1
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Song Q, Li Q, Yan J, Song Y. Echem methods and electrode types of the current in vivo electrochemical sensing. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17715-17739. [PMID: 35765338 PMCID: PMC9199085 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, people have been eager to realize continuous real-time online monitoring of biological compounds. Fortunately, in vivo electrochemical biosensor technology has greatly promoted the development of biological compound detection. This article summarizes the existing in vivo electrochemical detection technologies into two categories: microdialysis (MD) and microelectrode (ME). Then we summarized and discussed the electrode surface time, pollution resistance, linearity and the number of instances of simultaneous detection and analysis, the composition and characteristics of the sensor, and finally, we also predicted and prospected the development of electrochemical technology and sensors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuye Song
- The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University Zhangjiagang 215600 Jiangsu People's Republic of China +86 791 87802135 +86 791 87802135
| | - Qianmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 1688 Meiling Road Nanchang 330006 China
| | - Jiadong Yan
- The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University Zhangjiagang 215600 Jiangsu People's Republic of China +86 791 87802135 +86 791 87802135
| | - Yonggui Song
- Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine 1688 Meiling Road Nanchang 330006 China.,Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation, Health Commission of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Medical College 1688 Meiling Road Nanchang 330006 China
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2
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France M, Galligan JJ, Swain GM. In vitro electrochemical measurement of serotonin release in the human jejunum mucosa using a diamond microelectrode. Analyst 2022; 147:2523-2532. [PMID: 35543208 PMCID: PMC9599047 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report herein on the use of a boron-doped diamond microelectrode (DME) to record oxidation currents in vitro associated with the release of serotonin from enterochromaffin cells in the epithelium of the human intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion France
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James J. Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Greg M. Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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3
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Peteu SF, Russell SA, Galligan JJ, Swain GM. An Electrochemical ATP Biosensor with Enzymes Entrapped within a PEDOT Film. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serban F. Peteu
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University Department of Chemistry 578 S. Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824-1322 USA
| | - Skye A. Russell
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University Department of Chemistry 578 S. Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824-1322 USA
| | - James J. Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Michigan State University B440 Life Sciences Building East Lansing MI 48824-1317 USA
- Neuroscience Program, Giltner Hall 293 Farm Lane, Room 108 East Lansing MI 48824-1101 USA
| | - Greg M. Swain
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University Department of Chemistry 578 S. Shaw Lane East Lansing MI 48824-1322 USA
- Neuroscience Program, Giltner Hall 293 Farm Lane, Room 108 East Lansing MI 48824-1101 USA
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4
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Schilly KM, Gunawardhana SM, Wijesinghe MB, Lunte SM. Biological applications of microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection: in vivo monitoring and cell analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6101-6119. [PMID: 32347360 PMCID: PMC8130646 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection (ME-EC) is a useful tool for the determination of redox active compounds in complex biological samples. In this review, a brief background on the principles of ME-EC is provided, including substrate types, electrode materials, and electrode configurations. Several different detection approaches are described, including dual-channel systems for dual-electrode detection and electrochemistry coupled with fluorescence and chemiluminescence. The application of ME-EC to the determination of catecholamines, adenosine and its metabolites, and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in microdialysis samples and cell lysates is also detailed. Lastly, approaches for coupling of ME-EC with microdialysis sampling to create separation-based sensors that can be used for near real-time monitoring of drug metabolism and neurotransmitters in freely roaming animals are provided. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelci M Schilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Shamal M Gunawardhana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Manjula B Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Susan M Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2010 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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5
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Antifouling characteristics of a carbon electrode surface hydrogenated by n-butylsilane reduction. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Fan B, Zhu Y, Rechenberg R, Rusinek CA, Becker MF, Li W. Large-scale, all polycrystalline diamond structures transferred onto flexible Parylene-C films for neurotransmitter sensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3159-3167. [PMID: 28812089 PMCID: PMC5595637 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00229g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) has superior electrochemical properties for bioelectronic systems. However, due to its high synthesis temperature, traditional microfabrication methods have limits to integrating BDD with emerging classes of flexible, polymer-based bioelectronic systems. This paper introduces a novel fabrication solution to this challenge, which features (i) a wafer-scale substrate transfer process with all diamond structures transferred onto a flexible Parylene-C substrate and (ii) Parylene anchors introduced to strengthen the bonding between BDD and Parylene substrates, as demonstrated by a peeling test. The electrochemical properties of the transferred BDD-polymer electrodes are evaluated using (i) an outer sphere redox couple Ru(NH3)62+/3+ to study the electron transfer process and (ii) quantitative and qualitative studies of the neurotransmitter redox couple dopamine/dopamine-o-quinone. A linear response of the BDD sensor to dopamine concentrations of 0.5 μM to 100 μM is observed (R2 = 0.999) with a sensitivity of 0.21 μA cm-2 μM-1. These examples of fabricated diamond-polymer devices suggest a broad application in advanced bioelectronics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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7
