1
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Venkatesh R, Liu AL, Zheng Y, Zhao H, Grover MA, Meredith JC, Reichmanis E. Harnessing Compositional Gradients to Elucidate Phase Behaviors toward High Performance Polymer Semiconductor Blends. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2024; 6:5661-5671. [PMID: 39221137 PMCID: PMC11360374 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.4c00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Polymer semiconductor/insulator blends offer a promising avenue to achieve desired mechanical properties, environmental stability, and high device performance in organic field-effect transistors. A comprehensive understanding of process-structure-property relationships necessitates a thorough exploration of the composition space to identify transitions in performance, morphology, and phase behavior. Hence, this study employs a high-throughput gradient thin film library, enabling rapid and continuous screening of composition-morphology-device performance relationships in conjugated polymer blends. Applied to a donor-acceptor copolymer blend, this technique efficiently surveys a broad composition range, capturing trends in device performance across the gradient. Furthermore, characterizing the gradient library using microscopy and depth profiling techniques pinpointed composition-dependent transitions in morphology. To validate the results and gain deeper insights, uniform-composition experiments were conducted on select compositions within and outside the gradient range. Depth profiling experiments on the constant composition films unveil the presence of the semiconducting polymer at the air interface, with apparent enrichment of the semiconductor at the substrate interface at low ratios of the semiconducting component, transitioning to a more even distribution within the bulk of the film at higher ratios. The generalizability of the gradient approach was further confirmed by its application to a homopolymer under different solution processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Venkatesh
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Aaron L. Liu
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yulong Zheng
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic
Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Haoqun Zhao
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Martha A. Grover
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - J. Carson Meredith
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 124
E. Morton Street, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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2
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Lin CC, Afraj SN, Velusamy A, Yu PC, Cho CH, Chen J, Li YH, Lee GH, Tung SH, Liu CL, Chen MC, Facchetti A. A Solution Processable Dithioalkyl Dithienothiophene (DSDTT) Based Small Molecule and Its Blends for High Performance Organic Field Effect Transistors. ACS NANO 2021; 15:727-738. [PMID: 33253536 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The 3,5-dithiooctyl dithienothiophene based small molecular semiconductor DDTT-DSDTT (1), end functionalized with fused dithienothiophene (DTT) units, was synthesized and characterized for organic field effect transistors (OFET). The thermal, optical, electrochemical, and computed electronic structural properties of 1 were investigated and contrasted. The single crystal structure of 1 reveals the presence of intramolecular locks between S(alkyl)···S(thiophene), with a very short S-S distance of 3.10 Å, and a planar core. When measured in an OFET device compound 1 exhibits a hole mobility of 3.19 cm2 V-1 s-1, when the semiconductor layer is processed by a solution-shearing deposition method and using environmentally acceptable anisole as the solvent. This is the highest value reported to date for an all-thiophene based molecular semiconductor. In addition, solution-processed small molecule/insulating polymer (1/PαMS) blend films and devices were investigated. Morphological analysis reveals a nanoscopic vertical phase separation with the PαMS layer preferentially contacting the dielectric and 1 located on top of the stack. The OFET based on the blend comprising 50% weight of 1 exhibits a hole mobility of 2.44 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a very smaller threshold voltage shift under gate bias stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Shakil N Afraj
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Arulmozhi Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hui Cho
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yi-Hsien Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Tung
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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3
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Chou LH, Na Y, Park CH, Park MS, Osaka I, Kim FS, Liu CL. Semiconducting small molecule/polymer blends for organic transistors. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhao Z, Wang J, Xu C, Yang K, Zhao F, Wang K, Zhang X, Zhang F. Photomultiplication Type Broad Response Organic Photodetectors with One Absorber Layer and One Multiplication Layer. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:366-373. [PMID: 31870156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Broad response organic photodetectors (OPDs) with a photomultiplication (PM) effect are achieved with one absorber layer and one multiplication layer. The response range of the PM-OPDs is primarily determined by materials in the absorber layer, and the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the PM-OPDs is mainly controlled by the multiplication layer. Here, double-layered PM-OPDs were designed with an ITO/ZnO/PM6:Y6/PC71BM:P3HT (100:5, w/w)/Au structure, where PM6:Y6 is employed as an absorber layer and PC71BM:P3HT is used as a multiplication layer. The optimal PM-OPDs exhibit a broad response covering 350-950 nm. Meanwhile, the optimal PM-OPDs exhibit the largest EQE value of ∼1200% and a maximum specific detectivity (D*) of ∼6.8 × 10-12 cm Hz1/2 W-1 under a 10 V bias. This double-layered approach may be a smart strategy for realizing PM-OPDs with an easily adjustable response range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering , Taishan University , 271021 Taian , Shandong Province , China
| | - Chunyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Kaixuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Fenggui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou , Henan Province , China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
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5
