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Itaconic acid derivatives: structure, function, biosynthesis, and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9041-9051. [PMID: 32945901 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Itaconic acid possessing a vinylidene group, which is mainly produced by fungi, is used as a biobased platform chemical and shows distinctive bioactivities. On the other hand, some fungi and lichens produce itaconic acid derivatives possessing itaconic acid skeleton, and the number of the derivatives is currently more than seventy. Based on the molecular structures, they can be categorized into two groups, alkylitaconic acids and α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones. Interestingly, some itaconic acid derivatives show versatile functions such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and plant growth-regulating activities. The vinylidene group of itaconic acid derivatives likely participates in these functions. It is suggested that α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones are biosynthesized from alkylitaconic acids which are first biosynthesized from acyl-CoA and oxaloacetic acid. Some modifying enzymes such as hydroxylase and dehydratase are likely involved in the further modification after biosynthesis of their precursors. This contributes to the diversity of itaconic acid derivatives. In this review, we summarize their structures, functions, and biosynthetic pathways together with a discussion of a strategy for the industrial use. KEY POINTS: • Itaconic acid derivatives can be categorized into alkylitaconic acids and α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones. • The vinylidene group of itaconic acid derivatives likely participates in their versatile function. • It is suggested that α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones are biosynthesized from alkylitaconic acids which are first synthesized from acyl-CoA and oxaloacetic acid.
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Honda Y, Tanigawa E, Tsukihara T, Nguyen DX, Kawabe H, Sakatoku N, Watari J, Sato H, Yano S, Tachiki T, Irie T, Watanabe T, Watanabe T. Stable and transient transformation, and a promoter assay in the selective lignin-degrading fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. AMB Express 2019; 9:92. [PMID: 31236750 PMCID: PMC6591348 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetic transformation system was developed for the selective white rot basidiomycete Ceriporiopsis subvermispora using a modified protocol with polyethylene glycol and CaCl2 treatment of the protoplasts and plasmids harboring recombinant hygromycin phosphotransferase (hph) driven by a homologous promoter. During repeated transfer on fresh potato dextrose agar plates containing 100 µg/ml hygromycin B, most transformants lost drug resistance, while the remaining isolates showed stable resistance over five transfers. No drug-resistant colonies appeared in control experiments without DNA or using a promoter-less derivative of the plasmid, indicating that a transient expression of the recombinant hph was driven by the promoter sequence in these unstable drug-resistant transformants. Southern blot analysis of the stable transformants revealed random integration of the plasmid DNA fragment in the chromosome at different copy numbers. This transformation system yielding mostly transient transformants was successfully used for promoter assay experiments, and only a 141-bp fragment was found to be essential for the basic promoter function of glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase gene (gpd) in this fungus. Subsequent mutational analyses suggested that a TATAA sequence is important for the basic promoter function of gpd gene. The promoter assay system will enable the functional analysis of gene expression control sequences quickly and easily, mostly in the absence of undesirable effects from differences in copy number and chromosomal position of an integrated reporter gene among stable transformants.
