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Ma W, Liu H, Li X. Chemical Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins Bearing Base-Labile Post-Translational Modifications: Evolution of the Methods in Four Decades. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300348. [PMID: 37380612 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The S-palmitoylation on Cys residue and O-acetylation on Ser/Thr residues are two types of base-labile post-translational modifications (PTMs) in cells. The lability of these PTMs to bases and nucleophiles makes the peptides/proteins bearing S-palmitoyl or O-acetyl groups challenging synthetic targets, which cannot be prepared via the standard Fmoc-SPPS and native chemical ligation. In this review, we summarized the efforts towards their preparation in the past 40 years, with the focus on the evolution of synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ma
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Hanna CC, Kriegesmann J, Dowman LJ, Becker CFW, Payne RJ. Chemische Synthese und Semisynthese von lipidierten Proteinen. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202111266. [PMID: 38504765 PMCID: PMC10947004 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLipidierung ist eine ubiquitäre Modifikation von Peptiden und Proteinen, die entweder co‐ oder posttranslational auftreten kann. Für die Vielzahl von Lipidklassen wurde gezeigt, dass diese viele entscheidende biologische Aktivitäten, z. B. die Regulierung der Signalweiterleitung, Zell‐Zell‐Adhäsion sowie die Anlagerung von Proteinen an Lipid‐Rafts und Phospholipidmembranen, beeinflussen. Während die Natur Enzyme nutzt, um Lipidmodifikationen in Proteine einzubringen, ist ihre Nutzung für die chemoenzymatische Herstellung von lipidierten Proteinen häufig ineffizient. Eine Alternative ist die Kombination moderner synthetischer und semisynthetischer Techniken, um lipidierte Proteine in reiner und homogen modifizierter Form zu erhalten. Dieser Aufsatz erörtert Fortschritte in der Entwicklung der Lipidierungs‐ und Ligationschemie und deren Anwendung in der Synthese und Semisynthese homogen lipidierter Proteine, die es ermöglichen, den Einfluss dieser Modifikationen auf die Proteinstruktur und ‐funktion zu untersuchen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron C. Hanna
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australien
| | - Julia Kriegesmann
- Institut für Biologische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität WienWienÖsterreich
| | - Luke J. Dowman
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australien
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australien
| | | | - Richard J. Payne
- School of ChemistryThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australien
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australien
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3
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Hanna C, Kriegesmann J, Dowman L, Becker C, Payne RJ. Chemical Synthesis and Semisynthesis of Lipidated Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111266. [PMID: 34611966 PMCID: PMC9303669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipidation is a ubiquitous modification of peptides and proteins that can occur either co‐ or post‐translationally. An array of different lipid classes can adorn proteins and has been shown to influence a number of crucial biological activities, including the regulation of signaling, cell–cell adhesion events, and the anchoring of proteins to lipid rafts and phospholipid membranes. Whereas nature employs a range of enzymes to install lipid modifications onto proteins, the use of these for the chemoenzymatic generation of lipidated proteins is often inefficient or impractical. An alternative is to harness the power of modern synthetic and semisynthetic technologies to access lipid‐modified proteins in a pure and homogeneously modified form. This Review aims to highlight significant advances in the development of lipidation and ligation chemistry and their implementation in the synthesis and semisynthesis of homogeneous lipidated proteins that have enabled the influence of these modifications on protein structure and function to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Hanna
- The University of Sydney, Chemistry, 2006, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
| | - Julia Kriegesmann
- University of Vienna: Universitat Wien, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Vienna, AUSTRIA
| | - Luke Dowman
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemistry, 2006, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
| | - Christian Becker
- University of Vienna Faculty of Chemistry: Universitat Wien Fakultat fur Chemie, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Vienna, AUSTRIA
| | - Richard James Payne
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemistry, Eastern Avenue, 2006, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
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4
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Takahara M, Kamiya N. Synthetic Strategies for Artificial Lipidation of Functional Proteins. Chemistry 2020; 26:4645-4655. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Takahara
- Department of Materials Science & Chemical EngineeringNational Institute of TechnologyKitakyushu College 5-20-1 Shii Kokuraminamiku Kitakyushu 802-0985 Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of Engineering 744 Motooka Nishiku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future ChemistryKyushu University 744 Motooka Nishiku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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Abstract
