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Li J, Hou Y, He Z, Wu H, Zhu Y. Strain Engineering of Ion-Coordinated Nanochannels in Nanocellulose. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6262-6268. [PMID: 38743501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Expanding the interlayer spacing plays a significant role in improving the conductivity of a cellulose-based conductor. However, it remains a challenge to regulate the cellulose nanochannel expanded by ion coordination. Herein, starting from multiscale mechanics, we proposed a strain engineering method to regulate the interlayer spacing of the cellulose nanochannels. First-principles calculations were conducted to select the most suitable ions for coordination. Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations were performed to reveal the mechanism of interlayer spacing expansion by the ion cross-linking. Combining the shear-lag model, we established the relationship between interfacial cross-link density and interlayer spacing of an ion-coordinated cellulose nanochannel. Consequently, fast ion transport and current regulation were realized via the strain engineering of nanochannels, which provides a promising strategy for the current regulation of a cellulose-based conductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaHao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - YuanZhen Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - ZeZhou He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - HengAn Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - YinBo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
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2
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Ulrich K, Genter L, Schäfer S, Masselter T, Speck T. Investigation of the resilience of cyclically actuated pine cone scales of Pinus jeffreyi. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2024; 19:046009. [PMID: 38701824 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad475b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The resilience of pine cone scales has been investigated in the context of current architectural efforts to develop bioinspired passive façade shading systems that can help regulate the indoor climate. As previously shown for other species, separated tissues ofPinus jeffreyipine cone scales show independent hygroscopic bending. The blocking force that pine cone scales can generate during a closing movement is shown to be affected by the length, width and mass of the scales. After cyclically actuating pine cone scales by submerging and drying them for 102 cycles and comparing their functional characteristics measured in the undamaged and damaged state, they were still able to achieve 97% of their undamaged blocking force and torque and over 94% of their undamaged opening angle. Despite evidence of cracking within the sclereid cell layer and extensive delamination of sclerenchyma fibres, no loss of function was observed in any tested pine cone scale. This functional resilience and robustness may allowP. jeffreyitrees to continue seed dispersal for longer periods of time and to reliably protect seeds that have not yet been released. These results have contributed to a better understanding of the pine cone scale and may provide inspiration for further improving the long-term performance of passive, hygro-sensitive façade shading systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ulrich
- University of Freiburg Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Lukas Genter
- University of Freiburg Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Simon Schäfer
- University of Freiburg Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Tom Masselter
- University of Freiburg Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- University of Freiburg Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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3
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Wang Q, Tian X, Zhang D, Zhou Y, Yan W, Li D. Programmable spatial deformation by controllable off-center freestanding 4D printing of continuous fiber reinforced liquid crystal elastomer composites. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3869. [PMID: 37391425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to their high deformation ability, 4D printed structures have various applications in origami structures, soft robotics and deployable mechanisms. As a material with programmable molecular chain orientation, liquid crystal elastomer is expected to produce the freestanding, bearable and deformable three-dimensional structure. However, majority of the existing 4D printing methods for liquid crystal elastomers can only fabricate planar structures, which limits their deformation designability and bearing capacity. Here we propose a direct ink writing based 4D printing method for freestanding continuous fiber reinforced composites. Continuous fibers can support freestanding structures during the printing process and improve the mechanical property and deformation ability of 4D printed structures. In this paper, the integration of 4D printed structures with fully impregnated composite interfaces, programmable deformation ability and high bearing capacity are realized by adjusting the off-center distribution of the fibers, and the printed liquid crystal composite can carry a load of up to 2805 times its own weight and achieve a bending deformation curvature of 0.33 mm-1 at 150 °C. This research is expected to open new avenues for creating soft robotics, mechanical metamaterials and artificial muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Daokang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanquan Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China
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4
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Kwiatkowska D. Plant biology: How the humble plant droops its leaves. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R156-R158. [PMID: 36854276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The humble plant (Mimosa pudica) droops its leaves in response to touch. A new study explains how changes of turgor pressure exerted by protoplasts on surrounding cell walls translate into directional cell deformation that drives leaf movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
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5
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Dang X, Zhang B, Li C, Nagawa S. FvNST1b NAC Protein Induces Secondary Cell Wall Formation in Strawberry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113212. [PMID: 36361997 PMCID: PMC9654860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary cell wall thickening plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. Diploid woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) is an excellent model for studying fruit development, but its molecular control of secondary wall thickening is largely unknown. Previous studies have shown that Arabidopsis NAC secondary wall thickening promoting factor1 (AtNST1) and related proteins are master regulators of xylem fiber cell differentiation in multiple plant species. In this study, a NST1-like gene, FvNST1b, was isolated and characterized from strawberry. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that the FvNST1b protein contains a highly conserved NAC domain, and it belongs to the same family as AtNST1. Overexpression of FvNST1b in wild-type Arabidopsis caused extreme dwarfism, induced ectopic thickening of secondary walls in various tissues, and upregulated the expression of genes related to secondary cell wall synthesis. In addition, transient overexpression of FvNST1b in wild-type Fragaria vesca fruit produced cells resembling tracheary elements. These results suggest that FvNST1b positively regulates secondary cell wall formation as orthologous genes from other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Dang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shingo Nagawa
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University–University of California, Riverside, Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence:
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6
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Luthfikasari R, Patil TV, Patel DK, Dutta SD, Ganguly K, Espinal MM, Lim KT. Plant-Actuated Micro-Nanorobotics Platforms: Structural Designs, Functional Prospects, and Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201417. [PMID: 35801427 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants are anatomically and physiologically different from humans and animals; however, there are several possibilities to utilize the unique structures and physiological systems of plants and adapt them to new emerging technologies through a strategic biomimetic approach. Moreover, plants provide safe and sustainable results that can potentially solve the problem of mass-producing practical materials with hazardous and toxic side effects, particularly in the biomedical field, which requires high biocompatibility. In this review, it is investigated how micro-nanostructures available in plants (e.g., nanoparticles, nanofibers and their composites, nanoporous materials, and natural micromotors) are adapted and utilized in the design of suitable materials for a micro-nanorobot platform. How plants' work on micro- and nanoscale systems (e.g., surface roughness, osmotically induced movements such as nastic and tropic, and energy conversion and harvesting) that are unique to plants, can provide functionality on the platform and become further prospective resources are examined. Furthermore, implementation across organisms and fields, which is promising for future practical applications of the plant-actuated micro-nanorobot platform, especially on biomedical applications, is discussed. Finally, the challenges following its implementation in the micro-nanorobot platform are also presented to provide advanced adaptation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachmi Luthfikasari
