1
|
Subash A, Basanth A, Kandasubramanian B. Biodegradable polyphosphazene – hydroxyapatite composites for bone tissue engineering. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2082426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alsha Subash
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abina Basanth
- Biopolymer Science, CIPET: Institute of Plastics Technology (IPT), Kochi, India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tethering smartness to the metal containing polymers - recent trends in the stimuli-responsive metal containing polymers. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
3
|
Klare HFT, Albers L, Süsse L, Keess S, Müller T, Oestreich M. Silylium Ions: From Elusive Reactive Intermediates to Potent Catalysts. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5889-5985. [PMID: 33861564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The history of silyl cations has all the makings of a drama but with a happy ending. Being considered reactive intermediates impossible to isolate in the condensed phase for decades, their actual characterization in solution and later in solid state did only fuel the discussion about their existence and initially created a lot of controversy. This perception has completely changed today, and silyl cations and their donor-stabilized congeners are now widely accepted compounds with promising use in synthetic chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the fundamental facts and principles of the chemistry of silyl cations, including reliable ways of their preparation as well as their physical and chemical properties. The striking features of silyl cations are their enormous electrophilicity and as such reactivity as super Lewis acids as well as fluorophilicity. Known applications rely on silyl cations as reactants, stoichiometric reagents, and promoters where the reaction success is based on their steady regeneration over the course of the reaction. Silyl cations can even be discrete catalysts, thereby opening the next chapter of their way into the toolbox of synthetic methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lars Süsse
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Çelebi EB, Hacıvelioğlu F. Solvent effect on simple and high yield synthesis of polydichlorophosphazene precursor Cl 3PNSiMe 3. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03721h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of solvent polarity on the reaction of PCl5 with (Me3Si)2NH has been investigated and it is found that nonpolar solvents promote the formation of Cl3PNSiMe3, whereas the more polar chloroform gives unusual phosphazenes at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elif Büşra Çelebi
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ferda Hacıvelioğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
- University of Glasgow, School of Chemistry, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
- Heges Kimya Ltd, GTUTeknopark, No. 42/1, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fisher SP, Tomich AW, Lovera SO, Kleinsasser JF, Guo J, Asay MJ, Nelson HM, Lavallo V. Nonclassical Applications of closo-Carborane Anions: From Main Group Chemistry and Catalysis to Energy Storage. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8262-8290. [PMID: 30707011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Classically closo-carborane anions, particularly [HCB11H11]- and [HCB9H9]-, and their derivatives have primarily been used as weakly coordinating anions to isolate reactive intermediates, platforms for stoichiometric and catalytic functionalization, counteranions for simple Lewis acid catalysis, and components of materials like liquid crystals. The aim of this article is to educate the reader on the contemporary nonclassical applications of these anions. Specifically, this review will cover new directions in main group catalysis utilized to achieve some of the most challenging catalytic reactions such as C-F, C-H, and C-C functionalizations that are difficult or impossible to realize with transition metals. In addition, the review will cover the utilization of the clusters as dianionic C σ-bound ligands for coordination chemistry, ligand substituents for coordination chemistry and advanced catalyst design, and covalently bound spectator substituents to stabilize radicals. Furthermore, their applications as solution-based and solid-state electrolytes for Li, Na, and Mg batteries will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Fisher
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Riverside , 501 Big Springs Road , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - A W Tomich
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Riverside , 501 Big Springs Road , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - S O Lovera
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Riverside , 501 Big Springs Road , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - J F Kleinsasser
