1
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Ortiz-Rivero E, González-Gómez CD, Rica RA, Haro-González P. Effect of the Photoexcitation Wavelength and Polarization on the Generated Heat by a Nd-Doped Microspinner at the Microscale. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308534. [PMID: 38573943 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Thermal control at small scales is critical for studying temperature-dependent biological systems and microfluidic processes. Concerning this, optical trapping provides a contactless method to remotely study microsized heating sources. This work introduces a birefringent luminescent microparticle of NaLuF4:Nd3+ as a local heater in a liquid system. When optically trapped with a circularly polarized laser beam, the microparticle rotates and heating is induced through multiphonon relaxation of the Nd3+ ions. The temperature increment in the surrounding medium is investigated, reaching a maximum heating of ≈5 °C within a 30 µm radius around the static particle under 51 mW laser excitation at 790 nm. Surprisingly, this study reveals that the particle's rotation minimally affects the temperature distribution, contrary to the intuitive expectation of liquid stirring. The influence of the microparticle rotation on the reduction of heating transfer is analyzed. Numerical simulations confirm that the thermal distribution remains consistent regardless of spinning. Instead, the orientation-dependence of the luminescence process emerges as a key factor responsible for the reduction in heating. The anisotropy in particle absorption and the lag between the orientation of the particle and the laser polarization angle contribute to this effect. Therefore, caution must be exercised when employing spinning polarization-dependent luminescent particles for microscale thermal analysis using rotation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ortiz-Rivero
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias & Instituto de materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carlos D González-Gómez
- Nanoparticles Trapping Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics II, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Raúl A Rica
- Nanoparticles Trapping Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
- Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Patricia Haro-González
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias & Instituto de materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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2
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Continuous synthesis of dolutegravir sodium crystals using liquid-gas heterogeneous microreactor. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Pleeging R, Ibis F, Fan D, Sasso L, Eral H, Staufer U. Polymer nano manufacturing of a biomimicking surface for kidney stone crystallization studies. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2021.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Srikanth S, Dudala S, Jayapiriya US, Mohan JM, Raut S, Dubey SK, Ishii I, Javed A, Goel S. Droplet-based lab-on-chip platform integrated with laser ablated graphene heaters to synthesize gold nanoparticles for electrochemical sensing and fuel cell applications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9750. [PMID: 33963200 PMCID: PMC8105317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled, stable and uniform temperature environment with quick response are crucial needs for many lab-on-chip (LOC) applications requiring thermal management. Laser Induced Graphene (LIG) heater is one such mechanism capable of maintaining a wide range of steady state temperature. LIG heaters are thin, flexible, and inexpensive and can be fabricated easily in different geometric configurations. In this perspective, herein, the electro-thermal performance of the LIG heater has been examined for different laser power values and scanning speeds. The experimented laser ablated patterns exhibited varying electrical conductivity corresponding to different combinations of power and speed of the laser. The conductivity of the pattern can be tailored by tuning the parameters which exhibit, a wide range of temperatures making them suitable for diverse lab-on-chip applications. A maximum temperature of 589 °C was observed for a combination of 15% laser power and 5.5% scanning speed. A LOC platform was realized by integrating the developed LIG heaters with a droplet-based microfluidic device. The performance of this LOC platform was analyzed for effective use of LIG heaters to synthesize Gold nanoparticles (GNP). Finally, the functionality of the synthesized GNPs was validated by utilizing them as catalyst in enzymatic glucose biofuel cell and in electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangam Srikanth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sohan Dudala
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - U S Jayapiriya
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - J Murali Mohan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sushil Raut
- Digital Monozukuri (Manufacturing) Education Research Centre, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Idaku Ishii
- Smart Robotics Lab, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Arshad Javed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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Wang H, Khodaparast S, Carroll J, Kelly C, Robles ESJ, Cabral JT. A microfluidic-multiwell platform for rapid phase mapping of surfactant solutions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:045109. [PMID: 32357682 DOI: 10.1063/1.5144770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of the phase behavior and (meta)stability of liquid formulations, including surfactant solutions, is required for the understanding of mixture thermodynamics, as well as their practical utilization. We report a microfluidic platform with a stepped temperature profile, imposed by a dual Peltier module, connected to an automated multiwell plate injector and optical setup, for rapid solution phase mapping. The measurement protocol is defined by the temperature step ΔT ≡ T1 - T2 (≲100 °C), volumetric flow rate Q ≡ ΔV/Δt (≲50 μl/min), which implicitly set the thermal gradient ΔT/Δt (≃0.1-50 °C/min), and measurement time (which must exceed the intrinsic timescale of the relevant phase transformation). Furthermore, U-shaped microchannels can assess the reversibility of such transformations, yielding a facile measurement of the metastable zone width of the phase diagram. By contrast with traditional approaches, the platform precisely controls the cooling and heating rates by tuning the flow rate, and the absolute temperature excursion by the hot and cold thermal profile, which remain stationary during operation, thus allowing the sequential and reproducible screening of large sample arrays. As a model system, we examined the transition from the micellar (L1) to the liquid crystalline lamellar phase (Lα), upon cooling, of aqueous solutions of sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, a biodegradable anionic surfactant extensively employed in industry. Our findings are validated with quiescent optical microscopy and small angle neutron scattering data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sepideh Khodaparast
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - John Carroll
- National Formulation Centre, Centre for Process Innovation, Sedgefield DL1 1GL, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Kelly
- National Formulation Centre, Centre for Process Innovation, Sedgefield DL1 1GL, United Kingdom
| | - Eric S J Robles
- Procter & Gamble, Newcastle Innovation Centre, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE12 9TS, United Kingdom
| | - João T Cabral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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6
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Droplet-based optofluidic systems for measuring enzyme kinetics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:3265-3283. [PMID: 31853606 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The study of enzyme kinetics is of high significance in understanding metabolic networks in living cells and using enzymes in industrial applications. To gain insight into the catalytic mechanisms of enzymes, it is necessary to screen an enormous number of reaction conditions, a process that is typically laborious, time-consuming, and costly when using conventional measurement techniques. In recent times, droplet-based microfluidic systems have proved themselves to be of great utility in large-scale biological experimentation, since they consume a minimal sample, operate at high analytical throughput, are characterized by efficient mass and heat transfer, and offer high levels of integration and automation. The primary goal of this review is the introduction of novel microfluidic tools and detection methods for use in high-throughput and sensitive analysis of enzyme kinetics. The first part of this review focuses on introducing basic concepts of enzyme kinetics and describing most common microfluidic approaches, with a particular focus on segmented flow. Herein, the key advantages include accurate control over the flow behavior, efficient mass and heat transfer, multiplexing, and high-level integration with detection modalities. The second part describes the current state-of-the-art platforms for high-throughput and sensitive analysis of enzyme kinetics. In addition to our categorization of recent advances in measuring enzyme kinetics, we have endeavored to critically assess the limitations of each of these detection approaches and propose strategies to improve measurements in droplet-based microfluidics. Graphical abstract.