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejal V Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisiplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh K Patel
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Maria Mercedes Espinal
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisiplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
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7
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Eger CJ, Horstmann M, Poppinga S, Sachse R, Thierer R, Nestle N, Bruchmann B, Speck T, Bischoff M, Rühe J. The Structural and Mechanical Basis for Passive-Hydraulic Pine Cone Actuation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200458. [PMID: 35567337 PMCID: PMC9284161 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The opening and closing of pine cones is based on the hygroscopic behavior of the individual seed scales around the cone axis, which bend passively in response to changes in environmental humidity. Although prior studies suggest a bilayer architecture consisting of lower actuating (swellable) sclereid and upper restrictive (non- or lesser swellable) sclerenchymatous fiber tissue layers to be the structural basis of this behavior, the exact mechanism of how humidity changes are translated into global movement are still unclear. Here, the mechanical and hydraulic properties of each structural component of the scale are investigated to get a holistic picture of their functional interplay. Measurements of the wetting behavior, water uptake, and mechanical measurements are used to analyze the influence of hydration on the different tissues of the cone scales. Furthermore, their dimensional changes during actuation are measured by comparative micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) investigations of dry and wet scales, which are corroborated and extended by 3D-digital image correlation-based displacement and strain analyses, biomechanical testing of actuation force, and finite element simulations. Altogether, a model allowing a detailed mechanistic understanding of pine cone actuation is developed, which is a prime concept generator for the development of biomimetic hygromorphic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J. Eger
- Department for Microsystems EngineeringChemistry and Physics of InterfacesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 105Freiburg im Breisgau79110Germany
| | - Martin Horstmann
- Plant Biomechanics GroupBotanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg im Breisgau79104Germany
- Present address:
Department of Animal EcologyEvolution and BiodiversityRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 105Freiburg im Breisgau79110Germany
- Plant Biomechanics GroupBotanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg im Breisgau79104Germany
- Department of BiologyTechnical University of DarmstadtBotanical GardenSchnittspahnstraße 2Darmstadt64287Germany
| | - Renate Sachse
- TUM School of Engineering and DesignDepartment of Engineering Physics and ComputationTechnical University of MunichBoltzmannstraße 15Garching b. München85748Germany
| | - Rebecca Thierer
- Institute for Structural MechanicsUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 7Stuttgart70550Germany
| | - Nikolaus Nestle
- BASF SECarl‐Bosch‐Strasse 38Ludwigshafen am Rhein67056Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- BASF SECarl‐Bosch‐Strasse 38Ludwigshafen am Rhein67056Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 105Freiburg im Breisgau79110Germany
- Plant Biomechanics GroupBotanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg im Breisgau79104Germany
| | - Manfred Bischoff
- Institute for Structural MechanicsUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 7Stuttgart70550Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department for Microsystems EngineeringChemistry and Physics of InterfacesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 105Freiburg im Breisgau79110Germany
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8
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Yang C, Shi X, Deng H, Du Y. Antifatigue Hydration-Induced Polysaccharide Hydrogel Actuators Inspired by Crab Joint Wrinkles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6251-6260. [PMID: 35061354 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Joint wrinkles in animals facilitate frequent bending and contribute to the duration of the joint. Inspired by the morphology and function of joint wrinkles, we developed a bionic hydration-induced polymeric actuator with constructed wrinkles at the selected area. Specifically, we adopt electrical writing to create defined single and double cross-linking regions on chitosan (CS) hydrogel. The covalent cross-linking network was constructed by electrical writing-induced covalent cross-linking between CS chains and epichlorohydrin. Subsequent treatment of sodium dodecyl sulfate allows electrostatic cross-linking at the unwritten area with the simultaneous formation of surface wrinkles. The resulting single and double cross-linking hydrogel demonstrates spontaneous deformation behaviors by the influx and efflux of H2O to the electrostatic cross-linking domain under different ion concentrations. Importantly, the wrinkle structure endows the hydrogel with extraordinary antifatigue bending performance. By regulating the surface morphology and spatial cross-linking, we can design novel biomimetic polysaccharide hydrogel actuators with fascinating functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiaowen Shi
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongbing Deng
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yumin Du
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymers-Based Medical Materials, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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9
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Krüger F, Thierer R, Tahouni Y, Sachse R, Wood D, Menges A, Bischoff M, Rühe J. Development of a Material Design Space for 4D-Printed Bio-Inspired Hygroscopically Actuated Bilayer Structures with Unequal Effective Layer Widths. Biomimetics (Basel) 2021; 6:biomimetics6040058. [PMID: 34698064 PMCID: PMC8544213 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics6040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Significance of geometry for bio-inspired hygroscopically actuated bilayer structures is well studied and can be used to fine-tune curvatures in many existent material systems. We developed a material design space to find new material combinations that takes into account unequal effective widths of the layers, as commonly used in fused filament fabrication, and deflections under self-weight. (2) For this purpose, we adapted Timoshenko’s model for the curvature of bilayer strips and used an established hygromorphic 4D-printed bilayer system to validate its ability to predict curvatures in various experiments. (3) The combination of curvature evaluation with simple, linear beam deflection calculations leads to an analytical solution space to study influences of Young’s moduli, swelling strains and densities on deflection under self-weight and curvature under hygroscopic swelling. It shows that the choice of the ratio of Young’s moduli can be crucial for achieving a solution that is stable against production errors. (4) Under the assumption of linear material behavior, the presented development of a material design space allows selection or design of a suited material combination for application-specific, bio-inspired bilayer systems with unequal layer widths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Krüger
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (R.T.)
| | - Rebecca Thierer
- Institute for Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture (IntCDC), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany; (Y.T.); (D.W.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.K.); (R.T.)
| | - Yasaman Tahouni
- Cluster of Excellence Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture (IntCDC), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany; (Y.T.); (D.W.); (A.M.)
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Renate Sachse
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany;
| | - Dylan Wood
- Cluster of Excellence Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture (IntCDC), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany; (Y.T.); (D.W.); (A.M.)
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Achim Menges
- Cluster of Excellence Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture (IntCDC), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany; (Y.T.); (D.W.); (A.M.)
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manfred Bischoff
- Institute for Structural Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture (IntCDC), University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 11, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany; (Y.T.); (D.W.); (A.M.)
