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Baig F, Farnier K, Ishtiaq M, Cunningham JP. Volatiles produced by symbiotic yeasts improve trap catches of Carpophilus davidsoni (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae): an important pest of stone fruits in Australia. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:505-512. [PMID: 36881679 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Carpophilus davidsoni (Dobson) is an important pest of Australian stone fruit. Current management practices for this beetle include the use of a trap that contains an attractant lure comprised of aggregation pheromones and a 'co-attractant' mixture of volatiles from fruit juice fermented using Baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hansen). We explored whether volatiles from yeasts Pichia kluyveri (Bedford) and Hanseniaspora guilliermondii (Pijper), which are closely associated with C. davidsoni in nature, might improve the effectiveness of the co-attractant. Field trials using live yeast cultures revealed that P. kluyveri trapped higher numbers of C. davidsoni compared to H. guilliermondii, and comparative GC-MS of volatile emissions of the two yeasts led to the selection of isoamyl acetate and 2-phenylethyl acetate for further investigation. In subsequent field trials, trap catches of C. davidsoni were significantly increased when 2-phenylethyl acetate was added to the co-attractant, compared to when isoamyl acetate was added, or both isoamyl acetate and 2-phenylethyl acetate. We also tested different concentrations of ethyl acetate in the co-attractant (the only ester in the original lure) and found contrasting results in cage bioassays and field trails. Our study demonstrates how exploring volatile emissions from microbes that are ecologically associated with insect pests can result in more potent lures for use in integrated pest management strategies. Results from laboratory bioassays screening volatile compounds should be treated with caution when making inferences regarding attraction under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Baig
- Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- Institute of Plant Protection, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Kevin Farnier
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Muhammad Ishtiaq
- Institute of Plant Protection, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - John Paul Cunningham
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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Khataei MM, Yamini Y, Shamsayei M. Applications of porous frameworks in solid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1231-1263. [PMID: 33433916 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Porous frameworks are a term of attracting solid materials assembled by interconnection of molecules and ions. These trendy materials due to high chemical and thermal stability, well-defined pore size and structure, and high effective surface area gained attention to employ as extraction phase in sample pretreatment methods before analytical analysis. Solid-phase microextraction is an important subclass of sample preparation technique that up to now different configurations of this method have been introduced to get adaptable with different environments and analytical instruments. In this review, theoretical aspect and different modes of solid-phase microextraction method are investigated. Different classes of porous frameworks and their applications as extraction phase in the proposed microextraction method are evaluated. Types and features of supporting substrates and coating procedures of porous frameworks on them are reviewed. At the end, the prospective and the challenges ahead in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Khataei
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shamsayei
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Horodytska O, Cabanes A, Fullana A. Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in recycled plastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126373. [PMID: 32163780 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The demand for high quality recycled polymers in the European plastic industry is on the increase, likely due to the EU's Plastic Strategy intended to implement the circular economy model in this sector. The problem is that there is not enough recycled plastic in the market. In terms of volume, post-consumer plastic waste could be key to meet the current and future demand. Nevertheless, a high level of contamination originated during the product's life cycle restricts its use. The first step to change this must be identifying the undesired substances in post-consumer plastics and performing an effective risk assessment. The acquired knowledge will be fundamental for the development of innovative decontamination technologies. In this study, 134 substances including volatile and semi-volatile compounds have been identified in recycled LDPE and HDPE from domestic waste. Headspace and solvent extraction followed by GC/MS were used. The possible origin of each substance was studied. The main groups were additives, polymer and additives breakdown products, and contamination from external sources. The results suggest that recycled LDPE contains a broader number of additives and their degradation products. Some of them may cause safety concerns if reused in higher added value applications. Regarding recycled HDPE, the contaminants from the use phase are predominant creating problems such as intense odors. To reduce the number of undesired substances, it is proposed to narrow the variety of additives used in plastic manufacturing and to opt for separate waste collection systems to prevent cross-contamination with organic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Horodytska
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road, s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.
