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Thomas R, Li J, Ladak S, Barrow D, Smowton PM. In situ fabricated 3D micro-lenses for photonic integrated circuits. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:13436-13442. [PMID: 29801369 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.013436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aspheric astigmatic polymer micro-lenses were fabricated directly onto photonic integrated circuits using two-photon lithography. We observed a 12.6 dB improvement in the free space coupling efficiency between integrated ridge laser pairs with micro-lenses to those without.
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2
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Thomas R, Harrison A, Barrow D, Smowton PM. Photonic integration platform with pump free microfluidics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:23634-23644. [PMID: 29041314 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.023634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chip based particle sensing using 3D capillary fill microfluidics integrated with monolithically integrated lasers and photodetectors is used to demonstrate the feasibility of true chip scale photonic measurements of fluids. The approach is scalable and manufactured using industry standard compound semiconductor fabrication tools. The need for fluid speed regulation via external pumps is removed by measuring local particle velocity at the point of interrogation and particle position within the fluid flow is derived from multiple time resolved forward scattered light signals. Particle size discrimination of 10 and 15 μm polystyrene microbeads is used as an example.
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3
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Ozcelik D, Cai H, Leake KD, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H. Optofluidic bioanalysis: fundamentals and applications. NANOPHOTONICS 2017; 6:647-661. [PMID: 29201591 PMCID: PMC5708574 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2016-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, optofluidics has established itself as a new and dynamic research field for exciting developments at the interface of photonics, microfluidics, and the life sciences. The strong desire for developing miniaturized bioanalytic devices and instruments, in particular, has led to novel and powerful approaches to integrating optical elements and biological fluids on the same chip-scale system. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in optofluidic research with emphasis on applications in bioanalysis and a focus on waveguide-based approaches that represent the most advanced level of integration between optics and fluidics. We discuss recent work in photonically reconfigurable devices and various application areas. We show how optofluidic approaches have been pushing the performance limits in bioanalysis, e.g. in terms of sensitivity and portability, satisfying many of the key requirements for point-of-care devices. This illustrates how the requirements for bianalysis instruments are increasingly being met by the symbiotic integration of novel photonic capabilities in a miniaturized system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Ozcelik
- School of Engineering, University of California-Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Hong Cai
- School of Engineering, University of California-Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kaelyn D. Leake
- School of Engineering, University of California-Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Aaron R. Hawkins
- ECEn Department, 459 Clyde Building, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Holger Schmidt
- Corresponding author: Holger Schmidt, School of Engineering, University of California-Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA,
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4
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Kim J, Shin JH. Stable, Free-space Optical Trapping and Manipulation of Sub-micron Particles in an Integrated Microfluidic Chip. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33842. [PMID: 27653191 PMCID: PMC5031986 DOI: 10.1038/srep33842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate stable, free-space optical trapping and manipulation in an integrated microfluidic chip using counter-propagating beams. An inverted ridge-type waveguide made of SU8 is cut across by an open trench. The design of the waveguide provides low propagation losses and small divergence of the trapping beam upon emergence from the facet, and the trench designed to be deeper and wider than the optical mode enables full utilization of the optical power with an automatic alignment for counter-propagating beams in a trap volume away from all surfaces. After integration with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel for particle delivery, 0.65 μm and 1 μm diameter polystyrene beads were trapped in free space in the trench, and manipulated to an arbitrary position between the waveguides with a resolution of < 100 nm. Comparison with numerical simulations confirm stable trapping of sub-micron particles, with a 10 kBT threshold power of less than 1 mW and a stiffness that can be 1 order of magnitude larger than that of comparable fiber-based trapping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Kim
- KAIST, Department of Physics, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jung H Shin
- KAIST, Department of Physics, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, South Korea.,KAIST, Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, South Korea
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5