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Riverside , 501 Big Springs Road , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - J Guo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of California, Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - M J Asay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - H M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - V Lavallo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Riverside , 501 Big Springs Road , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hong M, Chen J, Chen EYX. Polymerization of Polar Monomers Mediated by Main-Group Lewis Acid-Base Pairs. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10551-10616. [PMID: 30350583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of new or more sustainable, active, efficient, controlled, and selective polymerization reactions or processes continues to be crucial for the synthesis of important polymers or materials with specific structures or functions. In this context, the newly emerged polymerization technique enabled by main-group Lewis pairs (LPs), termed as Lewis pair polymerization (LPP), exploits the synergy and cooperativity between the Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB) sites of LPs, which can be employed as frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), interacting LPs (ILPs), or classical Lewis adducts (CLAs), to effect cooperative monomer activation as well as chain initiation, propagation, termination, and transfer events. Through balancing the Lewis acidity, Lewis basicity, and steric effects of LPs, LPP has shown several unique advantages or intriguing opportunities compared to other polymerization techniques and demonstrated its broad polar monomer scope, high activity, control or livingness, and complete chemo- or regioselectivity, as well as its unique application in materials chemistry. These advances made in LPP are comprehensively reviewed, with the scope of monomers focusing on heteroatom-containing polar monomers, while the polymerizations mediated by main-group LAs and LBs separately that are most relevant to the LPP are also highlighted or updated. Examples of applying the principles of the LPP and LP chemistry as a new platform for advancing materials chemistry are highlighted, and currently unmet challenges in the field of the LPP, and thus the suggested corresponding future research directions, are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , 3000 Broadway , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roy MM, Miao L, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Rivard E. An unexpected Staudinger reaction at an N-heterocyclic carbene-carbon center. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The previously unreported carbene-phosphine adduct (IPr)PCl2N3 [IPr = (HCNDipp)2C:; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3] was synthesized and used as a synthon toward the elusive dichlorophosphazene monomer unit, [Cl2P=N]. (IPr)PCl2N3 was found to undergo halide and azide abstraction when combined with various electrophiles and its thermolysis yielded the unexpected Staudinger reaction product (IPr=N)PCl2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M.D. Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Linkun Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carriedo GA, de la Campa R, Soto AP. Polyphosphazenes - Synthetically Versatile Block Copolymers (“Multi-Tool”) for Self-Assembly. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabino A. Carriedo
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería s/n 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Raquel de la Campa
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería s/n 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería s/n 33006 Oviedo Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khan RU, Wang L, Yu H, Zain-ul-Abdin, Akram M, Wu J, Haroon M, Ullah RS, Deng Z, Xia X. Recent progress in the synthesis of poly(organo)phosphazenes and their applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
10
|
Synthesis and thermal reactivity of a Me 3 N-stabilized cyclic (alkyl)(amino)oxophosphonium ion. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Kumar S, Singh RK, Prasad D, Bhardwaj T. Synthesis and in vitro degradation studies of substituted poly(organophosphazenes) for drug delivery applications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
12
|
Chitnis SS, Musgrave RA, Sparkes HA, Pridmore NE, Annibale VT, Manners I. Influence of Ring Strain and Bond Polarization on the Ring Expansion of Phosphorus Homocycles. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:4522-4538. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S. Chitnis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A. Musgrave
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel A. Sparkes
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie E. Pridmore
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent T. Annibale
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Henke H, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Branched Macromolecular Architectures for Degradable, Multifunctional Phosphorus-Based Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 38. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry; Johannes Kepler University Linz; Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ullah RS, Wang L, Yu H, Abbasi NM, Akram M, -ul-Abdin Z, Saleem M, Haroon M, Khan RU. Synthesis of polyphosphazenes with different side groups and various tactics for drug delivery. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27103k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphazenes (PPZs) are hybrid polymers comprising a main chain containing nitrogen and phosphorous linked through interchanging single and double bonds, and side chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Summe Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Haojie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Nasir M. Abbasi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Muhammad Akram
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Zain -ul-Abdin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Muhammad Haroon
