1
|
Sornambigai M, Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kumar SS. Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) complex as a universal reagent for the fabrication of heterogeneous electrochemiluminescence platforms and its recent analytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5875-5898. [PMID: 37507465 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has received enormous attention and has emerged as one of the most successful tools in the field of analytical science. Compared with homogeneous ECL, the heterogeneous (or solid-state) ECL has enhanced the rate of the electron transfer kinetics and offers rapid response time, which is highly beneficial in point-of-care and clinical applications. In ECL, the luminophore is the key element, which dictates the overall performance of the ECL-based sensors in various analytical applications. Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) complex, Ru(bpy)32+, is a coordination compound, which is the gold-standard luminophore in ECL. It has played a key role in translating ECL from a "laboratory curiosity" to a commercial analytical instrument for diagnosis. The aim of the present review is to provide the principles of ECL and classical reaction mechanisms-particularly involving the heterogeneous Ru(bpy)32+/co-reactant ECL systems, as well as the fabrication methods and its importance over solution-phase Ru(bpy)32+ ECL. Then, we discussed the emerging technology in solid-state Ru(bpy)32+ ECL-sensing platforms and their recent potential analytical applications such as in immunoassay sensors, DNA sensors, aptasensors, bio-imaging, latent fingerprint detection, point-of-care testing, and detection of non-biomolecules. Finally, we also briefly cover the recent advances in solid-state Ru(bpy)32+ ECL coupled with the hyphenated techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathavan Sornambigai
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI) Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400, Talence, France.
| | - Shanmugam Senthil Kumar
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI) Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heroin detection in a droplet hosted in a 3D printed support at the miniaturized electrified liquid-liquid interface. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18615. [PMID: 36329050 PMCID: PMC9633610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple sensing protocols for the detection of illicit drugs are needed. Electrochemical sensing is especially attractive in this respect, as its cost together with the analytical accuracy aspires to replace still frequently used colorimetric tests. In this work, we have shown that the interfacial transfer of protonated heroin can be followed at the electrified water-1,2-dichloroethane interface. We have comprehensively studied the interfacial behavior of heroin alone and in the presence of its major and abundant cutting agents, caffeine and paracetamol. To maximally increase developed sensing protocol applicability we have designed and 3D printed a platform requiring only a few microliters of the aqueous and the organic phase. The proposed sensing platform was equipped with a cavity hosting a short section of Ag/AgCl electrode, up to 20 µL of the aqueous phase and the end of the micropipette tip being used as a casing of a fused silica capillary having 25 µm as the internal pore diameter. The volume of the organic phase was equal to around 5 µL and was present inside the micropipette tip. We have shown that under optimized conditions heroin can be detected in the presence of caffeine and paracetamol existing in a sample with 10,000 times excess over the analyte of interest. The calculated limit of detection equal to 1.3 µM, linear dynamic range spanning to at least 50 µM, good reproducibility, and very low volume of needed sample is fully in line with forensic demands.
Collapse
|
3
|
Voltammetric sensing using an array of modified SPCE coupled with machine learning strategies for the improved identification of opioids in presence of cutting agents. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
4
|
Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties of a hybrid film made of Ru(II) complex and Zn(II)-substituted tungstoborate. J Solid State Electrochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-4121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
5
|
Hosseini M, Pur MRK, Norouzi P, Moghaddam MR, Ganjali MR. An enhanced electrochemiluminescence sensor modified with a Ru(bpy)32+/Yb2O3 nanoparticle/nafion composite for the analysis of methadone samples. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:483-489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Shahnazari-Shahrezaie E, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A. A zeolite modified carbon paste electrode based on copper exchanged clinoptilolite nanoparticles for voltammetric determination of metronidazole. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28603h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified carbonpaste elelctrode with Cu(ii)-exchanged clinoptilolite nanoparticles showed increased peak current in the presence of metronidazole.