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7
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Fornells E, Murray E, Waheed S, Morrin A, Diamond D, Paull B, Breadmore M. Integrated 3D printed heaters for microfluidic applications: Ammonium analysis within environmental water. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1098:94-101. [PMID: 31948591 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A multi-material 3D printed microfluidic reactor with integrated heating is presented, which was applied within a manifold for the colorimetric determination of ammonium in natural waters. Graphene doped polymer was used to provide localised heating when connected to a power source, achieving temperatures of up to 120 °C at 12 V, 0.7 A. An electrically insulating layer of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer or a new microdiamond-ABS polymer composite was used as a heater coating. The microdiamond polymer composite provided higher thermal conductivity and uniform heating of the serpentine microreactor which resulted in greater temperature control and accuracy in comparison to pure ABS polymer. The developed heater was then applied and demonstrated using a modified Berthelot reaction for ammonium analysis, in which the microreactor was configured at a predetermined optimised temperature. A 5-fold increase in reaction speed was observed compared to previously reported reaction rates. A simple flow injection analysis set up, comprising the microfluidic heater along with an LED-photodiode based optical detector, was assembled for ammonium analysis. Two river water samples and two blind ammonium standards were analysed and estimated concentrations were compared to concentrations determined using benchtop IC. The highest relative error observed following the analysis of the environmental samples was 11% and for the blind standards was 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Fornells
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Eoin Murray
- Research & Development, T.E. Laboratories Ltd. (TelLab), Tullow, Carlow, Ireland; Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Sidra Waheed
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Aoife Morrin
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Dermot Diamond
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Brett Paull
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia
| | - Michael Breadmore
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, 7001, Australia.
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8
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Candoni N, Grossier R, Lagaize M, Veesler S. Advances in the Use of Microfluidics to Study Crystallization Fundamentals. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2019; 10:59-83. [PMID: 31018097 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060718-030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review compares droplet-based microfluidic systems used to study crystallization fundamentals in chemistry and biology. An original high-throughput droplet-based microfluidic platform is presented. It uses nanoliter droplets, generates a chemical library, and directly solubilizes powder, thus economizing both material and time. It is compatible with all solvents without the need for surfactant. Its flexibility permits phase diagram determination and crystallization studies (screening and optimizing experiments) and makes it easy to use for nonspecialists in microfluidics. Moreover, it allows concentration measurement via ultraviolet spectroscopy and solid characterization via X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Candoni
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, 13288 Marseille, France; , , ,
| | - Romain Grossier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, 13288 Marseille, France; , , ,
| | - Mehdi Lagaize
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, 13288 Marseille, France; , , ,
| | - Stéphane Veesler
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, 13288 Marseille, France; , , ,
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9
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Molla GS, Freitag MF, Stocks SM, Nielsen KT, Sin G. Solubility Prediction of Different Forms of Pharmaceuticals in Single and Mixed Solvents Using Symmetric Electrolyte Nonrandom Two-Liquid Segment Activity Coefficient Model. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Getachew S. Molla
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Gürkan Sin
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
- Hefei National laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, The University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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11
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Braziel S, Sullivan K, Lee S. Quantitative Raman microspectroscopy for water permeability parameters at a droplet interface bilayer. Analyst 2018; 143:747-755. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01349c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using confocal Raman microspectroscopy, we derive parameters for bilayer water transport across an isolated nanoliter aqueous droplet pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Braziel
- Department of Chemistry
- Iona College
- New Rochelle
- USA
| | - K. Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry
- Iona College
- New Rochelle
- USA
| | - S. Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Iona College
- New Rochelle
- USA
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12
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Xu Y, Riordon J, Cheng X, Bao B, Sinton D. The Full Pressure-Temperature Phase Envelope of a Mixture in 1000 Microfluidic Chambers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13962-13967. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Jason Riordon
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Bo Bao
- Interface Fluidics; 11421 Saskatchewan Dr. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2M9 Canada
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
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13
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Xu Y, Riordon J, Cheng X, Bao B, Sinton D. The Full Pressure-Temperature Phase Envelope of a Mixture in 1000 Microfluidic Chambers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Jason Riordon
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Bo Bao
- Interface Fluidics; 11421 Saskatchewan Dr. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2M9 Canada
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
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14
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Bao B, Riordon J, Mostowfi F, Sinton D. Microfluidic and nanofluidic phase behaviour characterization for industrial CO 2, oil and gas. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2740-2759. [PMID: 28731086 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00301c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems that leverage unique micro-scale phenomena have been developed to provide rapid, accurate and robust analysis, predominantly for biomedical applications. These attributes, in addition to the ability to access high temperatures and pressures, have motivated recent expanded applications in phase measurements relevant to industrial CO2, oil and gas applications. We here present a comprehensive review of this exciting new field, separating microfluidic and nanofluidic approaches. Microfluidics is practical, and provides similar phase properties analysis to established bulk methods with advantages in speed, control and sample size. Nanofluidic phase behaviour can deviate from bulk measurements, which is of particular relevance to emerging unconventional oil and gas production from nanoporous shale. In short, microfluidics offers a practical, compelling replacement of current bulk phase measurement systems, whereas nanofluidics is not practical, but uniquely provides insight into phase change phenomena at nanoscales. Challenges, trends and opportunities for phase measurements at both scales are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bao