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Sheng T, Zhao L, Liu WZ, Gao LF, Wang AJ. Fenton pre-treatment of rice straw with citric acid as an iron chelate reagent for enhancing saccharification. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04329e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice straw was pre-treated by Fenton action with citric acid for chelation; the pre-treated rice straw was saccharified byRuminiclostridium thermocellumM3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sheng
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
- Advanced Water Management Centre
| | - Wen-Zong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Ling-fang Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology
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Shaeib F, Khan SN, Ali I, Thakur M, Saed MG, Dai J, Awonuga AO, Banerjee J, Abu-Soud HM. The Defensive Role of Cumulus Cells Against Reactive Oxygen Species Insult in Metaphase II Mouse Oocytes. Reprod Sci 2015; 23:498-507. [PMID: 26468254 DOI: 10.1177/1933719115607993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), hydroxyl radical ((·)OH), and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), to overcome the defensive capacity of cumulus cells and elucidate the mechanism through which ROS differentially deteriorate oocyte quality. Metaphase II mouse oocytes with (n = 1634) and without cumulus cells (n = 1633) were treated with increasing concentration of ROS, and the deterioration in oocyte quality was assessed by the changes in the microtubule morphology and chromosomal alignment. Oocyte and cumulus cell viability and cumulus cell number were assessed by indirect immunofluorescence, staining of gap junction protein, and trypan blue staining. The treated oocytes showed decreased quality as a function of increasing concentrations of ROS when compared to controls. Cumulus cells show protection against H(2)O(2) and (·)OH insult at lower concentrations, but this protection was lost at higher concentrations (>50 μmol/L). At higher H(2)O(2) concentrations, treatment dramatically influenced the cumulus cell number and viability with resulting reduction in the antioxidant capacity making the oocyte more susceptible to oxidative damage. However, cumulus cells offered no significant protection against HOCl at any concentration used. In all circumstances in which cumulus cells did not offer protection to the oocyte, both cumulus cell number and viability were decreased. Therefore, the deterioration in oocyte quality may be caused by one or more of the following: a decrease in the antioxidant machinery by the loss of cumulus cells, the lack of scavengers for specific ROS, and/or the ability of the ROS to overcome these defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Shaeib
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sana N Khan
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Iyad Ali
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mili Thakur
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mohammed G Saed
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jing Dai
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Awoniyi O Awonuga
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jashoman Banerjee
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Husam M Abu-Soud
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Shaeib F, Banerjee J, Maitra D, Diamond MP, Abu-Soud HM. Impact of hydrogen peroxide-driven Fenton reaction on mouse oocyte quality. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 58:154-9. [PMID: 23261938 PMCID: PMC4482232 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here we show that hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) generated through the Fenton reaction alters metaphase-II mouse oocyte microtubules (MT) and chromosomal alignment (CH). Metaphase-II mouse oocytes, obtained commercially, were grouped as follows: control, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Fe(II), and combined (Fe(II) +H2O2) treatments. After 7-10 min of incubation at 37 °C, MT and CH were evaluated on fixed and stained oocytes and scored by two blinded observers. Pearson χ(2) test and Fisher exact test were used to compare outcomes between controls and treated groups and also among the treated groups. Our results showed that poor scores for MT and CH increased significantly in oocytes treated with a combination of H2O2 and Fe(II) (p<0.001); oocytes treated with H2O2 alone or Fe(II) alone showed no or few changes compared to control. Comparison of oocyte groups that received increasing concentrations of H2O2 and a fixed amount of Fe(II) showed that 70-80% demonstrated poor scores in both MT and CH when pretreated with 5 μM H2O2, and this increased up to 90-100% when treated with 10-20 μM H2O2. Hydroxyl radical generated by H2O2-driven Fenton reaction deteriorates the metaphase-II mouse oocyte spindle and CH alignment, which is thought to be a potential cause of poor oocyte quality. Thus, free iron and/or ROS scavengers could attenuate the (•)OH-mediated spindle and chromosomal damage, thereby serving as a possible approach for further examination as a therapeutic option in inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Husam M. Abu-Soud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
- Address correspondence to: Husam M Abu-Soud, Ph.D Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, 275 E. Hancock Detroit, MI 48201, Tel. 313 577-6178, Fax. 313 577-8554,
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Nishimura H, Sasaki M, Seike H, Nakamura M, Watanabe T. Alkadienyl and alkenyl itaconic acids (ceriporic acids G and H) from the selective white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora: a new class of metabolites initiating ligninolytic lipid peroxidation. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6432-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25415h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nishimura H, Murayama K, Watanabe T, Honda Y, Watanabe T. Diverse rare lipid-related metabolites including ω-7 and ω-9 alkenylitaconic acids (ceriporic acids) secreted by a selective white rot fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Epoxy ceriporic acid produced by selective lignin-degrading fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:707-12. [PMID: 21864516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora is a selective white rot basidiomycete which degrades lignin in wood at a distance far from enzymes. Low molecular mass metabolites play a central role in the oxidative degradation of lignin. To understand the unique wood-decaying mechanism, we surveyed the oxidized derivatives of ceriporic acids (alk(en)ylitaconic acids) produced by C. subvermispora using high-resolution liquid chromatography multiple-stage mass spectrometry (HR-LC/MS(n)). The analysis of the precursor and product ions from the extract suggested that an epoxidized derivative of ceriporic acid is produced by the fungus. To identify the new metabolite, an authentic compound of ceriporic acid epoxide was synthesized in vitro by reacting (R)-3-[(Z)-hexadec-7-enyl]-itaconic acid (ceriporic acid C) with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. The precursor and product ions from the natural metabolite and authentic epoxide were identical and distinguishable from those of hydroxy and hydroperoxy derivatives after reduction with NaBD(4). Feeding experiments with [U-(13)C]-glucose, 99% and the subsequent analyses of the first and second generation product ions demonstrated that the oxidized ceriporic acid was (R)-3-(7,8-epoxy-hexadecyl)-itaconic acid. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report that natural alkylitaconic acid bears an epoxy group on its side chain.