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Lee SB, Kang B, Kim D, Park C, Kim S, Lee M, Lee WB, Cho K. Motion-Programmed Bar-Coating Method with Controlled Gap for High-Speed Scalable Preparation of Highly Crystalline Organic Semiconductor Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47153-47161. [PMID: 31762265 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed organic semiconductor thin films with high charge carrier mobility are necessary for development of next-generation electronic applications, but the rapid processing speed demanded for the industrial-scale production of these thin films poses a challenge to control of their thin-film properties, such as crystallinity, morphology, and film-to-film uniformity. Here, we show a new solution coating method that is compatible with a roll-to-roll printing process at a rate of 2 mm s-1 by using a gap-controllable wire bar, motion-programming strategy, and blended active inks. We demonstrate that the coating bar, the horizontal motion of which is repeatedly brought to an intermittent standstill, results in an improved vertically self-stratified structure and a high crystallinity for organic active inks comprising a semiconducting small molecule and a semiconducting polymer. Furthermore, organic transistors prepared by the developed method show superior hole mobility with high operational stability (hysteresis and kink-free transfer characteristics), high uniformity over a large area of a 4 in. wafer, good reproducibility, and superior electromechanical stabilities on a flexible plastic substrate. The bar-coating approach demonstrated here will be a step toward developing industrial-scale practical organic electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Baek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-gu, Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Boseok Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-gu, Pohang 37673 , Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology and Department of Nano Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419 , Korea
| | - Daegun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-gu, Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Chaneui Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-gu, Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Seulwoo Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-Ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Minhwan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-Ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-Ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Soft Electronics , Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-gu, Pohang 37673 , Korea
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6
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He Z, Chen J, Li D. Polymer additive controlled morphology for high performance organic thin film transistors. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:5790-5803. [PMID: 31290910 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01053j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Solution-crystallizable small-molecule organic semiconductors, such as 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS pentacene), 5,11-bis(triethylgermylethynyl)anthradithiophene (diF-TEG-ADT), 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT), and N,N'-1H,1H-perfluorobutyl dicyanoperylenecarboxydiimide (PDIF-CN2), demonstrate various practical advantages including high mobility, air stability and solution processibility. In this article, we review various polymer additive based approaches to control the crystal morphology and the resultant charge transport of some bench-mark, high performance, solution crystallizable, small-molecule organic semiconductors. The polymer additives are discussed under the categories of non-conjugated polymers and conjugated polymers. The approaches and structure-performance correlations that we discussed here may be applied far beyond the examples shown in this review and have important implications for high performance organic semiconductors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengran He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Materials for Information Technology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Jihua Chen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Dawen Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Materials for Information Technology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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7
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Raghuwanshi V, Bharti D, Mahato AK, Varun I, Tiwari SP. Solution-Processed Organic Field-Effect Transistors with High Performance and Stability on Paper Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8357-8364. [PMID: 30701957 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-performance operationally stable organic field-effect transistors were successfully fabricated on a PowerCoat HD 230 paper substrate with a TIPS-pentacene:polystyrene blend as the active layer and poly(4-vinylphenol)/HfO2 as the hybrid gate dielectric. The fabricated devices exhibited excellent p-channel characteristics with a maximum and av field effect mobility of 0.44 and 0.22(±0.11) cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively, av threshold voltage of 0.021(±0.63) V, and current on-off ratio of ∼105 while operating at -10 V. These devices exhibited remarkable stability under effects of gate bias stress and large number of repeated transfer scans with negligible performance spread. In addition, these devices displayed very stable electrical characteristics after long exposure periods to humidity and an excellent shelf life of more than 6 months in ambient environment. Thermal stress at high temperatures however deteriorates the device characteristics because of the generation and propagation of cracks in the active semiconductor crystals. Furthermore, novel paper-based phototransistors have been demonstrated with these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Raghuwanshi
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur , Rajasthan 342037 , India
| | - Deepak Bharti
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur , Rajasthan 342037 , India
| | - Ajay Kumar Mahato
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur , Rajasthan 342037 , India
| | - Ishan Varun
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur , Rajasthan 342037 , India
| | - Shree Prakash Tiwari
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur , Jodhpur , Rajasthan 342037 , India
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8