- Interface Fluidics, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr. NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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15
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Shi HH, Xiao Y, Ferguson S, Huang X, Wang N, Hao HX. Progress of crystallization in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2167-2185. [PMID: 28585942 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01225f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology provides a unique environment for the investigation of crystallization processes at the nano or meso scale. The convenient operation and precise control of process parameters, at these scales of operation enabled by microfluidic devices, are attracting significant and increasing attention in the field of crystallization. In this paper, developments and applications of microfluidics in crystallization research including: crystal nucleation and growth, polymorph and cocrystal screening, preparation of nanocrystals, solubility and metastable zone determination, are summarized and discussed. The materials used in the construction and the structure of these microfluidic devices are also summarized and methods for measuring and modelling crystal nucleation and growth process as well as the enabling analytical methods are also briefly introduced. The low material consumption, high efficiency and precision of microfluidic crystallizations are of particular significance for active pharmaceutical ingredients, proteins, fine chemicals, and nanocrystals. Therefore, it is increasingly adopted as a mainstream technology in crystallization research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Shi
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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16
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Karikalan N, Karuppiah C, Chen SM, Velmurugan M, Gnanaprakasam P. Three-Dimensional Fibrous Network of Na0.21MnO2for Aqueous Sodium-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors. Chemistry 2017; 23:2379-2386. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Karikalan
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3; Chung-Hsiao East Road Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Chelladurai Karuppiah
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3; Chung-Hsiao East Road Taipei 106 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry; National (Taiwan) University; No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3; Chung-Hsiao East Road Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Murugan Velmurugan
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Laboratory; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3; Chung-Hsiao East Road Taipei 106 Taiwan
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17
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Wang X, Liu Z, Pang Y. Concentration gradient generation methods based on microfluidic systems. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04494a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Various concentration gradient generation methods based on microfluidic systems are summarized in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Zhaomiao Liu
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Yan Pang
- College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
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18
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Goyal S, Economou AE, Papadopoulos T, Horstman EM, Zhang GGZ, Gong Y, Kenis PJA. Solvent compatible microfluidic platforms for pharmaceutical solid form screening. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26426j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of SIFEL in the crystallization fluid layers renders the microfluidic crystallization array compatible with solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, chloroform, hexane, and toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachit Goyal
- The Dow Chemical Company
- Polyurethanes R&D
- Freeport
- USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Aristotle E. Economou
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Theodore Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Horstman
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Geoff G. Z. Zhang
- Drug Product Development
- Research and Development
- AbbVie Inc
- North Chicago
- USA
| | - Yuchuan Gong
- Drug Product Development
- Research and Development
- AbbVie Inc
- North Chicago
- USA
| | - Paul J. A. Kenis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
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19
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Fradet E, Bayer C, Hollfelder F, Baroud CN. Measuring Fast and Slow Enzyme Kinetics in Stationary Droplets. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11915-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Fradet
- Laboratoire
d’Hydrodynamique (LadHyX) and Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Christopher Bayer
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1GA
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB2 1GA
| | - Charles N. Baroud
- Laboratoire
d’Hydrodynamique (LadHyX) and Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128, Palaiseau, France
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Guermonprez C, Michelin S, Baroud CN. Flow distribution in parallel microfluidic networks and its effect on concentration gradient. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:054119. [PMID: 26487905 PMCID: PMC4600080 DOI: 10.1063/1.4932305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of microfluidic networks can significantly impact the flow distribution within its different branches and thereby influence tracer transport within the network. In this paper, we study the flow rate distribution within a network of parallel microfluidic channels with a single input and single output, using a combination of theoretical modeling and microfluidic experiments. Within the ladder network, the flow rate distribution follows a U-shaped profile, with the highest flow rate occurring in the initial and final branches. The contrast with the central branches is controlled by a single dimensionless parameter, namely, the ratio of hydrodynamic resistance between the distribution channel and the side branches. This contrast in flow rates decreases when the resistance of the side branches increases relative to the resistance of the distribution channel. When the inlet flow is composed of two parallel streams, one of which transporting a diffusing species, a concentration variation is produced within the side branches of the network. The shape of this concentration gradient is fully determined by two dimensionless parameters: the ratio of resistances, which determines the flow rate distribution, and the Péclet number, which characterizes the relative speed of diffusion and advection. Depending on the values of these two control parameters, different distribution profiles can be obtained ranging from a flat profile to a step distribution of solute, with well-distributed gradients between these two limits. Our experimental results are in agreement with our numerical model predictions, based on a simplified 2D advection-diffusion problem. Finally, two possible applications of this work are presented: the first one combines the present design with self-digitization principle to encapsulate the controlled concentration in nanoliter chambers, while the second one extends the present design to create a continuous concentration gradient within an open flow chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyprien Guermonprez
- LadHyX & Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique , CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Sébastien Michelin
