamic combinatorial library. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7209-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11998b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Reversible covalent chemistries compatible with the principles of constitutional dynamic chemistry: new reactions to create more diversity. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 322:291-314. [PMID: 22025070 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An approach to make chemical diversity space more manageable is to search for smaller molecules, or fragments, and then combine or elaborate these fragments. Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry (DCC) is a powerful approach whereby a number of molecular elements each with binding potential can be reversibly combined via covalent or noncovalent linkages to generate a dynamic library of products under thermodynamic equilibrium. Once a target molecule has been added, the distribution of products can be shifted to favor products that bind to the target. Thus the approach can be employed to identify products that selectively recognize the target. Although the size of the repertoire of reversible covalent reactions suitable for DCC has increased significantly over the past 5-10 years, the discovery of new reactions that satisfy all the criteria of reversibility and biocompatibility remains an exciting challenge for chemists. Increasing the number of chemical reactions will enable the engineering of larger and more diverse DCLs, which remains a key step toward a broader use of DCC. In this review, we aim to provide a nonexhaustive list of reversible covalent reactions that are compatible with the concept of DCC, focusing mainly on the most recent examples that were reported in the literature in the past 5 years.
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23
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Matsumoto M, Estes D, Nicholas KM. Evolution of Metal Complex-Catalysts by Dynamic Templating with Transition State Analogs. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Denadai ÂM, Santoro MM, Texeira AV, Sinisterra RD. New insights regarding the cyclodextrin/AAS self-assembly: A molar ratio dependent system. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Chung MK, White PS, Lee SJ, Gagné MR. Synthesis of interlocked 56-membered rings by dynamic self-templating. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 48:8683-6. [PMID: 19816896 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Kyung Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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26
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Simpson MG, Pittelkow M, Watson SP, Sanders JKM. Dynamic combinatorial chemistry with hydrazones: libraries incorporating heterocyclic and steroidal motifs. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1181-7. [PMID: 20165811 DOI: 10.1039/b917146k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We expand the possibilities in hydrazone based dynamic combinatorial chemistry with a series of new building blocks incorporating heterocyclic motifs. The synthetic procedure allows efficient access to building blocks with the general structure (MeO)(2)CH-Heterocycle-C(O)NHNH(2), originating from heterocycles with an amine and an ester functionality. The equilibrium distribution of macrocyclic N-acyl hydrazones formed upon deprotection of the building blocks with TFA in organic solvents is reported. The mixing behaviour of these heterocycle-based building blocks with our cholate-based building blocks is described, particularly the observation of kinetic intermediates that disappear following 'proof-reading'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Simpson
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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27
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Chung MK, White P, Lee S, Gagné M. Synthesis of Interlocked 56-Membered Rings by Dynamic Self-Templating. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Substituent effects in homoleptic iron(II) and ruthenium(II) complexes of 4′-hydrazone derivatives of 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Xu XN, Wang L, Wang GT, Lin JB, Li GY, Jiang XK, Li ZT. Hydrogen-Bonding-Mediated Dynamic Covalent Synthesis of Macrocycles and Capsules: New Receptors for Aliphatic Ammonium Ions and the Formation of Pseudo[3]rotaxanes. Chemistry 2009; 15:5763-74. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Kohman RE, Zimmerman SC. Degradable dendrimers divergently synthesized via click chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:794-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b818183g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Herrmann A. Dynamic mixtures and combinatorial libraries: imines as probes for molecular evolution at the interface between chemistry and biology. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3195-204. [DOI: 10.1039/b908098h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Besenius P, Cormack PAG, Liu J, Otto S, Sanders JKM, Sherrington DC. Tailored polymer-supported templates in dynamic combinatorial libraries: simultaneous selection, amplification and isolation of synthetic receptors. Chemistry 2008; 14:9006-9019. [PMID: 18752246 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamically controlled synthesis and isolation of macrocyclic receptors from dynamic combinatorial libraries has been achieved in a single step using a polymer-supported template. The templates were cinchona alkaloids which show interesting enantio- and diastereoselective molecular recognition events in libraries based on pseudo-dipeptide building blocks. The synthetic routes used to derivatise the alkaloids and attach them to polymer supports minimised any influence of the tethering linkage on the templating activity. Systematic studies have been carried out to probe how the polymer morphology and the template loading affect the selectivity and isolation yield of the macrocyclic receptors. Molecular recognition between solid-phase bound templates and selected receptors also enabled their affinity-type chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Besenius