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Chen Q, Jian A, Li Z, Zhang X. Optofluidic tunable lenses using laser-induced thermal gradient. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:104-111. [PMID: 26584422 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01163a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a new design of optofluidic tunable lens using a laser-induced thermal gradient. It makes use of two straight chromium strips at the bottom of the microfluidic chamber to absorb the continuous pump laser to heat up the moving benzyl alcohol solution, creating a 2D refractive index gradient in the entrance part between the two hot strips. This design can be regarded as a cascade of a series of refractive lenses, and is distinctively different from the reported liquid lenses that mimic the refractive lens design and the 1D gradient index lens design. CFD simulation shows that a stable thermal lens can be built up within 200 ms. Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the continuous tuning of focal length from initially infinite to the minimum 1.3 mm, as well as the off-axis focusing by offsetting the pump laser spot. Data analyses show the empirical dependences of the focal length on the pump laser intensity and the flow velocity. Compared with previous studies, this tunable lens design enjoys many merits, such as fast tuning speed, aberration-free focusing, remote control, and enabling the use of homogeneous fluids for easy integration with other optofluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Chen
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China and Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aoqun Jian
- MicroNano System Research Center, College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China and Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Wu D, Wu SZ, Zhao S, Yao J, Wang JN, Chen QD, Sun HB. Rapid, controllable fabrication of regular complex microarchitectures by capillary assembly of micropillars and their application in selectively trapping/releasing microparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:760-767. [PMID: 23143911 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A simple strategy to realize new controllable 3D microstructures and a novel method to reversibly trapping and releasing microparticles are reported. This technique controls the height, shape, width, and arrangement of pillar arrays and realizes a series of special microstructures from 2-pillar-cell to 12 cell arrays, S-shape, chain-shape and triangle 3-cell arrays by a combined top down/bottom up method: laser interference lithography and capillary force-induced assembly. Due to the inherent features of this method, the whole time is less than 3 min and the fabricated area determined by the size of the laser beam can reach as much as 1 cm(2) , which shows this method is very simple, rapid, and high-throughput. It is further demonstrated that the 'mechanical hand'-like 4-cell arrays could be used to selectively trap/release microparticles with different sizes, e.g., 1.5, 2, or 3.5 μm, which are controlled by the period of the microstructures from 2.5 to 4 μm, and 6 μm. Finally, the 'mechanical hand'-like 4-cell arrays are integrated into 100 μm-width microfluidic channels prepared by ultraviolet photolithography, which shows that this technique is compatible with conventional microfabrication methods for on-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
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7
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Liberale C, Cojoc G, Bragheri F, Minzioni P, Perozziello G, La Rocca R, Ferrara L, Rajamanickam V, Di Fabrizio E, Cristiani I. Integrated microfluidic device for single-cell trapping and spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1258. [PMID: 23409249 PMCID: PMC3570777 DOI: 10.1038/srep01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Optofluidic microsystems are key components towards lab-on-a-chip devices for manipulation and analysis of biological specimens. In particular, the integration of optical tweezers (OT) in these devices allows stable sample trapping, while making available mechanical, chemical and spectroscopic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liberale
- Nanostructures, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy. [corrected]
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8
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Lapsley MI, Wang L, Huang TJ. On-chip flow cytometry: where is it now and where is it going? Biomark Med 2013; 7:75-8. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ian Lapsley
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Ascent Bio-Nano Technologies Inc., State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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9
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Bragheri F, Ferrara L, Bellini N, Vishnubhatla KC, Minzioni P, Ramponi R, Osellame R, Cristiani I. Optofluidic chip for single cell trapping and stretching fabricated by a femtosecond laser. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2010; 3:234-243. [PMID: 20301123 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The authors present the design and optimization of an optofluidic monolithic chip, able to provide optical trapping and controlled stretching of single cells. The chip is fabricated in a fused silica glass substrate by femtosecond laser micromachining which can produce both optical waveguides and microfluidic channels with great accuracy. A new fabrication procedure adopted in this work allows the demonstration of microchannels with a square cross-section, thus guaranteeing an improved quality of the trapped cell images. Femtosecond laser micromachining emerges as a promising technique for the development of multifunctional integrated biophotonic devices that can be easily coupled to a microscope platform, thus enabling a complete characterization of the cells under test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bragheri
- CNISM and Dipartimento di Elettronica, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