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Bozorgzadeh B, Schuweiler DR, Bobak MJ, Garris PA, Mohseni P. Neurochemostat: A Neural Interface SoC With Integrated Chemometrics for Closed-Loop Regulation of Brain Dopamine. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2016; 10:654-67. [PMID: 26390501 PMCID: PMC4809062 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2015.2453791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a 3.3×3.2 mm(2) system-on-chip (SoC) fabricated in AMS 0.35 μm 2P/4M CMOS for closed-loop regulation of brain dopamine. The SoC uniquely integrates neurochemical sensing, on-the-fly chemometrics, and feedback-controlled electrical stimulation to realize a "neurochemostat" by maintaining brain levels of electrically evoked dopamine between two user-set thresholds. The SoC incorporates a 90 μW, custom-designed, digital signal processing (DSP) unit for real-time processing of neurochemical data obtained by 400 V/s fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) with a carbon-fiber microelectrode (CFM). Specifically, the DSP unit executes a chemometrics algorithm based upon principal component regression (PCR) to resolve in real time electrically evoked brain dopamine levels from pH change and CFM background-current drift, two common interferents encountered using FSCV with a CFM in vivo. Further, the DSP unit directly links the chemically resolved dopamine levels to the activation of the electrical microstimulator in on-off-keying (OOK) fashion. Measured results from benchtop testing, flow injection analysis (FIA), and biological experiments with an anesthetized rat are presented.
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8
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Peteu SF, Whitman BW, Galligan JJ, Swain GM. Electrochemical detection of peroxynitrite using hemin-PEDOT functionalized boron-doped diamond microelectrode. Analyst 2016; 141:1796-806. [PMID: 26862713 PMCID: PMC4777311 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02587g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite is a potent nitroxidation agent and highly reactive metabolite, clinically correlated with a rich pathophysiology. Its sensitive and selective detection is challenging due to its high reactivity and short sub-second lifetime. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) microelectrodes have attracted interest because of their outstanding electroanalytical properties that include a wide working potential window and enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. Herein, we report on the modification of a BDD microelectrode with an electro-polymerized film of hemin and polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) for the purpose of selectively quantifying peroxynitrite. The nanostructured modified polymer layer was characterized by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical response to peroxynitrite was studied by voltammetry and time-based amperometry. The measured detection limit was 10 ± 0.5 nM (S/N = 3), the sensitivity was 4.5 ± 0.5 nA nM(-1) and the response time was 3.5 ± 1 s. The hemin-PEDOT BDD sensors exhibited a response variability of 5% or less (RSD). The stability of the sensors after a 20-day storage in 0.1 M PB (pH 7.4) at 4 °C was excellent as at least 93% of the initial response to 50 nM PON was maintained. The presence of PEDOT was correlated with a sensitivity increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serban F Peteu
- Department of Chemistry and the Neuroscience Program, 578 S. Shaw Lane. and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA. and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 428 S. Shaw Lane and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, USA
| | - Brandon W Whitman
- Department of Chemistry and the Neuroscience Program, 578 S. Shaw Lane. and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA.
| | - James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and the Neuroscience Program, B440 Life Sciences Building and Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA
| | - Greg M Swain
- Department of Chemistry and the Neuroscience Program, 578 S. Shaw Lane. and Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA.
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9
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Taylor AC, Vagaska B, Edgington R, Hébert C, Ferretti P, Bergonzo P, Jackman RB. Biocompatibility of nanostructured boron doped diamond for the attachment and proliferation of human neural stem cells. J Neural Eng 2015; 12:066016. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/6/066016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Hu J, Wisetsuwannaphum S, Foord JS. Glutamate biosensors based on diamond and graphene platforms. Faraday Discuss 2015; 172:457-72. [PMID: 25427169 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00032c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
l-Glutamate is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system, playing a vital role in many physiological processes and implicated in several neurological disorders, for which monitoring of dynamic levels of extracellular glutamate in the living brain tissues may contribute to medical understanding and treatments. Electrochemical sensing of glutamate has been developed recently mainly using platinum, carbon fibre and carbon nanotube electrodes. In the present work, we explore the fabrication and properties of electrochemical glutamate sensors fabricated on doped chemical vapour deposition diamond electrodes and graphene nanoplatelet structures. The sensors incorporate platinum nanoparticles to catalyse the electrooxidation of hydrogen peroxide, glutamate oxidase to oxidise glutamate, and a layer of poly-phenylenediamine to impart selectivity. The performance of the devices was compared to a similar sensor fabricated on glassy carbon. Both the diamond and the graphene sensor showed very competitive performance compared to the majority of existing electrochemical sensors. The graphene based sensor showed the best performance of the three investigated in terms of sensitivity, linear dynamic range and long term stability, whereas it was found that the diamond device showed the best limit of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Hu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Wuhan, P.R. China 430074.