Collapse
|
7
|
SHANG ZY, HAN CF, SONG QJ. An Electrochemiluminescence Sensor with Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Heroin Detection. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(14)60748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Rao H, Zhang J, Li J. Highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence determination of etamsylate using a low-cost electrochemical flow-through cell based on a tris(2, 2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-Nafion-modified carbon paste electrode. LUMINESCENCE 2013; 29:784-90. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Rao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou; Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 China
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou; Suzhou 215123 China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Parallel segmented outlet flow high performance liquid chromatography with multiplexed detection. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 803:154-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
10
|
Wang X, Wang X, Gao S, zheng Y, Tang M, Chen B. A solid-state electrochemiluminescence sensing platform for detection of catechol based on novel luminescent composite nanofibers. Talanta 2013; 107:127-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
11
|
Zhu S, Song Q, Zhang S, Ding Y. Effects of the frontier orbitals on the electrochemical and electrochemiluminescent properties of the bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with different ligands. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
12
|
Pandey PC, Pandey AK. Novel synthesis of Prussian blue nanoparticles and nanocomposite sol: Electro-analytical application in hydrogen peroxide sensing. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
References. Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b11478-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
14
|
Navaee A, Salimi A, Teymourian H. Graphene nanosheets modified glassy carbon electrode for simultaneous detection of heroine, morphine and noscapine. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 31:205-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
15
|
Wei W, Wei M, Cai Z, Liu S. Determination of Spectinomycin in Human Urine Using CE Coupled with Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Liu H, Yuan R, Chai Y, Mao L, Yang X, Zhuo Y, Yuan Y. A novel solid-state electrochemiluminescence detector for capillary electrophoresis based on tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) immobilized in Nafion/PTC-NH2 composite film. Talanta 2011; 84:387-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
17
|
Guo Y, Sun Y, Zhang S. Electrochemiluminescence induced photoelectrochemistry for sensing of the DNA based on DNA-linked CdS NPs superstructure with intercalator molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1595-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03921g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
18
|
Adcock JL, Barrow CJ, Barnett NW, Conlan XA, Hogan CF, Francis PS. Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence detection of controlled drugs. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:145-60. [PMID: 21154734 DOI: 10.1002/dta.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We review the determination of various controlled drugs (opioids, tranquilizers, stimulants, and hallucinogens) using flow-analysis methodologies (flow injection analysis, high performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and microfluidic devices) with chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence reagents such as luminol, diaryloxalates, tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II), permanganate, manganese(IV), and sulfite, for industrial, clinical, pharmaceutical, and forensic science applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui L Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sandwich-type electrochemiluminescence immunosensor based on Ru-silica@Au composite nanoparticles labeled anti-AFP. Talanta 2010; 82:1468-71. [PMID: 20801357 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
Su M, Liu S. Solid-state electrochemiluminescence analysis with coreactant of the immobilized tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium. Anal Biochem 2010; 402:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
21
|
Yoon S, Han J, Kim B, Choi H, Lee WY. Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Sensor Based on Platinized Carbon Nanotube-Zirconia-Nafion Composite Films. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200900586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
22
|
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Sensor Based on Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) Immobilized in the Composite Film of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube/Sol-gel Zinc oxide/Nafion. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.10.2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
23
|
Zhuang Y, Zhang J. Electrochemiluminescence of an electrocatalytic action of etimicin on Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) immobilized in Nafion modified carbon paste electrode. LUMINESCENCE 2009; 25:343-8. [PMID: 19714671 DOI: 10.1002/bio.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213022, People's Republic of China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zima J, Švancara I, Barek J, Vytřas K. Recent Advances in Electroanalysis of Organic Compounds at Carbon Paste Electrodes. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340903011853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
25
|
Applications of nanomaterials in electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensors. SENSORS 2009; 9:674-95. [PMID: 22389624 PMCID: PMC3280770 DOI: 10.3390/s90100674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (also called electrochemiluminescence and abbreviated ECL) involves the generation of species at electrode surfaces that then undergo electron-transfer reactions to form excited states that emit light. ECL biosensor, combining advantages offered by the selectivity of the biological recognition elements and the sensitivity of ECL technique, is a powerful device for ultrasensitive biomolecule detection and quantification. Nanomaterials are of considerable interest in the biosensor field owing to their unique physical and chemical properties, which have led to novel biosensors that have exhibited high sensitivity and stability. Nanomaterials including nanoparticles and nanotubes, prepared from metals, semiconductor, carbon or polymeric species, have been widely investigated for their ability to enhance the efficiencies of ECL biosensors, such as taking as modification electrode materials, or as carrier of ECL labels and ECL-emitting species. Particularly useful application of nanomaterials in ECL biosensors with emphasis on the years 2004-2008 is reviewed. Remarks on application of nanomaterials in ECL biosensors are also surveyed.