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Paterson AF, Singh S, Fallon KJ, Hodsden T, Han Y, Schroeder BC, Bronstein H, Heeney M, McCulloch I, Anthopoulos TD. Recent Progress in High-Mobility Organic Transistors: A Reality Check. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801079. [PMID: 30022536 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, significant research efforts have focused on improving the charge carrier mobility of organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). In recent years, a commonly observed nonlinearity in OTFT current-voltage characteristics, known as the "kink" or "double slope," has led to widespread mobility overestimations, contaminating the relevant literature. Here, published data from the past 30 years is reviewed to uncover the extent of the field-effect mobility hype and identify the progress that has actually been achieved in the field of OTFTs. Present carrier-mobility-related challenges are identified, finding that reliable hole and electron mobility values of 20 and 10 cm2 V-1 s-1 , respectively, have yet to be achieved. Based on the analysis, the literature is then reviewed to summarize the concepts behind the success of high-performance p-type polymers, along with the latest understanding of the design criteria that will enable further mobility enhancement in n-type polymers and small molecules, and the reasons why high carrier mobility values have been consistently produced from small molecule/polymer blend semiconductors. Overall, this review brings together important information that aids reliable OTFT data analysis, while providing guidelines for the development of next-generation organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F Paterson
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saumya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Kealan J Fallon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Thomas Hodsden
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Bob C Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Hall AR, Geoghegan M. Polymers and biopolymers at interfaces. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:036601. [PMID: 29368695 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa9e9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This review updates recent progress in the understanding of the behaviour of polymers at surfaces and interfaces, highlighting examples in the areas of wetting, dewetting, crystallization, and 'smart' materials. Recent developments in analysis tools have yielded a large increase in the study of biological systems, and some of these will also be discussed, focussing on areas where surfaces are important. These areas include molecular binding events and protein adsorption as well as the mapping of the surfaces of cells. Important techniques commonly used for the analysis of surfaces and interfaces are discussed separately to aid the understanding of their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom. Fraunhofer Project Centre for Embedded Bioanalytical Systems, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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10
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Kiefer D, Yu L, Fransson E, Gómez A, Primetzhofer D, Amassian A, Campoy‐Quiles M, Müller C. A Solution-Doped Polymer Semiconductor:Insulator Blend for Thermoelectrics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600203. [PMID: 28105396 PMCID: PMC5238747 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene oxide) is demonstrated to be a suitable matrix polymer for the solution-doped conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene). The polarity of the insulator combined with carefully chosen processing conditions permits the fabrication of tens of micrometer-thick films that feature a fine distribution of the F4TCNQ dopant:semiconductor complex. Changes in electrical conductivity from 0.1 to 0.3 S cm-1 and Seebeck coefficient from 100 to 60 μV K-1 upon addition of the insulator correlate with an increase in doping efficiency from 20% to 40% for heavily doped ternary blends. An invariant bulk thermal conductivity of about 0.3 W m-1 K-1 gives rise to a thermoelectric Figure of merit ZT ∼ 10-4 that remains unaltered for an insulator content of more than 60 wt%. Free-standing, mechanically robust tapes illustrate the versatility of the developed dopant:semiconductor:insulator ternary blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GöteborgSweden
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GöteborgSweden
- Physical Sciences & Engineering Division, and KAUST Solar Center (KSC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Erik Fransson
- Department of PhysicsChalmers University of Technology41296GöteborgSweden
| | - Andrés Gómez
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)Esfera de la UAB08193BellaterraSpain
| | | | - Aram Amassian
- Physical Sciences & Engineering Division, and KAUST Solar Center (KSC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariano Campoy‐Quiles
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)Esfera de la UAB08193BellaterraSpain
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringChalmers University of Technology41296GöteborgSweden
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11
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Zhang G, Yang H, He L, Hu L, Lan S, Li F, Chen H, Guo T. Importance of domain purity in semi-conducting polymer/insulating polymer blends transistors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Zhang
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350002 People's Republic of China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology; Fuzhou 350108 People's Republic of China
| | - Huihuang Yang
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350002 People's Republic of China
| | - Lilin He
- Biology & Soft Matter Division; Neutron Science Directorate, Oak Ridge National Lab; Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831
| | - Liqin Hu
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350002 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqiong Lan
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350002 People's Republic of China
| | - Fushan Li
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350002 People's Republic of China
| | - Huipeng Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350002 People's Republic of China
| | - Tailiang Guo
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350002 People's Republic of China
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12
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Bhattacharyya B, Kundu A, Das A, Dhara K, Guchhait N. One-pot protocol for J-aggregated anthraimidazolediones catalyzed by phosphotungstic acid in PEG-400 under aerobic condition. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19190d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One-pot protocol for anthra[1,2-d]imidazole-6,11-dione was developed via tandem cyclocondensation cum oxidation, catalyzed by phosphotungstic acid in PEG-400 support in open air. J-aggregation properties of products were confirmed by photophysical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arijit Kundu
- Department of Chemistry
- Maulana Azad College
- Kolkata-700013
- India
| | - Aniruddha Das
- Department of Chemistry
- University College of Science & Technology
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700009
- India
| | - Kaliprasanna Dhara
