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Arnold C, Ellwanger K, Kufer TA. Analysis of the Localization of NLRs upon Shigella flexneri Infection Exemplified by NOD1. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2421:37-56. [PMID: 34870810 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1944-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors, able to respond to conserved microbial structures and endogenous danger signals. The NLR NOD1 responds to bacterial peptidoglycan, leading to recruitment of RIPK2, following activation of NFκB and MAPK pathways. In this chapter, we describe a fluorescent light microscopic approach to analyze the subcellular distribution of NOD1 upon infection with the invasive, Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri. This method is based on exogenously expressed EGFP-tagged NOD1 and describes a protocol to obtain inducible cell lines with functional NOD1 signaling. The described protocol is useful to study NOD1 function, also in living cells, using live cell imaging and can be adopted for the study of other NLR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Arnold
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kornelia Ellwanger
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
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2
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Kessie DK, Lodes N, Oberwinkler H, Goldman WE, Walles T, Steinke M, Gross R. Activity of Tracheal Cytotoxin of Bordetella pertussis in a Human Tracheobronchial 3D Tissue Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:614994. [PMID: 33585281 PMCID: PMC7873972 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.614994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is a highly contagious pathogen which causes whooping cough in humans. A major pathophysiology of infection is the extrusion of ciliated cells and subsequent disruption of the respiratory mucosa. Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT) is the only virulence factor produced by B. pertussis that has been able to recapitulate this pathology in animal models. This pathophysiology is well characterized in a hamster tracheal model, but human data are lacking due to scarcity of donor material. We assessed the impact of TCT and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the functional integrity of the human airway mucosa by using in vitro airway mucosa models developed by co-culturing human tracheobronchial epithelial cells and human tracheobronchial fibroblasts on porcine small intestinal submucosa scaffold under airlift conditions. TCT and LPS either alone and in combination induced blebbing and necrosis of the ciliated epithelia. TCT and LPS induced loss of ciliated epithelial cells and hyper-mucus production which interfered with mucociliary clearance. In addition, the toxins had a disruptive effect on the tight junction organization, significantly reduced transepithelial electrical resistance and increased FITC-Dextran permeability after toxin incubation. In summary, the results indicate that TCT collaborates with LPS to induce the disruption of the human airway mucosa as reported for the hamster tracheal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Kessie
- Biocentre, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nina Lodes
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Oberwinkler
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - William E. Goldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Thorsten Walles
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Medicine Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maria Steinke
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roy Gross
- Biocentre, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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de Aguiar Filho SQ, Costa AMF, Ribeiro IHS, Custodio R, Pereira DH. Theoretical study of the internal rotational barriers of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine-substituted ethanes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.112589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Ellwanger K, Briese S, Arnold C, Kienes I, Heim V, Nachbur U, Kufer TA. XIAP controls RIPK2 signaling by preventing its deposition in speck-like structures. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/4/e201900346. [PMID: 31350258 PMCID: PMC6660644 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides evidence that the NOD1/2-associated kinase RIPK2 localizes to detergent insoluble cytosolic complexes upon activation and suggests novel regulatory mechanisms for RIPK2 signaling. The receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2) is essential for linking activation of the pattern recognition receptors NOD1 and NOD2 to cellular signaling events. Recently, it was shown that RIPK2 can form higher order molecular structures in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that RIPK2 forms detergent insoluble complexes in the cytosol of host cells upon infection with invasive enteropathogenic bacteria. Formation of these structures occurred after NF-κB activation and depended on the caspase activation and recruitment domain of NOD1 or NOD2. Complex formation upon activation required RIPK2 autophosphorylation at Y474 and was influenced by phosphorylation at S176. We found that the E3 ligase X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) counteracts complex formation of RIPK2, accordingly mutation of the XIAP ubiquitylation sites in RIPK2 enhanced complex formation. Taken together, our work reveals novel roles of XIAP in the regulation of RIPK2 and expands our knowledge on the function of RIPK2 posttranslational modifications in NOD1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Ellwanger
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Selina Briese
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christine Arnold
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ioannis Kienes
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Valentin Heim
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ueli Nachbur
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Chen L, Kong L, Wei X, Wang Y, Wang B, Zhang X, Sun J, Liu H. β-arrestin 2 negatively regulates NOD2 signalling pathway through association with TRAF6 in microglia after cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3325-3335. [PMID: 30793522 PMCID: PMC6484299 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein (NOD) 2 was involved in the inflammatory responses to cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) insult. However, the mechanism by which NOD2 participates in brain ischaemic injury and the regulation of NOD2 in the process are still obscure. Increased β‐arrestin 2 (ARRB2) expression was observed in microglia following cerebral I/R in wild‐type mice besides the up‐regulation of NOD2 and TRAF6. Stimulation of NOD2 by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) in BV2 cells induced the activation of NF‐κB by the phosphorylation of p65 subunit and the degradation of IκBα. Meanwhile, the protein level of Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), the protein expression and activity of MMP‐9 were significantly increased in BV2 cells after administration of MDP. Furthermore, overexpression of ARRB2 significantly suppressed the inflammation induced by MDP, silence of ARRB2 significantly enhanced the inflammation induced by MDP in BV2 cells. In addition, we observed endogenous interaction of TRAF6 and ARRB2 after stimulation of MDP or cerebral I/R insult, indicating ARRB2 negatively regulates NOD2‐triggered inflammatory signalling pathway by associating with TRAF6 in microglia after cerebral I/R injury. Finally, the in vivo study clearly confirmed that ARRB2 negatively regulated NOD2‐induced inflammatory response, as ARRB2 deficiency exacerbated stroke outcomes and aggravated the NF‐κB signalling pathway induced by NOD2 stimulation after cerebral I/R injury. These findings revealed ARRB2 negatively regulated NOD2 signalling pathway through the association with TRAF6 in cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Lingjun Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xinbing Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Emergency, The people's Hospital of Huaiyin, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jinpeng Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Huiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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Involvement of Nucleotide-Binding and Oligomerization Domain-Like Receptors in the Intestinal Injury of Severe Acute Pancreatitis in Rats. Pancreas 2018; 47:245-251. [PMID: 29303910 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to observe the role of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLR) in intestinal injury of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in rats. METHODS Severe acute pancreatitis was induced by retrograde infusion of sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct. Rats were divided into the following 6 groups: sham operation, SAP treated with saline, and SAP treated with interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-converting enzyme inhibitor, killed at 6 or 12 hours after operation. Serum IL-18 and IL-1β concentrations were measured. mRNA expression and protein levels of NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3 in the intestine were measured. RESULTS Severe acute pancreatitis resulted in significantly higher serum IL-18 and IL-1β concentration, higher mRNA expression, and protein levels of NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3 in intestine in SAP treated with saline groups compared with sham operation groups. This effect was attenuated by administration of IL-1β-converting enzyme inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS The NLRs, including NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3, were involved in the intestinal injury in SAP through a caspase-1 pathway.