| | - A Cabanes
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road, s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - A Fullana
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig Road, s/n, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
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4
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Dekel A, Yakir E, Bohbot JD. The sulcatone receptor of the strict nectar-feeding mosquito Toxorhynchites amboinensis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 111:103174. [PMID: 31129164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Controlling Ae. aegypti populations and the prevention of mosquito bites includes the development of monitoring, repelling and attract-and-kill strategies that are based on understanding the chemical ecology of these pests. Olfactory-mediated attraction to mammals has recently been linked to the mosquito Aedes aegypti odorant receptor Or4, which is activated by animal-released 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one (sulcatone). This odorant is also a major component of flower scents and may play a role outside animal-host seeking. To explore the role of this chemical cue, we looked at the interaction between sulcatone and an Or4 homolog expressed in the antennae of the strict nectar-feeding mosquito Toxorhynchites amboinensis. Using the two-electrode voltage clamp of Xenopus oocytes as a heterologous expression system, we show that this receptor is a high intensity sulcatone receptor comparable to its Aedes counterparts. We also show that OR4 is activated by other aliphatic ketones and is inhibited by DEET. This pharmacological characterization suggests that sulcatone may be operating in more than one context in the Culicidae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Dekel
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Esther Yakir
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Jonathan D Bohbot
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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5
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Wakayama T, Ito Y, Sakai K, Miyake M, Shibata E, Ohno H, Kamijima M. Comprehensive review of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol as an indoor air pollutant. J Occup Health 2019; 61:19-35. [PMID: 30698348 PMCID: PMC6499367 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives 2‐Ethyl‐1‐hexanol (2EH), a fragrance ingredient and a raw material for the production of plasticizer di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, is responsible for sick building syndrome (SBS). This review aims to clarify the 2EH characteristics as an indoor air pollutant such as indoor air concentration, emission mechanism, toxicity, and clinical effects. Methods Scientific publications in English that has been made available on PubMed as of June 2018 and ad hoc publications in regional languages were reviewed. Results Inhalation exposure to 2EH caused mucous membrane irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat in experimental animals. Studies in human volunteers revealed an increase in olfactory irritation and eye discomfort. There has been increasing evidence of 2EH being present in indoor air in buildings. The primary sources of 2EH emissions are not building materials themselves, but instead the hydrolysis of plasticizers and flooring adhesives. In particular, compounds like di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate present in polyvinyl chloride flooring materials are hydrolyzed upon contact with alkaline moisture‐containing concrete floors. That being said, it may be observed that indoor concentrations of 2EH increased every year during summer. Conclusions Unlike other volatile organic compounds that cause SBS, 2EH can be retained in indoor air for long durations, increasing the likelihood of causing undesirable health effects in building occupants exposed to it. As a precautionary measure, it is important to use flooring materials that do not emit 2EH by hydrolysis, or to dry concrete before covering with flooring materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Wakayama
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Environmental Health, Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sakai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Environmental Health, Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mio Miyake
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiji Shibata
- Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohno
- Department of Environmental Health, Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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6
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Lee JH, Jayaprakasha G, Avila CA, Crosby KM, Patil BS. Metabolomic studies of volatiles from tomatoes grown in net-house and open-field conditions. Food Chem 2019; 275:282-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Zou T, Liu J, Song H, Liu Y. Discovery of Amadori-Type Conjugates in a Peptide Maillard Reaction and Their Corresponding Influence on the Formation of Pyrazines. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1588-1595. [PMID: 29745978 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the role of peptides in the Maillard reaction is rather limited. In this study, peptide Maillard reaction model systems were established. Volatile and nonvolatile MRPs (Maillard reaction products) were investigated by GC-O-MS and LC-MS. Carbohydrate module labeling (CAMOLA) experiments were performed to elucidate the carbon skeleton of these compounds. Results showed that the peptide reaction system generated more pyrazines than the free amino acid group. Several new Amadori-type conjugates were identified as novel Maillard reaction products that could greatly influence the formation of pyrazines. Our work suggested anew mechanism involving these Amadori-type conjugates and subsequent investigation revealed that the conjugates could be important intermediate products in the reaction between dicarbonyl and dipeptide. Our findings demonstrate anew pyrazine generation mechanism in the dipeptide Maillard reaction. PRACTICAL APPLICATION We found that a dipeptide Maillard reaction system generated more pyrazines than a reaction system composed of free amino acids. New cross-linked peptide-sugar compounds were identified and found to impact the formation of pyrazines. The results of this study may help in the preparation of thermal reaction flavors using enzymatically hydrolyzed vegetable/animal proteins, which contain a considerable amount of peptides, as one of the major reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Lab. of Molecular Sensory Science, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Lab. of Molecular Sensory Science, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Huanlu Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Lab. of Molecular Sensory Science, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Lab. of Molecular Sensory Science, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing, 100048, China
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8
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Zhao G, Yin G, Inamdar AA, Luo J, Zhang N, Yang I, Buckley B, Bennett JW. Volatile organic compounds emitted by filamentous fungi isolated from flooded homes after Hurricane Sandy show toxicity in a Drosophila bioassay. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:518-528. [PMID: 27748984 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Superstorm Sandy provided an opportunity to study filamentous fungi (molds) associated with winter storm damage. We collected 36 morphologically distinct fungal isolates from flooded buildings. By combining traditional morphological and cultural characters with an analysis of ITS sequences (the fungal DNA barcode), we identified 24 fungal species that belong to eight genera: Penicillium (11 species), Fusarium (four species), Aspergillus (three species), Trichoderma (two species), and one species each of Metarhizium, Mucor, Pestalotiopsis, and Umbelopsis. Then, we used a Drosophila larval assay to assess possible toxicity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by these molds. When cultured in a shared atmosphere with growing cultures of molds isolated after Hurricane Sandy, larval toxicity ranged from 15 to 80%. VOCs from Aspergillus niger 129B were the most toxic yielding 80% mortality to Drosophila after 12 days. The VOCs from Trichoderma longibrachiatum 117, Mucor racemosus 138a, and Metarhizium anisopliae 124 were relatively non-toxigenic. A preliminary analysis of VOCs was conducted using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from two of the most toxic, two of the least toxic, and two species of intermediate toxicity. The more toxic molds produced higher concentrations of 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, 3-octanol, 2-octen-1-ol, and 2-nonanone; while the less toxic molds produced more 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol, or an overall lower amount of volatiles. Our data support the hypothesis that at certain concentrations, some VOCs emitted by indoor molds are toxigenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - G Yin