- Department of Chemistry
- University College of Science & Technology
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700009
- India
| | - Nikhil Guchhait
- Department of Chemistry
- University College of Science & Technology
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700009
- India
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13
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Kaimakamis T, Pitsalidis C, Papamichail A, Laskarakis A, Logothetidis S. Organic transistors based on airbrushed small molecule-insulating polymer blends with mobilities exceeding 1 cm2 V−1 s−1. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22342g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High performance organic transistors have been realized via airbrush technique, using small molecule-insulating polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Kaimakamis
- Laboratory for Thin Films
- Nanosystems and Nanometrology (LTFN)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - C. Pitsalidis
- Laboratory for Thin Films
- Nanosystems and Nanometrology (LTFN)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - A. Papamichail
- Laboratory for Thin Films
- Nanosystems and Nanometrology (LTFN)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - A. Laskarakis
- Laboratory for Thin Films
- Nanosystems and Nanometrology (LTFN)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - S. Logothetidis
- Laboratory for Thin Films
- Nanosystems and Nanometrology (LTFN)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki
- Greece
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14
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Niazi MR, Li R, Qiang Li E, Kirmani AR, Abdelsamie M, Wang Q, Pan W, Payne MM, Anthony JE, Smilgies DM, Thoroddsen ST, Giannelis EP, Amassian A. Solution-printed organic semiconductor blends exhibiting transport properties on par with single crystals. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8598. [PMID: 26592862 PMCID: PMC4673501 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Solution-printed organic semiconductors have emerged in recent years as promising contenders for roll-to-roll manufacturing of electronic and optoelectronic circuits. The stringent performance requirements for organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) in terms of carrier mobility, switching speed, turn-on voltage and uniformity over large areas require performance currently achieved by organic single-crystal devices, but these suffer from scale-up challenges. Here we present a new method based on blade coating of a blend of conjugated small molecules and amorphous insulating polymers to produce OTFTs with consistently excellent performance characteristics (carrier mobility as high as 6.7 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), low threshold voltages of<1 V and low subthreshold swings <0.5 V dec(-1)). Our findings demonstrate that careful control over phase separation and crystallization can yield solution-printed polycrystalline organic semiconductor films with transport properties and other figures of merit on par with their single-crystal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad R. Niazi
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruipeng Li
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Er Qiang Li
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad R. Kirmani
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged Abdelsamie
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qingxiao Wang
- Advanced Imaging and Characterization Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenyang Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14850 New York, USA
| | - Marcia M. Payne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506 Kentucky, USA
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506 Kentucky, USA
| | - Detlef-M. Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14850 New York, USA
| | - Sigurdur T. Thoroddsen
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emmanuel P. Giannelis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14850 New York, USA
| | - Aram Amassian
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Ward JW, Lamport ZA, Jurchescu OD. Versatile Organic Transistors by Solution Processing. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1118-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Shi J, Zhou W, Zhang L, Hu K, Xie Y. Morphology, structure, and photovoltaic properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester-based ternary blends doping with polystyrene of different tacticities. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangman Shi
- Institute of Polymers, Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Weihua Zhou
- Institute of Polymers, Nanchang University; Nanchang 330031 China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Kunxing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yuanpeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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17
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Shim H, Kumar A, Cho H, Yang D, Palai AK, Pyo S. Laterally-stacked, solution-processed organic microcrystal with ambipolar charge transport behavior. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:17804-17814. [PMID: 25244525 DOI: 10.1021/am5044505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation of laterally stacked ambipolar crystal wire for high-mobility organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), along with a simple logic circuit through a solution process. A soluble pentacene derivative, 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (Tips-pentacene), and N,N'-dioctyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide (PTCDI-C8) were used as p-type and n-type organic semiconductors, respectively. The laterally stacked ambipolar crystal wire is made up of Tips-pentacene and PTCDI-C8 crystals in a structure of Tips-pentacene/PTCDI-C8/Tips-pentacene (TPT). The inner part of the crystal is made up of PTCDI-C8, and Tips-pentacene is present on both sides. These TPT crystals exhibit typical ambipolar charge transport behavior in organic electronic devices, which show very balanced hole and electron mobility as high as 0.23 cm(2)/V·s and 0.13 cm(2)/V·s, respectively. Static and dynamic operational stability of the device is investigated by measuring the device performance as a function of storage time and applying voltage pulse, respectively, and it shows good air stability. In addition, a simple logic circuit based on the TPT crystal wire has been fabricated, and the static and dynamic performance has been evaluated. The results indicate that the TPT crystals are potentially useful for miniaturized organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseok Shim
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University , 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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18