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany;
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10
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Quan H, Pirosa A, Yang W, Ritchie RO, Meyers MA. Hydration-induced reversible deformation of the pine cone. Acta Biomater 2021; 128:370-383. [PMID: 33964479 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The scales of pine cones undergo reversible deformation due to hydration changes in order to optimize seed dispersal. This improves the survivability of the pine. The reversible flexing of the scales is caused by two tissue layers arranged in a sandwich configuration: a layer composed of sclereid cells and a sclerenchyma layer. They expand differentially upon hydration (and contract upon dehydration) due to differences in the structure that are analyzed here for Torrey pine (Pinustorreyana) cones. In addition to this well-known mechanism by which the cellulose microfibrils in the scales vary their angle with the wood cell axis, we confirm the presence of a porosity gradient in the sclereid cells and calculate, using a model consisting of three layers, the stresses generated upon dehydration taking into account the effect of hydration on the elastic modulus. Our quantitative analysis reveals that this gradient structure can significantly decrease the stress concentrations due to the mismatch between the two layers, and show that this is an ingenious design to increase the interfacial toughness to improve the robustness of pine cone scales. We also show that each individual layer of sclereid cells and sclerenchyma fibers undergoes bending when hydrated separately, and suggest that the two layers operate synergistically to effect the required deformation for seed release. A synthetic bioinspired analog consisting of hydrogels with different porosities is used to confirm this principal actuation mechanism. These findings may inspire the materials science and mechanical engineering communities to develop more robust, biocompatible and energy-efficient actuation systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Some biological structures can exhibit reversible deformation enabled by water inflow and outflow of their structure. We analyse the reversible motion of pine cone scales. The dehydration produces their flexure and opening, resulting in the release of seeds and their dispersal, when conditions are right. This process is reversible, and rehydration of the pine cone recloses the scales. The processes of flexing and straightening are governed by shrinking and swelling which are directed by differences in the arrangement of cellulose microfibrils in a bilayer construct. We demonstrate that the scales are more complex than a simple bilayer structure and that they actually have gradients, which significantly reduce the internal stresses and ensure their integrity. We analyse the process of opening and closing of the scales for a gradient structure in the Torrey pine cone using a simple idealized trilayer model. The results demonstrate a significant decrease in internal stresses produced by the gradient structure. Using the lessons learned from the pine cone, we produce a bilayer junction using hydrogels with different porosities which exhibit the same reversible bending response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Quan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Arnaud Pirosa
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Wen Yang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA.
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Marc A Meyers
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA; Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA.
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11
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Eder M, Schäffner W, Burgert I, Fratzl P. Wood and the Activity of Dead Tissue. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001412. [PMID: 32748985 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Wood is a prototypical biological material, which adapts to mechanical requirements. The microarchitecture of cellulose fibrils determines the mechanical properties of woody materials, as well as their actuation properties, based on absorption and desorption of water. Herein it is argued that cellulose fiber orientation corresponds to an analog code that determines the response of wood to humidity as an active material. Examples for the harvesting of wood activity, as well as bioinspiration, are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Eder
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schäffner
- Institute of Cultural History and Theory, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Ingo Burgert
- ETH Zürich, Wood Materials Science, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- Empa, Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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12
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Fourmann O, Hausmann MK, Neels A, Schubert M, Nyström G, Zimmermann T, Siqueira G. 3D printing of shape-morphing and antibacterial anisotropic nanocellulose hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117716. [PMID: 33673992 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report on a procedure for the preparation, printing and curing of antibacterial poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanocellulose-reinforced hydrogels. These composites present a highly anisotropic microstructure which allows to control and modulate the resulting mechanical properties. The incorporation of such nanoparticles enables us to modify both the strength and the humidity-dependent swelling direction of printed parts, offering a fourth-dimensional property to the resulting composite. Antibacterial properties of the hydrogels were obtained by incorporating the functionalized peptide ε-polylysine, modified with the addition of a methacrylate group to ensure UV-immobilization. We highlight the relevance of well-adapted viscoelastic properties of our material for 3D printing by direct ink writing of self-supporting complex structures reaching inclination angles of 45°. The addition of cellulose nanoparticles, the overall ink composition and the printing parameters strongly determine the resulting degree of orientation. The achieved control over the anisotropic swelling properties paves the way to complex three-dimensional structures with programmable actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Fourmann
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael K Hausmann
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Neels
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Center for X-ray Analytics, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mark Schubert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Tanja Zimmermann
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gilberto Siqueira
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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13
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Chemin M, Beaumal B, Cathala B, Villares A. pH-Responsive Properties of Asymmetric Nanopapers of Nanofibrillated Cellulose. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1380. [PMID: 32679783 PMCID: PMC7408521 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by plant movements driven by the arrangement of cellulose, we have fabricated nanopapers of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) showing actuation under pH changes. Bending was achieved by a concentration gradient of charged groups along the film thickness. Hence, the resulting nanopapers contained higher concentration of charged groups on one side of the film than on the opposite side, so that pH changes resulted in charge-dependent asymmetric deprotonation of the two layers. Electrostatic repulsions separate the nanofibers in the nanopaper, thus facilitating an asymmetric swelling and the subsequent expanding that results in bending. Nanofibrillated cellulose was modified by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl radical (TEMPO) oxidation at two reaction times to get different surface concentrations of carboxylic acid groups. TEMPO-oxidized NFC was further chemically transformed into amine-modified NFC by amidation. The formation of graded nanopapers was accomplished by successive filtration of NFC dispersions with varying charge nature and/or concentration. The extent of bending was controlled by the charge concentration and the nanopaper thickness. The direction of bending was tuned by the layer composition (carboxylic acid or amine groups). In all cases, a steady-state was achieved within less than 25 s. This work opens new routes for the use of cellulosic materials as actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Villares
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), UR Biopolymer, Interactions, Assemblies (BIA), F-44316 Nantes, France; (M.C.); (B.B.); (B.C.)