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - A A Inamdar
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - J Luo
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - N Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - I Yang
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - B Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - J W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Simon AG, Mills DK, Furton KG. Chemotyping the temporal volatile organic compounds of an invasive fungus to the United States, Raffaelea lauricola. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1487:72-76. [PMID: 28143663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace of the fungus Raffaelea lauricola have been monitored and identified over a twenty-eight day growth period. R. lauricola is an invasive and phytopathogenic fungus that was first identified in the United States in the mid-2000s. It is believed to be spread by a host beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, and is detrimental both to wild members of the Lauraceae family and to commercial avocado groves particularly in the Southeastern region of the country. The fungus causes the fatal laurel wilt disease, a result of the host tree shutting down its vascular system in order to halt the spread of the fungus. The current study identified the VOCs present in the headspace of R. lauricola over the initial growth stage using headspace solid phase microextracion-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Results revealed the VOC dynamics of the fungus in culture, indicating that the initial growth period of the fungus may coincide with potential responses from the host trees that may recognize and respond to the pathogen when the fungal VOCs are produced as a result of primary metabolic processes. As fungal growth progresses past initial growth phases, the predominant compounds seen in the odor profile are hydrocarbons and terpenes, produced from secondary metabolic processes. The odor profile pattern for the twenty-eight day growth period did change with the stages of growth. Based on the information learned from this pilot study, a discussion is presented of possible host tree reactions to R. lauricola and implications for future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Simon
- International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL, 33199 USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL, 33199 USA
| | - DeEtta K Mills
- International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL, 33199 USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL, 33199 USA
| | - Kenneth G Furton
- International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL, 33199 USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL, 33199 USA.
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10
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Došen I, Nielsen KF, Clausen G, Andersen B. Potentially harmful secondary metabolites produced by indoor Chaetomium species on artificially and naturally contaminated building materials. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:34-46. [PMID: 26880675 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the fungal genus Chaetomium and its secondary metabolites in indoor environments is suspected to have a negative impact on human health and well-being. About 200 metabolites have been currently described from Chaetomium spp., but only the bioactive compound group, chaetoglobosins, have been screened for and thus detected in buildings. In this study, we used a liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry approach to screen both artificially and naturally infected building materials for all the Chaetomium metabolites described in the literature. Pure agar cultures were also investigated to establish differences between metabolite production in vitro and on building materials as well as in comparison with non-indoor reference strains. On building materials, six different chaetoglobosins were detected in total concentrations of up to 950 mg/m2 from Chaetomium globosum along with three different chaetoviridins/chaetomugilins in concentrations up to 200 mg/m2 . Indoor Chaetomium spp. preferred wood-based materials over gypsum, both in terms of growth rate and metabolite production. Cochliodones were detected for the first time on all building materials infected by both C. globosum and Chaetomium elatum and are thus candidates as Chaetomium biomarkers. No sterigmatocystin was produced by Chaetomium spp. from indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Došen
- Section for Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - K F Nielsen
- Section for Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Clausen
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - B Andersen
- Section for Eukaryotic Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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11
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Choi H, Schmidbauer N, Bornehag CG. Volatile organic compounds of possible microbial origin and their risks on childhood asthma and allergies within damp homes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 98:143-151. [PMID: 27838117 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk of indoor exposure to volatile organic compounds of purported microbial origin on childhood symptoms of wheezing, rhinitis, and/or eczema, and doctor-diagnosed asthma, rhinitis, and eczema, respectively, remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To test hypotheses that total sum of 28 microbial volatile organic compounds (Σ26 MVOCs): 1) poses independent risk on doctor-diagnosed asthma, rhinitis, and eczema, respectively, as well as multiple symptom presentation with a minimum of the two of the above conditions (i.e. case); 2) is associated with significant interaction with absolute humidity (AH) on additive scale. METHODS In a case-control investigation, 198 cases and 202 controls were examined during November 2001 - March 2002 period through home indoor air sampling, air quality inspection, and health outcome ascertainment. RESULTS Not only the Σ28 MVOCs but also the global MVOC index were significantly higher within the homes of the cases with a high AH, compared to the controls with a low AH (all Ps<0.001). Only the cases, but not the controls, were associated with a dose-dependent increase in the exposure variables of interest (Σ28 MVOCs) per quartile increase in AH (P<0.0001 for the cases; P=0.780 for the controls). Only among the children who live in a high AH homes, a natural log (ln)-unit of Σ 28 MVOCs was associated with 2.5-times greater odds of the case status (95% CI, 1.0-6.2; P=0.046), compared to 0.7-times the odds (95% CI, 0.4-1.0; P=0.074) of the same outcome among the low AH homes. Specifically, joint exposure to a high MVOCs and high AH was associated with 2.6-times greater odds of the doctor-diagnosed asthma status (95% CI, 0.7-8.91; P=0.137). CONCLUSION Joint occurrence of high Σ28 MVOCs and AH was associated with a significant increase in the case status and asthma risks in an additive scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunok Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, School of Public Health, State University of New York, United States.