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Ishiguro Y, Hayakawa R, Chikyow T, Wakayama Y. Optically controllable dual-gate organic transistor produced via phase separation between polymer semiconductor and photochromic spiropyran molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:10415-10420. [PMID: 24911949 DOI: 10.1021/am501884q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We produced an optically controllable dual-gate organic field-effect transistor by a simple one-step spin-coating of a mixed solution of photochromic spiropyran (SP) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Postannealing enhanced polymer chain ordering of P3HT to induce phase separation into an SP-rich lower layer and an SP-free upper layer. These layers worked independently as transistor channels with distinct optical responsivity. The top channel was optically inactive, but the bottom channel was optically active, because of the photoisomerization of SP. These results demonstrate the potential of our technique to produce a multifunctional photoactive organic transistor by a simple process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ishiguro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
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19
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Wheeler JS, Reynolds SW, Lancaster S, Romanguera VS, Yeates SG. Polymer degradation during continuous ink-jet printing. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Ryno SM, Risko C, Brédas JL. Impact of Molecular Packing on Electronic Polarization in Organic Crystals: The Case of Pentacene vs TIPS-Pentacene. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6421-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja501725s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Ryno
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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21
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Organic Semiconductor/Insulator Polymer Blends for High-Performance Organic Transistors. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6041057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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22
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Pitsalidis C, Kalfagiannis N, Hastas NA, Karagiannidis PG, Kapnopoulos C, Ioakeimidis A, Logothetidis S. High performance transistors based on the controlled growth of triisopropylsilylethynyl-pentacene crystals via non-isotropic solvent evaporation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02300e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-isotropic solvent evaporation method is herein introduced for the formation of uniaxially-oriented crystalline TIPS-Pentacene films, towards the realization of high performance field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Pitsalidis
- Lab for Thin Films-Nanosystems and Nanometrology
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N. Kalfagiannis
- Lab for Thin Films-Nanosystems and Nanometrology
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Science and Technology
- Nottingham Trent University
| | - N. A. Hastas
- Department of Physics
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P. G. Karagiannidis
- Lab for Thin Films-Nanosystems and Nanometrology
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - C. Kapnopoulos
- Lab for Thin Films-Nanosystems and Nanometrology
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A. Ioakeimidis
- Lab for Thin Films-Nanosystems and Nanometrology
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S. Logothetidis
- Lab for Thin Films-Nanosystems and Nanometrology
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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23
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Bae I, Hwang SK, Kim RH, Kang SJ, Park C. Wafer-scale arrays of nonvolatile polymer memories with microprinted semiconducting small molecule/polymer blends. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:10696-10704. [PMID: 24070419 DOI: 10.1021/am402852y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonvolatile ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistors (Fe-FETs) memories with solution-processed ferroelectric polymers are of great interest because of their potential for use in low-cost flexible devices. In particular, the development of a process for patterning high-performance semiconducting channel layers with mechanical flexibility is essential not only for proper cell-to-cell isolation but also for arrays of flexible nonvolatile memories. We demonstrate a robust route for printing large-scale micropatterns of solution-processed semiconducting small molecules/insulating polymer blends for high performance arrays of nonvolatile ferroelectric polymer memory. The nonvolatile memory devices are based on top-gate/bottom-contact Fe-FET with ferroelectric polymer insulator and micropatterned semiconducting blend channels. Printed micropatterns of a thin blended semiconducting film were achieved by our selective contact evaporation printing, with which semiconducting small molecules in contact with a micropatterned elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) mold were preferentially evaporated and absorbed into the PDMS mold while insulating polymer remained intact. Well-defined micrometer-scale patterns with various shapes and dimensions were readily developed over a very large area on a 4 in. wafer, allowing for fabrication of large-scale printed arrays of Fe-FETs with highly uniform device performance. We statistically analyzed the memory properties of Fe-FETs, including ON/OFF ratio, operation voltage, retention, and endurance, as a function of the micropattern dimensions of the semiconducting films. Furthermore, roll-up memory arrays were produced by successfully detaching large-area Fe-FETs printed on a flexible substrate with a transient adhesive layer from a hard substrate and subsequently transferring them to a nonplanar surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insung Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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24
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Little M, Lan H, Raftery J, Morrison JJ, McDouall JJW, Yeates SG, Quayle P. An Approach to the Synthesis of Functionalized Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. European J Org Chem 2013; 2013:6038-6041. [PMID: 25045320 PMCID: PMC4068280 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The application of a new benzannulation reaction for the regiocontrolled synthesis of functionalized chrysenes is reported. The initial benzannulation and the subsequent halogen displacement reactions are both highly regiospecific, which thereby enables the regiocontrolled synthesis of a variety of 4,10-disubstituted chrysenes from commercially available 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Little