- LadHyX & Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique , CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Charles N Baroud
- LadHyX & Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique , CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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21
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Bithi SS, Vanapalli SA. Collective dynamics of non-coalescing and coalescing droplets in microfluidic parking networks. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:5122-5132. [PMID: 26036726 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We study the complex collective dynamics mediated by flow resistance interactions when trains of non-coalescing and coalescing confined drops are introduced into a microfluidic parking network (MPN). The MPN consists of serially connected loops capable of parking arrays of drops. We define parking modes based on whether drops park without breakage or drop fragments are parked subsequent to breakage or drops park after coalescence. With both non-coalescing and coalescing drops, we map the occurrence of these parking modes in MPNs as a function of system parameters including drop volume, drop spacing and capillary number. We find that the non-coalescing drops can either park or break in the network, producing highly polydisperse arrays. We further show that parking due to collision induced droplet break-up is the main cause of polydispersity. We discover that collisions occur due to a crowding instability, which is a natural outcome of the network topology. In striking contrast, with coalescing drops we show that the ability of drops to coalesce rectifies the volume of parked polydisperse drops, despite drops breaking in the network. We find that several parking modes act in concert during this hydrodynamic self-rectification mechanism, producing highly monodisperse drop arrays over a wide operating parameter space. We demonstrate that the rectification mechanism can be harnessed to produce two-dimensional arrays of microfluidic drops with highly tunable surface-to-volume ratios, paving the way for fundamental investigations of interfacial phenomena in emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swastika S Bithi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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22
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Bedram A, Moosavi A, Hannani SK. Analytical relations for long-droplet breakup in asymmetric T junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:053012. [PMID: 26066254 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.053012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We develop accurate analytical relations for the droplet volume ratio, droplet length during breakup process, and pressure drop of asymmetric T junctions with a valve in each of the branches for producing unequal-sized droplets. An important advantage of this system is that after manufacturing the system, the size of the generated droplets can be changed simply by adjusting the valves. The results indicate that if the valve ratio is smaller than 0.65, the system enters a nonbreakup regime. Also the pressure drop does not depend on the time and decreases by increasing the valve ratio, namely, opening the degree of valve 1 to valve 2. In addition, the results reveal that by decreasing (increasing) the valve ratio, the droplet length of branch 1 decreases (increases) and the droplet length of branch 2 increases (decreases) linearly while the whole length of the droplet remains unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Bedram
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion (CEEC), School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, P. O. Box 11365-9567, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moosavi
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion (CEEC), School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, P. O. Box 11365-9567, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Kazemzadeh Hannani
- Center of Excellence in Energy Conversion (CEEC), School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, P. O. Box 11365-9567, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Song J, Chung M, Kim D. Note: A microfluidic freezer based on evaporative cooling of atomized aqueous microdroplets. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:016103. [PMID: 25638130 DOI: 10.1063/1.4905184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report for the first time water-based evaporative cooling integrated into a microfluidic chip for temperature control and freezing of biological solution. We opt for water as a nontoxic, effective refrigerant. Aqueous solutions are atomized in our device and evaporation of microdroplets under vacuum removes heat effectively. We achieve rapid cooling (-5.1 °C/s) and a low freezing temperature (-14.1 °C). Using this approach, we demonstrate freezing of deionized water and protein solution. Our simple, yet effective cooling device may improve many microfluidic applications currently relying on external power-hungry instruments for cooling and freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-728, South Korea
| | - Minsub Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-791, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-728, South Korea
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24
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Walsh T, Lee J, Park K. Laser-assisted photothermal heating of a plasmonic nanoparticle-suspended droplet in a microchannel. Analyst 2015; 140:1535-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01750a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present article reports the numerical and experimental investigations on the laser-assisted photothermal heating of a nanoliter-sized droplet in a microchannel when plasmonic particles are suspended in the droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Walsh
- Department of Mechanical
- Industrial and Systems Engineering
- University of Rhode Island
- Kingston
- USA
| | - Jungchul Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Keunhan Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Utah
- Salt Lake City
- USA
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25
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Stationary nanoliter droplet array with a substrate of choice for single adherent/nonadherent cell incubation and analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11293-8. [PMID: 25053808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404472111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic water-in-oil droplets that serve as separate, chemically isolated compartments can be applied for single-cell analysis; however, to investigate encapsulated cells effectively over prolonged time periods, an array of droplets must remain stationary on a versatile substrate for optimal cell compatibility. We present here a platform of unique geometry and substrate versatility that generates a stationary nanodroplet array by using wells branching off a main microfluidic channel. These droplets are confined by multiple sides of a nanowell and are in direct contact with a biocompatible substrate of choice. The device is operated by a unique and reversed loading procedure that eliminates the need for fine pressure control or external tubing. Fluorocarbon oil isolates the droplets and provides soluble oxygen for the cells. By using this approach, the metabolic activity of single adherent cells was monitored continuously over time, and the concentration of viable pathogens in blood-derived samples was determined directly by measuring the number of colony-formed droplets. The method is simple to operate, requires a few microliters of reagent volume, is portable, is reusable, and allows for cell retrieval. This technology may be particularly useful for multiplexed assays for which prolonged and simultaneous visual inspection of many isolated single adherent or nonadherent cells is required.