| | - Norbert Schmidbauer
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, PO Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15 Borås, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
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12
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Sawoszczuk T, Syguła-Cholewińska J, Del Hoyo-Meléndez JM. Application of solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the early detection of active moulds on historical woollen objects. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:858-868. [PMID: 27935254 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to determine the microbial volatile organic compounds emitted by moulds growing on wool in search of particular volatiles mentioned in the literature as indicators of active mould growth. The keratinolytically active fungi were inoculated on two types of media: (1) samples of wool placed on broths, and (2) on broths containing amino acids that are elements of the structure of keratin. All samples were prepared inside 20 mL vials (closed system). In the first case (1) the broths did not contain any sources of organic carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur, i.e. wool was the only nutrient for the moulds. A third type of sample was historical wool prepared in a Petri dish without a broth and inoculated with a keratinolytically active mould (open system). The microbial volatiles emitted by moulds were sampled with the headspace solid-phase microextraction method. Volatiles extracted on solid-phase microextraction fibers were analyzed in a gas chromatography with mass spectrometry system. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of chromatograms were carried out in search of indicators of metabolic activity. The results showed that there are three groups of volatiles that can be used for the detection of active forms of moulds on woollen objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sawoszczuk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Commodity Science, Cracow University of Economics, Cracow, Poland
| | - Justyna Syguła-Cholewińska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Commodity Science, Cracow University of Economics, Cracow, Poland
| | - Julio M Del Hoyo-Meléndez
- Laboratory of Analysis and Non-Destructive Investigation of Heritage Objects, National Museum in Krakow, Cracow, Poland
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13
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Cumeras R, Aksenov AA, Pasamontes A, Fung AG, Cianchetta AN, Doan H, Davis RM, Davis CE. Identification of fungal metabolites from inside Gallus gallus domesticus eggshells by non-invasively detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6649-58. [PMID: 27457106 PMCID: PMC5014728 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The natural porosity of eggshells allows hen eggs to become contaminated with microbes from the nesting material and environment. Those microorganisms can later proliferate due to the humid ambient conditions while stored in refrigerators, causing a potential health hazard to the consumer. The microbes' volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) are released by both fungi and bacteria. We studied mVOCs produced by aging eggs likely contaminated by fungi and fresh eggs using the non-invasive detection method of gas-phase sampling of volatiles followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Two different fungal species (Cladosporium macrocarpum and Botrytis cinerea) and two different bacteria species (Stenotrophomas rhizophila and Pseudomonas argentinensis) were identified inside the studied eggs. Two compounds believed to originate from the fungi themselves were identified. One fungus-specific compound was found in both egg and the fungi: trichloromethane. Graphical abstract Trichloromethane is a potential biomarker of fungal contamination of eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cumeras
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexander A Aksenov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alberto Pasamontes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexander G Fung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Amanda N Cianchetta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hung Doan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - R Michael Davis
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Center for Nano and Micro Manufacturing (CNM2), University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Choi H, Schmidbauer N, Bornehag CG. Non-microbial sources of microbial volatile organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 148:127-136. [PMID: 27043176 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The question regarding the true sources of the purported microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) remains unanswered. OBJECTIVE To identify microbial, as well as non-microbial sources of 28 compounds, which are commonly accepted as microbial VOCs (i.e. primary outcome of interest is Σ 28 VOCs). METHODS In a cross-sectional investigation of 390 homes, six building inspectors assessed water/mold damage, took air and dust samples, and measured environmental conditions (i.e., absolute humidity (AH, g/m(3)), temperature (°C), ventilation rate (ACH)). The air sample was analyzed for volatile organic compounds (μg/m(3)) and; dust samples were analyzed for total viable fungal concentration (CFU/g) and six phthalates (mg/g dust). Four benchmark variables of the underlying sources were defined as highest quartile categories of: 1) the total concentration of 17 propylene glycol and propylene glycol ethers (Σ17 PGEs) in the air sample; 2) 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TMPD-MIB) in the air sample; 3) semi-quantitative mold index; and 4) total fungal load (CFU/g). RESULTS Within severely damp homes, co-occurrence of the highest quartile concentration of either Σ17 PGEs or TMPD-MIB were respectively associated with a significantly higher median concentration of Σ 28 VOCs (8.05 and 13.38μg/m(3), respectively) compared to the reference homes (4.30 and 4.86μg/m(3), respectively, both Ps ≤0.002). Furthermore, the homes within the highest quartile range for Σ fungal load as well as AH were associated with a significantly increased median Σ 28 VOCs compared to the reference group (8.74 vs. 4.32μg/m(3), P=0.001). Within the final model of multiple indoor sources on Σ 28 VOCs, one natural log-unit increase in summed concentration of Σ17 PGEs, plus TMPD-MIB (Σ 17 PGEs + TMPD-MIB) was associated with 1.8-times (95% CI, 1.3-2.5), greater likelihood of having a highest quartile of Σ 28 VOCs, after adjusting for absolute humidity, history of repainting at least one room, ventilation rate, and mold index (P-value =0.001). Homes deemed severely mold damaged (i.e., mold index =1) were associated with 1.7-times (95% CI, 0.8-3.6), greater likelihood of having a highest quartile of Σ 28 VOCs, even though such likelihood was not significant (P-value =0.164). In addition, absolute humidity appeared to positively interact with mold index to significantly elevate the prevalence of the highest quartile category of Σ 28 VOCs. CONCLUSION The indoor concentration of Σ 28 VOCs, which are widely accepted as MVOCs, are significantly associated with the markers of synthetic (i.e. Σ17 PGEs and TMPD-MIB), and to less extent, microbial (i.e., mold index) sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunok Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, School of Public Health, State University of New York, United States.