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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Ingerman LA, Waters ML. Photoswitchable Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries: Coupling Azobenzene Photoisomerization with Hydrazone Exchange. J Org Chem 2008; 74:111-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801783w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Ingerman
- Department of Chemistry, CB 3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Marcey L. Waters
- Department of Chemistry, CB 3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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34
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Berkovich-Berger D, Gabriel Lemcoff N. Facile acetal dynamic combinatorial library. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:1686-8. [PMID: 18368165 DOI: 10.1039/b800384j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We herein report our first results on the use of simple acetalation chemistry in the service of dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs); the reaction between triethylene glycol and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde afforded a DCL of more than 15 cyclic and acyclic species; all of which were separated and characterized; the smaller macrocyclic compounds were successfully amplified by the use of ammonium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvora Berkovich-Berger
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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35
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Denadai AML, Teixeira KI, Santoro MM, Pimenta AMC, Cortés ME, Sinisterra RD. Supramolecular self-assembly of β-cyclodextrin: an effective carrier of the antimicrobial agent chlorhexidine. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2286-96. [PMID: 17618611 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The supramolecular assembly between chlorhexidine and cyclomaltoheptaose (beta-cyclodextrin, betaCD) was characterized using NMR spectroscopy ((1)H, T(1), and ROESY), ESIMS and ITC. NMR data suggest the formation of high ordered complexes. ESIMS and ITC allowed the confirmation of the average stoichiometry as 1:4 and the thermodynamic data, also obtained by ITC, showed that the assembly is strongly stabilized by short distance interactions, but suffers a strong, opposite effect of entropy reduction. The antimicrobial activity of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 Clx/betaCD molar ratio mixtures was investigated in aqueous solution and after incorporation into mucoadhesive gels. These were used to determine the initial and the long-term antimicrobial activity, respectively, toward Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) (Y4-FDC) and Enterococcus faecalis (E.f.) (ATCC 14508) strains. The results showed that A.a. and E.f. were more susceptible to the 1:4 molar ratio mixture in either solution or gel (p<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo M L Denadai
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exactas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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36
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Matsumoto M, Nicholas KM. Synthesis of Cyclic Oligomers from Histidine-Derived Building Blocks Using Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9308-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jo701832m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaomi Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 620 Parrington Oval, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
| | - Kenneth M. Nicholas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 620 Parrington Oval, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
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37
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Corbett PT, Leclaire J, Vial L, West KR, Wietor JL, Sanders JKM, Otto S. Dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Chem Rev 2007; 106:3652-711. [PMID: 16967917 DOI: 10.1021/cr020452p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1486] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Corbett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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38
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Ludlow RF, Liu J, Li H, Roberts SL, Sanders JKM, Otto S. Host–Guest Binding Constants Can Be Estimated Directly from the Product Distributions of Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:5762-4. [PMID: 17600803 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Frederick Ludlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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39