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Ajendra J, Specht S, Ziewer S, Schiefer A, Pfarr K, Parčina M, Kufer TA, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. NOD2 dependent neutrophil recruitment is required for early protective immune responses against infectious Litomosoides sigmodontis L3 larvae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39648. [PMID: 28004792 PMCID: PMC5177913 DOI: 10.1038/srep39648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) recognizes muramyl dipeptide (MDP) of bacterial cell walls, triggering NFκB-induced pro-inflammation. As most human pathogenic filariae contain Wolbachia endobacteria that synthesize the MDP-containing cell wall precursor lipid II, NOD2’s role during infection with the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis was investigated. In NFκB reporter-cells, worm-extract containing Wolbachia induced NOD2 and NOD1. NOD2-deficient mice infected with L. sigmodontis had significantly more worms than wildtype controls early in infection. Increased worm burden was not observed after subcutaneous infection, suggesting that protective NOD2-dependent immune responses occur within the skin. Flow cytometry demonstrated that neutrophil recruitment to the skin was impaired in NOD2−/− mice after intradermal injection of third stage larvae (L3), and blood neutrophil numbers were reduced after L. sigmodontis infection. PCR array supported the requirement of NOD2 for recruitment of neutrophils to the skin, as genes associated with neutrophil recruitment and activation were downregulated in NOD2−/− mice after intradermal L3 injection. Neutrophil depletion before L. sigmodontis infection increased worm recovery in wildtype mice, confirming that neutrophils are essential against invading L3 larvae. This study indicates that NOD-like receptors are implemented in first-line protective immune responses against filarial nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesuthas Ajendra
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Specht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ziewer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Schiefer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marijo Parčina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Haile PA, Votta BJ, Marquis RW, Bury MJ, Mehlmann JF, Singhaus R, Charnley AK, Lakdawala AS, Convery MA, Lipshutz DB, Desai BM, Swift B, Capriotti CA, Berger SB, Mahajan MK, Reilly MA, Rivera EJ, Sun HH, Nagilla R, Beal AM, Finger JN, Cook MN, King BW, Ouellette MT, Totoritis RD, Pierdomenico M, Negroni A, Stronati L, Cucchiara S, Ziółkowski B, Vossenkämper A, MacDonald TT, Gough PJ, Bertin J, Casillas LN. The Identification and Pharmacological Characterization of 6-(tert-Butylsulfonyl)-N-(5-fluoro-1H-indazol-3-yl)quinolin-4-amine (GSK583), a Highly Potent and Selective Inhibitor of RIP2 Kinase. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4867-80. [PMID: 27109867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RIP2 kinase is a central component of the innate immune system and enables downstream signaling following activation of the pattern recognition receptors NOD1 and NOD2, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines. Recently, several inhibitors of RIP2 kinase have been disclosed that have contributed to the fundamental understanding of the role of RIP2 in this pathway. However, because they lack either broad kinase selectivity or strong affinity for RIP2, these tools have only limited utility to assess the role of RIP2 in complex environments. We present, herein, the discovery and pharmacological characterization of GSK583, a next-generation RIP2 inhibitor possessing exquisite selectivity and potency. Having demonstrated the pharmacological precision of this tool compound, we report its use in elucidating the role of RIP2 kinase in a variety of in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo experiments, further clarifying our understanding of the role of RIP2 in NOD1 and NOD2 mediated disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Máire A Convery
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre , Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Pierdomenico
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) , 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Negroni
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) , 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Stronati
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Sapienza University Hospital Umberto I , 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cucchiara
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University Hospital Umberto I , 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Vossenkämper
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , E1 2AD London, U.K
| | - Thomas T MacDonald
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , E1 2AD London, U.K
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Claes AK, Zhou JY, Philpott DJ. NOD-Like Receptors: Guardians of Intestinal Mucosal Barriers. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 30:241-50. [PMID: 25933824 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00025.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors, which are critically involved in mucosal immune defense. The association of the NLR, NOD2, with inflammatory bowel disease first pointed to the NLRs potential function as guardians of the intestinal barrier. Since then, several studies have emphasized the importance of NLRs in maintaining gut homeostasis and intestinal infections, and in shaping the microbiota. In this review, we will highlight the function of NLRs in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Claes
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division Models of Inflammation, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; and Institute for Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jun Yu Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
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Abstract
Eukaryotes have evolved strategies to detect microbial intrusion and instruct immune responses to limit damage from infection. Recognition of microbes and cellular damage relies on the detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, also called PAMPS, or pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and so-called "danger signals" by various families of host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Members of the recently identified protein family of nucleotide-binding domain andleucine-rich-repeat-containing proteins (NLR), including Nod1, Nod2, NLRP3, and NLRC4, have been shown to detect specific microbial motifs and danger signals for regulating host inflammatory responses. Moreover, with the discovery that polymorphisms in NOD1, NOD2, NLRP1, and NLRP3 are associated with susceptibility to chronic inflammatory disorders, the view has emerged that NLRs act not only as sensors butalso can serve as signaling platforms for instructing and balancing host immune responses. In this chapter, we explore the functions of these intracellular innate immune receptors and examine their implication in inflammatory diseases.