| | - Norbert Schmidbauer
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, PO Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15 Borås, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
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15
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Zhang Q, Zhou L, Chen H, Wang CZ, Xia Z, Yuan CS. Solid-phase microextraction technology for in vitro and in vivo metabolite analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2016; 80:57-65. [PMID: 27695152 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of endogenous metabolites in biological samples may lead to the identification of biomarkers in metabolomics studies. To achieve accurate sample analysis, a combined method of continuous quick sampling and extraction is required for online compound detection. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) integrates sampling, extraction and concentration into a single solvent-free step for chemical analysis. SPME has a number of advantages, including simplicity, high sensitivity and a relatively non-invasive nature. In this article, we reviewed SPME technology in in vitro and in vivo analyses of metabolites after the ingestion of herbal medicines, foods and pharmaceutical agents. The metabolites of microorganisms in dietary supplements and in the gastrointestinal tract will also be examined. As a promising technology in biomedical and pharmaceutical research, SPME and its future applications will depend on advances in analytical technologies and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Liandi Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Zhining Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
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16
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Effects of Growth Parameters on the Analysis of Aspergillus flavus Volatile Metabolites. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Optimization of headspace solid phase microextraction for the analysis of microbial volatile organic compounds emitted by fungi: Application to historical objects. J Chromatogr A 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Mengoni T, Vargas Peregrina D, Censi R, Cortese M, Ricciutelli M, Maggi F, Di Martino P. SPME-GC-MS analysis of commercial henna samples (Lawsonia inermisL.). Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:268-75. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1055491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Spakowicz DJ, Strobel SA. Biosynthesis of hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds by fungi: bioengineering potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4943-51. [PMID: 25957494 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the biological production of fuels have relied on the optimization of pathways involving genes from diverse organisms. Several recent articles have highlighted the potential to expand the pool of useful genes by looking to filamentous fungi. This review highlights the enzymes and organisms used for the production of a variety of fuel types and commodity chemicals with a focus on the usefulness and promise of those from filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Spakowicz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 260/266 Whitney Avenue, PO Box 208114, New Haven, CT, 06520-8114, USA
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20
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Shaw JJ, Spakowicz DJ, Dalal RS, Davis JH, Lehr NA, Dunican BF, Orellana EA, Narváez-Trujillo A, Strobel SA. Biosynthesis and genomic analysis of medium-chain hydrocarbon production by the endophytic fungal isolate Nigrograna mackinnonii E5202H. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3715-28. [PMID: 25672844 PMCID: PMC4667366 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An endophytic fungus was isolated that produces a series of volatile natural products, including terpenes and odd chain polyenes. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolate using five loci suggests that it is closely related to Nigrograna mackinnonii CBS 674.75. The main component of the polyene series was purified and identified as (3E,5E,7E)-nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene (NTE), a novel natural product. Non-oxygenated hydrocarbons of this chain length are uncommon and desirable as gasoline-surrogate biofuels. The biosynthetic pathway for NTE production was explored using metabolic labeling and gas chromatography time of flight mass spectometer (GCMS). Two-carbon incorporation (13)C acetate suggests that it is derived from a polyketide synthase (PKS) followed by decarboxylation. There are several known mechanisms for such decarboxylation, though none have been discovered in fungi. Towards identifying the PKS responsible for the production of NTE, the genome of N. mackinnonii E5202H (ATCC SD-6839) was sequenced and assembled. Of the 32 PKSs present in the genome, 17 are predicted to contain sufficient domains for the production of NTE. These results exemplify the capacity of endophytic fungi to produce novel natural products that may have many uses, such as biologically derived fuels and commodity chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery J Shaw
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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21
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Rapid evaluation technique to differentiate mushroom disease-related moulds by detecting microbial volatile organic compounds using HS-SPME-GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:537-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Deshmukh Y, Khare P, Patra DD, Nadaf AB. HS-SPME-GC-FID method for detection and quantification ofBacillus cereusATCC 10702 mediated 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1356-63. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Deshmukh
- Agronomy and Soil Science Division; CSIR-CIMAP Lucknow 226015 India
| | - Puja Khare
- Agronomy and Soil Science Division; CSIR-CIMAP Lucknow 226015 India
| | - D. D. Patra
- Agronomy and Soil Science Division; CSIR-CIMAP Lucknow 226015 India
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Qiu R, Qu D, Trengove R, Agarwal M, Hardy GESJ, Ren Y. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of VOCs Produced by Phytophthora cinnamomi. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:1099-1105. [PMID: 30708787 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-14-0049-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Phytophthora cinnamomi-infected lupin seedlings were collected by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The sampling was done 28 to 44, 52 to 68, and 76 to 92 h after inoculation (HAI). The HS-SPME samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) to assess the differences in volatile compounds between the P. cinnamomi-infected lupin seedlings and the control. Three specific peaks were identified after 52 to 68 h with the infected lupin seedlings, at which time there were no visible aboveground symptoms of infection. Subsequently, the VOCs of five different substrates (V8A, PDA, lupin seedlings, soil, and soil + lupin seedlings) infected with P. cinnamomi and the corresponding controls were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 87 VOCs were identified. Of these, the five most abundant that were unique to all five inoculated substrates included: 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 4-ethylphenol, butyrolactone, phenylethyl alcohol, and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone. Therefore, these metabolites can be used as markers for the identification of P. cinnamomi in different growing environments. Some VOCs were specific to a particular substrate; for example, 2,4,6-rrimethyl-heptanes, dl-6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, dimethyl trisulfide, 6,10-dimethyl- 5,9-undecadien-2-ol, and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol were specific to P. cinnamomi + V8A; heptanes and 5-methyl-3-heptaneone were specific to P. cinnamomi + PDA; 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl acetate, 2-methyl-propanoic acid, ethyl ester, and ethyl ester 2-methyl-butanoic acid were specific to P. cinnamomi-inoculated lupin seedlings; and benzyl alcohol and 4-ethyl-1, 2-dimethoxybenzene were only detected in the headspace of inoculated soil + lupin seedlings. Results from this investigation have multiple impacts as the volatile organic profiles produced by the pathogen can be utilized as an early warning system to detect the pathogen from contaminated field soil samples. Data from this investigation have also illuminated potential metabolic pathways utilized by the oomycete during infection which may serve as potential targets for the development of specific control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150 Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, ACT 2617