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Ludlow R, Liu J, Li H, Roberts S, Sanders J, Otto S. Host–Guest Binding Constants Can Be Estimated Directly from the Product Distributions of Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Kerckhoffs JMCA, Mateos-Timoneda MA, Reinhoudt DN, Crego-Calama M. Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries Based on Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Boxes. Chemistry 2007; 13:2377-85. [PMID: 17139688 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article describes two different types of dynamic combinatorial libraries of host and guest molecules. The first part of this article describes the encapsulation of alizarin trimer 2a3 by dynamic mixtures of up to twenty different self-assembled molecular receptors together with the amplification and selection of the best binder. Receptors (1a-d)3.(DEB)6 are formed by the self-assembly of six diethyl barbiturate (DEB) and calix[4]arene dimelamine derivatives 1a-d by using hydrogen bonds. The largest amplification factor (2.8) for a host assembly (1a3.(DEB)6) was observed after the addition of 2a to four-component library 1a(n).1b(3-n).(DEB)6 (n=0-3). Addition of 2a to twenty-component library 1a(n).1b(m).1c(o).1d(3-(n+m+o)).(DEB)6 (n, m, o=0-3; (n+m+o)<or=3) also showed amplification of receptor 1a3.(DEB)6. The second part of this article describes the complexation of libraries of different alizarin-like guest molecules (2a-d) and the self-assembled receptor 1a3.(DEB)6. This receptor is able to template the formation of the best-fitting guest trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M C A Kerckhoffs
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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41
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Liu J, West KR, Bondy CR, Sanders JKM. Dynamic combinatorial libraries of hydrazone-linked pseudo-peptides: dependence of diversity on building block structure and chirality. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:778-86. [PMID: 17315064 DOI: 10.1039/b617217b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Expanding on our earlier building block architecture [(MeO)(2)CH-Linker-Pro-X-NHNH(2) where X = Phe, Cha], we have produced a series of new pseudo-dipeptides [(MeO)(2)CH-Linker-Pro-X-NHNH(2) where X = Val, Leu, Ile, Ala] for use in hydrazone-based dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs); reverse order analogues [Phe-Pro and Val-Pro] and two enantio-analogues [Pro-Phe and Pro-Val] were also prepared. The behaviours of these building blocks in DCLs, as single components and in mixtures, were studied systematically using HPLC and mass spectrometry in order to gain insight into the relationship between building block structure and good library diversity. Subtle changes in building block structure lead to significant changes in library distribution and in the ability to produce diverse libraries in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Liu
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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42
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Bulos F, Roberts SL, Furlan RLE, Sanders JKM. Molecular amplification of two different receptors using diastereomeric templates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3092-3. [PMID: 17639152 DOI: 10.1039/b705620f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two different macrocyclic members of a pseudo-peptide hydrazone dynamic combinatorial library were amplified using the diastereomeric templates quinine and quinidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bulos
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Chisholm MH, Gallucci JC, Yin H. Cyclic esters and cyclodepsipeptides derived from lactide and 2,5-morpholinediones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:15315-20. [PMID: 17032774 PMCID: PMC1622824 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602662103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction between Bu(n)Li in benzene and the solid polystyrene support PS-C6H4CH2NH2 leads to a lithiated species that can be represented as PS-C6H4CH2NHLi(LiBu)x, where x approximately 4, which is active in the ring-opening of the cyclic esters L-lactide, rac-lactide, and 2,5-morpholinediones. With approximately 10 eq of these monomeric six-membered rings and with heating, cyclic esters (MeCHC(O)O)n and [MeCHC(O)OCHRC(NH)O]n are reversibly released to the solution. These have been characterized by electrospray ionization MS, and some small rings have been separated by gel-permeation chromatography. Addition of NaBPh4 to a heated benzene solution containing these rings preferentially removes the 18-membered rings from solution. For lactide this is shown to form the basis for chemical amplification from a dynamic combinatorial library and lactide can be converted to (MeCHC(O)O)6 in >80% yield. Metallated supports derived from Me2Mg and Et2Zn are less reactive but do show some ability for lactide ring-enlarging. The 18-membered ring (R,R,R,S,S,S)- and meso-(R,S,R,S,R,S)-(MeCHC(O)O)6 and the 24-membered ring (MeCHC(O)OCHPr(i)C(NH)O)4 have been characterized by single-crystal x-ray diffraction studies, together with the complex Na[eta3-S,S,S,S,S,S-(MeCHC(O)O)6]2BPh4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm H Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1185, USA.