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK E-mail: Homepage: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/peter.quayle/
| | - He Lan
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK E-mail: Homepage: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/peter.quayle/
| | - James Raftery
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK E-mail: Homepage: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/peter.quayle/
| | - John J Morrison
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK E-mail: Homepage: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/peter.quayle/
| | - Joseph J W McDouall
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK E-mail: Homepage: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/peter.quayle/
| | - Stephen G Yeates
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK E-mail: Homepage: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/peter.quayle/
| | - Peter Quayle
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK E-mail: Homepage: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/peter.quayle/
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25
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Jung HJ, Huh J, Park C. Kinetically driven self-assembly of a binary solute mixture with controlled phase separation via electro-hydrodynamic flow of corona discharge. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:6219-6234. [PMID: 22990240 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31721d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This feature article describes a new and facile process to fabricate a variety of thin films of non-volatile binary solute mixtures suitable for high performance organic electronic devices via electro-hydrodynamic flow of conventional corona discharge. Both Corona Discharge Coating (CDC) and a modified version of CDC, Scanning Corona Discharge Coating (SCDC), are based on utilizing directional electric flow, known as corona wind, of the charged uni-polar particles generated by corona discharge between a metallic needle and a bottom plate under a high electric field (5-10 kV cm(-1)). The electric flow rapidly spreads out the binary mixture solution on the bottom plate and subsequently forms a smooth and flat thin film in a large area within a few seconds. In the case of SCDC, the static movement of the bottom electrode on which a binary mixture solution is placed provides further control of thin film formation, giving rise to a film highly uniform over a large area. Interesting phase separation behaviors were observed including nanometer scale phase separation of a polymer-polymer binary mixture and vertical phase separation of a polymer-organic semiconductor mixture. Core-shell type phase separation of either polymer-polymer or polymer-colloidal nanoparticle binary mixtures was also developed with a periodically patterned microstructure when the relative location of the corona wind was controlled to a binary solution droplet on a substrate. We also demonstrate potential applications of thin functional films with controlled microstructures by corona coating to various organic electronic devices such as electroluminescent diodes, field effect transistors and non-volatile polymer memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Joon Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
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26
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Li S, Lu G, Li H, Qu Y, Li L, Loos J, Yang X. Ternary Donor-Insulator-Acceptor Systems for Polymer Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1882-7. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Li
- Polymer Composites Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
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27
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Zheng L, Liu J, Sun Y, Ding Y, Han Y. Manipulating the Crystallization of Methanofullerene Thin Films with Polymer Additives. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Zhong H, Smith J, Rossbauer S, White AJP, Anthopoulos TD, Heeney M. Air-stable and high-mobility n-channel organic transistors based on small-molecule/polymer semiconducting blends. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:3205-3211. [PMID: 22605461 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Use of a carefully designed small-molecule organic semiconductor based on an oxidized diketopyrrolopyrrole core enables the fabrication by solution processing of electron-transporting (n-channel) blend-based organic thin-film transistors with high electron mobility (0.5 cm(2)/Vs) and high operating stability even when the devices are exposed to ambient air for prolonged periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhong
- Centre for Plastic Electronics, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, UK
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29
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Canesi EV, Luzio A, Saglio B, Bianco A, Caironi M, Bertarelli C. n-Type Semiconducting Polymer Fibers. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:366-369. [PMID: 35578503 DOI: 10.1021/mz200208b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Defect-free bicomponent fibers of poly{[N,N'-bis(2-octyl-dodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)}/poly(ethyleneoxide) P(NDI2OD-T2)/PEO are fabricated by means of electrospinning and rinsed with a selective solvent to afford pure P(NDI2OD-T2) while maintaining a fibrous morphology. The elongation strength applied on the spun jet by the high electrical field induces a preferential orientation of polymer chains. An electron mobility analogous to the best obtained with a thin film-based device is achieved in single fiber transistors, and the results are unaffected by the dielectric surface treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora V. Canesi
- Center for Nano Science and
Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center for Nano Science and
Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Beatrice Saglio
- Dipartimento
di
Chimica, Materiali e Ing. Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da
Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate,
Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and
Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Dipartimento
di
Chimica, Materiali e Ing. Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da
Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and
Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
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30
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Su Y, Liu J, Zheng L, Ding Z, Han Y. Polymer assisted solution-processing of rubrene spherulites via solvent vapor annealing. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20417g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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31