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Watanabe T, Tsuda S, Nishimura H, Honda Y, Watanabe T. Characterization of a Delta12-fatty acid desaturase gene from Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, a selective lignin-degrading fungus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:215-24. [PMID: 20155356 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, a white-rot fungus, is characterized as one of the best biopulping fungi because it can degrade lignin selectively without serious damage to cellulose. We previously demonstrated that during the early stage of wood decay, this fungus produces large amounts of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and degrades lignin by manganese peroxidase-catalyzed lipid peroxidation. In this study, we cloned a Delta12-fatty acid desaturase gene absolutely essential for the biosynthesis of linoleic acid as the main substrate for lipid peroxidation. This gene designated Cs-fad2 encodes a protein with three histidine-rich domains and four membrane-spanning domains characteristic of other Delta12-fatty acid desaturases. Moreover, we heterologously expressed Cs-fad2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking Delta12-fatty acid desaturase, and detected the de novo biosynthesis of linoleic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. We also investigated transcription of Cs-fad2 under various conditions. The transcription was activated and repressed in the presence of a lignin fragment and exogenous fatty acids, respectively. These results may shed light on the molecular relationship between fatty acid metabolism and selective lignin degradation in C. subvermispora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Watanabe
- Laboratory of Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Nishimura H, Murayama K, Watanabe T, Honda Y, Watanabe T. Absolute configuration of ceriporic acids, the iron redox-silencing metabolites produced by a selective lignin-degrading fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 159:77-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nakahashi A, Miura N, Monde K, Tsukamoto S. Stereochemical studies of hexylitaconic acid, an inhibitor of p53-HDM2 interaction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3027-30. [PMID: 19414261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hexylitaconic acid (1) is an intriguing natural product possessing a chiral carbon, and both its enantiomers have been found in nature. Enantiomeric pure (+)-(1) and (-)-(1) were successfully prepared by racemic synthesis followed by enantiomeric separation in a chiral HPLC system. Their absolute configurations were clarified by the vibrational circular dichroism technique using their methyl esters 2 and lactones 3. Their inhibitory activities against the interaction of p53-HDM2 were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsufumi Nakahashi
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Nishimura H, Tsuda S, Shimizu H, Ohashi Y, Watanabe T, Honda Y, Watanabe T. De novo synthesis of (Z)- and (E)-7-hexadecenylitaconic acids by a selective lignin-degrading fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2593-2602. [PMID: 18835612 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ceriporic acids are a class of alk(en)ylitaconic acids produced by a selective lignin-degrading fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Their structural units have similarity with biologically important lichen acids, such as chaetomellic and protolichesterinic acids. The unique function of alkylitaconic acid is the redox silencing of the Fenton reaction system by inhibiting reduction of Fe(3+). As estimated by the catalytic function of Delta9-desaturases, 7-hexadecenyl derivatives bearing a trans configuration have not been reported in the family of alk(en)ylitaconic acids, i.e. the structurally similar lichen acids-alk(en)ylcitraconic and paraconic acids. In this paper, we discuss the isolation of an itaconic acid derivative with an (E)-7-hexadecenyl chain from cultures of C. subvermispora. To identify the natural metabolite, (E)- and (Z)-7-hexadecenylitaconic acids were chemically synthesised. The isolated metabolite was identical to the synthetic (E)-hexadecenylitaconic acid and was designated as ceriporic acid D. Administration of (13)C-[U]-glucose demonstrated that ceriporic acid C and trans-7-hexadecenylitaconic acid (ceriporic acid D) were biosynthesised de novo by C. subvermispora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishimura
- Laboratory of Biomass Conversion, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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