Protein semisynthesis-defined herein as the assembly of a protein from a combination of synthetic and recombinant fragments-is a burgeoning field of chemical biology that has impacted many areas in the life sciences. In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey of this area. We begin by discussing the various chemical and enzymatic methods now available for the manufacture of custom proteins containing noncoded elements. This section begins with a discussion of methods that are more chemical in origin and ends with those that employ biocatalysts. We also illustrate the commonalities that exist between these seemingly disparate methods and show how this is allowing for the development of integrated chemoenzymatic methods. This methodology discussion provides the technical foundation for the second part of the review where we cover the great many biological problems that have now been addressed using these tools. Finally, we end the piece with a short discussion on the frontiers of the field and the opportunities available for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom W. Muir
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Frick Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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6
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Zorrilla S, Mónico A, Duarte S, Rivas G, Pérez-Sala D, Pajares MA. Integrated approaches to unravel the impact of protein lipoxidation on macromolecular interactions. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 144:203-217. [PMID: 30991143 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein modification by lipid derived reactive species, or lipoxidation, is increased during oxidative stress, a common feature observed in many pathological conditions. Biochemical and functional consequences of lipoxidation include changes in the conformation and assembly of the target proteins, altered recognition of ligands and/or cofactors, changes in the interactions with DNA or in protein-protein interactions, modifications in membrane partitioning and binding and/or subcellular localization. These changes may impact, directly or indirectly, signaling pathways involved in the activation of cell defense mechanisms, but when these are overwhelmed they may lead to pathological outcomes. Mass spectrometry provides state of the art approaches for the identification and characterization of lipoxidized proteins/residues and the modifying species. Nevertheless, understanding the complexity of the functional effects of protein lipoxidation requires the use of additional methodologies. Herein, biochemical and biophysical methods used to detect and measure functional effects of protein lipoxidation at different levels of complexity, from in vitro and reconstituted cell-like systems to cells, are reviewed, focusing especially on macromolecular interactions. Knowledge generated through innovative and complementary technologies will contribute to comprehend the role of lipoxidation in pathophysiology and, ultimately, its potential as target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zorrilla
- Dept. of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andreia Mónico
- Dept. of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia Duarte
- Dept. of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Rivas
- Dept. of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Dept. of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Dept. of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Chen YX, Koch S, Uhlenbrock K, Weise K, Das D, Gremer L, Brunsveld L, Wittinghofer A, Winter R, Triola G, Waldmann H. Synthesis of the Rheb and K-Ras4B GTPases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 49:6090-5. [PMID: 20652921 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xiang Chen
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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9
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van Vught R, Pieters RJ, Breukink E. Site-specific functionalization of proteins and their applications to therapeutic antibodies. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 9:e201402001. [PMID: 24757499 PMCID: PMC3995230 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201402001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein modifications are often required to study structure and function relationships. Instead of the random labeling of lysine residues, methods have been developed to (sequence) specific label proteins. Next to chemical modifications, tools to integrate new chemical groups for bioorthogonal reactions have been applied. Alternatively, proteins can also be selectively modified by enzymes. Herein we review the methods available for site-specific modification of proteins and their applications for therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko van Vught
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology. Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Dementiev A. K-Ras4B lipoprotein synthesis: biochemical characterization, functional properties, and dimer formation. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 84:86-93. [PMID: 22569482 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