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Tir Triggers Expression of CXCL1 in Enterocytes and Neutrophil Recruitment during Citrobacter rodentium Infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3342-54. [PMID: 26077760 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00291-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmarks of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection are formation of attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on mucosal surfaces and actin-rich pedestals on cultured cells, both of which are dependent on the type III secretion system effector Tir. Following translocation into cultured cells and clustering by intimin, Tir Y474 is phosphorylated, leading to recruitment of Nck, activation of N-WASP, and actin polymerization via the Arp2/3 complex. A secondary, weak, actin polymerization pathway is triggered via an NPY motif (Y454). Importantly, Y454 and Y474 play no role in A/E lesion formation on mucosal surfaces following infection with the EPEC-like mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. In this study, we investigated the roles of Tir segments located upstream of Y451 and downstream of Y471 in C. rodentium colonization and A/E lesion formation. We also tested the role that Tir residues Y451 and Y471 play in host immune responses to C. rodentium infection. We found that deletion of amino acids 382 to 462 or 478 to 547 had no impact on the ability of Tir to mediate A/E lesion formation, although deletion of amino acids 478 to 547 affected Tir translocation. Examination of enterocytes isolated from infected mice revealed that a C. rodentium strain expressing Tir_Y451A/Y471A recruited significantly fewer neutrophils to the colon and triggered less colonic hyperplasia on day 14 postinfection than the wild-type strain. Consistently, enterocytes isolated from mice infected with C. rodentium expressing Tir_Y451A/Y471A expressed significantly less CXCL1. These result show that Tir-induced actin remodeling plays a direct role in modulation of immune responses to C. rodentium infection.
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Liu H, Wei X, Kong L, Liu X, Cheng L, Yan S, Zhang X, Chen L. NOD2 is involved in the inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and triggers NADPH oxidase 2-derived reactive oxygen species. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:525-35. [PMID: 25892960 PMCID: PMC4400384 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidences suggest that innate immunity is involved in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the liable innate immune receptors have not been completely elucidated. Here, we explored the role of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)2, a member of the cytosolic NOD-like receptor family, in acute focal cerebral I/R injury. METHODS An in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model that in wild type (WT) and NOD2 deficient (NOD2(-/-)) mice and in vitro model of oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) in cultured primary microglia and astrocytes were used to investigate the expression of NOD2 and explore the roles of NOD2 in ischemic stroke. RESULTS Our results showed that NOD2 expression was significantly increased in microglia and astrocytes in response to the I/R insult. Pretreatment with muramyl dipeptide, an extrinsic ligand of NOD2, significantly increased the infarct volume and neurological dysfunction in mice subjected to MCAO. Genetic ablation of the NOD2 gene significantly improved stroke outcomes and reduced inflammation, as evidenced by a lower expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα in conjunction with attenuated activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) and JNK. Moreover, NOD2 deficiency prevented the upregulation of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 and ROS generation induced by I/R. Mechanistically, NOD2-induced production of IL-6 in primary cultured microglia was mediated through activation of NOX2. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the contribution of NOD2 to inflammatory response and provided direct evidence that NOX2-mediated oxidative stress as an important target molecule linked NOD2 to inflammatory damage in ischemic stroke. Pharmacological targeting of NOD2-mediated inflammatory response at multiple levels may help design a new approach to develop therapeutic strategies for prevention of deterioration of cerebral function and for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Liu
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xinbing Wei
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lingjun Kong
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China. ; 2. Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education of China), School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Qingquan Road 30, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P.R. China
| | - Li Cheng
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shi Yan
- 3. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 107, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- 1. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Degnan SM. The surprisingly complex immune gene repertoire of a simple sponge, exemplified by the NLR genes: a capacity for specificity? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:269-74. [PMID: 25058852 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most bacteria are not pathogenic to animals, and may instead serve beneficial functions. The requisite need for animals to differentiate between microbial friend and foe is likely borne from a deep evolutionary imperative to recognise self from non-self, a service ably provided by the innate immune system. Recent findings from an ancient lineage of simple animals - marine sponges - have revealed an unexpectedly large and diverse suite of genes belonging to one family of pattern recognition receptors, namely the NLR genes. Because NLRs can recognise a broad spectrum of microbial ligands, they may play a critical role in mediating the animal-bacterial crosstalk needed for sophisticated discrimination between microbes of various relationships. The building blocks for an advanced NLR-based immune specificity encoded in the genome of the coral reef sponge Amphimedon queenslandica may provide a specialisation and diversity of responses that equals, or even exceeds, that of vertebrate NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandie M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld., Australia.
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14
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Saba R, Sorensen DL, Booth SA. MicroRNA-146a: A Dominant, Negative Regulator of the Innate Immune Response. Front Immunol 2014; 5:578. [PMID: 25484882 PMCID: PMC4240164 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that can play critical roles as regulators of numerous pathways and biological processes including the immune response. Emerging as one of the most important miRNAs to orchestrate immune and inflammatory signaling, often through its recognized target genes, IRAK1 and TRAF6, is microRNA-146a (miR-146a). MiR-146a is one, of a small number of miRNAs, whose expression is strongly induced following challenge of cells with bacterial endotoxin, and prolonged expression has been linked to immune tolerance, implying that it acts as a fine-tuning mechanism to prevent an overstimulation of the inflammatory response. In other cells, miR-146a has been shown to play a role in the control of the differentiation of megakaryocytic and monocytic lineages, adaptive immunity, and cancer. In this review, we discuss the central role prescribed to miR-146a in innate immunity. We particularly focus on the role played by miR-146a in the regulation and signaling mediated by one of the main pattern recognition receptors, toll/IL-1 receptors (TLRs). Additionally, we also discuss the role of miR-146a in several classes of autoimmune pathologies where this miRNA has been shown to be dysregulated, as well as its potential role in the pathobiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Saba
- Molecular PathoBiology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
| | - Debra L Sorensen
- Molecular PathoBiology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
| | - Stephanie A Booth
- Molecular PathoBiology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg, MB , Canada ; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
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15
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La Torre F, Lapadula G, Cantarini L, Lucherini OM, Iannone F. Early-onset sarcoidosis caused by a rare CARD15/NOD2 de novo mutation and responsive to infliximab: a case report with long-term follow-up and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 34:391-5. [PMID: 24445386 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Granulomatous autoinflammatory diseases are monogenic syndromes caused by mutations in the region encoding for the nucleotide-binding domain region of the NOD2/CARD15 gene with subsequent dysregulation of the inflammatory response and formation of noncaseous granulomas. They include Blau syndrome (BS) and early-onset sarcoidosis (EOS); both are clinically and genetically indistinguishable between them and they are the familial (autosomal dominantly inherited) and sporadic forms of the same disease, respectively. We describe a case of EOS, misdiagnosed for 30 years such as "juvenile rheumatoid arthritis" before and "classic sarcoidosis" later. In our patient, we found a new de novo mutation (E383G) in NOD2 that has been reported only in a family of Japanese patients with BS. After long-term follow-up (42 months), infliximab maintained good efficacy and safety without any sign of disease relapse and side effects.
