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Lai YH, Chou YT, Lin YY, Wang YC, Cao JX, Liang PH. Toward an Improved Triterpene 3- O-Glucuronidation: The Systematic Determination of the Relative Reactivities of Glucuronyl Donors and Acceptors. J Org Chem 2023; 88:9946-9958. [PMID: 37410072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
3-O-β-Glucuronide triterpenes are plant-derived compounds. Some of them have been used as herbal medicine and in pharmaceuticals, such as chikusetsu saponins and Quillaja saponins. However, the demand for these materials has remained largely a challenge owing to their natural scarcity and low-yielding purification process. Therefore, a chemical triterpene 3-O-glucuronidation was conducted in this study to alleviate the surging demand on natural source. Various glucuronyl imidate donors and oleanane-type triterpene acceptors were synthesized, and the relative reactivity values (RRV) and acceptor nucleophilic constants (Aka) were systematically measured to study their influence on glucuronidation yield. As a result, applying donors in higher RRV value generally improved the production of 3-O-glucuronide triterpenes. Meanwhile, a bulky pivaloyl group was an ideal 2-O-protection to provide β-selectivity and prevented side reactions, including orthoester formation and acyl-transfer reaction. Collectively, a positive correlation was observed between reactive donors/acceptors and improved glucuronidation yields. These findings offered insights on the influence of donors' and acceptors' reactivities on 3-O-β-glucuronide triterpenes synthesis, and this knowledge would help to access saponins of interest to address future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hsun Lai
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - You-Yu Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Xiu Cao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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2
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Thomas K, Khymenets O, Pozo Ó, McLeod MD. Synthesis of 3α,6β‐Dihydroxyandrostan‐17‐one 3‐Glucuronides for the Detection of Testosterone Misuse. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Komba Thomas
- ANU: Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Building 137, Linnaeus WayActon 2601 Canberra AUSTRALIA
| | - Olha Khymenets
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques: Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques Applied Metabolomics Research Group Doctor Aiguader, 8808003 Barcelona 08003 Barcelona SPAIN
| | - Óscar Pozo
- IMIM: Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques Applied Metabolomics Research Group Doctor Aiguader, 8808003 Barcelona 08003 Barcelona SPAIN
| | - Malcolm Donald McLeod
- ANU: Australian National University Research School of Chemistry Building 137, Linnaeus WayActon 2601 Canberra AUSTRALIA
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3
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Peñalver P, Zodio S, Lucas R, de-Paz MV, Morales JC. Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Pterostilbene Metabolites in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1609-1620. [PMID: 31957426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is known to be a key factor in many neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammation also plays a relevant role in a myriad of pathologies such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. Polyphenols coming from dietary sources, such as pterostilbene, may be beneficial in this type of diseases. However, most of them are rapidly metabolized and excreted, yielding very low phenolic bioavailability what makes it difficult to find out which are the mechanisms responsible for the observed bioactivity. Herein, we evaluate the effects of pterostilbene and its metabolites against H2O2-induced cell damage in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged RAW 264.7 macrophages. Among the metabolites tested, 3-methyl-4'-glucuronate-resveratrol (also called 4'-glucuronate pinostilbene, PIN-GlcAc, 11) prevented neuronal death via attenuation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increased REDOX activity in neurons. This compound is also able to ameliorate LPS-mediated inflammation on macrophages via inhibition of IL-6 and NO production. Thus, polyphenol from dietary sources could be part of potential functional foods designed to ameliorate the onset and progression of certain neurodegenerative diseases via oxidative stress reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Peñalver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC , PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17 , 18016 Armilla , Granada , Spain
| | - Sonia Zodio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC , PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17 , 18016 Armilla , Granada , Spain
| | - Ricardo Lucas
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , University of Seville , c/Prof. García González, 2 , 41012 Seville , Spain
| | - María Violante de-Paz
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , University of Seville , c/Prof. García González, 2 , 41012 Seville , Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Morales
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC , PTS Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento, 17 , 18016 Armilla , Granada , Spain
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4
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Domínguez-Rodríguez P, Reina JJ, Gil-Caballero S, Nieto PM, de Paz JL, Rojo J. Glycodendrimers as Chondroitin Sulfate Mimetics: Synthesis and Binding to Growth Factor Midkine. Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Domínguez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC- Universidad de Sevilla; Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Seville Spain