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Shangguan Y, Guo D, Feng H, Li Y, Gong X, Chen Q, Zheng B, Wu C. Mapping Phase Diagrams of Polymer Solutions by a Combination of Microfluidic Solution Droplets and Laser Light-Scattering Detection. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500056m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Shangguan
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization,
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dameng Guo
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Hui Feng
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Li
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Xiangjun Gong
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Qianjin Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Chi Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
- Hefei
National laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, Department
of Chemical Physics, The University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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27
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Khvostichenko DS, Kondrashkina E, Perry SL, Pawate AS, Brister K, Kenis PJ. An X-ray transparent microfluidic platform for screening of the phase behavior of lipidic mesophases. Analyst 2013; 138:5384-95. [PMID: 23882463 PMCID: PMC3800112 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01174g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipidic mesophases are a class of highly ordered soft materials that form when certain lipids are mixed with water. Understanding the relationship between the composition and the microstructure of mesophases is necessary for fundamental studies of self-assembly in amphiphilic systems and for applications, such as the crystallization of membrane proteins. However, the laborious formulation protocol for highly viscous mesophases and the large amounts of material required for sample formulation are significant obstacles in such studies. Here we report a microfluidic platform that facilitates investigations of the phase behavior of mesophases by reducing sample consumption 300-fold, and automating and parallelizing sample formulation. The mesophases were formulated on-chip using less than 80 nL of material per sample and their microstructure was analyzed in situ using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The 220 μm-thick X-ray compatible platform was comprised of thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers sandwiched between cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) sheets. Uniform mesophases were prepared using an active on-chip mixing strategy coupled with periodic cooling of the sample to reduce viscosity. We validated the platform by preparing and analyzing mesophases of the lipid monoolein (MO) mixed with aqueous solutions of different concentrations of β-octylglucoside (βOG), a detergent frequently used in membrane protein crystallization. Four samples were prepared in parallel on chip, by first metering and automatically diluting βOG to obtain detergent solutions of different concentration, then metering MO, and finally mixing by actuation of pneumatic valves. Integration of detergent dilution and subsequent mixing significantly reduced the number of manual steps needed for sample preparation. Three different types of mesophases typical for MO were successfully identified in SAXS data from on-chip samples. Microstructural parameters of identical samples formulated in different chips showed excellent agreement. Phase behavior of samples on-chip (~80 nL per sample) corresponded well with that of samples prepared via the traditional coupled-syringe method using at least two orders of magnitude more material ("off-chip", 35-40 μL per sample), further validating the applicability of the microfluidic platform for on-chip characterization of mesophase microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria S. Khvostichenko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA. Tel:+1-217-265-0523
| | - Elena Kondrashkina
- Northwestern University, Synchrotron Research Center, LS-CAT, Argonne, IL, USA. Fax: +1-630-252-4664; Tel: +1-630-343-9532
| | - Sarah L. Perry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA. Tel:+1-217-265-0523
| | - Ashtamurthy S. Pawate
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA. Tel:+1-217-265-0523
| | - Keith Brister
- Northwestern University, Synchrotron Research Center, LS-CAT, Argonne, IL, USA. Fax: +1-630-252-4664; Tel: +1-630-343-9532
| | - Paul J.A. Kenis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA. Tel:+1-217-265-0523
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28
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Su Y, Zhu Y, Fang Q. A multifunctional microfluidic droplet-array chip for analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1876-1882. [PMID: 23525283 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc00063j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a multifunctional semi-closed droplet-array chip coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection for multiple sample pretreatment and analysis. A novel interfacing method for coupling droplet system with ESI-MS was proposed using a sampling probe-two-dimensional (2D) droplet-array strategy. The 2D droplet-array system was composed of an 8 × 8 microwell array chip for droplet storage and a layer of oil covering the droplets served as a "virtual wall" to avoid droplet evaporation or cross-contamination. An L-shaped capillary was adopted as the interface of the droplet array and ESI-MS, using its inlet end as a sampling probe for droplets and its outlet with a tip size of ~20 μm as an electrospray emitter, without the need for any droplet extraction device. The droplet analysis was performed by moving the droplet-array chip to allow the capillary sampling probe to sequentially enter into the droplets through the oil and introduce the sample solution into the capillary emitter for MS detection. The MS analysis time for each droplet sample was 40 s with a sample consumption of ca. 13 nL. A good repeatability of 5.7% (RSD, n = 9) was obtained for 10(-6) M reserpine droplet analysis. The uses of the semi-closed 2D droplet array and off-line interfacing mode provide the system with the substantial flexibility and controllability in droplet indexing, multi-step manipulating, and on-demand sampling for MS analysis. We applied the present system in multi-step pretreatment and identification of small amounts of proteomic samples of myoglobin and cytochrome C, including in-droplet protein reduction, alkylation, digestion, and purification based on solid-phase extraction, matrix modification, sample droplet introduction under flow injection mode, and ESI-MS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Su
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Goyal S, Thorson MR, Schneider CL, Zhang GGZ, Gong Y, Kenis PJA. A microfluidic platform for evaporation-based salt screening of pharmaceutical parent compounds. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1708-1723. [PMID: 23478750 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41271g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a microfluidic platform to screen for salt forms of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) via controlled evaporation. The platform enables on-chip combinatorial mixing of PC and salt former solutions in a 24-well array (~200 nL/well), which is a drastic reduction in the amount of PC needed per condition screened compared to traditional screening approaches that require ~100 μL/well. The reduced sample needs enable salt screening at a much earlier stage in the drug development process, when only limited quantities of PCs are available. Compatibility with (i) solvents commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry, and (ii) Raman spectroscopy for solid form identification was ensured by using a hybrid microfluidic platform. A thin layer of elastomeric PDMS was utilized to retain pneumatic valving capabilities. This layer is sandwiched between layers of cyclic-olefin copolymer, a material with low air and solvent permeability and low Raman background to yield a physically rigid and Raman compatible chip. A solvent-impermeable thiolene layer patterned with evaporation channels permits control over the rate of solvent evaporation. Control over the rate of solvent evaporation (2-15 nL h(-1)) results in consistent, known rates of increase in the supersaturation levels attained on-chip, and increases the probability for crystalline solids to form. The modular nature of the platform enables on-chip Raman and birefringence analysis of the solid forms. Model compounds, tamoxifen and ephedrine, were used to validate the platform's ability to screen for salts. On-chip Raman analysis helped to identify six different salts each of tamoxifen and ephedrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachit Goyal
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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30