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Yuen B, Bayes JM, Degnan SM. The characterization of sponge NLRs provides insight into the origin and evolution of this innate immune gene family in animals. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:106-20. [PMID: 24092772 PMCID: PMC3879445 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The "Nucleotide-binding domain and Leucine-rich Repeat" (NLR) genes are a family of intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that are a critical component of the metazoan innate immune system, involved in both defense against pathogenic microorganisms and in beneficial interactions with symbionts. To investigate the origin and evolution of the NLR gene family, we characterized the full NACHT domain-containing gene complement in the genome of the sponge, Amphimedon queenslandica. As sister group to all animals, sponges are ideally placed to inform our understanding of the early evolution of this ancient PRR family. Amphimedon queenslandica has a large NACHT domain-containing gene complement that is dominated by bona fide NLRs (n = 135) with varied phylogenetic histories. Approximately half of these have a tripartite architecture that includes an N-terminal CARD or DEATH domain. The multiplicity of the A. queenslandica NLR genes and the high variability across the N- and C-terminal domains are consistent with involvement in immunity. We also provide new insight into the evolution of NLRs in invertebrates through comparative genomic analysis of multiple metazoan and nonmetazoan taxa. Specifically, we demonstrate that the NLR gene family appears to be a metazoan innovation, characterized by two major gene lineages that may have originated with the last common eumetazoan ancestor. Subsequent lineage-specific gene duplication, gene loss and domain shuffling all have played an important role in the highly dynamic evolutionary history of invertebrate NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Yuen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Bayes
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandie M. Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Neuroinflammation and copper in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 2013:145345. [PMID: 24369524 PMCID: PMC3863554 DOI: 10.1155/2013/145345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the innate immune response to infection or tissue damage. Initiation of proinflammatory cascades in the central nervous system (CNS) occurs through recognition of danger associated molecular patterns by cognate immune receptors expressed on inflammatory cells and leads to rapid responses to remove the danger stimulus. The presence of activated microglia and astrocytes in the vicinity of amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and mouse models implicates inflammation as a contributor to AD pathogenesis. Activated microglia play a critical role in amyloid clearance, but chronic deregulation of CNS inflammatory pathways results in secretion of neurotoxic mediators that ultimately contribute to neurodegeneration in AD. Copper (Cu) homeostasis is profoundly affected in AD, and accumulated extracellular Cu drives Aβ aggregation, while intracellular Cu deficiency limits bioavailable Cu required for CNS functions. This review presents an overview of inflammatory events that occur in AD in response to Aβ and highlights recent advances on the role of Cu in modulation of beneficial and detrimental inflammatory responses in AD.
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18
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Ghorpade DS, Sinha AY, Holla S, Singh V, Balaji KN. NOD2-nitric oxide-responsive microRNA-146a activates Sonic hedgehog signaling to orchestrate inflammatory responses in murine model of inflammatory bowel disease. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33037-48. [PMID: 24092752 PMCID: PMC3829153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a debilitating chronic inflammatory disorder of the intestine. The interactions between enteric bacteria and genetic susceptibilities are major contributors of IBD etiology. Although genetic variants with loss or gain of NOD2 functions have been linked to IBD susceptibility, the mechanisms coordinating NOD2 downstream signaling, especially in macrophages, during IBD pathogenesis are not precisely identified. Here, studies utilizing the murine dextran sodium sulfate model of colitis revealed the crucial roles for inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) in regulating pathophysiology of IBDs. Importantly, stimulation of NOD2 failed to activate Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling in iNOS null macrophages, implicating NO mediated cross-talk between NOD2 and SHH signaling. NOD2 signaling up-regulated the expression of a NO-responsive microRNA, miR-146a, that targeted NUMB gene and alleviated the suppression of SHH signaling. In vivo and ex vivo studies confirmed the important roles for miR-146a in amplifying inflammatory responses. Collectively, we have identified new roles for miR-146a that established novel cross-talk between NOD2-SHH signaling during gut inflammation. Potential implications of these observations in therapeutics could increase the possibility of defining and developing better regimes to treat IBD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devram Sampat Ghorpade
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Akhuri Yash Sinha
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sahana Holla
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vikas Singh
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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19
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Activation of Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain 1 (NOD1) Receptor Signaling in Labeo rohita by iE-DAP and Identification of Ligand-Binding Key Motifs in NOD1 by Molecular Modeling and Docking. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:1282-309. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Zurek B, Schoultz I, Neerincx A, Napolitano LM, Birkner K, Bennek E, Sellge G, Lerm M, Meroni G, Söderholm JD, Kufer TA. TRIM27 negatively regulates NOD2 by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41255. [PMID: 22829933 PMCID: PMC3400628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NOD2, the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing gene family (NLR) member 2 is involved in mediating antimicrobial responses. Dysfunctional NOD2 activity can lead to severe inflammatory disorders, but the regulation of NOD2 is still poorly understood. Recently, proteins of the tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family have emerged as regulators of innate immune responses by acting as E3 ubiquitin ligases. We identified TRIM27 as a new specific binding partner for NOD2. We show that NOD2 physically interacts with TRIM27 via the nucleotide-binding domain, and that NOD2 activation enhances this interaction. Dependent on functional TRIM27, ectopically expressed NOD2 is ubiquitinated with K48-linked ubiquitin chains followed by proteasomal degradation. Accordingly, TRIM27 affects NOD2-mediated pro-inflammatory responses. NOD2 mutations are linked to susceptibility to Crohn's disease. We found that TRIM27 expression is increased in Crohn's disease patients, underscoring a physiological role of TRIM27 in regulating NOD2 signaling. In HeLa cells, TRIM27 is partially localized in the nucleus. We revealed that ectopically expressed NOD2 can shuttle to the nucleus in a Walker A dependent manner, suggesting that NOD2 and TRIM27 might functionally cooperate in the nucleus. We conclude that TRIM27 negatively regulates NOD2-mediated signaling by degradation of NOD2 and suggest that TRIM27 could be a new target for therapeutic intervention in NOD2-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Zurek