| | - José J. Reina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC- Universidad de Sevilla; Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Seville Spain
- Current address: Singular Research Centre in Chemical Biology and Molecular Materials (CIQUS); Organic Chemistry Department; University of Santiago de Compostela (USC); Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Sergio Gil-Caballero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC- Universidad de Sevilla; Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Seville Spain
| | - Pedro M. Nieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC- Universidad de Sevilla; Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Seville Spain
| | - José L. de Paz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC- Universidad de Sevilla; Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Seville Spain
| | - Javier Rojo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); CSIC- Universidad de Sevilla; Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Seville Spain
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Mastihubová M, Poláková M. A selective and mild glycosylation method of natural phenolic alcohols. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:524-30. [PMID: 27340444 PMCID: PMC4901888 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bioactive natural p-hydroxyphenylalkyl β-D-glucopyranosides, such as vanillyl β-D-glucopyranoside, salidroside and isoconiferin, and their glycosyl analogues were prepared by a simple reaction sequence. The highly efficient synthetic approach was achieved by utilizing acetylated glycosyl bromides as well as aromatic moieties and mild glycosylation promoters. The aglycones, p-O-acetylated arylalkyl alcohols, were prepared by the reduction of the corresponding acetylated aldehydes or acids. Various stereoselective 1,2-trans-O-glycosylation methods were studied, including the DDQ-iodine or ZnO-ZnCl2 catalyst combination. Among them, ZnO-iodine has been identified as a new glycosylation promoter and successfully applied to the stereoselective glycoside synthesis. The final products were obtained by conventional Zemplén deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Mastihubová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Poláková
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Polanki IK, Kurma SH, Bhattacharya AK. Direct Glycosylation of Unprotected and Unactivated Sugars Using Bismuth Nitrate Pentahydrate. J Carbohydr Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2015.1028585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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7
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Gu X, Chen L, Wang X, Liu X, You Q, Xi W, Gao L, Chen G, Chen YL, Xiong B, Shen J. Direct Glycosylation of Bioactive Small Molecules with Glycosyl Iodide and Strained Olefin as Acid Scavenger. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1100-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402551x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Gu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Qidong You
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenwei Xi
- Shanghai Chiralway Biotech Co., Ltd., Room 422, No. 986, South Hongmei Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Li Gao
- Shanghai Chiralway Biotech Co., Ltd., Room 422, No. 986, South Hongmei Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Guohua Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yue-Lei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Bing Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jingkang Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department 555, Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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8
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Harnor SJ, Rennison T, Galler M, Cano C, Griffin RJ, Newell DR, Golding BT. Synthesis of 3′-deoxy-3′-fluorothymidine (FLT) 5′-O-glucuronide: a reference standard for imaging studies with [18F]FLT. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00381g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The de novo synthesis of 3′-deoxy-3′-fluorothymidine-5′-O-glucuronide enabled both the analysis of this reference standard by HPLC and identification of the metabolite in a blood sample from a patient administered [18F]FLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzannah J. Harnor
- Newcastle Cancer Centre
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tommy Rennison
- Newcastle Cancer Centre
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Martin Galler
- Newcastle Cancer Centre
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research
- Medical School
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Celine Cano
- Newcastle Cancer Centre
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Roger J. Griffin
- Newcastle Cancer Centre
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David R. Newell
- Newcastle Cancer Centre
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research
- Medical School
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bernard T. Golding
- Newcastle Cancer Centre
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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9
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Stachulski AV, Meng X. Glucuronides from metabolites to medicines: a survey of the in vivo generation, chemical synthesis and properties of glucuronides. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:806-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Abstract