K-Ras4B, a small GTPase and a key oncogene, plays a central role in the early steps of signal transduction from activated receptor tyrosine kinases by recruiting its downstream effectors to the cell membrane. Specific posttranslational modifications of K-Ras4B, including the addition of C-terminal farnesyl and methyl groups, mediate its proper membrane localization and signaling activity. The mechanism and molecular determinants underlying this selective membrane localization and molecular interactions with its many regulators and downstream effectors are largely unknown. Preparative amounts of the posttranslationally processed K-Ras4B protein are necessary to carry out structural, functional, and cell biological studies of this important oncogene. In this work we describe a simple and efficient method for synthesis of milligram quantities of functionally active, fully processed K-Ras4B. Using this preparation, we observe K-Ras4B dimerization in vitro; this has not been observed previously and could be important for its activity, membrane anchoring, and translocation between different cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Dementiev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 South Ashland Av., Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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11
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Yi L, Abootorabi M, Wu YW. Semisynthesis of Prenylated Rab GTPases by Click Ligation. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2413-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Plass T, Schultz C. Covalent Labeling of Biomolecules in Living Cells. ADVANCED FLUORESCENCE REPORTERS IN CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY III 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18035-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Chen YX, Koch S, Uhlenbrock K, Weise K, Das D, Gremer L, Brunsveld L, Wittinghofer A, Winter R, Triola G, Waldmann H. Synthesis of the Rheb and K-Ras4B GTPases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Görmer K, Waldmann H, Triola G. Efficient Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Disulfides. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1811-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902695a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Görmer
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Charron G, Wilson J, Hang HC. Chemical tools for understanding protein lipidation in eukaryotes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:382-91. [PMID: 19699139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipidation of proteins is an important mechanism to regulate protein trafficking and activity in cell and tissues. The targeting of proteins to membranes by lipidation plays key roles in many physiological processes and when not regulated properly can lead to cancer and neurological disorders. Dissecting the precise roles of protein lipidation in physiology and disease is a major challenge. Recent advances in chemical biology have now enabled the semisynthesis of lipidated proteins for fundamental biochemical and cellular studies. In addition, new chemical reporters of protein lipidation have improved the detection and enabled the proteomic analysis of lipidated proteins. The expanding efforts in chemical biology are therefore providing new tools to dissect the mechanisms and functions of protein lipidation as well as develop therapeutics targeted at protein lipidation pathways in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Charron
- The Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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16
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Antos JM, Miller GM, Grotenbreg GM, Ploegh HL. Lipid modification of proteins through sortase-catalyzed transpeptidation. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 130:16338-43. [PMID: 18989959 DOI: 10.1021/ja806779e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A general chemoenzymatic method for the site-specific attachment of lipids to protein substrates is described. Sortase A is used to append short lipid-modified oligoglycine peptides to the C terminus of protein substrates bearing a five amino acid sortase A recognition sequence (LPETG). We demonstrate the attachment of a range of hydrophobic modifications in excellent yield (60-90%), including a simple step for removing the sortase enzyme postreaction. Lipoproteins prepared using these procedures were subsequently shown to associate with mammalian cells in a lipid tail-dependent fashion and localized to the plasma membrane and endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Antos
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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17
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Bastings MMC, van Baal I, Meijer EW, Merkx M. One-step refolding and purification of disulfide-containing proteins with a C-terminal MESNA thioester. BMC Biotechnol 2008; 8:76. [PMID: 18828922 PMCID: PMC2570673 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-8-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Expression systems based on self-cleavable intein domains allow the generation of recombinant proteins with a C-terminal thioester. This uniquely reactive C-terminus can be used in native chemical ligation reactions to introduce synthetic groups or to immobilize proteins on surfaces and nanoparticles. Unfortunately, common refolding procedures for recombinant proteins that contain disulfide bonds do not preserve the thioester functionality and therefore novel refolding procedures need to be developed. Results A novel redox buffer consisting of MESNA and diMESNA showed a refolding efficiency comparable to that of GSH/GSSG and prevented loss of the protein's thioester functionality. Moreover, introduction of the MESNA/diMESNA redox couple in the cleavage buffer allowed simultaneous on-column refolding of Ribonuclease A and intein-mediated cleavage to yield Ribonuclease A with a C-terminal MESNA-thioester. The C-terminal thioester was shown to be active in native chemical ligation. Conclusion An efficient method was developed for the production of disulfide bond containing proteins with C-terminal thioesters. Introduction of a MESNA/diMESNA redox couple resulted in simultaneous on-column refolding, purification and thioester generation of the model protein Ribonuclease A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje M C Bastings