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14
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Spinks GM. Advanced Actuator Materials Powered by Biomimetic Helical Fiber Topologies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904093. [PMID: 31793710 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Helical constructs are ubiquitous in nature at all size domains, from molecular to macroscopic. The helical topology confers unique mechanical functions that activate certain phenomena, such as twining vines and vital cellular functions like the folding and packing of DNA into chromosomes. The understanding of active mechanical processes in plants, certain musculature in animals, and some biochemical processes in cells provides insight into the versatility of the helix. Most of these natural systems consist of helically oriented filaments embedded in a compliant matrix. In some cases, the matrix can change volume and in others the filaments can contract and the matrix is passive. In both cases, the helically arranged fibers determine the overall shape change with a great variety of responses involving length contraction/elongation, twisting, bending, and coiling. Synthetic actuator materials and systems that employ helical topologies have been described recently and demonstrate many fascinating and complex shape changes. However, significant new opportunities exist to mimic some of the most remarkable actions in nature, including the Vorticella's coiling stalk and DNA's supercoils, in the quest for superior artificial muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Spinks
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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15
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Zhang K, Oldenhof S, Wang Y, Esch JH, Mendes E. Spatial Manipulation and Integration of Supramolecular Filaments on Hydrogel Substrates towards Advanced Soft Devices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Deflt University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Sander Oldenhof
- Department of Chemical Engineering Deflt University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
- Netherlands Forensic Institute Laan van Ypenburg 6 2497 GB Den Haag The Netherlands
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Deflt University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Jan H. Esch
- Department of Chemical Engineering Deflt University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Mendes
- Department of Chemical Engineering Deflt University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
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16
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Zhang K, Oldenhof S, Wang Y, Esch JH, Mendes E. Spatial Manipulation and Integration of Supramolecular Filaments on Hydrogel Substrates towards Advanced Soft Devices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8601-8607. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Deflt University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Sander Oldenhof
- Department of Chemical Engineering Deflt University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
- Netherlands Forensic Institute Laan van Ypenburg 6 2497 GB Den Haag The Netherlands
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Deflt University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Jan H. Esch
- Department of Chemical Engineering Deflt University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Mendes
- Department of Chemical Engineering Deflt University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
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17
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Zhao R, Liu W, Xia T, Yang L. Disordered Mechanical Stress and Tissue Engineering Therapies in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071151. [PMID: 31284436 PMCID: PMC6680713 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP), commonly induced by intervertebral disc degeneration, is a lumbar disease with worldwide prevalence. However, the mechanism of degeneration remains unclear. The intervertebral disc is a nonvascular organ consisting of three components: Nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and endplate cartilages. The disc is structured to support our body motion and endure persistent external mechanical pressure. Thus, there is a close connection between force and intervertebral discs in LBP. It is well established that with aging, disordered mechanical stress profoundly influences the fate of nucleus pulposus and the alignment of collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus. These support a new understanding that disordered mechanical stress plays an important role in the degeneration of the intervertebral discs. Tissue-engineered regenerative and reparative therapies are being developed for relieving disc degeneration and symptoms of lower back pain. In this paper, we will review the current literature available on the role of disordered mechanical stress in intervertebral disc degeneration, and evaluate the existing tissue engineering treatment strategies of the current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Wanqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Tingting Xia
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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18
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Lin H, Zhang S, Xiao Y, Zhang C, Zhu J, Dunlop JWC, Yuan J. Organic Molecule-Driven Polymeric Actuators. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1800896. [PMID: 30811751 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the motions of plant tissues in response to external stimuli, significant attention has been devoted to the development of actuating polymeric materials. In particular, polymeric actuators driven by organic molecules have been designed due to their combined superiorities of tunable functional monomers, designable chemical structures, and variable structural anisotropy. Here, the recent progress is summarized in terms of material synthesis, structure design, polymer-solvent interaction, and actuating performance. In addition, various possibilities for practical applications, including the ability to sense chemical vapors and solvent isomers, and future directions to satisfy the requirement of sensing and smart systems are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Suyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chenjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jixin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Morphophysics Group, Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
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19
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Siéfert E, Reyssat E, Bico J, Roman B. Bio-inspired pneumatic shape-morphing elastomers. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:24-28. [PMID: 30455447 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shape-morphing structures are at the core of future applications in aeronautics1, minimally invasive surgery2, tissue engineering3 and smart materials4. However, current engineering technologies, based on inhomogeneous actuation across the thickness of slender structures, are intrinsically limited to one-directional bending5. Here, we describe a strategy where mesostructured elastomer plates undergo fast, controllable and complex shape transformations under applied pressure. Similar to pioneering techniques based on soft hydrogel swelling6-10, these pneumatic shape-morphing elastomers, termed here as 'baromorphs', are inspired by the morphogenesis of biological structures11-15. Geometric restrictions are overcome by controlling precisely the local growth rate and direction through a specific network of airways embedded inside the rubber plate. We show how arbitrary three-dimensional shapes can be programmed using an analytic theoretical model, propose a direct geometric solution to the inverse problem, and illustrate the versatility of the technique with a collection of configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Siéfert
- Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Reyssat
- Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - José Bico
- Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Roman
- Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes (PMMH), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
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20
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Schaber CF, Kreitschitz A, Gorb SN. Friction-Active Surfaces Based on Free-Standing Anchored Cellulose Nanofibrils. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37566-37574. [PMID: 30229647 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A specific feature of fibrous surfaces is the dependence of their mechanical properties on the alignment of the fibers. Vertically aligned fibers enhance friction and adhesion, whereas horizontal fibers are known to act as a lubricant reducing the friction. Many plants form a specific fibrous mucilage cover around their seeds upon hydration. This mucilage consists of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and strongly hydrophilic pectins. We show that the controlled critical-point drying of hydrated seed mucilage of three exemplary seed mucilage-rich plant species results in the exposure of free-standing cellulose nanofibers with a very high aspect ratio and anchored to the seed surface. The structural dimensions of the cellulose nanofibers are similar to the vertically aligned carbon nanotubes and the contact elements in the adhesion system of the gecko that show an outstanding high dry friction and adhesion. Tribological experiments demonstrate very high average friction coefficients when sliding a smooth and stiff probe over the surface of such arrays of dry free-standing cellulose nanofibrils in the range from 1.4 to 1.8. The high friction values most likely arise from bending of the single cellulose fibers and their alignment with the counterpart surface in close contact. We suggest the potential of free-standing cellulose nanofibrils of plant seed mucilage as a natural and ecologically friendly material where high contact forces to surfaces in dry environments are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens F Schaber
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute , Kiel University , Am Botanischen Garten 9 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Agnieszka Kreitschitz
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute , Kiel University , Am Botanischen Garten 9 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology , University of Wrocław , ul. Kanonia , 50-328 Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute , Kiel University , Am Botanischen Garten 9 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