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ida Schoultz
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, and Department of Surgery, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Neerincx
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luisa M. Napolitano
- Cluster in Biomedicine (CBM), AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Katharina Birkner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eveline Bennek
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gernot Sellge
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Lerm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, and Department of Surgery, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Germana Meroni
- Cluster in Biomedicine (CBM), AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Johan D. Söderholm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, and Department of Surgery, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lautz K, Damm A, Menning M, Wenger J, Adam AC, Zigrino P, Kremmer E, Kufer TA. NLRP10 enhances Shigella-induced pro-inflammatory responses. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1568-83. [PMID: 22672233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Members of the NLR family evolved as intracellular sensors for bacterial and viral infection. However, our knowledge on the implication of most of the human NLR proteins in innate immune responses still remains fragmentary. Here we characterized the role of human NLRP10 in bacterial infection. Our data revealed that NLRP10 is a cytoplasmic localized protein that positively contributes to innate immune responses induced by the invasive bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri. SiRNA-mediated knock-down studies showed that NLRP10 contributes to pro-inflammatory cytokine release triggered by Shigella in epithelial cells and primary dermal fibroblasts, by influencing p38 and NF-κB activation. This effect is dependent on the ATPase activity of NLRP10 and its PYD domain. Mechanistically, NLRP10 interacts with NOD1, a NLR that is pivotally involved in sensing of invasive microbes, and both proteins are recruited to the bacterial entry point at the plasma membrane. Moreover, NLRP10 physically interacts with downstream components of the NOD1 signalling pathway, such as RIP2, TAK1 and NEMO. Taken together, our data revealed a novel role of NLRP10 in innate immune responses towards bacterial infection and suggest that NLRP10 functions as a scaffold for the formation of the NOD1-Nodosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Lautz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Bielig H, Dongre M, Zurek B, Wai SN, Kufer TA. A role for quorum sensing in regulating innate immune responses mediated by Vibrio cholerae outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Gut Microbes 2011; 2:274-9. [PMID: 22067940 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.2.5.18091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are released from many Gram-negative bacteria. OMVs interact with and are taken up by human cells. We and others have now showed that OMVs contain peptidoglycan, which is sensed mainly by the pattern-recognition receptor NOD1 in the cytoplasm of host cells. Vibrio cholerae is clinically important as one of the causative agents of severe dehydrating diarrhea in humans. We showed that non-O1 non-O139 V. cholerae (NOVC) strains of V. cholera produce OMVs. Of note, we revealed that NOVC can evade NOD1-mediated immune surveillance by the quorum sensing machinery. Here we review these recent findings and discuss the relevance for our understanding of bacterial infections and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Bielig
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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23
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Abstract
In plants and animals, the NLR family of receptors perceives non-self and modified-self molecules inside host cells and mediates innate immune responses to microbial pathogens. Despite their similar biological functions and protein architecture, animal NLRs are normally activated by conserved microbe- or damage-associated molecular patterns, whereas plant NLRs typically detect strain-specific pathogen effectors. Plant NLRs recognize either the effector structure or effector-mediated modifications of host proteins. The latter indirect mechanism for the perception of non-self, as well as the within-species diversification of plant NLRs, maximize the capacity to recognize non-self through the use of a finite number of innate immunoreceptors. We discuss recent insights into NLR activation, signal initiation through the homotypic association of N-terminal domains and subcellular receptor dynamics in plants and compare those with NLR functions in animals.
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24
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Oehlers SH, Flores MV, Hall CJ, Swift S, Crosier KE, Crosier PS. The inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility genes NOD1 and NOD2 have conserved anti-bacterial roles in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2011; 4:832-41. [PMID: 21729873 PMCID: PMC3209652 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.006122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in the form of Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), is a debilitating chronic immune disorder of the intestine. A complex etiology resulting from dysfunctional interactions between the intestinal immune system and its microflora, influenced by host genetic susceptibility, makes disease modeling challenging. Mutations in NOD2 have the highest disease-specific risk association for CD, and a related gene, NOD1, is associated with UC. NOD1 and NOD2 encode intracellular bacterial sensor proteins acting as innate immune triggers, and represent promising therapeutic targets. The zebrafish has the potential to aid in modeling genetic and environmental aspects of IBD pathogenesis. Here, we report the characterization of the Nod signaling components in the zebrafish larval intestine. The nod1 and nod2 genes are expressed in intestinal epithelial cells and neutrophils together with the Nod signaling pathway genes ripk2, a20, aamp, cd147, centaurin b1, erbin and grim-19. Using a zebrafish embryo Salmonella infection model, morpholino-mediated depletion of Nod1 or Nod2 reduced the ability of embryos to control systemic infection. Depletion of Nod1 or Nod2 decreased expression of dual oxidase in the intestinal epithelium and impaired the ability of larvae to reduce intracellular bacterial burden. This work highlights the potential use of zebrafish larvae in the study of components of IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H Oehlers
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1001, New Zealand
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25
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Abstract
The last 10 years have witnessed the identification of a new class of intracellular pattern-recognition molecules--the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing family (NLR). Members of this family garnered interest as pattern-recognition receptors able to trigger inflammatory responses against pathogens. Many studies support a pathogen-recognition function for human NLR proteins and shed light on their role in the broader control of adaptive immunity and various disease states. Other evidence suggests that NLRs function in processes unrelated to pathogen detection. Here we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the biology of the human NLR proteins and their non-pathogen-recognition function in tissue homeostasis, apoptosis, graft-versus-host disease and early development.