Collapse
|
26
|
Li Y, Yang F, Yang X. Electrochemiluminescence detection based on Ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) immobilised in sulfonic-functionalised titania nanoparticles by ion exchange strategy. Analyst 2009; 134:2100-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b903434j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
27
|
Chemiluminescence detection of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) alkaloids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:508-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- Wujian Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Hun X, Zhang Z. A Novel Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence (ECL) Sensor Based on Ru(bpy)32+-Doped Titania Nanoparticles Dispersed in Nafion on Glassy Carbon Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
31
|
Walcarius A. Electroanalytical Applications of Microporous Zeolites and Mesoporous (Organo)Silicas: Recent Trends. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
32
|
Du Y, Wang E. Separation and Detection of Narcotic Drugs on a Microchip Using Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography and Electrochemiluminescence. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
33
|
Francis PS, Hogan CF. Luminescence. ADVANCES IN FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
34
|
Tao Y, Lin ZJ, Chen XM, Chen X, Wang XR. Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence sensor based on carbon nanotube/organically modified silicate films. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 594:169-74. [PMID: 17586111 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was constructed to determine herring sperm (HS) double-stranded (ds) DNA. Tetramethoxysilane and dimethyldimethoxysilane were selected as co-precursors to form an organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL) film for the immobilization of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) wrapped by poly(p-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), and then Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)3(2+)) was successfully immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode via ion-association. PSS was employed to increase the conductivity of the ORMOSIL film and disperse the cut MWNTs, which were cut and shortened in a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids, in the film. It was found that MWNTs could adsorb Ru(bpy)3(2+) and acted as conducting pathways to connect Ru(bpy)3(2+) sites to the electrode. MWNTs also played a key role as materials for the mechanical and thermal properties. The ECL performance of this modified electrode was evaluated in a flow injection analysis (FIA) system, and the detection limit (S/N=3) for HS ds-DNA was 2.0x10(-7) g mL(-1) with a linear range from 1.34x10(-6) to 6.67x10(-4) gm L(-1) (R2=0.9876). In addition, the ECL sensor presented excellent characteristics in terms of stability, reproducibility and application life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Analytical Sciences of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li J, Xu Y, Wei H, Huo T, Wang E. Electrochemiluminescence Sensor Based on Partial Sulfonation of Polystyrene with Carbon Nanotubes. Anal Chem 2007; 79:5439-43. [PMID: 17567105 DOI: 10.1021/ac0706224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, homogenously partial sulfonation of polystyrene (PSP) was performed. An effective electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on PSP with carbon nanotube (CNTs) composite film was developed. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impendence spectroscopy were applied to characterize this composite film. The PSP was used as an immobilization matrix to entrap the ECL reagent Ru(bpy)3(2+) due to the electrostatic interactions between sulfonic acid groups and Ru(bpy)3(2+) cations. The introduction of CNTs into PSP acted not only as a conducting pathway to accelerate the electron transfer but also as a proper matrix to immobilize Ru(bpy)3(2+) on the electrode by hydrophobic interaction. Furthermore, the results indicated the ECL intensity produced at this composite film was over 3-fold compared with that of the pure PSP film due to the electrocatalytic activity of the CNTs. Such a sensor was verified by the sensitive determinations of 2-(dibutylamino)ethanol and tripropylamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li J, Huang M, Liu X, Wei H, Xu Y, Xu G, Wang E. Enhanced electrochemiluminescence sensor from tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) incorporated into MCM-41 and an ionic liquid-based carbon paste electrode. Analyst 2007; 132:687-91. [PMID: 17592588 DOI: 10.1039/b701842h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)] ion-exchanged in the sulfonic-functionalized MCM-41 silicas was developed with tripropylamine (TPrA) as a co-reactant in a carbon paste electrode (CPE) using