| | - Dong Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling
| | - Robert Trengove
- Separation Science & Metabolomics Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia; WA Node of Metabolomics Australia
| | - Manjree Agarwal
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch; Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, ACT 2617
| | - Giles E St J Hardy
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management (CPSM), School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch; Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, ACT 2617
| | - Yonglin Ren
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch; Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court South Perth, WA 6151; Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, ACT 2617
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Inamdar AA, Zaman T, Morath SU, Pu DC, Bennett JW. Drosophila melanogaster as a model to characterize fungal volatile organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:829-836. [PMID: 23139201 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are implicated in poor indoor air quality and may pose a potential risk factor for building/mold related illnesses. Fungi emit numerous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, terpenoids, thiols, and their derivatives. The toxicity profile of these VOCs has never been explored in a model organism, which could enable the performance of high throughput toxicological assays and lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of toxicity. We have established a reductionist Drosophila melanogaster model to evaluate the toxicity of fungal VOCs. In this report, we assessed the toxicity of fungal VOCs emitted from living cultures of species in the genera, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, and Penicillium and observed a detrimental effect on larval survival. We then used chemical standards of selected fungal VOCs to assess their toxicity on larval and adult Drosophila. We compared the survival of adult flies exposed to these fungal VOCs with known industrial toxic chemicals (formaldehyde [37%], xylene, benzene, and toluene). Among the tested fungal VOC standards, the compounds with eight carbons (C8) caused greater truncation of fly lifespan than tested non-C8 fungal VOCs and industrial toxins. Our data validate the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model with the potential to elucidate the mechanistic attributes of different toxic VOCs emitted by fungi and also to explore the potential link between reported human illnesses/symptoms and exposure to water damaged and mold contaminated buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati A Inamdar
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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25
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Weinhold MX, Siol A, Koch T, Grafe H, Rabenstein A, Thöming J. In-situ sampling method (HSSE-TDS-GC-MS) during MVOC (microbial volatile organic compounds) measurements of metalworking fluids (MWF). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/105.110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metalworking fluids (MWF) are used routinely throughout the world as cooling and lubricating agent for metal-cutting processes. They are important components to maintain the quality and precision of the metal-cutting but are slowly consumed within this process. Hence, monitoring of ageing of the MWFs before depletion is important for economical, ecological and security reasons. A method is presented, which enables to estimate the ageing of tools by measuring the microbial volatile outcome (MVOC) of the MWF. Measurements are done by headspace sorptive extraction combined to thermal desorption in a gas chromatography setup with mass selective detector (HSSE-TDS-GCMS). It could be shown that ageing of tools correlates to emission of ketonic and alcoholic MVOCs (namely 2-Heptanone, 2-Octanone, 1-Octanol, 2-Nonanone and 2-Decanone). Analysis of these components can be used as “ageing marker” for the investigated MWF solutions. The obtained information can further be used to calibrate electronic nose sensors for high-throughput and rapid analysis in future projects. Hence, it can be concluded that headspace analysis of volatile microbial metabolites by HSSE in combination with TDS-GC-MS is a suitable monitoring technique for the ageing of metalworking fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. X. Weinhold
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Bremen
| | - A. Siol
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Bremen
| | - T. Koch
- Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), ECO Centrum, Bremen
| | - H. Grafe
- Institute for Environmental Process Engineering (IUV), Bremen
| | - A. Rabenstein
- Bremen Institute for Materials Testing (MPA), Department of Microbiology, Bremen
| | - J. Thöming
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Bremen
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Méheust D, Le Cann P, Reboux G, Millon L, Gangneux JP. Indoor fungal contamination: health risks and measurement methods in hospitals, homes and workplaces. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 40:248-60. [PMID: 23586944 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.777687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Indoor fungal contamination has been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects, including infectious diseases, toxic effects and allergies. The diversity of fungi contributes to the complex role that they play in indoor environments and human diseases. Molds have a major impact on public health, and can cause different consequences in hospitals, homes and workplaces. This review presents the methods used to assess fungal contamination in these various environments, and discusses advantages and disadvantages for each method in consideration with different health risks. Air, dust and surface sampling strategies are compared, as well as the limits of various methods are used to detect and quantify fungal particles and fungal compounds. In addition to conventional microscopic and culture approaches, more recent chemical, immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods are described. This article also identifies common needs for future multidisciplinary research and development projects in this field, with specific interests on viable fungi and fungal fragment detections. The determination of fungal load and the detection of species in environmental samples greatly depend on the strategy of sampling and analysis. Quantitative PCR was found useful to identify associations between specific fungi and common diseases. The next-generation sequencing methods may afford new perspectives in this area.