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Hwang DK, Fuentes-Hernandez C, Berrigan JD, Fang Y, Kim J, Potscavage WJ, Cheun H, Sandhage KH, Kippelen B. Solvent and polymer matrix effects on TIPS-pentacene/polymer blend organic field-effect transistors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16487f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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James DT, Kjellander BKC, Smaal WTT, Gelinck GH, Combe C, McCulloch I, Wilson R, Burroughes JH, Bradley DDC, Kim JS. Thin-film morphology of inkjet-printed single-droplet organic transistors using polarized Raman spectroscopy: effect of blending TIPS-pentacene with insulating polymer. ACS NANO 2011; 5:9824-9835. [PMID: 22032725 DOI: 10.1021/nn203397m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report thin-film morphology studies of inkjet-printed single-droplet organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) using angle-dependent polarized Raman spectroscopy. We show this to be an effective technique to determine the degree of molecular order as well as to spatially resolve the orientation of the conjugated backbones of the 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-Pentacene) molecules. The addition of an insulating polymer, polystyrene (PS), does not disrupt the π-π stacking of the TIPS-Pentacene molecules. Blending in fact improves the uniformity of the molecular morphology and the active layer coverage within the device and reduces the variation in molecular orientation between polycrystalline domains. For OTFT performance, blending enhances the saturation mobility from 0.22 ± 0.05 cm(2)/(V·s) (TIPS-Pentacene) to 0.72 ± 0.17 cm(2)/(V·s) (TIPS-Pentacene:PS) in addition to improving the quality of the interface between TIPS-Pentacene and the gate dielectric in the channel, resulting in threshold voltages of ∼0 V and steep subthreshold slopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T James
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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33
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Kola S, Tremblay NJ, Yeh ML, Katz HE, Kirschner SB, Reich DH. Synthesis and Characterization of a Pyromellitic Diimide-Based Polymer with C- and N-Main Chain links: Matrix for Solution-Processable n-Channel Field-effect Transistors. ACS Macro Lett 2011; 2012:136-140. [PMID: 22282725 DOI: 10.1021/mz200007p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A highly soluble pyromellitic diimide-based polymer was obtained through imidization polymerization. The novel architecture features diimide subunits linked alternately at 3-6 and N,N' positions. The polymer is highly transparent in the near ultraviolet-visible regions. Smooth and uniform thin-films were obtained through spin-coating even after blending the polymer with PCBM in 1:9 polymer:PCBM weight ratio. While the polymer itself has modest electron mobility in typical bottom-gate top-contact OFETs, an electron mobility of 3 × 10(-3) cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) was achieved for the blend, which increased to 10(-2) cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) on exposure to propylamine. Thus, polyimides are demonstrated as promising binder materials for solution-processible n-channel semiconductor blends, of which very few examples are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Kola
- Departments
of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 206 Maryland Hall, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Noah J. Tremblay
- Departments
of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 206 Maryland Hall, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ming-Ling Yeh
- Departments
of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 206 Maryland Hall, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Departments
of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 206 Maryland Hall, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Stuart B. Kirschner
- Departments
of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 206 Maryland Hall, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Daniel H. Reich
- Departments
of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Chemistry, and §Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 206 Maryland Hall, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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34
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Ferenczi TAM, Müller C, Bradley DDC, Smith P, Nelson J, Stingelin N. Organic semiconductor:insulator polymer ternary blends for photovoltaics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:4093-4097. [PMID: 21805508 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toby A M Ferenczi
- Department of Physics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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35
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Wen Y, Liu Y, Guo Y, Yu G, Hu W. Experimental Techniques for the Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Thin Films for Field-Effect Transistors. Chem Rev 2011; 111:3358-406. [DOI: 10.1021/cr1001904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yugeng Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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36
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Lada M, Starink MJ, Carrasco M, Chen L, Miskiewicz P, Brookes P, Obarowska M, Smith DC. Morphology control via dual solvent crystallization for high-mobility functionalized pentacene-blend thin film transistors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Chung YS, Shin N, Kang J, Jo Y, Prabhu VM, Satija SK, Kline RJ, DeLongchamp DM, Toney MF, Loth MA, Purushothaman B, Anthony JE, Yoon DY. Zone-Refinement Effect in Small Molecule−Polymer Blend Semiconductors for Organic Thin-Film Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:412-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja108772q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sook Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Nayool Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jihoon Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Youngeun Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Vivek M. Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sushil K. Satija
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - R. Joseph Kline
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dean M. DeLongchamp
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Marsha A. Loth
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Balaji Purushothaman
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Do Y. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea, National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States, Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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38