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Miralles V, Huerre A, Malloggi F, Jullien MC. A Review of Heating and Temperature Control in Microfluidic Systems: Techniques and Applications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2013; 3:33-67. [PMID: 26835667 PMCID: PMC4665581 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics3010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents an overview of the different techniques developed over the last decade to regulate the temperature within microfluidic systems. A variety of different approaches has been adopted, from external heating sources to Joule heating, microwaves or the use of lasers to cite just a few examples. The scope of the technical solutions developed to date is impressive and encompasses for instance temperature ramp rates ranging from 0.1 to 2,000 °C/s leading to homogeneous temperatures from -3 °C to 120 °C, and constant gradients from 6 to 40 °C/mm with a fair degree of accuracy. We also examine some recent strategies developed for applications such as digital microfluidics, where integration of a heating source to generate a temperature gradient offers control of a key parameter, without necessarily requiring great accuracy. Conversely, Temperature Gradient Focusing requires high accuracy in order to control both the concentration and separation of charged species. In addition, the Polymerase Chain Reaction requires both accuracy (homogeneous temperature) and integration to carry out demanding heating cycles. The spectrum of applications requiring temperature regulation is growing rapidly with increasingly important implications for the physical, chemical and biotechnological sectors, depending on the relevant heating technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Miralles
- Gulliver CNRS ESPCI, UMR7083, MMN, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Axel Huerre
- Gulliver CNRS ESPCI, UMR7083, MMN, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Florent Malloggi
- SIS2M-LIONS CEA CNRS, UMR 3299, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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31
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Edwards F, Tsakmaka C, Mohr S, Fielden PR, Goddard NJ, Booth J, Tam KY. Using droplet-based microfluidic technology to study the precipitation of a poorly water-soluble weakly basic drug upon a pH-shift. Analyst 2013; 138:339-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36364j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Lefortier SGR, Hamersma PJ, Bardow A, Kreutzer MT. Rapid microfluidic screening of CO2 solubility and diffusion in pure and mixed solvents. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3387-3391. [PMID: 22782522 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40260b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a high-throughput method to determine rapidly and simultaneously the solubility and the diffusivity of CO(2) in pure solvents and mixtures using segmented flow in a microchannel. Gas bubbles are injected via a T-junction into the liquid stream and the evolution of the bubbles' lengths are followed visually. We measure both solubility and diffusion coefficient from the shrinkage and expansion of the bubbles. The presented method is used to study the physical absorption of CO(2) in various pure solvents and to screen the complete composition space of binary and ternary mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie G R Lefortier
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
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33
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Synthesis of bioactive microcapsules using a microfluidic device. SENSORS 2012; 12:10136-47. [PMID: 23112592 PMCID: PMC3472820 DOI: 10.3390/s120810136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive microcapsules containing Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) spores were generated by a combination of a hydro gel, microfluidic device and chemical polymerization method. As a proof-of-principle, we used BT spores displaying enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) on the spore surface to spatially direct the EGFP-presenting spores within microcapsules. BT spore-encapsulated microdroplets of uniform size and shape are prepared through a flow-focusing method in a microfluidic device and converted into microcapsules through hydrogel polymerization. The size of microdroplets can be controlled by changing both the dispersion and continuous flow rate. Poly(N-isoproplyacrylamide) (PNIPAM), known as a hydrogel material, was employed as a biocompatible material for the encapsulation of BT spores and long-term storage and outstanding stability. Due to these unique properties of PNIPAM, the nutrients from Luria-Bertani complex medium diffused into the microcapsules and the microencapsulated spores germinated into vegetative cells under adequate environmental conditions. These results suggest that there is no limitation of transferring low-molecular-weight-substrates through the PNIPAM structures, and the viability of microencapsulated spores was confirmed by the culture of vegetative cells after the germinations. This microfluidic-based microencapsulation methodology provides a unique way of synthesizing bioactive microcapsules in a one-step process. This microfluidic-based strategy would be potentially suitable to produce microcapsules of various microbial spores for on-site biosensor analysis.
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35
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Yashina A, Meldrum F, Demello A. Calcium carbonate polymorph control using droplet-based microfluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:22001-2200110. [PMID: 22655005 PMCID: PMC3360709 DOI: 10.1063/1.3683162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) is one of the most abundant minerals and of high importance in many areas of science including global CO(2) exchange, industrial water treatment energy storage, and the formation of shells and skeletons. Industrially, calcium carbonate is also used in the production of cement, glasses, paints, plastics, rubbers, ceramics, and steel, as well as being a key material in oil refining and iron ore purification. CaCO(3) displays a complex polymorphic behaviour which, despite numerous experiments, remains poorly characterised. In this paper, we report the use of a segmented-flow microfluidic reactor for the controlled precipitation of calcium carbonate and compare the resulting crystal properties with those obtained using both continuous flow microfluidic reactors and conventional bulk methods. Through combination of equal volumes of equimolar aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate on the picoliter scale, it was possible to achieve excellent definition of both crystal size and size distribution. Furthermore, highly reproducible control over crystal polymorph could be realised, such that pure calcite, pure vaterite, or a mixture of calcite and vaterite could be precipitated depending on the reaction conditions and droplet-volumes employed. In contrast, the crystals precipitated in the continuous flow and bulk systems comprised of a mixture of calcite and vaterite and exhibited a broad distribution of sizes for all reaction conditions investigated.
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36
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Ildefonso M, Candoni N, Veesler S. A Cheap, Easy Microfluidic Crystallization Device Ensuring Universal Solvent Compatibility. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op200291z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ildefonso
- Centre Interdisciplinaire
de Nanosciences de Marseille CINAM-CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille,
France
| | - Nadine Candoni
- Centre Interdisciplinaire
de Nanosciences de Marseille CINAM-CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille,
France
| | - Stéphane Veesler
- Centre Interdisciplinaire
de Nanosciences de Marseille CINAM-CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille,
France
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37
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Fradet E, McDougall C, Abbyad P, Dangla R, McGloin D, Baroud CN. Combining rails and anchors with laser forcing for selective manipulation within 2D droplet arrays. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:4228-34. [PMID: 22045291 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20541b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the combination of a rails and anchors microfluidic system with laser forcing to enable the creation of highly controllable 2D droplet arrays. Water droplets residing in an oil phase can be pinned to anchor holes made in the base of a microfluidic channel, enabling the creation of arrays by the appropriate patterning of such holes. The introduction of laser forcing, via laser induced thermocapillary forces to anchored droplets, enables the selective extraction of particular droplets from an array. We also demonstrate that such anchor arrays can be filled with multiple, in our case two, droplets each and that if such droplets have different chemical contents, the application of a laser at their interface triggers their merging and a chemical reaction to take place. Finally by adding guiding rails within the microfluidic structure we can selectively fill large scale arrays with monodisperse droplets with significant control over their contents. In this way we make a droplet array filled with 96 droplets containing different concentrations of fluorescent microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Fradet
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX) and Department of Mechanics, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128, Palaiseau, France