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26
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Hansson J, Bosco N, Favre L, Raymond F, Oliveira M, Metairon S, Mansourian R, Blum S, Kussmann M, Benyacoub J. Influence of gut microbiota on mouse B2 B cell ontogeny and function. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1091-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Esquivel RO, Liu S, Angulo JC, Dehesa JS, Antolín J, Molina-Espíritu M. Fisher Information and Steric Effect: Study of the Internal Rotation Barrier of Ethane. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:4406-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1095272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo O. Esquivel
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 09340 México D.F., México
| | - Shubin Liu
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3420, United States
| | | | | | - Juan Antolín
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, EUITIZ, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018-Zaragoza, Spain
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28
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Brooks MN, Rajaram MVS, Azad AK, Amer AO, Valdivia-Arenas MA, Park JH, Núñez G, Schlesinger LS. NOD2 controls the nature of the inflammatory response and subsequent fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG in human macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:402-18. [PMID: 21040358 PMCID: PMC3259431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), which causes tuberculosis, is a host-adapted intracellular pathogen of macrophages. Intracellular pattern recognition receptors in macrophages such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins regulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production. NOD2-mediated signalling pathways in response to M.tb have been studied primarily in mouse models and cell lines but not in primary human macrophages. Thus we sought to determine the role of NOD2 in regulating cytokine production and growth of virulent M.tb and attenuated Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) in human macrophages. We examined NOD2 expression during monocyte differentiation and observed a marked increase in NOD2 transcript and protein following 2-3 days in culture. Pre-treatment of human monocyte-derived and alveolar macrophages with the NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide enhanced production of TNF-α and IL-1β in response to M.tb and BCG in a RIP2-dependent fashion. The NOD2-mediated cytokine response was significantly reduced following knock-down of NOD2 expression by using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in human macrophages. Finally, NOD2 controlled the growth of both M.tb and BCG in human macrophages, whereas controlling only BCG growth in murine macrophages. Together, our results provide evidence that NOD2 is an important intracellular receptor in regulating the host response to M.tb and BCG infection in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N. Brooks
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Abul K. Azad
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amal O. Amer
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Martin A. Valdivia-Arenas
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 4219 CCGC 0938, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 4219 CCGC 0938, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 1004, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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29
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Zurek B, Proell M, Wagner RN, Schwarzenbacher R, Kufer TA. Mutational analysis of human NOD1 and NOD2 NACHT domains reveals different modes of activation. Innate Immun 2011; 18:100-11. [PMID: 21310790 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910394002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD)1 and NOD2 are intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing (NLR) gene family involved in innate immune responses. Their centrally located NACHT domain displays ATPase activity and is necessary for activation and oligomerization leading to inflammatory signaling responses. Mutations affecting key residues of the ATPase domain of NOD2 are linked to severe auto-inflammatory diseases, such as Blau syndrome and early-onset sarcoidosis. By mutational dissection of the ATPase domain function, we show that the NLR-specific extended Walker B box (DGhDE) can functionally replace the canonical Walker B sequence (DDhWD) found in other ATPases. A requirement for an intact Walker A box and the magnesium-co-ordinating aspartate of the classical Walker B box suggest that an initial ATP hydrolysis step is necessary for activation of both NOD1 and NOD2. In contrast, a Blau-syndrome associated mutation located in the extended Walker B box of NOD2 that results in higher autoactivation and ligand-induced signaling does not affect NOD1 function. Moreover, mutation of a conserved histidine in the NACHT domain also has contrasting effects on NOD1 and NOD2 mediated NF-κB activation. We conclude that these two NLRs employ different modes of activation and propose distinct models for activation of NOD1 and NOD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Zurek
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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30
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Zurek B, Bielig H, Kufer TA. Cell-based reporter assay to analyze activation of Nod1 and Nod2. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 748:107-119. [PMID: 21701969 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-139-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nod1 and Nod2 are pattern recognition receptors of the mammalian innate immune system. They respond to bacterial peptidoglycan fragments and are implicated in host defense against a variety of -different bacterial pathogens. Recent studies furthermore support additional functions of these proteins in the control of adaptive immune responses and intestinal homeostasis. Activation of Nod1 and Nod2 by their cognate elicitors triggers inflammatory responses driven by the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways. In this chapter, we describe a quick and reliable cell-based assay using a luciferase reporter to measure Nod1- and Nod2-mediated NF-κB activation. The described protocol was successfully applied to analyze the influences of overexpressed proteins and siRNA-mediated knock-down to provide new insights into the regulation of Nod1/2-specific signaling pathways. Furthermore, this method is well suited for downscaling to high-throughput screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Zurek
- Molecular Innate Immunobiology Group, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Li H, Hu J, Ma L, Yuan Z, Wang Y, Wang X, Xing D, Lei F, Du L. Comprehensive study of baicalin down-regulating NOD2 receptor expression of neurons with oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 649:92-9. [PMID: 20863826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion can activate several transcription factors and lead to inflammatory reactions, which related to pattern recognition receptors with immune activating functions. NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2) is one of the receptors involved in innate immune response and is genetically associated with several inflammatory reactions. Since baicalin has the pharmacological effects of anti-inflammation and protection of brain from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, we studied baicalin's effect on NOD2/TNFα in the cell of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro and the mice of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in vivo. The results showed that NOD2 and TNFα were up regulated in the cells with oxygen-glucose deprivation, not only in BV2 cells, but also in both of PC12 cells and primary neuron cells, which suggested NOD2 could express directly in neuron while OGD treatment. Baicalin (10 μg/ml) could effectively down regulate the expression of NOD2 and TNFα in both mRNA and protein levels. Meanwhile, baicalin (50 mg/kg, i.p.) could also down regulate the expression of NOD2 and TNFα in protein levels significantly, in which agreed with its effect in vitro study. These data demonstrated that targeting on NOD2 especially in neurons directly was possibly attributed to the neural-protective effect of baicalin in the injury of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Li