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wahab A, Kaleta J, Wen J, Valášek M, Polášek M, Michl J, Ludvík J. Electrochemical Oxidation of [1-X-12-I-CB 11Me 10-] Anions: Formation of Borenium Ylides [12-Dehydro-1-X-CB 11Me 10] and Iodonium Ylide Anions [{12-(1-X-CB 11Me 10-)} 2I +]. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:12815-12821. [PMID: 27989211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammograms of 12-iodinated icosahedral carborane anions [1-X-12-I-CB11Me10-] (X = H, CH3, C2H5, C3H7, C4H9, C6H13, and COOCH3) show two one-electron anodic oxidation peaks at the Pt electrode in liquid SO2. Oddly, the first is irreversible and the second partially reversible. Mass spectrometry of the principal anionic product of preparative anodic oxidation of [1-H-12-I-CB11Me11-], identical with the anionic product of its reaction with [Et3Si-H-SiEt3]+ and/or Et3Si+, allows it to be identified as the iodonium ylide anion [{12-(1-H-CB11Me10-)}2I+]. Its reversible oxidation to a neutral ylide radical [{12-(1-H-CB11Me10•)}{12-(1-H-CB11Me10-)}I+] is responsible for the second peak. A DFT geometry optimization suggests that both the ylide anion and the ylide radical are very crowded and have an unusually large C-I-C valence angle of ∼132°; they are the first compounds with two bulky highly methylated CB11 cages attached to the same atom. Molecular iodine is another product of the electrolysis. We propose an electrode mechanism in which initial one-electron oxidation of [1-X-12-I-CB11Me10-] is followed by a transfer of an iodine atom from the B-I bond to SO2 to yield a weakly bound radical ISO2• which disproportionates into SO2 and I2. The other product is the borenium ylide [12-dehydro-1-X-CB11Me10], which has a strongly Lewis acidic naked vertex in position 12 that rapidly adds to another [1-X-12-I-CB11Me10-] anion to form the observed stable ylide anion [{12-(1-X-CB11Me10-)}2I+]. In acetonitrile, where it presumably exists as a solvent adduct, [12-dehydro-1-X-CB11Me10] has been trapped with H2O and, to a small extent, with MeOH, but not with several other potential trapping agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kaleta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jin Wen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Polášek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Jiří Ludvík
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Henke H, Posch S, Brüggemann O, Teasdale I. Polyphosphazene Based Star-Branched and Dendritic Molecular Brushes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:769-74. [PMID: 27027404 PMCID: PMC4907350 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new synthetic procedure is described for the preparation of poly(organo)phosphazenes with star-branched and star dendritic molecular brush type structures, thus describing the first time it has been possible to prepare controlled, highly branched architectures for this type of polymer. Furthermore, as a result of the extremely high-arm density generated by the phosphazene repeat unit, the second-generation structures represent quite unique architectures for any type of polymer. Using two relativity straight forward iterative syntheses it is possible to prepare globular highly branched polymers with up to 30 000 functional end groups, while keeping relatively narrow polydispersities (1.2-1.6). Phosphine mediated polymerization of chlorophosphoranimine is first used to prepare three-arm star polymers. Subsequent substitution with diphenylphosphine moieties gives poly(organo)phosphazenes to function as multifunctional macroinitiators for the growth of a second generation of polyphosphazene arms. Macrosubstitution with Jeffamine oligomers gives a series of large, water soluble branched macromolecules with high-arm density and hydrodynamic diameters between 10 and 70 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Henke
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Sandra Posch
- Department of Applied Experimental Biophysics Institute of
Biophysics Johannes Kepler University Linz Gruberstraße 40, 4020
Linz, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz
Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ian Teasdale
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz
Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Šembera F, Plutnar J, Higelin A, Janoušek Z, Císařová I, Michl J. Metal Complexes with Very Large Dipole Moments: the Anionic Carborane Nitriles 12-NC–CB11X11– (X = H, F, CH3) as Ligands on Pt(II) and Pd(II). Inorg Chem 2016; 55:3797-806. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Šembera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Plutnar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Higelin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Janoušek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tun ZM, Heston AJ, Panzner MJ, Scionti V, Medvetz DA, Wright BD, Johnson NA, Li L, Wesdemiotis C, Rinaldi PL, Youngs WJ, Tessier CA. Group 13 Superacid Adducts of [PCl2N]3. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:3283-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zin-Min Tun
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Amy J. Heston
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Matthew J. Panzner
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Vincenzo Scionti
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Doug A. Medvetz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Brian D. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Peter L. Rinaldi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Wiley J. Youngs