In the last decade optical manipulation has evolved from a field of interest for physicists to a versatile tool widely used within life sciences. This has been made possible in particular due to the development of a large variety of imaging techniques that allow detailed information to be gained from investigations of single cells. The use of multiple optical traps has high potential within single-cell analysis since parallel measurements provide good statistics. Multifunctional optical tweezers are, for instance, used to study cell heterogeneity in an ensemble, and force measurements are used to investigate the mechanical properties of individual cells. Investigations of molecular motors and forces on the single-molecule level have led to discoveries that would have been difficult to make with other techniques. Optical manipulation has prospects within the field of cell signalling and tissue engineering. When combined with microfluidic systems the chemical environment of cells can be precisely controlled. Hence the influence of pH, salt concentration, drugs and temperature can be investigated in real time. Fast advancing technical developments of automated and user-friendly optical manipulation tools and cross-disciplinary collaboration will contribute to the routinely use of optical manipulation techniques within the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Ramser
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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11
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Bellini N, Vishnubhatla KC, Bragheri F, Ferrara L, Minzioni P, Ramponi R, Cristiani I, Osellame R. Femtosecond laser fabricated monolithic chip for optical trapping and stretching of single cells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:4679-88. [PMID: 20389480 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.004679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication by a femtosecond laser of an optofluidic device for optical trapping and stretching of single cells. Versatility and three-dimensional capabilities of this fabrication technology provide straightforward and extremely accurate alignment between the optical and fluidic components. Optical trapping and stretching of single red blood cells are demonstrated, thus proving the effectiveness of the proposed device as a monolithic optical stretcher. Our results pave the way for a new class of optofluidic devices for single cell analysis, in which, taking advantage of the flexibility of femtosecond laser micromachining, it is possible to further integrate sensing and sorting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bellini
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica - Politecnico di Milano, P zza L da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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12
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Kühn S, Phillips BS, Lunt EJ, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H. Ultralow power trapping and fluorescence detection of single particles on an optofluidic chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:189-94. [PMID: 20066246 PMCID: PMC2863329 DOI: 10.1039/b915750f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of on-chip methods to manipulate particles is receiving rapidly increasing attention. All-optical traps offer numerous advantages, but are plagued by large required power levels on the order of hundreds of milliwatts and the inability to act exclusively on individual particles. Here, we demonstrate a fully integrated electro-optical trap for single particles with optical excitation power levels that are five orders of magnitude lower than in conventional optical force traps. The trap is based on spatio-temporal light modulation that is implemented using networks of antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides. We demonstrate the combination of on-chip trapping and fluorescence detection of single microorganisms by studying the photobleaching dynamics of stained DNA in E. coli bacteria. The favorable size scaling facilitates the trapping of single nanoparticles on integrated optofluidic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kühn
- School of Engineering, University of CA Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - B. S. Phillips
- ECEn Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - E. J. Lunt
- ECEn Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - A. R. Hawkins
- ECEn Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - H. Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of CA Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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13
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Kühn S, Measor P, Lunt EJ, Phillips BS, Deamer DW, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H. Loss-based optical trap for on-chip particle analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:2212-6. [PMID: 19606298 PMCID: PMC2856816 DOI: 10.1039/b900555b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Optical traps have become widespread tools for studying biological objects on the micro and nanoscale. However, conventional laser tweezers and traps rely on bulk optics and are not compatible with current trends in optofluidic miniaturization. Here, we report a new type of particle trap that relies on propagation loss in confined modes in liquid-core optical waveguides to trap particles. Using silica beads and E. coli bacteria, we demonstrate unique key capabilities of this trap. These include single particle trapping with micron-scale accuracy at arbitrary positions over waveguide lengths of several millimeters, definition of multiple independent particle traps in a single waveguide, and combination of optical trapping with single particle fluorescence analysis. The exclusive use of a two-dimensional network of planar waveguides strongly reduces experimental complexity and defines a new paradigm for on-chip particle control and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kühn
- School of Engineering, University of CA Santa Cruz, MS: SOE-2, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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14