A practical synthesis of resveratrol 3-O-β-D-glucuronide, suitable for preparation of large quantities, was developed using selective deacetylation of resveratrol triacetate with ammonium acetate. A simplified procedure for large scale preparation of resveratrol is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Jungong
- University of North Dakota, Chemistry Department, 151 Cornell St. Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
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11
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Maldonado OS, Lucas R, Comelles F, Jesús González M, Parra JL, Medina I, Morales JC. Synthesis and characterization of phenolic antioxidants with surfactant properties: glucosyl- and glucuronosyl alkyl gallates. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Wadouachi A, Kovensky J. Synthesis of Glycosides of Glucuronic, Galacturonic and Mannuronic Acids: An Overview. Molecules 2011. [PMCID: PMC6263331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16053933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Uronic acids are carbohydrates present in relevant biologically active compounds. Most of the latter are glycosides or oligosaccharides linked by their anomeric carbon, so their synthesis requires glycoside-bond formation. The activation of this anomeric center remains difficult due to the presence of the electron-withdrawing C-5 carboxylic group. Herein we present an overview of glucuronidation, mannuronidation and galacturonidation reactions, including syntheses of prodrugs, oligosaccharides and stereochemical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wadouachi
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (A.W.); (J.K.); Tel.: +33-322-827-527 (A.W.); Fax: +33-322-827-560(A.W.); Tel.: +33-322-827-567 (J.K.); +33-322-827-568 (J.K.)
| | - José Kovensky
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (A.W.); (J.K.); Tel.: +33-322-827-527 (A.W.); Fax: +33-322-827-560(A.W.); Tel.: +33-322-827-567 (J.K.); +33-322-827-568 (J.K.)
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13
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Wilkinson SM, Watson MA, Willis AC, McLeod MD. Experimental and Kinetic Studies of the Escherichia coli Glucuronylsynthase: An Engineered Enzyme for the Synthesis of Glucuronide Conjugates. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1992-2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101914s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane M. Wilkinson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Morgan A. Watson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Bosco M, Rat S, Dupré N, Hasenknopf B, Lacôte E, Malacria M, Rémy P, Kovensky J, Thorimbert S, Wadouachi A. Lewis-acidic polyoxometalates as reusable catalysts for the synthesis of glucuronic acid esters under microwave irradiation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2010; 3:1249-1252. [PMID: 21053350 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bosco
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UMR CNRS, Amiens, France
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15
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16
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Cachet N, Regalado EL, Genta-Jouve G, Mehiri M, Amade P, Thomas OP. Steroidal glycosides from the marine sponge Pandaros acanthifolium. Steroids 2009; 74:746-50. [PMID: 19541002 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition of the Caribbean sponge Pandaros acanthifolium was investigated and led to the isolation of seven new steroidal glycosides namely pandarosides A-D (1, 3, 4 and 6) along with the three methyl esters of pandarosides A, C, and D (2, 5 and 7). Their structures were characterized as 3beta-[beta-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-glucopyranosyloxyuronic acid]-16-hydroxy-5alpha,14beta-poriferast-16-ene-15,23-dione (1) and its methyl ester (2), 3beta-[beta-glucopyranosyloxyuronic acid]-16-hydroxy-5alpha,14beta-poriferast-16-ene-15,23-dione (3), 3beta-[beta-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-glucopyranosyloxyuronic acid]-16-hydroxy-5alpha,14beta-cholest-16-ene-15,23-dione (4) and its methyl ester (5), 3beta-(beta-glucopyranosyloxyuronic acid)-16-hydroxy-5alpha,14beta-cholest-16-ene-15,23-dione (6) and its methyl ester (7) on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR and HRESIMS studies. Pandarosides A-D and their methyl esters (1-7) are all characterized by a rare 2-hydroxycyclopentenone D-ring with a 14beta configuration. The absolute configuration of the aglycon part of pandaroside A (1) was assigned by comparison between experimental and TDDFT calculated circular dichroism spectra on the more stable conformer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Cachet
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Molécules Bioactives et des Arômes UMR 6001 CNRS, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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17
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Glycosyl iodides. History and recent advances. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1110-22. [PMID: 19410241 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of glycosyl iodides as an effective method for the preparation of glycosides has had a recent resurgence in carbohydrate chemistry, despite its early roots in which these species were believed to be of limited use. Renewed interest in these species as glycosylating agents has been spurred by their demonstrated utility in the stereoselective preparation of O-glycosides, and other glycosylic compounds. This review provides a brief historical account followed by an examination of the use of glycosyl iodides in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and other glycomimetics, including C-glycosylic compounds, glycosyl azides and N-glycosides.