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Claire A. Tessier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martínez-Arranz S, Presa-Soto D, Carriedo GA, Presa Soto A, Albéniz AC. Polyphosphazenes for the Stille reaction: a new type of recyclable stannyl reagent. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:2227-36. [PMID: 26583466 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A random phosphazene copolymer {[N = P((CH2)7-Br)Ph]0.5[N = PMePh]0.5}n (2) and a block copolyphosphazene {[N = P((CH2)7-Br)Ph]0.5[N = PMePh]0.5}45-b-[N = P(O2C12H8)]55 (5), having a branch with two randomly distributed units, have been synthesized and used as precursors for the stannyl derivatives {[N = P((CH2)7-SnBu2An)Ph]0.5[N = PMePh]0.5}n (3) and {[N = P((CH2)7-SnBu2An)Ph]0.5[N = PMePh]0.5}45-b-[N = P(O2C12H8)]55 (6, An = p-MeOC6H4). Polymers 3 and 6 were tested as recyclable tin reagents in the Stille cross-coupling reaction with ArI, using various Pd catalysts and different experimental conditions. Polymer 6 can be recycled without a significant release of tin, but its efficiency decreased after three consecutive cycles. This effect was explained by studying the self-assembly of the polymer under the same conditions used for the catalytic experiments, which evidenced the progressive coalescence of the polymeric vesicles (polymersomes) leading to stable and bigger core-shell aggregates by the attraction of the [N = P(O2C12H8)] rich membranes, thus decreasing the accessibility of the tin active centers.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
A survey of the state-of-the-art in the development of synthetic methods to incorporate p-block elements into polymers is given. The incorporation of main group elements (groups 13-16) into long chains provides access to materials with fascinating chemical and physical properties imparted by the presence of inorganic groups. Perhaps the greatest impedance to the widespread academic and commercial use of p-block element-containing macromolecules is the synthetic challenge associated with linking inorganic elements into long chains. In recent years, creative methodologies have been developed to incorporate heteroatoms into polymeric structures, with perhaps the greatest advances occurring with hybrid organic-inorganic polymers composed of boron, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur. With these developments, materials are currently being realized that possess exciting chemical, photophysical and thermal properties that are not possible for conventional organic polymers. This review focuses on highlighting the most significant recent advances whilst giving an appropriate background for the general reader. Of particular focus will be advances made over the last two decades, with emphasis on the novel synthetic methodologies employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Priegert
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouer, British Columbia, CanadaV6T 1Z1.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu T, Chen EYX. Silylium dual catalysis in living polymerization of methacrylates via In situ
hydrosilylation of monomer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tieqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology; No. 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado 80523-1872
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Swamy VSVSN, Pal S, Khan S, Sen SS. Cations and dications of heavier group 14 elements in low oxidation states. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:12903-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01912e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an introduction to the synthesis, properties, and reactivity of the cations and dications of the heavier group 14 elements in their low oxidation state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. S. V. S. N. Swamy
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Shiv Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Education
- Research
- Pune 411008
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Education
- Research
- Pune 411008
| | - Sakya S. Sen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Douvris C, Michl J. Update 1 of:Chemistry of the Carba-closo-dodecaborate(−) Anion, CB11H12–. Chem Rev 2014; 113:PR179-233. [PMID: 23944158 DOI: 10.1021/cr400059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Douvris
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rosenbaum AJ, Juers DH, Juhasz MA. Copper-promoted cyanation of a boron cluster: synthesis, X-ray structure, and reactivity of 12-CN-closo-CHB11H10-. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:10717-9. [PMID: 24050111 DOI: 10.1021/ic4015306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted cross-coupling reactions of boron-iodinated derivatives of 1-carba-closo-dodecaborate(1-) (1) with CuCN is shown to cyanate boron vertices of this anion. Clusters with one or two CN groups can be prepared: syntheses of 12-CN-CHB11H10(-) (3) and 7,12-(CN)2-CHB11H9(-) (6) gave yields of 80% and 81%, respectively. The [Et4N](+) salts of 3 and 6 were characterized by NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopies, and the crystal structure of [Et4N]3 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Hydrolysis of 3 gave the carboxylic acid 12-COOH-CHB11H10(-) (7).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Rosenbaum