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11
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Development and characterization of a diamond-insulated graphitic multi electrode array realized with ion beam lithography. SENSORS 2014; 15:515-28. [PMID: 25558992 PMCID: PMC4327033 DOI: 10.3390/s150100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The detection of quantal exocytic events from neurons and neuroendocrine cells is a challenging task in neuroscience. One of the most promising platforms for the development of a new generation of biosensors is diamond, due to its biocompatibility, transparency and chemical inertness. Moreover, the electrical properties of diamond can be turned from a perfect insulator into a conductive material (resistivity ∼mΩ·cm) by exploiting the metastable nature of this allotropic form of carbon. A 16-channels MEA (Multi Electrode Array) suitable for cell culture growing has been fabricated by means of ion implantation. A focused 1.2 MeV He+ beam was scanned on a IIa single-crystal diamond sample (4.5 × 4.5 × 0.5 mm3) to cause highly damaged sub-superficial structures that were defined with micrometric spatial resolution. After implantation, the sample was annealed. This process provides the conversion of the sub-superficial highly damaged regions to a graphitic phase embedded in a highly insulating diamond matrix. Thanks to a three-dimensional masking technique, the endpoints of the sub-superficial channels emerge in contact with the sample surface, therefore being available as sensing electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and amperometry measurements of solutions with increasing concentrations of adrenaline were performed to characterize the biosensor sensitivity. The reported results demonstrate that this new type of biosensor is suitable for in vitro detection of catecholamine release.
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12
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Oyobiki R, Kato T, Katayama M, Sugitani A, Watanabe T, Einaga Y, Matsumoto Y, Horisawa K, Doi N. Toward High-Throughput Screening of NAD(P)-Dependent Oxidoreductases Using Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrodes and Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9570-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501907x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Oyobiki
- Department
of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kato
- Department
of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Michinobu Katayama
- Department
of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1
Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ai Sugitani
- Department
of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Department
of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department
of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
- JST CREST, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsumoto
- Department
of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1
Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kenichi Horisawa
- Department
of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Doi
- Department
of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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13
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Fagan-Murphy A, Patel BA. Compressed multiwall carbon nanotube composite electrodes provide enhanced electroanalytical performance for determination of serotonin. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Chandra S, Miller AD, Bendavid A, Martin PJ, Wong DKY. Minimizing Fouling at Hydrogenated Conical-Tip Carbon Electrodes during Dopamine Detection in Vivo. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2443-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403283t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Avi Bendavid
- CSIRO Materials
Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
| | - Philip J. Martin
- CSIRO Materials
Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
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15
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Halpern JM, Martin HB. Rhenium Alloys as Ductile Substrates for Diamond Thin-Film Electrodes. DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS 2014; 42:33-40. [PMID: 25404788 PMCID: PMC4231539 DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum-rhenium (Mo/Re) and tungsten-rhenium (W/Re) alloys were investigated as substrates for thin-film, polycrystalline boron-doped diamond electrodes. Traditional, carbide-forming metal substrates adhere strongly to diamond but lose their ductility during exposure to the high-temperature (1000°C) diamond, chemical vapor deposition environment. Boron-doped semi-metallic diamond was selectively deposited for up to 20 hours on one end of Mo/Re (47.5/52.5 wt.%) and W/Re (75/25 wt.%) alloy wires. Conformal diamond films on the alloys displayed grain sizes and Raman signatures similar to films grown on tungsten; in all cases, the morphology and Raman spectra were consistent with well-faceted, microcrystalline diamond with minimal sp2 carbon content. Cyclic voltammograms of dopamine in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) showed the wide window and low baseline current of high-quality diamond electrodes. In addition, the films showed consistently well-defined, dopamine electrochemical redox activity. The Mo/Re substrate regions that were uncoated but still exposed to the diamond-growth environment remained substantially more flexible than tungsten in a bend-to-fracture rotation test, bending to the test maximum of 90° and not fracturing. The W/Re substrates fractured after a 27° bend, and the tungsten fractured after a 21° bend. Brittle, transgranular cleavage fracture surfaces were observed for tungsten and W/Re. A tension-induced fracture of the Mo/Re after the prior bend test showed a dimple fracture with a visible ductile core. Overall, the Mo/Re and W/Re alloys were suitable substrates for diamond growth. The Mo/Re alloy remained significantly more ductile than traditional tungsten substrates after diamond growth, and thus may be an attractive metal substrate for more ductile, thin-film diamond electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Halpern