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Ruzsanyi V, Mochalski P, Schmid A, Wiesenhofer H, Klieber M, Hinterhuber H, Amann A. Ion mobility spectrometry for detection of skin volatiles. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 911:84-92. [PMID: 23217311 PMCID: PMC3520010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by humans through their skin were investigated in near real time using ion mobility spectrometry after gas chromatographic separation with a short multi-capillary column. VOCs typically found in a small nitrogen flow covering the skin are 3-methyl-2-butenal, 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one, sec-butyl acetate, benzaldehyde, octanal, 2-ethylhexanol, nonanal and decanal at volume fractions in the low part per billion-(ppb) range. The technique presented here may contribute to elucidating some physiological processes occurring in the human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Ruzsanyi
- University Clinic for Anesthesia, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pawel Mochalski
- Breath Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Radzikowskiego 152, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Alex Schmid
- Breath Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Helmut Wiesenhofer
- Breath Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Martin Klieber
- University Clinic for Anesthesia, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hartmann Hinterhuber
- Breath Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rathausplatz 4, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- University Clinic for Anesthesia, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Identification of volatile markers for indoor fungal growth and chemotaxonomic classification of Aspergillus species. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:941-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schuchardt S, Strube A. Microbial volatile organic compounds in moldy interiors: a long-term climate chamber study. J Basic Microbiol 2012; 53:532-8. [PMID: 22915248 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study simulated large-scale indoor mold damage in order to test the efficiency of air sampling for the detection of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs). To do this, a wallpaper damaged by condensation was stored in a climate chamber (representing a hypothetical test room of 40 m(3) volume) and was inoculated with 14 typical indoor fungal strains. The chamber ventilation conditions were adjusted to common values found in moldy homes, and the mold growth was allowed to continue to higher than average values. The MVOC content of the chamber air was analyzed daily for a period of 105 days using coupled gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This procedure guarantees MVOC profiling without external factors such as outdoor air, building materials, furniture, and occupants. However, only nine MVOCs could be detected during the sampling period, which indicates that the very low concentrated MVOCs are hardly accessible, even under these favorable conditions. Furthermore, most of the MVOCs that were detected cannot be considered as reliable indicators of mold growth in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schuchardt
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Volatile Mediated Interactions Between Bacteria and Fungi in the Soil. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:665-703. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Polizzi V, Adams A, De Saeger S, Van Peteghem C, Moretti A, De Kimpe N. Influence of various growth parameters on fungal growth and volatile metabolite production by indoor molds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 414:277-286. [PMID: 22169393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A Penicillium polonicum, an Aspergillus ustus and a Periconia britannica strain were isolated from water-damaged environments and the production of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) was investigated by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by GC-MS analysis. The most important MVOCs produced were 2-methylisoborneol, geosmin and daucane-type sesquiterpenes for P. polonicum, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, germacrene D, δ-cadinene and other sesquiterpenes for A. ustus and the volatile mycotoxin precursor aristolochene together with valencene, α-selinene and β-selinene for P. britannica. Different growth conditions (substrate, temperature, relative humidity) were selected, resembling indoor parameters, to investigate their influence on fungal metabolism in relation with the sick building syndrome and the results were compared with two other fungal strains previously analyzed under the same conditions. In general, the range of MVOCs and the emitted quantities were larger on malt extract agar than on wallpaper and plasterboard, but, overall, the main MVOC profile was conserved also on the two building materials tested. The influence of temperature and relative humidity on growth and metabolism is different for different fungal species, and two main patterns of behavior could be distinguished. Results show that, even at suboptimal conditions for growth, production of fungal volatiles can be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Polizzi
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Polizzi V, Fazzini L, Adams A, Picco AM, De Saeger S, Van Peteghem C, De Kimpe N. Autoregulatory properties of (+)-thujopsene and influence of environmental conditions on its production by Penicillium decumbens. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 62:838-52. [PMID: 21744159 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A Penicillium decumbens strain was collected from a water-damaged building, and the production of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) was investigated by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction, followed by GC-MS analysis. The strain was characterized by a high production of (+)-thujopsene. The influence of various temperatures, relative humidity (RH) values, substrates, and inoculum concentrations on fungal growth and (+)-thujopsene production was studied. The optimal temperature and relative humidity for P. decumbens growth were 30°C and 100% RH, respectively. In general, the more favourable the incubation parameters were for growth, the faster maximum (+)-thujopsene production was reached. Moreover, the antifungal activity of thujopsene was tested against 16 fungal strains. The growth of five of these fungal strains was negatively affected both by thujopsene alone and when grown in contact with the MVOCs produced by P. decumbens. Following these results and since growth of P. decumbens itself was also inhibited by thujopsene, an autoregulatory function for this compound was proposed. Few data are present in the literature about chemical communication between fungi. The present research could, therefore, contribute to understanding fungal metabolism and behaviour in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Polizzi