a room temperature ionic liquid (IL) as a binder. The sulfonic-functionalized silicas MCM-41 were used for preparing an ECL sensor by the electrostatic interactions between Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) cations and sulfonic acid groups. We used the IL as a binder to construct the CPE (IL-CPE) to replace the traditional binder of the CPE (T-CPE)--silicone oil. The results indicated that the MCM-41-modified IL-CPE had more open structures to allow faster diffusion of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and that the ionic liquid also acted as a conducting bridge to connect TPrA with Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) sites immobilized in the electrode, resulting in a higher ECL intensity compared with the MCM-41-modified T-CPE. Herein, the detection limit for TPrA of the MCM-41-modified IL-CPE was 7.2 nM, which was two orders of magnitude lower than that observed at the T-CPE. When this new sensor was used in flow injection analysis (FIA), the MCM-41-modified IL-CPE ECL sensor also showed good reproducibility. Furthermore, the sensor could also be renewed easily by mechanical polishing whenever needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shi L, Liu X, Li H, Xu G. Electrochemiluminescent detection based on solid-phase extraction at tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-modified ceramic carbon electrode. Anal Chem 2007; 78:7330-4. [PMID: 17037940 DOI: 10.1021/ac060767v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive electrochemiluminescent detection scheme by solid-phase extraction at Ru(bpy)3(2+)-modified ceramic carbon electrodes (CCEs) was developed. The as-prepared Ru(bpy)3(2+)-modified CCEs show much better long-term stability than other Nafion-based Ru(bpy)3(2+)-modified electrodes and enjoy the inherent advantages of CCEs. The log-log calibration plot for dioxopromethazine is linear from 1.0 x 10(-9) to 1.0 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) using the new detection scheme. The detection limit is 6.6 x 10(-10) mol L(-1) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The new scheme improves the sensitivity by approximately 3 orders of magnitude, which is the most sensitive Ru(bpy)3(2+) ECL method. The scheme allows the detection of dioxopromethazine in a urine sample within 3 min. Since Ru(bpy)3(2+) ECL is a powerful technique for determination of numerous amine-containing substances, the new detection scheme holds great promise in measurement of free concentrations, investigation of protein-drug interactions and DNA-drug interactions, pharmaceutical analysis, and so on.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhou M, Ma YJ, Ren XN, Zhou XY, Li L, Chen H. Determination of sinomenine in Sinomenium acutum by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 587:104-9. [PMID: 17386760 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been established for the determination of sinomenine for the first time. Optimum separation was achieved with a fused-silica capillary column (50 cm x 25 microm i.d.) and a background electrolyte of 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 5.0) at a separation voltage of 15 kV. The content of sinomenine was detected by ECL at the detection voltage of 1.15 V (versus Ag/AgCl) with 5 mM Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) in 75 mM phosphate solution (pH 8.0) when a chemically modified platinum electrode by europium(III)-doped prussian blue analogue (Eu-PB) was used as a working electrode. Under the optimized conditions, the ECL intensity was in proportion to sinomenine concentration in the range from 0.01 to 1.0 microg mL(-1) with a detection limit of 2.0 ng mL(-1) (3sigma). The relative standard derivations of migration time and ECL intensity were 0.93 and 1.11%, respectively. The level of sinomenine in Sinomenium acutum Rehd. et Wils was easily determined with recoveries between 98.6 and 102.7%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Recent Development in Optical Chemical Sensors Coupling with Flow Injection Analysis. SENSORS 2006. [DOI: 10.3390/s6101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
41
|
Agg KM, Craddock AF, Bos R, Francis PS, Lewis SW, Barnett NW. A Rapid Test for Heroin (3,6-Diacetylmorphine) Based on Two Chemiluminescence Reactions. J Forensic Sci 2006; 51:1080-4. [PMID: 17018085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method for screening drug seizure samples for 3,6-diacetylmorphine (heroin), which consists of a simple hydrolysis procedure and flow-injection analysis with two chemiluminescence reagents, is described. Before hydrolysis, 3,6-diacetylmorphine evokes an intense response with a tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) reagent (prepared by dissolving the perchlorate salt in acetonitrile), and a relatively weak chemiluminescence response with a second reagent: potassium permanganate in an aqueous acidic polyphosphate solution. However, the permanganate reagent is extremely sensitive toward the hydrolysis products of 3,6-diacetylmorphine (i.e., 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine). Some compounds commonly found in drug laboratories may cause false positives with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III), but do not produce the markedly increased response with the permanganate reagent after the hydrolysis procedure. The combination of these two tests therefore provides an effective presumptive test for the presence of 3,6-diacetylmorphine, which we have verified with 14 samples obtained from a forensic science laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent M Agg