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Kühn S, Lunt EJ, Phillips BS, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H. Optofluidic particle concentration by a long-range dual-beam trap. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:2306-8. [PMID: 19649079 PMCID: PMC2854578 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.002306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh sensitivity detection of particles in solution implies the ability to detect at very low concentrations. At the single-particle level, this is achieved through fluorescence detection, reaching down to single fluorophores. Sensitivity may also be improved by concentrating many particles into a compact cluster, thus "integrating" the signal of many particles. We show how both ways can be combined on an optofluidic chip in a fully planar geometry utilizing counterpropagating liquid-core waveguide modes to form a loss-based optical trap. This all-optical concentrator can increase the concentration of particles by more than 2 orders of magnitude and also provides a convenient, nondispersive means of transport for particle ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kühn
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - E. J. Lunt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - B. S. Phillips
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - A. R. Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - H. Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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15
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Trojek J, Karásek V, Zemánek P. Extreme axial optical force in a standing wave achieved by optimized object shape. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:10472-10488. [PMID: 19550443 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.010472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Standing wave optical trapping offers many useful advantages in comparison to single beam trapping, especially for submicrometer size particles. It provides axial force stronger by several orders of magnitude, much higher axial trap stiffness, and spatial confinement of particles with higher refractive index. Mainly spherical particles are nowadays considered theoretically and trapped experimentally. In this paper we consider prolate objects of cylindrical symmetry with radius periodically modulated along the axial direction and we present a theoretical study of optimized objects shapes resulting in up to tenfold enhancement of the axial optical force in comparison with the original unmodulated object shape. We obtain analytical formulas for the axial optical force acting on low refractive index objects where the light scattering by the object is negligible. Numerical results based on the coupled dipole method are presented for objects with higher refractive indices and they support the previous simplified analytical conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trojek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the ASCR, Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Abstract
Multiple advantages of microfluidics have been demonstrated in the area of organic synthesis. However, only a limited number of them have found applications in radiopharmaceutical synthesis, while that is an area where the need for improvements offered by microfluidics is very significant. The need is to create an environment where all reactions involving short-lived radioisotopes such as (18)F (110 min half-life) or (11)C (20 min half-life) are rapid and high-yielding while the devices are controlled remotely. Several groups have identified the potential of microfluidics in this area and have demonstrated that various steps of conventional radiosynthesis can be replaced by microfluidic devices. However, despite promising results that stir up the interest in the scientific community, none of these inventions has found commercial applications with broad use yet. This article will review the technologies reported to date and analyze the unmet needs that will have to be addressed before microfluidic technology has a chance of becoming a viable and truly advantageous method of preparation of commercial radiopharmaceuticals. The latter mostly center around Positron Emission Tomography (PET) biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadij M Elizarov
- Siemens MI Biomarker Research, 6100 Bristol Parkway, Culver City, CA90230, USA.
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17
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Jonás A, Zemánek P. Light at work: the use of optical forces for particle manipulation, sorting, and analysis. Electrophoresis 2009; 29:4813-51. [PMID: 19130566 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We review the combinations of optical micro-manipulation with other techniques and their classical and emerging applications to non-contact optical separation and sorting of micro- and nanoparticle suspensions, compositional and structural analysis of specimens, and quantification of force interactions at the microscopic scale. The review aims at inspiring researchers, especially those working outside the optical micro-manipulation field, to find new and interesting applications of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Jonás
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the AS CR, vvi, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
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18
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Horowitz VR, Awschalom DD, Pennathur S. Optofluidics: field or technique? LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:1856-1863. [PMID: 18941686 DOI: 10.1039/b816416a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viva R Horowitz
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
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19
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Blakely JT, Gordon R, Sinton D. Flow-dependent optofluidic particle trapping and circulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:1350-6. [PMID: 18651078 DOI: 10.1039/b805318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics and fiber optics are integrated in-plane to achieve several flow-dependent particle trapping mechanisms on-chip. Each mechanism results from a combination of fluid drag and optical scattering forces. Parallel and offset fibers, orthogonally oriented to the flow, show cyclic cross-stream particle transit with flow-dependent particle trajectories and loss. Upstream-angled fibers with flow result in circulatory particle trajectories. Asymmetric angled fibers result in continuous particle circulation whereas symmetry with respect to the flow axis enables both stable trapping and circulation modes. Stable trapping of single particles, self-guided multi-particle arrays and particle assemblies are demonstrated with a single upstream-oriented fiber. Size tuning of trapped multiple particle assemblies is also presented. The planar interaction of fluid drag and optical forces results in novel possibilities for cost-effective on-chip diagnostics, mixing, flow rate monitoring, and cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Blakely