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44
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Voshell SM, Lee SJ, Gagné MR. The Discovery of an Enantioselective Receptor for (−)-Adenosine from a Racemic Dynamic Combinatorial Library. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:12422-3. [PMID: 16984185 DOI: 10.1021/ja0647699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of laser polarimetry detection coupled with HPLC is demonstrated to enable the discovery of enantioselective receptors from racemic dynamic combinatorial libraries. Templating with an enantiopure analyte, such as (-)-adenosine, leads to amplification of one enantiomer of the cyclic dimer. A result confirmed with a pseudo-racemic library wherein one of the enantiomers was d-labeled for mass spec analysis. The resulting dimer is thus an enantioselective receptor for (-)-adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Voshell
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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45
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Saur I, Scopelliti R, Severin K. Utilization of Self-Sorting Processes To Generate Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries with New Network Topologies. Chemistry 2006; 12:1058-66. [PMID: 16100736 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of water-soluble, organometallic macrocycles is described. They were obtained by self-assembly in reactions of the half-sandwich complexes [[Ru(C6H5Me)Cl2]2], [[Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2], [[Rh(Cp)Cl2]2], and [[Ir(Cp*)Cl2]2] with the ligand 5-dimethylaminomethyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(1H)-pyridone in buffered aqueous solution at pH 8. The structure of the Ru-(p-cymene) complex was determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Upon mixing, these complexes undergo scrambling reactions to give dynamic combinatorial libraries. In combination with structurally related complexes based on amino-methylated 3-hydroxy-2-(1H)-pyridone ligands, an exchange of metal fragments but no mixing of ligands was observed. This self-sorting behavior was used to construct dynamic combinatorial libraries of macrocycles, in which two four-component sub-libraries are connected by two common building blocks. This type of network topology influences the adaptive behavior of the library as demonstrated in selection experiments with lithium ions as the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Saur
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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46
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González-Alvarez A, Alfonso I, Gotor V. Highly diastereoselective amplification from a dynamic combinatorial library of macrocyclic oligoimines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:2224-6. [PMID: 16718310 DOI: 10.1039/b603203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium promoted diastereoselective amplification of a single member from a dynamic combinatorial library of stereoisomeric oligoimines of different sizes allows the efficient preparation of a new macrocyclic polyamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena González-Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, E-33071, (Oviedo), Spain
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47
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Corbett PT, Tong LH, Sanders JKM, Otto S. Diastereoselective amplification of an induced-fit receptor from a dynamic combinatorial library. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:8902-3. [PMID: 15969538 DOI: 10.1021/ja050790i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-affinity, induced-fit receptor for NMe4I was discovered using dynamic combinatorial chemistry. The addition of the guest to a dynamic combinatorial library made using a racemic mixture of chiral building blocks caused the strong and highly diastereoselective amplification of the receptor at the expense of other library components. The receptor and its mode of binding were characterized by NMR, ITC, and re-equilibration experiments, from which it was deduced that the receptor probably forms a folded four-stave barrel shape on binding of the guest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Corbett
- Cambridge University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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48
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Lam RTS, Belenguer A, Roberts SL, Naumann C, Jarrosson T, Otto S, Sanders JKM. Amplification of Acetylcholine-Binding Catenanes from Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. Science 2005; 308:667-9. [PMID: 15761119 DOI: 10.1126/science.1109999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Directed chemical synthesis can produce a vast range of molecular structures, but the intended product must be known at the outset. In contrast, evolution in nature can lead to efficient receptors and catalysts whose structures defy prediction. To access such unpredictable structures, we prepared dynamic combinatorial libraries in which reversibly binding building blocks assemble around a receptor target. We selected for an acetylcholine receptor by adding the neurotransmitter to solutions of dipeptide hydrazones [proline-phenylalanine or proline-(cyclohexyl)alanine], which reversibly combine through hydrazone linkages. At thermodynamic equilibrium, the dominant receptor structure was an elaborate [2]-catenane consisting of two interlocked macrocyclic trimers. This complex receptor with a 100 nM affinity for acetylcholine could be isolated on a preparative scale in 67% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby T S Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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49
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Otto S. Exploring and exploiting molecular recognition using covalent chemistry under thermodynamic control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b500703h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Leclaire J, Vial L, Otto S, Sanders JKM. Expanding diversity in dynamic combinatorial libraries: simultaneous exchange of disulfide and thioester linkages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:1959-61. [PMID: 15834471 DOI: 10.1039/b500638d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic combinatorial libraries have been prepared which feature two simultaneous covalent exchange reactions in aqueous solution at neutral pH. This allows for diversity, not only of the subunits that are linked, but also of the linkage itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Leclaire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 1EW
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