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Fang Y, Rowe T, Leon AJ, Banner D, Danesh A, Xu L, Ran L, Bosinger SE, Guan Y, Chen H, Cameron CC, Cameron MJ, Kelvin DJ. Molecular characterization of in vivo adjuvant activity in ferrets vaccinated against influenza virus. J Virol 2010; 84:8369-88. [PMID: 20534862 PMCID: PMC2919000 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02305-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic has prompted a significant need for the development of efficient, single-dose, adjuvanted vaccines. Here we investigated the adjuvant potential of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) when used with a human seasonal influenza virus vaccine in ferrets. We found that the CpG ODN-adjuvanted vaccine effectively increased antibody production and activated type I interferon (IFN) responses compared to vaccine alone. Based on these findings, pegylated IFN-alpha2b (PEG-IFN) was also evaluated as an adjuvant in comparison to CpG ODN and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Our results showed that all three vaccines with adjuvant added prevented seasonal human A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) virus replication more effectively than did vaccine alone. Gene expression profiles indicated that, as well as upregulating IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), CpG ODN enhanced B-cell activation and increased Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) expression, whereas PEG-IFN augmented adaptive immunity by inducing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) transcription and Ras signaling. In contrast, the use of CFA as an adjuvant induced limited ISG expression but increased the transcription of MHC, cell adhesion molecules, and B-cell activation markers. Taken together, our results better characterize the specific molecular pathways leading to adjuvant activity in different adjuvant-mediated influenza virus vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy, Division of Virology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy, Division of Virology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alberto J. Leon
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy, Division of Virology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Banner
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy, Division of Virology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali Danesh
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy, Division of Virology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Luoling Xu
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy, Division of Virology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Longsi Ran
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy, Division of Virology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy, Division of Virology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yi Guan
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy, Division of Virology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Honglin Chen
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy, Division of Virology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cheryl C. Cameron
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy, Division of Virology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark J. Cameron
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy, Division of Virology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David J. Kelvin
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University di Sassari, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sassari, Italy, Division of Virology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China. Phone and fax: (86)-754-88573991. E-mail:
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Neerincx A, Lautz K, Menning M, Kremmer E, Zigrino P, Hösel M, Büning H, Schwarzenbacher R, Kufer TA. A role for the human nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing family member NLRC5 in antiviral responses. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26223-32. [PMID: 20538593 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-containing family recently gained attention as important components of the innate immune system. Although over 20 of these proteins are present in humans, only a few members including the cytosolic pattern recognition receptors NOD1, NOD2, and NLRP3 have been analyzed extensively. These NLRs were shown to be pivotal for mounting innate immune response toward microbial invasion. Here we report on the characterization of human NLRC5 and provide evidence that this NLR has a function in innate immune responses. We found that NLRC5 is a cytosolic protein expressed predominantly in hematopoetic cells. NLRC5 mRNA and protein expression was inducible by the double-stranded RNA analog poly(I.C) and Sendai virus. Overexpression of NLRC5 failed to trigger inflammatory responses such as the NF-kappaB or interferon pathways in HEK293T cells. However, knockdown of endogenous NLRC5 reduced Sendai virus- and poly(I.C)-mediated type I interferon pathway-dependent responses in THP-1 cells and human primary dermal fibroblasts. Taken together, this defines a function for NLRC5 in anti-viral innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Neerincx
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Borzutzky A, Fried A, Chou J, Bonilla FA, Kim S, Dedeoglu F. NOD2-associated diseases: Bridging innate immunity and autoinflammation. Clin Immunol 2010; 134:251-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ekman AK, Cardell LO. The expression and function of Nod-like receptors in neutrophils. Immunology 2009; 130:55-63. [PMID: 20002790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils make up an essential part of the innate immune system, and are involved both in the initial responses to pathogens, and in orchestrating later immune responses. Neutrophils recognize pathogens through pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which are activated by microbial motifs. The Nod-like receptors (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing family; NLRs) constitute a recently discovered group of PRRs whose role in the neutrophil immune responses is not yet characterized. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and function of NLRs in neutrophils. Neutrophils were isolated from human peripheral blood, and the presence of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), NOD2 and NACHT-LRR-PYD-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) was evaluated with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The expression of NOD1, NOD2 and NLRP3 messenger RNA was determined using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Changes in neutrophil cytokine secretion, phenotype and migration following agonist-induced activation were studied using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry and a chemotaxis assay, respectively. No expression of NOD1 was found in isolated neutrophils and stimulation with the NOD1 ligand gamma-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid induced no signs of activity. In contrast, a marked expression of NOD2 and NLRP3 was found. NOD2 activation with MurNAc-l-Ala-d-isoGln (MDP) resulted in interleukin-8 secretion, CD62 ligand down-regulation, CD11b up-regulation and increased migration towards an inflammatory stimulus. NLRP3 activation with alum caused interleukin-1beta secretion and facilitated migration. Altogether, this suggests that NLRs may be a previously unknown pathway for neutrophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin Ekman
- Division of ENT diseases, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden.