- Department Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, BC, CanadaV8W 3P6
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20
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Zhang H, Liu KK. Optical tweezers for single cells. J R Soc Interface 2008; 5:671-90. [PMID: 18381254 PMCID: PMC2408388 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical tweezers (OT) have emerged as an essential tool for manipulating single biological cells and performing sophisticated biophysical/biomechanical characterizations. Distinct advantages of using tweezers for these characterizations include non-contact force for cell manipulation, force resolution as accurate as 100aN and amiability to liquid medium environments. Their wide range of applications, such as transporting foreign materials into single cells, delivering cells to specific locations and sorting cells in microfluidic systems, are reviewed in this article. Recent developments of OT for nanomechanical characterization of various biological cells are discussed in terms of both their theoretical and experimental advancements. The future trends of employing OT in single cells, especially in stem cell delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, are prospected. More importantly, current limitations and future challenges of OT for these new paradigms are also highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuo-Kang Liu
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele UniversityStoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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22
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Schmidt BS, Yang AH, Erickson D, Lipson M. Optofluidic trapping and transport on solid core waveguides within a microfluidic device. OPTICS EXPRESS 2007; 15:14322-34. [PMID: 19550709 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.014322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work we demonstrate an integrated microfluidic/photonic architecture for performing dynamic optofluidic trapping and transport of particles in the evanescent field of solid core waveguides. Our architecture consists of SU-8 polymer waveguides combined with soft lithography defined poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic channels. The forces exerted by the evanescent field result in both the attraction of particles to the waveguide surface and propulsion in the direction of optical propagation both perpendicular and opposite to the direction of pressure-driven flow. Velocities as high as 28 mum/s were achieved for 3 mum diameter polystyrene spheres with an estimated 53.5 mW of guided optical power at the trapping location. The particle-size dependence of the optical forces in such devices is also characterized.
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Lincoln B, Schinkinger S, Travis K, Wottawah F, Ebert S, Sauer F, Guck J. Reconfigurable microfluidic integration of a dual-beam laser trap with biomedical applications. Biomed Microdevices 2007; 9:703-10. [PMID: 17505883 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-007-9079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A dual-beam fiber laser trap, termed the optical stretcher when used to deform objects, has been combined with a capillary-based microfluidic system in order to serially trap and deform biological cells. The design allows for control over the size and position of the trap relative to the flow channel. Data is recorded using video phase contrast microscopy and is subsequently analyzed using a custom edge fitting routine. This setup has been regularly used with measuring rates of 50-100 cells/h. One such experiment is presented to compare the distribution of deformability found within a normal epithelial cell line to that of a cancerous one. In general, this microfluidic optical stretcher can be used for the characterization of cells by their viscoelastic signature. Possible applications include the cytological diagnosis of cancer and the gentle and marker-free sorting of stem cells from heterogeneous populations for therapeutic cell-based approaches in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Lincoln
- Institut für Experimentalphysik I, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Hunt HC, Wilkinson JS. Optofluidic integration for microanalysis. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2007; 4:53-79. [PMID: 32214954 PMCID: PMC7087941 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-007-0223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This review describes recent research in the application of optical techniques to microfluidic systems for chemical and biochemical analysis. The "lab-on-a-chip" presents great benefits in terms of reagent and sample consumption, speed, precision, and automation of analysis, and thus cost and ease of use, resulting in rapidly escalating adoption of microfluidic approaches. The use of light for detection of particles and chemical species within these systems is widespread because of the sensitivity and specificity which can be achieved, and optical trapping, manipulation and sorting of particles show significant benefits in terms of discrimination and reconfigurability. Nonetheless, the full integration of optical functions within microfluidic chips is in its infancy, and this review aims to highlight approaches, which may contribute to further miniaturisation and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish C. Hunt
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ UK
| | - James S. Wilkinson
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ UK
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