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Heidi B Martin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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16
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Maybeck V, Edgington R, Bongrain A, Welch JO, Scorsone E, Bergonzo P, Jackman RB, Offenhäusser A. Boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond microelectrode arrays monitor cardiac action potentials. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:283-9. [PMID: 23949946 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of diamond-based electronics in the area of biological interfacing has not been as thoroughly explored as applications in electrochemical sensing. However, the biocompatibility of diamond, large safe electrochemical window, stability, and tunable electronic properties provide opportunities to develop new devices for interfacing with electrogenic cells. Here, the fabrication of microelectrode arrays (MEAs) with boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (BNCD) electrodes and their interfacing with cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells to detect cardiac action potentials are presented. A nonreductive means of structuring doped and undoped diamond on the same substrate is shown. The resulting BNCD electrodes show high stability under mechanical stress generated by the cells. It is shown that by fabricating the entire surface of the MEA with NCD, in patterns of conductive doped, and isolating undoped regions, signal detection may be improved up to four-fold over BNCD electrodes passivated with traditional isolators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Maybeck
- ICS/PGI-8 Bioelectronics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
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17
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Patel AN, Tan SY, Miller TS, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR. Comparison and Reappraisal of Carbon Electrodes for the Voltammetric Detection of Dopamine. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11755-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401969q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha N. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Sze-yin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Thomas S. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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18
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Chandra S, Miller AD, Wong DK. Evaluation of physically small p-phenylacetate-modified carbon electrodes against fouling during dopamine detection in vivo. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Shu C, Sun T, Jia J, Lou Z. Mild Process for Reductive Desulfurization of Diesel Fuel Using Sodium Borohydride in Situ Generated via Sodium Metaborate Electroreduction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie401073c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenhua Shu
- School of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Tonghua Sun
- School of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Jinping Jia
- School of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Ziyang Lou
- School of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Dongchuan Road 800, Shanghai, 200240 China
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20
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Fagan-Murphy A, Whitby RLD, Patel BA. Buckycolumn electrodes: a practical and improved alternative to conventional materials utilised for biological electrochemical monitoring. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4359-4363. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20802h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Fagan-Murphy A, Watt F, Morgan KA, Patel BA. Influence of different biological environments on the stability of serotonin detection on carbon-based electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Silva E, Bastos A, Neto M, Silva R, Zheludkevich M, Ferreira M, Oliveira F. Boron doped nanocrystalline diamond microelectrodes for the detection of Zn2+ and dissolved O2. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hoffman JM, Tyler K, MacEachern SJ, Balemba OB, Johnson AC, Brooks EM, Zhao H, Swain GM, Moses PL, Galligan JJ, Sharkey KA, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Mawe GM. Activation of colonic mucosal 5-HT(4) receptors accelerates propulsive motility and inhibits visceral hypersensitivity. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:844-854.e4. [PMID: 22226658 PMCID: PMC3477545 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (5-HT(4)R) agonists promote gastrointestinal motility and attenuate visceral pain, but concerns about adverse reactions have restricted their availability. We tested the hypotheses that 5-HT(4) receptors are expressed in the colonic epithelium and that 5-HT(4)R agonists can act intraluminally to increase motility and reduce visceral hypersensitivity. METHODS Mucosal expression of the 5-HT(4)R was evaluated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis of tissues from 5-HT(4)R(BAC)-enhanced green fluorescent protein mice. Amperometry, histology, and short-circuit current measurements were used to study 5-HT, mucus, and Cl(-) secretion, respectively. Propulsive motility was measured in guinea pig distal colon, and visceromotor responses were recorded in a rat model of colonic hypersensitivity. 