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Whitman College , 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dielmann F, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Bertrand G. Crystalline, Lewis Base-Free, Cationic Phosphoranimines (Iminophosphonium Salts). J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14071-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4080979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dielmann
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research
Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research
Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research
Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, United States
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research
Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California−San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The Thermally-Induced Bulk Polymerization of Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene to Polydichlorophosphazene by First-Principles Simulations. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-013-9942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
27
|
Aldeva V, Gezahegn S, Panahi B, Shuoprasad M, Ward J, Foucher DA, Gossage RA, McWilliams AR. Synthesis, Characterization, and Theoretical Analysis of Soluble Poly(oxothiazenes): The Ambient Temperature Lewis Acid Catalyzed in Situ Polymerization of N-Silylsulfonimidoyl Chlorides. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302424u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Aldeva
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto Ontario, Canada
M5B 2K3
| | - Sossina Gezahegn
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto Ontario, Canada
M5B 2K3
| | - Babak Panahi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto Ontario, Canada
M5B 2K3
| | - Michelle Shuoprasad
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto Ontario, Canada
M5B 2K3
| | - Jon Ward
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto Ontario, Canada
M5B 2K3
| | - Daniel A. Foucher
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto Ontario, Canada
M5B 2K3
| | - Robert A. Gossage
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto Ontario, Canada
M5B 2K3
| | - Andrew R. McWilliams
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto Ontario, Canada
M5B 2K3
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Suárez-Suárez S, Carriedo GA, Tarazona MP, Presa Soto A. Twisted Morphologies and Novel Chiral Macroporous Films from the Self-Assembly of Optically Active Helical Polyphosphazene Block Copolymers. Chemistry 2013; 19:5644-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
29
|
Isoflurane as a solvent for electrochemistry. Electrooxidation study of icosahedral carborane anions in four different solvents. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
30
|
Ibad MF, Langer P, Reiß F, Schulz A, Villinger A. Catalytic Trimerization of Bis-silylated Diazomethane. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17757-68. [DOI: 10.1021/ja308104k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Langer
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Axel Schulz
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Blackstone V, Pfirrmann S, Helten H, Staubitz A, Presa Soto A, Whittell GR, Manners I. A cooperative role for the counteranion in the PCl5-initiated living, cationic chain growth polycondensation of the phosphoranimine Cl3P═NSiMe3. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15293-6. [PMID: 22950530 DOI: 10.1021/ja307703h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The counteranion associated with the cationic initiator [Cl(3)P═N═PCl(3)](+) ([4](+)) generated during the PCl(5)-initiated living, cationic chain growth polycondensation of the N-silylphosphoranimine Cl(3)P═NSiMe(3) (3) to give poly(dichlorophosphazene), [N═PCl(2)](n) (2), has been found to have a dramatic effect on the polymerization. When the counteranion of [4](+) was changed from PCl(6)(-) or Cl(-) to the weakly coordinating anions [BAr*(F)(4)](-) and [BAr(F)(4)](-) (Ar*(F) = 3,5-{CF(3)}(2)C(6)H(3), Ar(F) = C(6)F(5)) instead of the polymerization of 3 being complete in 4-6 h, no reaction was observed after 24 h. Remarkably, the polymerization of 3 may be initiated by Cl(-) anions even in the absence of an active cation such as [4](+). However, in the presence of [4](+), the reaction proceeded significantly faster and allowed for molecular weight control. These results reveal that the currently accepted mechanism for the PCl(5)-initiated living polymerization of 3 needs to be revised to reflect the key role of the counteranion present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne Blackstone
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wahab A, Stepp B, Douvris C, Valášek M, Štursa J, Klı́ma J, Piqueras MC, Crespo R, Ludvı́k J, Michl J. Measured and Calculated Oxidation Potentials of 1-X-12-Y-CB11Me10– Anions. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:5128-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2026939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova
3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Brian Stepp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215,
United States
| | - Christos Douvris
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215,
United States
| | - Michal Valášek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Štursa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřı́ Klı́ma
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova
3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Mari-Carmen Piqueras
- Departament de Quı́mica Fı́sica, Universitat de València, Dr.
Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Raül Crespo
- Departament de Quı́mica Fı́sica, Universitat de València, Dr.
Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jiřı́ Ludvı́k
- J. Heyrovský Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova
3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Michl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo
nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Amin AM, Wang L, Wang J, Yu H, Huo J, Gao J, Xiao A. Recent Research Progress in the Synthesis of Polyphosphazene and Their Applications. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/138577209x12486896623373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abid Muhammad Amin
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- b State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- c State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Yu
- d State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jia Huo
- e State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jingmin Gao
- f State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Anguo Xiao
- g State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schmidt RK, Müther K, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Grimme S, Oestreich M. Silylium ion-catalyzed challenging Diels-Alder reactions: the danger of hidden proton catalysis with strong Lewis acids. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4421-8. [PMID: 22309027 DOI: 10.1021/ja211856m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pronounced Lewis acidity of tricoordinate silicon cations brings about unusual reactivity in Lewis acid catalysis. The downside of catalysis with strong Lewis acids is, though, that these do have the potential to mediate the formation of protons by various mechanisms, and the thus released Brønsted acid might even outcompete the Lewis acid as the true catalyst. That is an often ignored point. One way of eliminating a hidden proton-catalyzed pathway is to add a proton scavenger. The low-temperature Diels-Alder reactions catalyzed by our ferrocene-stabilized silicon cation are such a case where the possibility of proton catalysis must be meticulously examined. Addition of the common hindered base 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine resulted, however, in slow decomposition along with formation of the corresponding pyridinium ion. Quantitative deprotonation of the silicon cation was observed with more basic (Mes)(3)P to yield the phosphonium ion. A deuterium-labeling experiment verified that the proton is abstracted from the ferrocene backbone. A reasonable mechanism of the proton formation is proposed on the basis of quantum-chemical calculations. This is, admittedly, a particular case but suggests that the use of proton scavengers must be carefully scrutinized, as proton formation might be provoked rather than prevented. Proton-catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions are not well-documented in the literature, and a representative survey employing TfOH is included here. The outcome of these catalyses is compared with our silylium ion-catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions, thereby clearly corroborating that hidden Brønsted acid catalysis is not operating with our Lewis acid. Several simple-looking but challenging Diels-Alder reactions with exceptionally rare dienophile/enophile combinations are reported. Another indication is obtained from the chemoselectivity of the catalyses. The silylium ion-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction is general with regard to the oxidation level of the α,β-unsaturated dienophile (carbonyl and carboxyl), whereas proton catalysis is limited to carbonyl compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth K Schmidt
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen C, Hess AR, Jones AR, Liu X, Barber GD, Mallouk TE, Allcock HR. Synthesis of New Polyelectrolytes via Backbone Quaternization of Poly(aryloxy- and alkoxyphosphazenes) and their Small Molecule Counterparts. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202619j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
| | - Andrew R. Hess
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
| | - Adam R. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
| | - Greg D. Barber
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
| | - Thomas E. Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
| | - Harry R. Allcock
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Suárez Suárez S, Presa Soto D, Carriedo GA, Presa Soto A, Staubitz A. Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Living Polymerization of N-Silylphosphoranimines. Synthesis of New Block Copolyphosphazenes. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om201012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Suárez Suárez
- Department
of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, IUQOEM, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería,
33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Presa Soto
- Department
of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, IUQOEM, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería,
33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gabino A. Carriedo
- Department
of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, IUQOEM, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería,
33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Department
of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, IUQOEM, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería,
33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Anne Staubitz
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz
3/4, 24118 Kiel,
Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ibad MF, Langer P, Schulz A, Villinger A. Silylium–Arene Adducts: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:21016-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ja209693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Langer