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20
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Gauthier C, Legault J, Rondeau S, Pichette A. Synthesis of betulinic acid acyl glucuronide for application in anticancer prodrug monotherapy. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Casati S, Ottria R, Ciuffreda P. 17alpha- and 17beta-boldenone 17-glucuronides: synthesis and complete characterization by 1H and 13C NMR. Steroids 2009; 74:250-5. [PMID: 19071152 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone is an androgenic anabolic steroid intensively used for growth promoting purposes in animals destined for meat production and as a performance enhancer in athletics. Therefore its use is officially banned either in animals intended for consumption or in humans. Because most anabolic steroids are completely metabolized and usually no parent steroid is excreted, metabolite identification is crucial to detect the illegal use of anabolic steroids either in humans or in livestock. 17alpha- and 17beta-boldenone 17-glucuronides were synthesized, purified and characterized in order to provide suitable standards for the identification and quantification of these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Casati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Precliniche LITA Vialba, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G.B. Grassi, 74-20157 Milano, Italy
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22
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Kurosu M, Li K. Synthetic Studies towards the Identification of Novel Capuramycin Analogs with Mycobactericidal Activity. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-s(f)38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Holcapek M, Kolárová L, Nobilis M. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:59-78. [PMID: 18345532 PMCID: PMC2359828 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Applications of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites are reviewed with an emphasis on recent papers published predominantly within the last 6 years (2002–2007) reporting the employment of atmospheric pressure ionization techniques as the most promising approach for a sensitive detection, positive identification and quantitation of metabolites in complex biological matrices. This review is devoted to in vitro and in vivo drug biotransformation in humans and animals. The first step preceding an HPLC-MS bioanalysis consists in the choice of suitable sample preparation procedures (biomatrix sampling, homogenization, internal standard addition, deproteination, centrifugation, extraction). The subsequent step is the right optimization of chromatographic conditions providing the required separation selectivity, analysis time and also good compatibility with the MS detection. This is usually not accessible without the employment of the parent drug and synthesized or isolated chemical standards of expected phase I and sometimes also phase II metabolites. The incorporation of additional detectors (photodiode-array UV, fluorescence, polarimetric and others) between the HPLC and MS instruments can result in valuable analytical information supplementing MS results. The relation among the structural changes caused by metabolic reactions and corresponding shifts in the retention behavior in reversed-phase systems is discussed as supporting information for identification of the metabolite. The first and basic step in the interpretation of mass spectra is always the molecular weight (MW) determination based on the presence of protonated molecules [M+H]+ and sometimes adducts with ammonium or alkali-metal ions, observed in the positive-ion full-scan mass spectra. The MW determination can be confirmed by the [M-H]- ion for metabolites providing a signal in negative-ion mass spectra. MS/MS is a worthy tool for further structural characterization because of the occurrence of characteristic fragment ions, either MSn analysis for studying the fragmentation patterns using trap-based analyzers or high mass accuracy measurements for elemental composition determination using time of flight based or Fourier transform mass analyzers. The correlation between typical functional groups found in phase I and phase II drug metabolites and corresponding neutral losses is generalized and illustrated for selected examples. The choice of a suitable ionization technique and polarity mode in relation to the metabolite structure is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holcapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
This article reviews the progress in the chemistry of the steroids that was published between January and December 2005. The reactions and partial synthesis of estrogens, androgens, pregnanes, bile acid derivatives, cholestanes and vitamin D analogues are covered. There are 139 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK
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