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21
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Shtein I, Bar-On B, Popper ZA. Plant and algal structure: from cell walls to biomechanical function. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:56-66. [PMID: 29572853 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant and algal cell walls are complex biomaterials composed of stiff cellulose microfibrils embedded in a soft matrix of polysaccharides, proteins and phenolic compounds. Cell wall composition differs between taxonomic groups and different tissue types (or even at the sub-cellular level) within a plant enabling specific biomechanical properties important for cell/tissue function. Moreover, cell wall composition changes may be induced in response to environmental conditions. Plant structure, habit, morphology and internal anatomy are also dependent on the taxonomic group as well as abiotic and biotic factors. This review aims to examine the complex and incompletely understood interactions of cell wall composition, plant form and biomechanical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Shtein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
- Botany and Plant Science, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Eastern Region Research and Development Center, Ariel, Israel
| | - Benny Bar-On
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Zoë A Popper
- Botany and Plant Science, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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22
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Liang Z, Liu Y, Zhang F, Ai Y, Liang Q. Dehydration-triggered shape morphing based on asymmetric bubble hydrogel microfibers. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6623-6626. [PMID: 29938287 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00984h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by nature, scientists have been engaged in developing deformable artificial systems. Here, we propose an innovative method to realize controllable deformations using asymmetric bubble hydrogel microfibers produced by microfluidic cascaded coaxial devices. Asymmetric geometries, coupled with the mismatched shrinkage ratio, contribute to deformations upon dehydration. The dynamic process can be controlled by regulating bubble sizes, distances and packing modes. Various 4D structures have been constructed. Combined with the 3D printing technique, this proof-of-concept study may open new avenues for bio-engineering and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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23
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Yanez A, Desta I, Commins P, Magzoub M, Naumov P. Morphokinematics of the Hygroactuation of Feather Grass Awns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Yanez
- New York University Abu Dhabi; PO Box 129188 Saadiyat Island Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Israel Desta
- New York University Abu Dhabi; PO Box 129188 Saadiyat Island Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Patrick Commins
- New York University Abu Dhabi; PO Box 129188 Saadiyat Island Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Mazin Magzoub
- New York University Abu Dhabi; PO Box 129188 Saadiyat Island Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi; PO Box 129188 Saadiyat Island Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
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24
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Deuerling S, Kugler S, Klotz M, Zollfrank C, Van Opdenbosch D. A Perspective on Bio-Mediated Material Structuring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703656. [PMID: 29178190 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspiration, biomorphy, biomimicry, biomimetics, bionics, and biotemplating are terms used to describe the fabrication of materials or, more generally, systems to solve technological problems by abstracting, emulating, using, or transferring structures from biological paradigms. Herein, a brief overview of how the different terminologies are being typically applied is provided. It is proposed that there is a rich field of research that can be expanded by utilizing various novel approaches for the guidance of living organisms for "bio-mediated" material structuring purposes. As examples of contact-based or contact-free guidance, such as substrate patterning, the application of light, magnetic fields, or chemical gradients, potentially interesting methods of creating hierarchically structured monolithic engineering materials, using live patterned biomass, biofilms, or extracellular substances as scaffolds, are presented. The potential advantages of such materials are discussed, and examples of live self-patterning of materials are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Deuerling
- Technical University of Munich Chair of Biogenic Polymers, Schulgasse 16, D-94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Sabine Kugler
- Technical University of Munich Chair of Biogenic Polymers, Schulgasse 16, D-94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Moritz Klotz
- Technical University of Munich Chair of Biogenic Polymers, Schulgasse 16, D-94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Cordt Zollfrank
- Technical University of Munich Chair of Biogenic Polymers, Schulgasse 16, D-94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Daniel Van Opdenbosch
- Technical University of Munich Chair of Biogenic Polymers, Schulgasse 16, D-94315, Straubing, Germany
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25
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Poppinga S, Zollfrank C, Prucker O, Rühe J, Menges A, Cheng T, Speck T. Toward a New Generation of Smart Biomimetic Actuators for Architecture. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703653. [PMID: 29064124 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Motile plant structures (e.g., leaves, petals, cone scales, and capsules) are functionally highly robust and resilient concept generators for the development of biomimetic actuators for architecture. Here, a concise review of the state-of-the-art of plant movement principles and derived biomimetic devices is provided. Achieving complex and higher-dimensional shape changes and passive-hydraulic actuation at a considerable time scale, as well as mechanical robustness of the motile technical structures, is challenging. For example, almost all currently available bioinspired hydraulic actuators show similar limitations due to the poroelastic time scale. Therefore, a major challenge is increasing the system size to the meter range, with actuation times of minutes or below. This means that response speed and flow rate need significant improvement for the systems, and the long-term performance degradation issue of hygroscopic materials needs to be addressed. A theoretical concept for "escaping" the poroelastic regime is proposed, and the possibilities for enhancing the mechanical properties of passive-hydraulic bilayer actuators are discussed. Furthermore, the promising aspects for further studies to implement tropistic movement behavior are presented, i.e., movement that depends on the direction of the triggering stimulus, which can finally lead to "smart building skins" that autonomously and self-sufficiently react to changing environmental stimuli in a direction-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, D-79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Cordt Zollfrank
- Chair of Biogenic Polymers, Straubing Center of Science for Renewable Resources, Technical University Munich, D-94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Oswald Prucker
- Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, D-79110, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, D-79110, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, D-79110, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, D-79110, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Achim Menges
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, D-70174, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tiffany Cheng
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, D-70174, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, D-79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, D-79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, D-79110, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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26
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Almeida APC, Canejo JP, Fernandes SN, Echeverria C, Almeida PL, Godinho MH. Cellulose-Based Biomimetics and Their Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703655. [PMID: 29333680 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nature has been producing cellulose since long before man walked the surface of the earth. Millions of years of natural design and testing have resulted in cellulose-based structures that are an inspiration for the production of synthetic materials based on cellulose with properties that can mimic natural designs, functions, and properties. Here, five sections describe cellulose-based materials with characteristics that are inspired by gratings that exist on the petals of the plants, structurally colored materials, helical filaments produced by plants, water-responsive materials in plants, and environmental stimuli-responsive tissues found in insects and plants. The synthetic cellulose-based materials described herein are in the form of fibers and films. Fascinating multifunctional materials are prepared from cellulose-based liquid crystals and from composite cellulosic materials that combine functionality with structural performance. Future and recent applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P C Almeida
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João P Canejo
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Susete N Fernandes
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Coro Echeverria
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro L Almeida
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Área Departamental de Física, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria H Godinho
- i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