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Al-Rafia SMI, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. Interaction of Carbene and Olefin Donors with [Cl2PN]3: Exploration of a Reductive Pathway toward (PN)3. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:10543-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Ibrahim Al-Rafia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sen SS, Hey J, Eckhardt M, Herbst-Irmer R, Maedl E, Mata RA, Roesky HW, Scheer M, Stalke D. A Stable Cation of a CSi3P Five-Membered Ring with a Weakly Coordinating Chloride Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201104146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
40
|
Sen SS, Hey J, Eckhardt M, Herbst-Irmer R, Maedl E, Mata RA, Roesky HW, Scheer M, Stalke D. A Stable Cation of a CSi3P Five-Membered Ring with a Weakly Coordinating Chloride Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:12510-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
41
|
Bendle M, Huynh K, Haddow MF, Manners I. Reactions of phosphine oxides with bromophosphoranimines; synthesis and unusual rearrangements of O-donor stabilized phosphoranimine cations. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:10292-302. [PMID: 21928766 DOI: 10.1021/ic201360p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of phosphine oxides R(3)P═O [R = Me (1a), Et (1c), (i)Pr (1d) and Ph (1e)], with the bromophosphoranimines BrPR'R''P═NSiMe(3) [R' = R'' = Me (2a); R' = Me, R'' = Ph (2b); R' = R'' = OCH(2)CF(3) (2c)] in the presence or absence of AgOTf (OTf = CF(3)SO(3)) resulted in a rearrangement reaction to give the salts [R(3)P═N═PR'R''O-SiMe(3)]X (X = Br or OTf) ([4]X). Reaction of phosphine oxide 1a with the phosphoranimine BrPMe(2)═NSiPh(3) (5) with a sterically encumbered silyl group also resulted in the analogous rearranged product [Me(3)P═N═PMe(2)O-SiPh(3)]X ([8]X) but at a significantly slower rate. In contrast, the direct reaction of the bulky tert-butyl substituted phosphine oxide, (t)Bu(3)P═O (1b) with 2a or 2c in the presence of AgOTf yielded the phosphine oxide-stabilized phosphoranimine cations [(t)Bu(3)P═O·PR'(2)═NSiMe(3)](+) ([3](+), R' = Me (d), OCH(2)CF(3) (e)). A mechanism is proposed for the unexpected formation of [4](+) in which the formation of the donor-stabilized adduct [3](+) occurs as the first step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bendle
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tun ZM, Heston AJ, Panzner MJ, Medvetz DA, Wright BD, Savant D, Dudipala VR, Banerjee D, Rinaldi PL, Youngs WJ, Tessier CA. Group 13 Lewis Acid Adducts of [PCl2N]3. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:8937-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201075z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zin-Min Tun
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Amy J. Heston
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
- Division of Mathematics and Sciences, Walsh University, North Canton, Ohio 44720-3336, United States
| | - Matthew J. Panzner
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Doug A. Medvetz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Brian D. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Deepa Savant
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Venkat R. Dudipala
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Debasish Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Peter L. Rinaldi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Wiley J. Youngs
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Claire A. Tessier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang Y, Gustafson LO, Chen EYX. Dinuclear silylium-enolate bifunctional active species: remarkable activity and stereoselectivity toward polymerization of methacrylate and renewable methylene butyrolactone monomers. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13674-84. [PMID: 21819049 DOI: 10.1021/ja2053573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel dinuclear silylium-enolate active species, consisting of an electrophilic silylium catalyst site and a nucleophilic silicon enolate initiating site that are covalently linked as single molecules, and their unique polymerization characteristics and kinetics are reported. Such unimolecular, bifunctional propagating species are conveniently generated from activation of ethyl- and oxo-bridged disilicon enolate (i.e., disilyl ketene acetal, di-SKA) compounds with [Ph(3)C][B(C(6)F(5))(4)]. Both the ethyl- and oxo-bridged dinuclear species are much more active for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) than the mononuclear SKA-based active species, exhibiting an approximate rate enhancement by a factor of 12 and 44, respectively. The oxo-bridged silylium-enolate species is considerably more active and controlled than the ethyl-bridged one, with their differences being even more pronounced in polymerizing a renewable monomer, γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone. The polymerization by the oxo-bridged silylium-enolate active species follows first-order kinetics in both monomer and silylium catalyst concentrations, indicating a unimolecular propagation mechanism which involves an intramolecular delivery of the polymeric enolate nucleophile to the monomer activated by the silylium ion electrophile being placed in proximity in the same catalyst molecule. Highly stereoregular poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), with a syndiotacticity up to 92% rr, can be produced in quantitative yield using the oxo-bridged propagator at low temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuetao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Huynh K, Chun CP, Lough AJ, Manners I. Donor-stabilised cations, phosphinamide anions, and unusual oxidative cyclisation products from halogenated phosphoranimines and phosphinimines with a bulky 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl substituent at nitrogen. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:10576-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10641d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