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Thorson MR, Goyal S, Schudel BR, Zukoski CF, Zhang GGZ, Gong Y, Kenis PJA. A microfluidic platform for pharmaceutical salt screening. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3829-37. [PMID: 21956673 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20645a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe a microfluidic platform comprised of 48 wells to screen for pharmaceutical salts. Solutions of pharmaceutical parent compounds (PCs) and salt formers (SFs) are mixed on-chip in a combinatorial fashion in arrays of 87.5-nanolitre wells, which constitutes a drastic reduction of the volume of PC solution needed per condition screened compared to typical high throughput pharmaceutical screening approaches. Nucleation and growth of salt crystals is induced by diffusive and/or convective mixing of solutions containing, respectively, PCs and SFs in a variety of solvents. To enable long term experiments, solvent loss was minimized by reducing the thickness of the absorptive polymeric material, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and by using solvent impermeable top and bottom layers. Additionally, well isolation was enhanced via the incorporation of pneumatic valves that are closed at rest. Brightfield and polarized light microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used for on-chip analysis and crystal identification. Using a gold-coated glass substrate and minimizing the thickness of the PDMS control layer drastically improved the signal-to-noise ratio for Raman spectra. Two drugs, naproxen (acid) and ephedrine (base), were used for validation of the platform's ability to screen for salts. Each PC was mixed combinatorially with potential SFs in a variety of solvents. Crystals were visualized using brightfield polarized light microscopy. Subsequent on-chip analyses of the crystals with Raman spectroscopy identified four different naproxen salts and five different ephedrine salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Thorson
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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März A, Henkel T, Cialla D, Schmitt M, Popp J. Droplet formation via flow-through microdevices in Raman and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy--concepts and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3584-3592. [PMID: 21964776 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20638a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines concepts and applications of droplet formation via flow-through microdevices in Raman and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as well as the advantages of the approach. Even though the droplet-based flow-through technique is utilized in various fields, the review focuses on implementing droplet-based fluidic systems in Raman and SERS as these highly specific detection methods are of major interest in the field of analytics. With the combination of Raman or SERS with droplet-based fluidics, it is expected to achieve novel opportunities for analytics. Besides the approach of using droplet-based microfluidic devices as a detection platform, the unique properties of flow-through systems for the formation of droplets are capitalized to produce SERS active substrates and to accomplish uniform sample preparation. Within this contribution, previous reported applications on droplet-based flow-through Raman and SERS approaches and the additional benefit with regard to the importance in the field of analytics are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne März
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Shemesh J, Nir A, Bransky A, Levenberg S. Coalescence-assisted generation of single nanoliter droplets with predefined composition. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3225-3230. [PMID: 21826345 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00730g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the generation of highly accurate nanoliter droplets with a predefined composition. This composition control over a single droplet is achieved by merging two droplets with known concentrations and defined volumes. A forced coalescence is accomplished by synchronizing two piezoelectric-based active droplet generators. A microscope-mounted CCD camera is used to record, quantify and monitor the process to assure its high fidelity. The device is disposable, surfactant free, simple to operate and does not require microelectrode fabrication. It delivers a single on-demand droplet with adjustable high resolution mixing ratios up to 9 at a volume range of 1-10 nanoliters. The presented platform offers, for the first time, a means to perform droplet-based high-throughput screening in the nanoliter range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Shemesh
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel 32000
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Wang JT, Wang J, Han JJ. Fabrication of advanced particles and particle-based materials assisted by droplet-based microfluidics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1728-54. [PMID: 21618428 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the fabrication of complex particles and particle-based materials assisted by droplet-based microfluidics are reviewed. Monodisperse particles with expected internal structures, morphologies, and sizes in the range of nanometers to hundreds of micrometers have received a good deal of attention in recent years. Due to the capability of generating monodisperse emulsions and of executing precise control and operations on the suspended droplets inside the microchannels, droplet-based microfluidic devices have become powerful tools for fabricating complex particles with desired properties. Emulsions and multiple-emulsions generated in the microfluidic devices can be composed of a variety of materials including aqueous solutions, gels, polymers and solutions containing functional nanoparticles. They are ideal microreactors or fine templates for synthesizing advanced particles, such as polymer particles, microcapsules, nanocrystals, and photonic crystal clusters or beads by further chemical or physical operations. These particles are promising materials that may be applicable for many fields, such as photonic materials, drug delivery systems, and bio-analysis. From simple to complex, from spherical to nonspherical, from polymerization and reaction crystallization to self-assembly, this review aims to help readers be aware of the many aspects of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China, 300072.
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42
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Shi F, Han Z, Li J, Zheng B, Wu C. Mapping Polymer Phase Diagram in Nanoliter Droplets. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102917u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Zuoyan Han
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Junfang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- The Hefei National laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, The University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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43
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Pompano RR, Liu W, Du W, Ismagilov RF. Microfluidics using spatially defined arrays of droplets in one, two, and three dimensions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2011; 4:59-81. [PMID: 21370983 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.012809.102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Spatially defined arrays of droplets differ from bulk emulsions in that droplets in arrays can be indexed on the basis of one or more spatial variables to enable identification, monitoring, and addressability of individual droplets. Spatial indexing is critical in experiments with hundreds to millions of unique compartmentalized microscale processes--for example, in applications such as digital measurements of rare events in a large sample, high-throughput time-lapse studies of the contents of individual droplets, and controlled droplet-droplet interactions. This review describes approaches for spatially organizing and manipulating droplets in one-, two-, and three-dimensional structured arrays, including aspiration, laminar flow, droplet traps, the SlipChip, self-assembly, and optical or electrical fields. This review also presents techniques to analyze droplets in arrays and applications of spatially defined arrays, including time-lapse studies of chemical, enzymatic, and cellular processes, as well as further opportunities in chemical, biological, and engineering sciences, including perturbation/response experiments and personal and point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Pompano