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Athas JC, Nguyen CP, Kummar S, Raghavan SR. Cation-induced folding of alginate-bearing bilayer gels: an unusual example of spontaneous folding along the long axis. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:2735-2743. [PMID: 29565078 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous folding of flat gel films into tubes is an interesting example of self-assembly. Typically, a rectangular film folds along its short axis when forming a tube; folding along the long axis has been seen only in rare instances when the film is constrained. Here, we report a case where the same free-swelling gel film folds along either its long or short axis depending on the concentration of a solute. Our gels are sandwiches (bilayers) of two layers: a passive layer of cross-linked N,N'-dimethylyacrylamide (DMAA) and an active layer of cross-linked DMAA that also contains chains of the biopolymer alginate. Multivalent cations like Ca2+ and Cu2+ induce these bilayer gels to fold into tubes. The folding occurs instantly when a flat film of the gel is introduced into a solution of these cations. The likely cause for folding is that the active layer stiffens and shrinks (because the alginate chains in it get cross-linked by the cations) whereas the passive layer is unaffected. The resulting mismatch in swelling degree between the two layers creates internal stresses that drive folding. Cations that are incapable of cross-linking alginate, such as Na+ and Mg2+, do not induce gel folding. Moreover, the striking aspect is the direction of folding. When the Ca2+ concentration is high (100 mM or higher), the gels fold along their long axis, whereas when the Ca2+ concentration is low (40 to 80 mM), the gels fold along their short axis. We hypothesize that the folding axis is dictated by the inhomogeneous nature of alginate-cation cross-linking, i.e., that the edges get cross-linked before the faces of the gel. At high Ca2+ concentration, the stiffer edges constrain the folding; in turn, the gel folds such that the longer edges are deformed less, which explains the folding along the long axis. At low Ca2+ concentration, the edges and the faces of the gel are more similar in their degree of cross-linking; therefore, the gel folds along its short axis. An analogy can be made to natural structures (such as leaves and seed pods) where stiff elements provide the directionality for folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin C Athas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
| | - Catherine P Nguyen
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Shailaa Kummar
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA and Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Srinivasa R Raghavan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. and Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Schaffner M, Faber JA, Pianegonda L, Rühs PA, Coulter F, Studart AR. 3D printing of robotic soft actuators with programmable bioinspired architectures. Nat Commun 2018; 9:878. [PMID: 29491371 PMCID: PMC5830454 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft actuation allows robots to interact safely with humans, other machines, and their surroundings. Full exploitation of the potential of soft actuators has, however, been hindered by the lack of simple manufacturing routes to generate multimaterial parts with intricate shapes and architectures. Here, we report a 3D printing platform for the seamless digital fabrication of pneumatic silicone actuators exhibiting programmable bioinspired architectures and motions. The actuators comprise an elastomeric body whose surface is decorated with reinforcing stripes at a well-defined lead angle. Similar to the fibrous architectures found in muscular hydrostats, the lead angle can be altered to achieve elongation, contraction, or twisting motions. Using a quantitative model based on lamination theory, we establish design principles for the digital fabrication of silicone-based soft actuators whose functional response is programmed within the material's properties and architecture. Exploring such programmability enables 3D printing of a broad range of soft morphing structures. 3D-printed soft actuators have limited motion and are far from reaching the level of complexity found in biological systems. Here the authors present a multimaterial 3D printing platform for the fabrication of soft actuators displaying a wide range of motions that are programmable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schaffner
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob A Faber
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lucas Pianegonda
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick A Rühs
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fergal Coulter
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,UCD School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - André R Studart
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Montero de Espinosa L, Meesorn W, Moatsou D, Weder C. Bioinspired Polymer Systems with Stimuli-Responsive Mechanical Properties. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12851-12892. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Worarin Meesorn
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dafni Moatsou
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Borowska-Wykręt D, Rypień A, Dulski M, Grelowski M, Wrzalik R, Kwiatkowska D. Gradient of structural traits drives hygroscopic movements of scarious bracts surrounding Helichrysum bracteatum capitulum. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:1365-1383. [PMID: 28334385 PMCID: PMC5604587 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The capitulum of Helichrysum bracteatum is surrounded by scarious involucral bracts that perform hygroscopic movements leading to bract bending toward or away from the capitulum, depending on cell wall water status. The present investigation aimed at explaining the mechanism of these movements. Methods Surface strain and bract shape changes accompanying the movements were quantified using the replica method. Dissection experiments were used to assess the contribution of different tissues in bract deformation. Cell wall structure and composition were examined with the aid of light and electron microscopy as well as confocal Raman spectroscopy. Key Results At the bract hinge (organ actuator) longitudinal strains at opposite surfaces differ profoundly. This results in changes of hinge curvature that drive passive displacement of distal bract portions. The distal portions in turn undergo nearly uniform strain on both surfaces and also minute shape changes. The hinge is built of sclerenchyma-like abaxial tissue, parenchyma and adaxial epidermis with thickened outer walls. Cell wall composition is rather uniform but tissue fraction occupied by cell walls, cell wall thickness, compactness and cellulose microfibril orientation change gradually from abaxial to adaxial hinge surface. Dissection experiments show that the presence of part of the hinge tissues is enough for movements. Conclusions Differential strain at the hinge is due to adaxial-abaxial gradient in structural traits of hinge tissues and cell walls. Thus, the bract hinge of H. bracteatum is a structure comprising gradually changing tissues, from highly resisting to highly active, rather than a bi-layered structure with distinct active and resistance parts, often ascribed for hygroscopically moving organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Borowska-Wykręt
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rypień
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Institute of Material Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Michał Grelowski
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Roman Wrzalik
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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Honeycomb Actuators Inspired by the Unfolding of Ice Plant Seed Capsules. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163506. [PMID: 27806052 PMCID: PMC5091791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant hydro-actuated systems provide a rich source of inspiration for designing autonomously morphing devices. One such example, the pentagonal ice plant seed capsule, achieves complex mechanical actuation which is critically dependent on its hierarchical organization. The functional core of this actuation system involves the controlled expansion of a highly swellable cellulosic layer, which is surrounded by a non-swellable honeycomb framework. In this work, we extract the design principles behind the unfolding of the ice plant seed capsules, and use two different approaches to develop autonomously deforming honeycomb devices as a proof of concept. By combining swelling experiments with analytical and finite element modelling, we elucidate the role of each design parameter on the actuation of the prototypes. Through these approaches, we demonstrate potential pathways to design/develop/construct autonomously morphing systems by tailoring and amplifying the initial material’s response to external stimuli through simple geometric design of the system at two different length scales.
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Van Opdenbosch D, Fritz-Popovski G, Wagermaier W, Paris O, Zollfrank C. Moisture-Driven Ceramic Bilayer Actuators from a Biotemplating Approach. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5235-5240. [PMID: 27153214 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The former ovuliferous scales of biotemplated cones of Pinus nigra show moisture-driven actuation similar to their biological templates, demonstrating a facile route to obtain ceramic moisture-sensitive bilayer actuators. Based on comparative analysis of their hierarchical nanometer-precision replica structures, using, e.g., spatially resolved small-angle X-ray scattering, the origin of the actuation is explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Van Opdenbosch
- Professur für Biogene Polymere, Technische Universität München, Straubing Center of Science for Renewable Resources, Schulgasse 16, D-94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz-Popovski
- Institut für Physik, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Abteilung Biomaterialien, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oskar Paris
- Institut für Physik, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, A-8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Cordt Zollfrank
- Professur für Biogene Polymere, Technische Universität München, Straubing Center of Science for Renewable Resources, Schulgasse 16, D-94315, Straubing, Germany