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xu Y, Gao Y, Wei H, Du Y, Wang E. Field-amplified sample stacking capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence applied to the determination of illicit drugs on banknotes. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1115:260-6. [PMID: 16616928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with Ru(bpy)3(2+) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection system was established to the determination of contamination of banknotes with controlled drugs and a high efficiency on-column field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) technique was also optimized to increase the ECL intensity. The method was illustrated using heroin and cocaine, which are two typical and popular illicit drugs. Highest sample stacking was obtained when 0.01 mM acetic acid was chosen for sample dissolution with electrokinetical injection for 6 s at 17 kV. Under the optimized conditions: ECL detection at 1.2 V, separation voltage 10.0 kV, 20 mM phosphate-acetate (pH 7.2) as running buffer, 5 mM Ru(bpy)3(2+) with 50 mM phosphate-acetate (pH 7.2) in the detection cell, the standard curves were linear in the range of 7.50x10(-8) to 1.00x10(-5) M for heroin and 2.50x10(-7) to 1.00x10(-4) M for cocaine and detection limits of 50 nM for heroin and 60 nM for cocaine were achieved (S/N = 3), respectively. Relative standard derivations of the ECL intensity and the migration time were 3.50 and 0.51% for heroin and 4.44 and 0.12% for cocaine, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of heroin and cocaine on illicit drug contaminated banknotes without any damage of the paper currency. A baseline resolution for heroin and cocaine was achieved within 6 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
This paper critically reviews analytical applications of the chemiluminescence from tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) and related compounds published in the open literature between mid-1998 and October 2005. Following the introduction, which summarises the reaction chemistry and reagent generation, the review divides into three major sections that focus on: (i) the techniques that utilise this type of detection chemistry, (ii) the range of analytes that can be determined, and (iii) analogues and derivatives of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bree A Gorman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Du Y, Wei H, Kang J, Yan J, Yin XB, Yang X, Wang E. Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis with Solid-State Electrochemiluminescence Detector. Anal Chem 2005; 77:7993-7. [PMID: 16351147 DOI: 10.1021/ac051369f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupling to a solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detector. The solid-state ECL detector was fabricated by immobilizing tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (TBR) into an Eastman AQ55D-silica-carbon nanotube composite thin film on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. After being made by a photolithographic method, the surface of the ITO electrode was coated with a thin composite film through a micromolding in capillary (MIMIC) technique using a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchannel with the same pattern as an ITO electrode. Then the TBR was immobilized via ion exchange by immersing the ITO electrode containing the thin film in TBR aqueous solution. The whole system was built by reversibly sealing the TBR-modified ITO electrode plate with a PDMS layer containing electrophoresis microchannels. The results indicated that the present solid-state ECL detector displayed good durability and stability in the microchip CE-ECL system. Proline was selected to perform the microchip device with a limit of detection of 2 microM (S/N=3) and a linear range from 25 to 1000 microM. Compared with the CE-ECL of TBR in aqueous solution, while the CE microchip with solid-state ECL detector system gave the same sensitivity of analysis, a much lower TBR consumption and a high integration of the whole system were obtained. The present system was also used for medicine analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|