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Bithi SS, Vanapalli SA. Behavior of a train of droplets in a fluidic network with hydrodynamic traps. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:44110. [PMID: 21264057 PMCID: PMC3025453 DOI: 10.1063/1.3523053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of a droplet train in a microfluidic network with hydrodynamic traps in which the hydrodynamic resistive properties of the network are varied is investigated. The flow resistance of the network and the individual droplets guide the movement of droplets in the network. In general, the flow behavior transitions from the droplets being immobilized in the hydrodynamic traps at low flow rates to breaking up and squeezing of the droplets at higher flow rates. A state diagram characterizing these dynamics is presented. A simple hydrodynamic circuit model that treats droplets as fluidic resistors is discussed, which predicts the experimentally observed flow rates for droplet trapping in the network. This study should enable the rational design of microfuidic devices for passive storage of nanoliter-scale drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swastika S Bithi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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45
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Liu K, Chen YC, Tseng HR, Shen CKF, van Dam RM. Microfluidic device for robust generation of two-component liquid-in-air slugs with individually controlled composition. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2010; 9:933-943. [PMID: 20930933 PMCID: PMC2944379 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-010-0617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Using liquid slugs as microreactors and microvessels enable precise control over the conditions of their contents on short-time scales for a wide variety of applications. Particularly for screening applications, there is a need for control of slug parameters such as size and composition. We describe a new microfluidic approach for creating slugs in air, each comprising a size and composition that can be selected individually for each slug. Two-component slugs are formed by first metering the desired volume of each reagent, merging the two volumes into an end-to-end slug, and propelling the slug to induce mixing. Volume control is achieved by a novel mechanism: two closed chambers on the chip are initially filled with air, and a valve in each is briefly opened to admit one of the reagents. The pressure of each reagent can be individually selected and determines the amount of air compression, and thus the amount of liquid that is admitted into each chamber. We describe the theory of operation, characterize the slug generation chip, and demonstrate the creation of slugs of different compositions. The use of microvalves in this approach enables robust operation with different liquids, and also enables one to work with extremely small samples, even down to a few slug volumes. The latter is important for applications involving precious reagents such as optimizing the reaction conditions for radiolabeling biological molecules as tracers for positron emission tomography. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10404-010-0617-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Liu
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, California NanoSystems Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, California NanoSystems Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, California NanoSystems Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Clifton Kwang-Fu Shen
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, California NanoSystems Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - R. Michael van Dam
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, California NanoSystems Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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46
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Quantitative cell-based reporter gene assays using droplet-based microfluidics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:528-36. [PMID: 20534350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We used a droplet-based microfluidic system to perform a quantitative cell-based reporter gene assay for a nuclear receptor ligand. Single Bombyx mori cells are compartmentalized in nanoliter droplets which function as microreactors with a >1000-fold smaller volume than a microtiter-plate well, together with eight or ten discrete concentrations of 20-hydroxyecdysone, generated by on-chip dilution over 3 decades and encoded by a fluorescent label. The simultaneous measurement of the expression of green fluorescent protein by the reporter gene and of the fluorescent label allows construction of the dose-response profile of the hormone at the single-cell level. Screening approximately 7500 cells per concentration provides statistically relevant data that allow precise measurement of the EC(50) (70 nM +/- 12%, alpha = 0.05), in agreement with standard methods as well as with literature data.
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Theberge A, Courtois F, Schaerli Y, Fischlechner M, Abell C, Hollfelder F, Huck W. Microdroplets in Microfluidics: An Evolving Platform for Discoveries in Chemistry and Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5846-68. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 833] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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48
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Talreja S, Perry SL, Guha S, Bhamidi V, Zukoski CF, Kenis PJA. Determination of the phase diagram for soluble and membrane proteins. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:4432-41. [PMID: 20235520 PMCID: PMC2848416 DOI: 10.1021/jp911780z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Methods to efficiently determine the phase behavior of novel proteins have the potential to significantly benefit structural biology efforts. Here, we present protocols to determine both the solubility boundary and the supersolubility boundary for protein/precipitant systems using an evaporation-based crystallization platform. This strategy takes advantage of the well-defined rates of evaporation that occur in this platform to determine the state of the droplet at any point in time without relying on an equilibrium-based end point. The dynamic nature of this method efficiently traverses phase space along a known path, such that a solubility diagram can be mapped out for both soluble and membrane proteins while using a smaller amount of protein than what is typically used in optimization screens. Furthermore, a variation on this method can be used to decouple crystal nucleation and growth events, so fewer and larger crystals can be obtained within a given droplet. The latter protocol can be used to rescue a crystallization trial where showers of tiny crystals were observed. We validated both of the protocols to determine the phase behavior and the protocol to optimize crystal quality using the soluble proteins lysozyme and ribonuclease A as well as the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Talreja
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Sarah L. Perry
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Sudipto Guha
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Venkateswarlu Bhamidi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Charles F. Zukoski
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Paul J. A. Kenis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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49
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Wang J, Zhang J, Han J. Synthesis of crystals and particles by crystallization and polymerization in droplet-based microfluidic devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-009-0292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Kreutz JE, Li L, Roach LS, Hatakeyama T, Ismagilov RF. Laterally mobile, functionalized self-assembled monolayers at the fluorous-aqueous interface in a plug-based microfluidic system: characterization and testing with membrane protein crystallization. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6042-3. [PMID: 19354215 DOI: 10.1021/ja808697e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a method to generate functionalizable, mobile self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in plug-based microfluidics. Control of interfaces is advancing studies of biological interfaces, heterogeneous reactions, and nanotechnology. SAMs have been useful for such studies, but they are not laterally mobile. Lipid-based methods, though mobile, are not easily amenable to setting up the hundreds of experiments necessary for crystallization screening. Here we demonstrate a method, complementary to current SAM and lipid methods, for rapidly generating mobile, functionalized SAMs. This method relies on plugs, droplets surrounded by a fluorous carrier fluid, to rapidly explore chemical space. Specifically, we implemented his-tag binding chemistry to design a new fluorinated amphiphile, RfNTA, using an improved one-step synthesis of RfOEG under Mitsunobu conditions. RfNTA introduces specific binding of protein at the fluorous-aqueous interface, which concentrates and orients proteins at the interface, even in the presence of other surfactants. We then applied this approach to the crystallization of a his-tagged membrane protein, Reaction Center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, performed 2400 crystallization trials, and showed that this approach can increase the range of crystal-producing conditions, the success rate at a given condition, the rate of nucleation, and the quality of the crystal formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Kreutz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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