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Le Duigou A, Castro M. Evaluation of force generation mechanisms in natural, passive hydraulic actuators. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18105. [PMID: 26726792 PMCID: PMC4733047 DOI: 10.1038/srep18105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine cones are well known natural actuators that can move their scales upon humidity gradient. The mechanism manifests itself through a displacement easily observable by the naked eye, but coupled with stress generation. In ancient Egypt, wooden wedges were used to break soft blocks of stone by the generated swelling stress. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the ability of pine cone scales to generate forces while being wetted. In our experiments, a blocking force of around 3N is measured depending on the position on the pine cone where the scales are extracted. A fairly good agreement is obtained when theoretical results based on bimetallic strip systems are compared with experimental data, even if overestimation is observed arising from the input data considered for dry tissues. Inspired by a simplified pine cone microstructure, a biocomposite analogue is manufactured and tested. Although an adequate blocking force can be generated, it has a lower value compared to natural pine cones which benefit from optimized swelling tissue content and interfacial bond strength between them. This study provides new insights to understand the generation of force by pine cones as well as to develop novel biocomposite functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Le Duigou
- Polymer and Composite, European University of Brittany (UEB), LIMATB-UBS, Lorient, France
| | - M. Castro
- Smart Plastics Group, European University of Brittany (UEB), LIMATB-UBS, Lorient, France
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Abstract
Inspired by the responsive characteristics of natural fibrous counterparts, triple stimuli, pH-, drug-, and near-infrared (NIR) light-responsive Janus composite nanosheets (JCNs) were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwan Kim
- Cardiovascular Research Institute
- Yokohama City University
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Tsai-Ming Lu
- Nanoparticles by Design Unit
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology
- Onna-Son
- Japan
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35
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A Mechanically Actuating Carbon‐Nanotube Fiber in Response to Water and Moisture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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He S, Chen P, Qiu L, Wang B, Sun X, Xu Y, Peng H. A Mechanically Actuating Carbon‐Nanotube Fiber in Response to Water and Moisture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14880-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438 (China)
| | - Peining Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438 (China)
| | - Longbin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438 (China)
| | - Bingjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438 (China)
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438 (China)
| | - Yifan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438 (China)
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438 (China)
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Guiducci L, Fratzl P, Bréchet YJM, Dunlop JWC. Pressurized honeycombs as soft-actuators: a theoretical study. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:20140458. [PMID: 24966238 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The seed capsule of Delosperma nakurense is a remarkable example of a natural hygromorph, which unfolds its protecting valves upon wetting to expose its seeds. The beautiful mechanism responsible for this motion is generated by a specialized organ based on an anisotropic cellular tissue filled with a highly swelling material. Inspired by this system, we study the mechanics of a diamond honeycomb internally pressurized by a fluid phase. Numerical homogenization by means of iterative finite-element (FE) simulations is adapted to the case of cellular materials filled with a variable pressure fluid phase. Like its biological counterpart, it is shown that the material architecture controls and guides the otherwise unspecific isotropic expansion of the fluid. Deformations up to twice the original dimensions can be achieved by simply setting the value of input pressure. In turn, these deformations cause a marked change of the honeycomb geometry and hence promote a stiffening of the material along the weak direction. To understand the mechanism further, we also developed a micromechanical model based on the Born model for crystal elasticity to find an explicit relation between honeycomb geometry, swelling eigenstrains and elastic properties. The micromechanical model is in good qualitative agreement with the FE simulations. Moreover, we also provide the force-stroke characteristics of a soft actuator based on the pressurized anisotropic honeycomb and show how the internal pressure has a nonlinear effect which can result in negative values of the in-plane Poisson's ratio. As nature shows in the case of the D. nakurense seed capsule, cellular materials can be used not only as low-weight structural materials, but also as simple but convenient actuating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Guiducci
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yves J M Bréchet
- CEA-Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris, France
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
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38
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Studart AR. Biologically Inspired Dynamic Material Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3400-16. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Razghandi K, Bertinetti L, Guiducci L, Dunlop JWC, Fratzl P, Neinhuis C, Burgert I. Hydro-actuation of ice plant seed capsules powered by water uptake. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2014. [DOI: 10.1680/bbn.14.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Unlike well-known plant hydro-actuation systems that respond to changes in relative humidity (RH) (e.g. wheat awns), ice plant seed capsules undergo a reversible origami-like unfolding and release their seeds only in response to exposure to liquid water. The engine for ice plant actuation was found to be the water uptake and swelling of a highly swellable cellulosic inner layer (CIL) inside the cell lumen of a hygroscopic tissue responsible for the unfolding movement. CIL was found to have an open structure with porous lamellae filling the gap between denser cellulosic mats. Thermogravimetric analysis of water–CIL interaction showed that the initial enthalpy-driven adsorption of water can only account for increasing the moisture content up to about 0·4 mg/mg, which is not sufficient to initiate the actuation. By applying a combined chemo-mechanical model, we could show that the entropic gain of the system through further water uptake (40–350 wt%) is sufficient to accomplish a full opening of the seed capsules through a sophisticated design at various hierarchical levels of the system. The principles behind this actuation mechanism may inspire the development of hydro-responsive devices that, although being highly hydrophilic, only respond to liquid water and not to changes in RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Razghandi
- Research Fellow, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany
- ETHZ, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Bertinetti
- Doctor, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Guiducci
- Doctor, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany
| | - John W. C. Dunlop
- Doctor, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Professor, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christoph Neinhuis
- Professor, Technical University of Dresden, Institute for Botany, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Professor, ETHZ, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), Zurich, Switzerland
- Empa, Applied Wood Materials, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Jung W, Kim W, Kim HY. Self-burial mechanics of hygroscopically responsive awns. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:1034-42. [PMID: 24760793 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the results of a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the mechanics of self-burial of some plant seeds whose morphologies respond to environmental changes in humidity. The seeds of Erodium and Pelargonium have hygroscopically responsive awns that play a critical role in their self-burial into soil. The awn, coiled in a dry state, uncoils to stretch linearly under highly humid condition because of a tilted arrangement of cellulose microfibrils in one of the layers of the awn's bilayered structure. By measuring the mechanical characteristics of the awns of Pelargonium carnosum, we find that the extensional force of the awn can be aptly modeled by the theory of elasticity for a coiled spring. We further show that although the resistance to the seed-head penetrating relatively coarse soils without spinning is large enough to block the digging seed, the rotation of the seed greatly reduces the soil's resistance down to a level the awn can easily overcome. Our mechanical analysis reveals that the self-burial of the seed is a sophisticated outcome of the helically coiled configuration of the awn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjong Jung
- *Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | - Wonjung Kim
- *Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | - Ho-Young Kim
- *Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
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Studart AR, Erb RM. Bioinspired materials that self-shape through programmed microstructures. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:1284-94. [PMID: 24651249 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm51883c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nature displays numerous examples of materials that can autonomously change their shape in response to external stimuli. Remarkably, shape changes in biological systems can be programmed within the material's microstructure to enable self-shaping capabilities even in the absence of cellular control. Here, we revisit recent attempts to replicate in synthetic materials the shape-changing behavior of selected natural materials displaying deliberately tuned fibrous architectures. Simple processing methods like drawing, spinning or casting under magnetic fields are shown to be effective in mimicking the orientation and spatial distribution of reinforcing fibers of natural materials, thus enabling unique shape-changing features in synthetic systems. The bioinspired design and creation of self-shaping microstructures represent a new pathway to program shape changes in synthetic materials. In contrast to shape-memory polymers and metallic alloys, the self-shaping capabilities in these bioinspired materials originate at the microstructural level rather than the molecular scale. This enables the creation of programmable shape changes using building blocks that would otherwise not display the intrinsic molecular/atomic phase transitions required in conventional shape-memory materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R Studart