5-HT(4)R compounds included cisapride, tegaserod, naronapride, SB204070, and GR113808. RESULTS Mucosal 5-HT(4) receptors were present in the small and large intestines. In the distal colon, 5-HT(4) receptors were expressed by most epithelial cells, including enterochromaffin and goblet cells. Stimulation of 5-HT(4)Rs evoked mucosal 5-HT release, goblet cell degranulation, and Cl(-) secretion. Luminal administration of 5-HT(4)R agonists accelerated propulsive motility; a 5-HT(4)R antagonist blocked this effect. Bath application of 5-HT(4)R agonists did not affect motility. Oral or intracolonic administration of 5-HT(4)R agonists attenuated visceral hypersensitivity. Intracolonic administration was more potent than oral administration, and was inhibited by a 5-HT(4)R antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Mucosal 5-HT(4) receptor activation can mediate the prokinetic and antinociceptive actions of 5-HT(4)R agonists. Colon-targeted, intraluminal delivery of 5-HT(4)R agonists might be used to promote motility and alleviate visceral pain, while restricting systemic bioavailability and resulting adverse side effects.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Analgesics/administration & dosage
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animals
- Chlorides/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/innervation
- Colon/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterochromaffin Cells/drug effects
- Enterochromaffin Cells/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Agents/administration & dosage
- Gastrointestinal Agents/pharmacology
- Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects
- Goblet Cells/drug effects
- Goblet Cells/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Hyperalgesia/prevention & control
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/innervation
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Potentials
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mucus/metabolism
- Pain/metabolism
- Pain/physiopathology
- Pain/prevention & control
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Pressure
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Hoffman
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Abstract
The human serotonin transporter (SERT) gene possesses a 43-base pair (bp) insertion-deletion promoter polymorphism, the h5-HTTLPR. Genotype at this locus correlates with variation in anxiety-related personality traits and risk for major depressive disorder in many studies. Yet, the complex effects of the h5-HTTLPR, in combination with closely associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), continue to be debated. Moreover, although SERT is of high clinical significance, transporter function in vivo remains difficult to assess. Rhesus express a promoter polymorphism related to the h5-HTTLPR. The rh5-HTTLPR has been linked to differences in stress-related behavior and cognitive flexibility, although allelic variations in serotonin uptake have not been investigated. We studied the serotonin system as it relates to the 5-HTTLPR in rhesus peripheral blood cells. Sequencing of the rh5-HTTLPR revealed a 23-bp insertion, which is somewhat longer than originally reported. Consistent with previous reports, no SNPs in the rh5-HTTLPR and surrounding genomic regions were detected in the individuals studied. Reductions in serotonin uptake rates, cell surface SERT binding, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid/serotonin ratios, but not SERT mRNA levels, were associated with the rh5-HTTLPR short allele. Thus, serotonin uptake rates are differentiable with respect to the 5-HTTLPR in an easily accessible native peripheral tissue. In light of these findings, we foresee that primary blood cells, in combination with high sensitivity functional measurements enabled by chronoamperometry, will be important for investigating alterations in serotonin uptake associated with genetic variability and antidepressant responsiveness in humans.
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Singh YS, Sawarynski LE, Dabiri PD, Choi WR, Andrews AM. Head-to-head comparisons of carbon fiber microelectrode coatings for sensitive and selective neurotransmitter detection by voltammetry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6658-66. [PMID: 21770471 DOI: 10.1021/ac2011729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Voltammetry is widely used to investigate neurotransmission and other biological processes but is limited by poor chemical selectivity and fouling of commonly used carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMs). We performed direct comparisons of three key coating materials purported to impart selectivity and fouling resistance to electrodes: Nafion, base-hydrolyzed cellulose acetate (BCA), and fibronectin. We systematically evaluated the impact on a range of electrode parameters. Fouling due to exposure to brain tissue was investigated using an approach that minimizes the use of animals while enabling evaluation of statistically significant populations of electrodes. We find that BCA is relatively fouling-resistant. Moreover, detection at BCA-coated CFMs can be tuned by altering hydrolysis times to minimize the impact on sensitivity losses while maintaining fouling resistance. Fibronectin coating is associated with moderate losses in sensitivity after coating and fouling. Nafion imparts increased sensitivity for dopamine and norepinephrine but not serotonin, as well as the anticipated selectivity for cationic neurotransmitters over anionic metabolites. Although Nafion has been suggested to resist fouling, both dip-coating and electrodeposition of Nafion are associated with substantial fouling, similar to levels observed at bare electrodes after exposure to brain tissue. Direct comparisons of these coatings identified unique electroanalytical properties of each that can be used to guide selection tailored to the goals and environment of specific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh S Singh
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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26