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A-Alamry K, Nixon K, Hindley R, Odel JA, Yeates SG. Flow-induced polymer degradation during ink-jet printing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 32:316-20. [PMID: 21433177 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time evidence of flow-induced polymer degradation during inkjet printing for both poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) in good solvent. This has significance for the deposition of functional and biological materials. Polymers having Mw either less than 100 kDa or greater than approximately 1,000 kDa show no evidence of molecular weight degradation. The lower boundary condition is a consequence of low Deborah Number De imposed by the printhead geometry and the upper boundary condition due to visco-elastic damping. For intermediate molecular weights the effect is greatest at high elongational strain rate and low solution concentration with higher polydispersity polymers being most sensitive to molecular weight degradation. For low polydispersity samples, PDi ≤ 1.3, chain breakage is essentially centro-symmetric induced either by turbulance or overstretching when the strain rate increases well beyond a critical value, that is the stretching rate is high enough to exceed the rate of relaxation. For higher polydispersity samples chain breakage is consistent with almost random scission along the chain, inferring that the forces required to break the chain are additionally transmitted either by valence bonds, i.e. network chains and junctions or discrete entanglements rather than solely by hydrodynamic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A-Alamry
- Organic Materials Innovation Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Kjellander BKC, Smaal WTT, Anthony JE, Gelinck GH. Inkjet printing of TIPS-PEN on soluble polymer insulating films: a route to high-performance thin-film transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4612-6. [PMID: 20957764 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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Salleo A, Kline RJ, DeLongchamp DM, Chabinyc ML. Microstructural characterization and charge transport in thin films of conjugated polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:3812-3838. [PMID: 20607787 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The performance of semiconducting polymers has been steadily increasing in the last 20 years. Improved control over the microstructure of these materials and a deeper understanding of how the microstructure affects charge transport are partially responsible for such trend. The development and widespread use of techniques that allow to characterize the microstructure of semiconducting polymers is therefore instrumental for the advance of these materials. This article is a review of the characterization techniques that provide information used to enhance the understanding of structure/property relationships in semiconducting polymers. In particular, the applications of optical and X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning probe techniques in this context are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Salleo
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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41
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Smith J, Hamilton R, McCulloch I, Stingelin-Stutzmann N, Heeney M, Bradley DDC, Anthopoulos TD. Solution-processed organic transistors based on semiconducting blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b921674j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Pron A, Gawrys P, Zagorska M, Djurado D, Demadrille R. Electroactive materials for organic electronics: preparation strategies, structural aspects and characterization techniques. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:2577-632. [DOI: 10.1039/b907999h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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43
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Madec MB, Smith PJ, Malandraki A, Wang N, Korvink JG, Yeates SG. Enhanced reproducibility of inkjet printed organic thin film transistors based on solution processable polymer-small molecule blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01614d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Egginger M, Bauer S, Schwödiauer R, Neugebauer H, Sariciftci NS. Current versus gate voltage hysteresis in organic field effect transistors. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-009-0149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Sun J, Jung BJ, Lee T, Berger L, Huang J, Liu Y, Reich DH, Katz HE. Tunability of mobility and conductivity over large ranges in poly(3,3'''-didodecylquaterthiophene)/insulating polymer composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:412-419. [PMID: 20353231 DOI: 10.1021/am8001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting polymers are currently being considered as active layers in field-effect transistors, in which high charge carrier mobility and low off conductivity are important. For other applications, such as certain spintronic mechanisms, the opposite characteristics are desirable. Blending such polymers with insulating polymers would be expected to lower the mobility. In this paper, we report that the use of hydrocarbon polymers such as polystyrene as insulators generally raises the mobility when the semiconducting polymer is poly(bisdodecylquaterthiophene). A high mobility value of nearly 0.1 cm(2)/V.s was obtained for an optimal blend. While this is counterintuitive, it is consistent with a few other recent reports. In order to lower the mobility significantly, a much more polar and irregular blending agent is needed. The further addition of tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane as a dopant gave a rare low mobility/high conductivity combination of properties, with a charge carrier density on the order of 10(19) cm(-3). Thus, mobility and conductivity were tuned somewhat independently over 3 and 4 orders of magnitude, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 103 Maryland Hall, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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46
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Llorente GR, Dufourg-Madec MB, Crouch DJ, Pritchard RG, Ogier S, Yeates SG. High performance, acene-based organic thin film transistors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3059-61. [DOI: 10.1039/b901448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Madec MB, Morrison JJ, Sanchez-Romaguera V, Turner ML, Yeates SG. Organic field effect transistors from ambient solution processed poly(triarylamine)–insulator blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b910476c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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