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Tiemi Shio M, Eisenbarth SC, Savaria M, Vinet AF, Bellemare MJ, Harder KW, Sutterwala FS, Bohle DS, Descoteaux A, Flavell RA, Olivier M. Malarial hemozoin activates the NLRP3 inflammasome through Lyn and Syk kinases. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000559. [PMID: 19696895 PMCID: PMC2722371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraerythrocytic parasite Plasmodium—the causative agent of malaria—produces an inorganic crystal called hemozoin (Hz) during the heme detoxification process, which is released into the circulation during erythrocyte lysis. Hz is rapidly ingested by phagocytes and induces the production of several pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). However, the mechanism regulating Hz recognition and IL-1β maturation has not been identified. Here, we show that Hz induces IL-1β production. Using knockout mice, we showed that Hz-induced IL-1β and inflammation are dependent on NOD-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3), ASC and caspase-1, but not NLRC4 (NLR containing CARD domain). Furthermore, the absence of NLRP3 or IL-1β augmented survival to malaria caused by P. chabaudi adami DS. Although much has been discovered regarding the NLRP3 inflammasome induction, the mechanism whereby this intracellular multimolecular complex is activated remains unclear. We further demonstrate, using pharmacological and genetic intervention, that the tyrosine kinases Syk and Lyn play a critical role in activation of this inflammasome. These findings not only identify one way by which the immune system is alerted to malarial infection but also are one of the first to suggest a role for tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Malaria is widespread in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, and is responsible for 2–3 million deaths annually. This disease is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus. The parasite feeds on the hemoglobin of red blood cells and generates a metabolic waste called hemozoin (Hz). Hz is released into the blood circulation during the rupture of red blood cells, which coincides with the production of many cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), responsible in part for the periodic fever that is characteristic of the malaria disease. Here, we investigated how Hz activates macrophages (cells that engulf foreign material) to produce IL-1β. We found that Hz is taken up by macrophages initiating signals such as the tyrosine kinases Syk and Lyn that communicate to intracellular receptors. We also showed that Hz-induced IL-1β production is dependent on activation of the intracellular receptor NLRP3, the adaptor protein ASC and a protease called caspase-1 that cleaves IL-1β, therefore allowing it to be released from the cells. These findings not only identify one way in which the immune system is alerted to malarial infection but also dissect some of the signaling events triggered by Hz in the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tiemi Shio
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie C. Eisenbarth
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Myriam Savaria
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adrien F. Vinet
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Bellemare
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kenneth W. Harder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fayyaz S. Sutterwala
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - D. Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bielig H, Zurek B, Kutsch A, Menning M, Philpott DJ, Sansonetti PJ, Kufer TA. A function for AAMP in Nod2-mediated NF-kappaB activation. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2647-54. [PMID: 19535145 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The WD40 repeat containing angio-associated migratory cell protein (AAMP) was identified as a new binding partner of the human nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing (NLR) family member Nod2 in a yeast two-hybrid screen. Co-immunoprecipitations from human cells verified this interaction and revealed that an internal peptide of AAMP spanning three WD40 domains was sufficient for this interaction. AAMP was found to be ubiquitously expressed in different human cell-lines and exhibited a predominant cytosolic localization in epithelial cells. Functionally, using overexpression and siRNA knock-down, we showed that AAMP modulates Nod2- and Nod1-mediated NF-kappaB activation in HEK293T cells. Taken together, our data support a new function of AAMP in regulating innate immune responses initiated by the NLR protein Nod2.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bielig
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Germany
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Wagner RN, Proell M, Kufer TA, Schwarzenbacher R. Evaluation of Nod-like receptor (NLR) effector domain interactions. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4931. [PMID: 19337385 PMCID: PMC2660581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family recognize intracellular pathogens and recruit a variety of effector molecules, including pro-caspases and kinases, which in turn are implicated in cytokine processing and NF-κB activation. In order to elucidate the intricate network of NLR signaling, which is still fragmentary in molecular terms, we applied comprehensive yeast two-hybrid analysis for unbiased evaluation of physical interactions between NLRs and their adaptors (ASC, CARD8) as well as kinase RIPK2 and inflammatory caspases (C1, C2, C4, C5) under identical conditions. Our results confirmed the interaction of NOD1 and NOD2 with RIPK2, and between NLRP3 and ASC, but most importantly, our studies revealed hitherto unrecognized interactions of NOD2 with members of the NLRP subfamily. We found that NOD2 specifically and directly interacts with NLRP1, NLRP3 and NLRP12. Furthermore, we observed homodimerization of the RIPK2 CARD domains and identified residues in NOD2 critical for interaction with RIPK2. In conclusion, our work provides further evidence for the complex network of protein-protein interactions underlying NLR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland N. Wagner
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martina Proell
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Liu S, Govind N, Pedersen LG. Exploring the origin of the internal rotational barrier for molecules with one rotatable dihedral angle. J Chem Phys 2009; 129:094104. [PMID: 19044862 DOI: 10.1063/1.2976767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuing our recent endeavor, we systematically investigate in this work the origin of internal rotational barriers for small molecules using the new energy partition scheme proposed recently by one of the authors [S. B. Liu, J. Chem. Phys. 126, 244103 (2007)], where the total electronic energy is decomposed into three independent components, steric, electrostatic, and fermionic quantum. Specifically, we focus in this work on six carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen containing hydrides, CH(3)CH(3), CH(3)NH(2), CH(3)OH, NH(2)NH(2), NH(2)OH, and H(2)O(2), with only one rotatable dihedral angle [angle]H-X-Y-H (X,Y=C,N,O). The relative contributions of the different energy components to the total energy difference as a function of the internal dihedral rotation will be considered. Both optimized-geometry (adiabatic) and fixed-geometry (vertical) differences are examined, as are the results from the conventional energy partition and natural bond orbital analysis. A wealth of strong linear relationships among the total energy difference and energy component differences for different systems have been observed but no universal relationship applicable to all systems for both cases has been discovered, indicating that even for simple systems such as these, there exists no omnipresent, unique interpretation on the nature and origin of the internal rotation barrier. Different energy components can be employed for different systems in the rationalization of the barrier height. Confirming that the two differences, adiabatic and vertical, are disparate in nature, we find that for the vertical case there is a unique linear relationship applicable to all the six molecules between the total energy difference and the sum of the kinetic and electrostatic energy differences. For the adiabatic case, it is the total potential energy difference that has been found to correlate well with the total energy difference except for ethane whose rotation barrier is dominated by the quantum effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Liu
- Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3455, USA
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