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Fhaner M, Zhao H, Bian X, Galligan JJ, Swain GM. Improvements in the Formation of Boron-Doped Diamond Coatings on Platinum Wires Using the Novel Nucleation Process (NNP). DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS 2011; 20:75-83. [PMID: 21617759 PMCID: PMC3099534 DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to increase the initial nucleation density for the growth of boron-doped diamond on platinum wires, we employed the novel nucleation process (NNP) originally developed by Rotter et al. and discussed by others [1-3]. This pretreatment method involves (i) the initial formation of a thin carbon layer over the substrate followed by (ii) ultrasonic seeding of this "soft" carbon layer with nanoscale particles of diamond. This two-step pretreatment is followed by the deposition of boron-doped diamond by microwave plasma-assisted CVD. Both the diamond seed particles and sites on the carbon layer itself function as the initial nucleation zones for diamond growth from an H(2)-rich source gas mixture. We report herein on the characterization of the pre-growth carbon layer formed on Pt as well as boron-doped films grown for 2, 4 and 6 h post NNP pretreatment. Results from scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical studies are reported. The NNP method increases the initial nucleation density on Pt and leads to the formation of a continuous diamond film in a shorter deposition time than is typical for wires pretreated by conventional ultrasonic seeding. The results indicate that the pregrowth layer itself consists of nanoscopic domains of diamond and functions well to enhance the initial nucleation of diamond without any diamond powder seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Fhaner
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1322
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27
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Nebel M, Neugebauer S, Kiesele H, Schuhmann W. Local reactivity of diamond-like carbon modified PTFE membranes used in SO2 sensors. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Direct electrochemical detection of DNA methylation for retinoblastoma and CpG fragments using a nanocarbon film. Anal Biochem 2010; 405:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Fiber-optic pH detection in small volumes of biosamples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1883-9. [PMID: 20835818 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Determining the pH values of microscopic plant samples may help to explain complex processes in plants, so it is an area of interest to botanists. Fiber-optic probes with small dimensions can be used for this purpose. This paper deals with the fiber-optic detection of the pH values of droplets of plant xylem exudate based on ratiometric fluorescence intensity measurements with an internal reference. For this purpose, novel V-taper sensing probes with a minimum diameter of around 8 μm were prepared that enable the delivery of fluorescence signal from the detection site on the taper tip to the detector. The taper tips were coated with pH-sensitive transducer (8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt; HPTS) and a reference [dichlorotris-(1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) hydrate (Ru-phen dichloride)] immobilized in a xerogel layer of propyltriethoxysilane and (3-glycidoxy)propyl trimethoxysilane. The prepared probes were sensitive to pH values mainly in the range from 6.0 to 9.0. In the pH range 6-9, the results were limited by measurement errors of about 0.2 pH units, and in the pH range 5-6 by measurement errors of about 0.5 pH units. Using the developed V-taper sensing probes, the pH values of in vivo and in vitro samples of small volumes (~6 μl) of exudate were measured. The results were validated by comparison with conventional electrochemical pH measurements.
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Trouillon R, O’Hare D. Comparison of glassy carbon and boron doped diamond electrodes: Resistance to biofouling. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Patel BA, Dai X, Burda JE, Zhao H, Swain GM, Galligan JJ, Bian X. Inhibitory neuromuscular transmission to ileal longitudinal muscle predominates in neonatal guinea pigs. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:909-18, e236-7. [PMID: 20482699 PMCID: PMC2911488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory neurotransmission to the longitudinal muscle is more prominent in the neonatal than in the adult guinea pig ileum. METHODS Inhibitory neuromuscular transmission was investigated using in vitro ileal longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) preparations made from neonatal (< or =48 h postnatal) and adult ( approximately 4 weeks postnatal) guinea pigs. KEY RESULTS Amperometric measurements of nicotine-induced nitric oxide (NO) release (measured as an oxidation current) from myenteric ganglia revealed larger currents in neonatal (379 +/- 24 pA) vs adult (119 +/- 39 pA, P < 0.05) tissues. Nicotine-induced oxidation currents were blocked by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, nitro-l-arginine (NLA, 100 micromol L(-1)). Nicotine-induced, NLA-sensitive oxidation currents could be detected in the tertiary plexus of neonatal but not adult tissues. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated stronger NOS immunoreactivity in neonatal compared with adult myenteric ganglia. Western blot studies revealed higher levels of NOS in neonatal compared with adult LMMP. Cell counts revealed that the total number of myenteric neurons in the small intestine was greater in adults than in neonatal guinea pigs, however, the ratio of NOS : Calbindin neurons was significantly higher in neonatal compared with adult tissues. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Nitric oxide signaling to the longitudinal muscle is stronger in neonatal compared with adult guinea pig ileum. Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons are diluted postnatally by cholinergic and other, as yet unidentified neuronal subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavik A. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK,School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Xiaoling Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Joshua E. Burda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Greg M. Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - James J. Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Xiaochun Bian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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32