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Qin Z, Dimas L, Adler D, Bratzel G, Buehler MJ. Biological materials by design. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:073101. [PMID: 24451343 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/7/073101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this topical review we discuss recent advances in the use of physical insight into the way biological materials function, to design novel engineered materials 'from scratch', or from the level of fundamental building blocks upwards and by using computational multiscale methods that link chemistry to material function. We present studies that connect advances in multiscale hierarchical material structuring with material synthesis and testing, review case studies of wood and other biological materials, and illustrate how engineered fiber composites and bulk materials are designed, modeled, and then synthesized and tested experimentally. The integration of experiment and simulation in multiscale design opens new avenues to explore the physics of materials from a fundamental perspective, and using complementary strengths from models and empirical techniques. Recent developments in this field illustrate a new paradigm by which complex material functionality is achieved through hierarchical structuring in spite of simple material constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Qin
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 1-290, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Bertinetti L, Fischer FD, Fratzl P. Physicochemical basis for water-actuated movement and stress generation in nonliving plant tissues. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:238001. [PMID: 24476305 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.238001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Generating stresses and strains through water uptake from atmospheric humidity is a common process in nature, e.g., in seed dispersal. Actuation depends on a balance between chemical interactions and the elastic energy required to accomplish the volume change. In order to study the poorly understood chemical interactions, we combine mechanosorption experiments with theoretical calculations of the swelling behavior to estimate the mechanical energy and extract the contribution of the chemical energy per absorbed water molecule. The latter is highest in the completely dry state and stays almost constant at about 1.2 kT for higher hydrations. This suggests that water bound to the macromolecular components of the wood tissues acquires one additional hydrogen bond per eight water molecules, thus providing energy for actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bertinetti
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterial Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - F D Fischer
- Institute of Mechanics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - P Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterial Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Joffre T, Neagu RC, Bardage SL, Gamstedt EK. Modelling of the hygroelastic behaviour of normal and compression wood tracheids. J Struct Biol 2013; 185:89-98. [PMID: 24184469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Compression wood conifer tracheids show different swelling and stiffness properties than those of usual normal wood, which has a practical function in the living plant: when a conifer shoot is moved from its vertical position, compression wood is formed in the under part of the shoot. The growth rate of the compression wood is faster than in the upper part resulting in a renewed horizontal growth. The actuating and load-carrying function of the compression wood is addressed, on the basis of its special ultrastructure and shape of the tracheids. As a first step, a quantitative model is developed to predict the difference of moisture-induced expansion and axial stiffness between normal wood and compression wood. The model is based on a state space approach using concentric cylinders with anisotropic helical structure for each cell-wall layer, whose hygroelastic properties are in turn determined by a self-consistent concentric cylinder assemblage of the constituent wood polymers. The predicted properties compare well with experimental results found in the literature. Significant differences in both stiffness and hygroexpansion are found for normal and compression wood, primarily due to the large difference in microfibril angle and lignin content. On the basis of these numerical results, some functional arguments for the reason of high microfibril angle, high lignin content and cylindrical structure of compression wood tracheids are supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Joffre
- Uppsala University, Department of Engineering Sciences, Ångström Laboratory, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Cristian Neagu
- Laboratoire de Technologie des Composites et Polymères (LTC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stig L Bardage
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, SP Wood Technology, P.O. Box 5609, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Kristofer Gamstedt
- Uppsala University, Department of Engineering Sciences, Ångström Laboratory, Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hussey SG, Mizrachi E, Creux NM, Myburg AA. Navigating the transcriptional roadmap regulating plant secondary cell wall deposition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:325. [PMID: 24009617 PMCID: PMC3756741 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The current status of lignocellulosic biomass as an invaluable resource in industry, agriculture, and health has spurred increased interest in understanding the transcriptional regulation of secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis. The last decade of research has revealed an extensive network of NAC, MYB and other families of transcription factors regulating Arabidopsis SCW biosynthesis, and numerous studies have explored SCW-related transcription factors in other dicots and monocots. Whilst the general structure of the Arabidopsis network has been a topic of several reviews, they have not comprehensively represented the detailed protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions described in the literature, and an understanding of network dynamics and functionality has not yet been achieved for SCW formation. Furthermore the methodologies employed in studies of SCW transcriptional regulation have not received much attention, especially in the case of non-model organisms. In this review, we have reconstructed the most exhaustive literature-based network representations to date of SCW transcriptional regulation in Arabidopsis. We include a manipulable Cytoscape representation of the Arabidopsis SCW transcriptional network to aid in future studies, along with a list of supporting literature for each documented interaction. Amongst other topics, we discuss the various components of the network, its evolutionary conservation in plants, putative modules and dynamic mechanisms that may influence network function, and the approaches that have been employed in network inference. Future research should aim to better understand network function and its response to dynamic perturbations, whilst the development and application of genome-wide approaches such as ChIP-seq and systems genetics are in progress for the study of SCW transcriptional regulation in non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
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Naumov P, Sahoo SC, Zakharov BA, Boldyreva EV. Dynamic single crystals: kinematic analysis of photoinduced crystal jumping (the photosalient effect). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9990-5. [PMID: 23873664 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Crystals on the move: If they are subjected to a strong light stimulus, crystals of the cobalt coordination compound [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl(NO3) undergo sudden jumps and leap over distances 10(2)-10(5) times their own size to release the strain that accumulates in their interior. The first quantitative kinematic analysis of this phenomenon is reported. The observed effect could be employed for actuation on the macroscopic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates).
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Naumov P, Sahoo SC, Zakharov BA, Boldyreva EV. Dynamic Single Crystals: Kinematic Analysis of Photoinduced Crystal Jumping (The Photosalient Effect). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abraham Y, Elbaum R. Hygroscopic movements in Geraniaceae: the structural variations that are responsible for coiling or bending. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:584-594. [PMID: 23574364 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The family Geraniaceae is characterized by a beak-like fruit, consisting of five seeds appended by a tapering awn. The awns exhibit coiling or bending hygroscopic movement as part of the seed dispersal strategy. Here we explain the variation in the hygroscopic reaction based on structural principles. We examined five representative species from three genera: Erodium, Geranium, and Pelargonium. Using X-ray diffraction, and electron and polarized light microscopy, we measured the cellulose microfibril angles in relation to the cell and cellulose helix axes. The behavior of separated single cells during dehydration was also examined. A bi-layered structure characterizes all the representative genera studied, with a hygroscopically contracting inner layer, and a stiff outer layer. We found that the cellulose arrangement in the inner layer is responsible for the type of awn deformation (coiling or bending). In three of the five awns examined, we identified an additional coiling outer sublayer, which adds coiling deformation to the awn. We divide the movements into three types: bending, coiling, and coiled-bending. All movement types are found in the Geranium genus. These characteristics are of importance for understanding the evolution of seed dispersal mechanisms in the Geraniaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Abraham
- The Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Erb RM, Sander JS, Grisch R, Studart AR. Self-shaping composites with programmable bioinspired microstructures. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1712. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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