45
|
Wright JH, Mueck GW, Tham FS, Reed CA. R3E+ Carborane Salts of the Heavier Group 14 Elements: E = Ge, Sn, and Pb. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100662r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James H. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Gabriel W. Mueck
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Fook S. Tham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Christopher A. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Taylor TJ, Presa Soto A, Huynh K, Lough AJ, Swain AC, Norman NC, Russell CA, Manners I. Synthesis of Poly(alkyl/arylphosphazenes) via the Ambient Temperature Phosphite-Mediated Chain-Growth Polycondensation of (N-Silyl)bromophosphoranimines. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100876z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Taylor
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Keith Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 1A1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 1A1, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nicholas C. Norman
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | | | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Okumuş A, Bilge S, Kiliç Z, Oztürk A, Hökelek T, Yilmaz F. Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. Part 20: Fully substituted spiro-cyclotriphosphazenic lariat (PNP-pivot) ether derivatives. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 76:401-409. [PMID: 20444643 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The condensation reactions of partly substituted spiro-cyclotriphosphazenic lariat (PNP-pivot) ethers, N(3)P(3)[(o-NHPhO)(2)R]Cl(4) [where R=-CH(2)CH(2)- (1) and -CH(2)CH(2)OCH(2)CH(2)- (2)] with morpholine and 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4,5]decane (DASD) produce fully substituted morpholino (3 and 4) and 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4,5]deca (5 and 6) phosphazenes. These are the new examples of the spiro-cyclophosphazenic lariat ether derivatives with N(2)O(x) (x=2 and 3) donor type containing 11- and 14-membered macrocycles. The solid state structures of 3, 5 and 6 have been determined by X-ray diffraction techniques. Compound 3 has intermolecular N-H...O hydrogen bond, compound 5 has intra- and intermolecular N-H...O hydrogen bonds, while compound 6 has intramolecular N-H...O and O-H...N and intermolecular N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonds. The correlations of the endocyclic (alpha) and exocyclic (alpha') NPN bond angles with deltaP(spiro) values are investigated. The structural investigations of 3-6 have been verified by elemental analyses, MS, FTIR, (1)H, (13)C and (31)P NMR, DEPT and HETCOR techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aytuğ Okumuş
- Department of Chemistry, Ankara University, Tandoğan 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhang Y, Lay F, García-García P, List B, Chen EX. High-Speed Living Polymerization of Polar Vinyl Monomers by Self-Healing Silylium Catalysts. Chemistry 2010; 16:10462-73. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
49
|
Ethynylmonocarba-closo-dodecaborates: M[12-HCC-closo-1-CB11H11] and M[7,12-(HCC)2-closo-1-CB11H10] (M=Cs+, [Et4N]+). J Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
50
|
Abstract
For decades, triflic acid, methyl triflate, and trialkylsilyl triflate reagents have served synthetic chemistry well as clean, strong electrophilic sources of H(+), CH(3)(+), and R(3)Si(+), respectively. However, a number of weakly basic substrates are unreactive toward these reagents. In addition, triflate anion can express undesired nucleophilicity toward electrophilically activated substrates. In this Account, we describe methods that replace triflate-based electrophilic reagents with carborane reagents. Using carborane anions of type CHB(11)R(5)X(6)(-) (R = H, Me, X; X = Br, Cl), members of a class of notably inert, weakly nucleophilic anions, significantly increases the electrophilicity of these reagents and shuts down subsequent nucleophilic chemistry of the anion. Thus, H(carborane) acids cleanly protonate benzene, phosphabenzene, C(60), etc., while triflic acid does not. Similarly, CH(3)(carborane) reagents can methylate substrates that are inert to boiling neat methyl triflate, including benzene, phosphabenzenes, phosphazenes, and the pentamethylhydrazinium ion, which forms the dipositive ethane analogue, Me(6)N(2)(2+). Methyl carboranes are also surprisingly effective in abstracting hydride from simple alkanes to give isolable carbocation salts, e.g., t-butyl cation. Trialkylsilyl carborane reagents, R(3)Si(carborane), abstract halides from substrates to produce cations of unprecedented reactivity. For example, fluoride is extracted from freons to form carbocations; chloride is extracted from IrCl(CO)(PPh(3))(2) to form a coordinatively unsaturated iridium cation that undergoes oxidative addition with chlorobenzene at room temperature; and silylation of cyclo-N(3)P(3)Cl(6) produces a catalyst for the polymerization of phosphazenes that functions at room temperature. Although currently too expensive for widespread use, carborane reagents are nevertheless of considerable interest as specialty reagents for making reactive cations and catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Reed
- Center for s and p Block Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|