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Zhao H, Bian X, Galligan JJ, Swain GM. Electrochemical measurements of serotonin (5-HT) release from the guinea pig mucosa using continuous amperometry with a boron-doped diamond microelectrode. DIAMOND AND RELATED MATERIALS 2010; 19:182-185. [PMID: 20209031 PMCID: PMC2832314 DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by chronic abdominal discomfort, including pain, bloating and changes in bowel habits. The exact cause of IBS is not entirely understood. Recent studies have shown that IBS may be associated with altered serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels within the GI tract. About 90% of 5-HT in the human body is produced and stored in enterochromaffin (EC) cells that reside in the mucosal layer of the intestine. Measurements of serotonin availability locally in the mucosa can provide insight on the functionality of these cells and potentially the pathophysiology of the disease. In this study, we used continuous amperometry with a diamond microelectrode to record serotonin levels in vitro in the ileum mucosa as an oxidation current. The boron-doped diamond (BDD) microelectrode is quite practical for these measurements because if its low background signal, low sensitivity to solution pH changes, and excellent resistance to fouling by adsorbed serotonin oxidation reaction products. In fact, the measurements are only possible because of the unique properties of diamond. We present electrochemical data that demonstrate the diamond microelectrode's utility for assessment of enterochromaffin cell function. Confirmation that the oxidation current was associated with indogenous serotonin release came from pharmacological studies. We are hopeful that these types of in vitro electrochemical measurements will lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and the Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Singh YS, Sawarynski LE, Michael HM, Ferrell RE, Murphey-Corb MA, Swain GM, Patel BA, Andrews AM. Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrodes Reveal Reduced Serotonin Uptake Rates in Lymphocytes from Adult Rhesus Monkeys Carrying the Short Allele of the 5-HTTLPR. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:49-64. [PMID: 20352073 DOI: 10.1021/cn900012y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uptake resolved by high-speed chronoamperometry on a second-by-second basis has revealed important differences in brain serotonin transporter function associated with genetic variability. Here, we use chronoamperometry to investigate variations in serotonin transport in primary lymphocytes associated with the rhesus serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphism (rh5-HTTLPR), a promoter polymorphism whose orthologs occur only in higher order primates including humans. Serotonin clearance by lymphocytes is Na(+)-dependent and inhibited by the serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor paroxetine (Paxil®), indicative of active uptake by serotonin transporters. Moreover, reductions in serotonin uptake rates are evident in lymphocytes from monkeys with one or two copies of the short 's' allele of the rh5-HTTLPR (s/s<s/l<l/l). These findings illustrate that rh5-HTTLPR-related alterations in serotonin uptake are present during adulthood in peripheral blood cells natively expressing serotonin transporters. Moreover, they suggest that lymphocytes can be used as peripheral biomarkers for investigating genetic or pharmacologic alterations in serotonin transporter function. Use of boron-doped diamond microelectrodes for measuring serotonin uptake, in contrast to carbon fiber microelectrodes used previously in the brain, enabled these high-sensitivity and high-resolution measurements. Boron-doped diamond microelectrodes show excellent signal-to-noise and signal-to-background ratios due mainly to low background currents and are highly resistant to fouling when exposed to lymphocytes or high concentrations of serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Greg M. Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Bhavik A. Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K. SE7 2AZ
| | - Anne M. Andrews
- Departments of Chemistry,
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences,
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024
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34
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Holt KB. Undoped diamond nanoparticles: origins of surface redox chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:2048-58. [DOI: 10.1039/b920075d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hashemi P, Dankoski EC, Petrovic J, Keithley RB, Wightman RM. Voltammetric detection of 5-hydroxytryptamine release in the rat brain. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9462-71. [PMID: 19827792 PMCID: PMC2783829 DOI: 10.1021/ac9018846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is an important molecule in the brain that is implicated in mood and emotional processes. In vivo, its dynamic release and uptake kinetics are poorly understood due to a lack of analytical techniques for its rapid measurement. Whereas fast-scan cyclic voltammetry with carbon fiber microelectrodes is used frequently to monitor subsecond dopamine release in freely moving and anesthetized rats, the electrooxidation of 5-HT forms products that quickly polymerize and irreversibly coat the carbon electrode surface. Previously described modifications of the electrochemical waveform allow stable and sensitive 5-HT measurements in mammalian tissue slice preparations and in the brain of fruit fly larvae. For in vivo applications in mammals, however, the problem of electrode deterioration persists. We identify the root of this problem to be fouling by extracellular metabolites such as 5-hydoxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), which is present in 200-1000 times the concentration of 5-HT and displays similar electrochemical properties, including filming of the electrode surface. To impede access of the 5-HIAA to the electrode surface, a thin layer of Nafion, a cation exchange polymer, has been electrodeposited onto cylindrical carbon-fiber microelectrodes. The presence of the Nafion film was confirmed with environmental scanning electron microscopy and was demonstrated by the diminution of the voltammetric signals for 5-HIAA as well as other common anionic species. The modified microelectrodes also display increased sensitivity to 5-HT, yielding a characteristic cyclic voltammogram that is easily distinguishable from other common electroactive brain species. The thickness of the Nafion coating and a diffusion coefficient (D) in the film for 5-HT were evaluated by measuring permeation through Nafion. In vivo, we used physiological, anatomical, and pharmacological evidence to validate the signal as 5-HT. Using Nafion-modified microelectrodes, we present the first endogenous recording of 5-HT in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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Pecková K, Musilová J, Barek J. Boron-Doped Diamond Film Electrodes—New Tool for Voltammetric Determination of Organic Substances. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340903011812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Comparative study of the effect of various electrode membranes on biofouling and electrochemical measurements. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Trouillon R, Cheung C, Patel BA, O'Hare D. Comparative study of poly(styrene-sulfonate)/poly(L-lysine) and fibronectin as biofouling-preventing layers in dissolved oxygen electrochemical measurements. Analyst 2009; 134:784-93. [DOI: 10.1039/b811958a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Cells interact with each other by releasing signalling molecules, which can activate or inactivate target cells. In order to understand how coordination results from this communication, accurate measurements of these signalling molecules are prerequisite. Several different techniques exist to monitor and quantify these compounds, including enzymatic and histochemical assays, electrophysiological and optical recordings. However, there has been little use of electrochemical recordings in gastroenterological research, although these are very fast and sensitive. Electrochemical techniques rely on the simple fact that electroactive molecules can be oxidized at a given potential. The currents, elicited by the oxidation, are directly proportional to the concentration of the compound. In the current issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, electrochemical detection was successfully applied to measure nitric oxide (NO) from intestinal preparations. Although there are some important specificity, timing and spatial aspects to consider, this direct NO-probing technique is definitely a great asset to the field of gastrointestinal research and advances our understanding of NO signalling in the intestinal wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vanden Berghe
- Center for Gastroenterological Research, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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40
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Demel SL, Galligan JJ. Impaired purinergic neurotransmission to mesenteric arteries in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. Hypertension 2008; 52:322-9. [PMID: 18606906 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine and ATP onto mesenteric arteries. In deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats, there is increased arterial sympathetic neurotransmission attributable, in part, to impaired prejunctional regulation of norepinephrine release. Prejunctional regulation purinergic transmission in hypertension is less well understood. We hypothesized that alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor dysfunction alters purinergic neurotransmission to arteries in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Mesenteric artery preparations were maintained in vitro, and intracellular electrophysiological methods were used to record excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) from smooth muscle cells. EJP amplitude was reduced in smooth muscle cells from DOCA-salt (4+/-1 mV) compared with control arteries (9+/-1 mV; P<0.05). When using short trains of stimulation (0.5 Hz; 5 pulses), the alpha(2)adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine (1 micromol/L) potentiated EJPs in control more than in DOCA-salt arteries (180+/-35% versus 86+/-7%; P<0.05). Norepinephrine (0.1 to 3.0 micromol/L), the alpha(2)adrenergic receptor agonist UK 14304 (0.001 to 0.100 micromol/L), the A(1) adenosine receptor agonist cyclopentyladensosine (0.3 to 100.0 micromol/L), and the N-type calcium channel blocker omega-conotoxin GVIA (0.0003 to 0.1000 micromol/L) decreased EJP amplitude equally well in control and DOCA-salt arteries. Trains of stimuli (10 Hz) depleted ATP stores more completely, and the latency to EJP recovery was longer in DOCA-salt compared with control arteries. These data indicate that there is reduced purinergic input to mesenteric arteries of DOCA-salt rats because of decreased ATP bioavailability in sympathetic nerves. These data highlight the potential importance of impaired purinergic regulation of arterial tone as a target for drug treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie L Demel
- Neuroscience Program, B328 Life Science Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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