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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Brunsveld L, Kuhlmann J, Alexandrov K, Wittinghofer A, Goody RS, Waldmann H. Lipidated ras and rab peptides and proteins--synthesis, structure, and function. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:6622-46. [PMID: 17031879 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical biology can be defined as the study of biological phenomena from a chemical approach. Based on the analysis of relevant biological phenomena and their structural foundation, unsolved problems are identified and tackled through a combination of chemistry and biology. Thus, new synthetic methods and strategies are developed and employed for the construction of compounds that are used to investigate biological procedures. Solid-phase synthesis has emerged as the preferred method for the synthesis of lipidated peptides, which can be chemoselectively ligated to proteins of the Ras superfamily. The generated peptides and proteins have solved biological questions in the field of the Ras-superfamily GTPases that are not amendable to chemical or biological techniques alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Brunsveld
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Brunsveld L, Kuhlmann J, Alexandrov K, Wittinghofer A, Goody RS, Waldmann H. Lipidierte Ras- und Rab-Peptide und -Proteine: Synthese, Struktur und Funktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pechlivanis M, Kuhlmann J. Hydrophobic modifications of Ras proteins by isoprenoid groups and fatty acids--More than just membrane anchoring. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1764:1914-31. [PMID: 17110180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During the last years, post-translational modification of peripheral membrane proteins with hydrophobic side groups has been attributed to a couple of additional functions than just simple anchoring into lipid bilayers. In particular isoprenylation and N- and S-acylation did quicken interest in terms of specific recognition elements for protein-protein interactions and as hydrophobic switches that allow for temporal regulated association with distinct target structures. Furthermore new insights into the heterogeneity of natural membranes have connected the physical properties of e.g. farnesyl or palmitoyl side chains with a preference for such sub-compartments as lipid rafts or caveolae. In this review the impact of the two frequently realized modifications by isoprenylation and S-acylation on the process of cellular signal transduction is exemplified with proteins of the Ras and Rab family of small GTP-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Pechlivanis
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Brunsveld L, Kuhlmann J, Waldmann H. Synthesis of palmitoylated Ras-peptides and -proteins. Methods 2006; 40:151-65. [PMID: 17012027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, an overview is given and details are provided for the synthesis of lipidated Ras (rat-adeno-sarcoma)-peptides and -proteins. The progress made in the synthesis of the lipidated peptides from the Ras superfamily is discussed with special emphasis on the recently developed solid-phase synthesis methods, since these methods have turned out to be the preferred synthesis method for the majority of the required peptides. Solid-phase lipopeptide synthesis has given access to native and modified peptides on a scale that allows peptide-consuming studies like for ligation to proteins and concomitant X-ray crystal structure determination. The access to these peptides has also enabled biological questions concerning these peptides and proteins to be resolved. The review describes different solid-phase methods, which are individually suited for different types of lipopeptides, differing for example in lipidation pattern or amino acid side-chain functionality, and their ligation to proteins. Finally, an example is provided how these peptides can serve to resolve biological aspects of the Ras family GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brunsveld
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Watzke A, Köhn M, Gutierrez-Rodriguez M, Wacker R, Schröder H, Breinbauer R, Kuhlmann J, Alexandrov K, Niemeyer CM, Goody RS, Waldmann H. Site-Selective Protein Immobilization by Staudinger Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Watzke A, Köhn M, Gutierrez-Rodriguez M, Wacker R, Schröder H, Breinbauer R, Kuhlmann J, Alexandrov K, Niemeyer CM, Goody RS, Waldmann H. Site-Selective Protein Immobilization by Staudinger Ligation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1408-12. [PMID: 16440394 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Watzke
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44 227 Dortmund, Germany
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