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Gedikoglu Y, Gedikoglu G, Berkin G, Ceyhan T, Altinoz MA. Employing volcanic tuff minerals in interior architecture design to reduce microbial contaminants and airborne fungal carcinogens of indoor environments. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:708-19. [PMID: 22042772 DOI: 10.1177/0748233711422727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have posed significant risks to human health since people have both shifted to a life spent, for the most part, indoors. Further, changes in materials used in the construction of buildings, furnishings, and tools either leak or encourage the production of VOCs. Whether these enclosed areas are residences, hospitals or workplaces (specifically composting facilities or closed farm buildings for raising livestock), VOCs can rise to levels that threaten people's health. VOCs can either originate from phenolic and benzene-like compounds in building materials and office furniture or from molds (fungi) growing inside improperly ventilated or sealed buildings. Regardless of the source, exposure to VOCs could lead to significant health concerns from sick-building syndrome, 'leukemia houses,' in-hospital fungemia cases or occupation-associated cancer epidemics due to aflatoxicosis. Innovative 21st-century building materials could offer solutions to these challenges. We propose that volcanic materials, clays and minerals (volcanic tuff, modified clay montmorillonite and mineral clinoptilolite), in their original or chemically modified form, could act like synthetic lungs in building walls, breathing and filtering VOCs, and thus limiting human exposure to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaman Gedikoglu
- Halic University, Department of Sports Education, Istanbul, Turkey
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Perl T, Jünger M, Vautz W, Nolte J, Kuhns M, Borg-von Zepelin M, Quintel M. Detection of characteristic metabolites of Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida species using ion mobility spectrometry - metabolic profiling by volatile organic compounds. Mycoses 2011; 54:e828-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Analysis of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) with canister sampling and microscale purge ^|^amp; trap GC/MS for chemical screening of mold growing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.7879/siej.14.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gray CM, Monson RK, Fierer N. Emissions of volatile organic compounds during the decomposition of plant litter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Griffin MA, Spakowicz DJ, Gianoulis TA, Strobel SA. Volatile organic compound production by organisms in the genus Ascocoryne and a re-evaluation of myco-diesel production by NRRL 50072. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:3814-3829. [PMID: 20705658 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.041327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Patagonian fungal endophyte NRRL 50072 is reported to produce a variety of medium-chain and highly branched volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have been highlighted for their potential as fuel alternatives and are collectively termed myco-diesel. To assess the novelty of this observation, we determined the extent to which ten closely related Ascocoryne strains from commercial culture collections possess similar VOC production capability. DNA sequencing established a high genetic similarity between NRRL 50072 and each Ascocoryne isolate, consistent with its reassignment as Ascocoryne sarcoides. The Ascocoryne strains did not produce highly branched medium-chain-length alkanes, and efforts to reproduce the branched alkane production of NRRL 50072 were unsuccessful. However, we confirmed the production of 30 other products and expanded the list of VOCs for NRRL 50072 and members of the genus Ascocoryne. VOCs detected from the cultures consisted of short- and medium-chain alkenes, ketones, esters and alcohols and several sesquiterpenes. Ascocoryne strains NRRL 50072 and CBS 309.71 produced a more diverse range of volatiles than the other isolates tested. CBS 309.71 also showed enhanced production compared with other strains when grown on cellulose agar. Collectively, the members of the genus Ascocoryne demonstrated production of over 100 individual compounds, with a third of the short- and medium-chain compounds also produced when cultures were grown on a cellulose substrate. This comparative production analysis could facilitate future studies to identify and manipulate the biosynthetic machinery responsible for production of individual VOCs, including several that have a potential application as biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Griffin
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Daniel J Spakowicz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Tara A Gianoulis
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott A Strobel
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Stoppacher N, Kluger B, Zeilinger S, Krska R, Schuhmacher R. Identification and profiling of volatile metabolites of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride by HS-SPME-GC-MS. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 81:187-93. [PMID: 20302890 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we describe a method, which is based on solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and which can be used for the profiling of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) in the headspace (HS) of cultures of filamentous fungi. The method comprises the following successive steps: 1. growth of the fungus on a solid culture medium directly in headspace vials, 2. measurement of volatiles by HS-SPME-GC-MS, 3. deconvolution of mass spectra, 4. identification of volatiles by comparison of measured, deconvoluted mass spectra and linear temperature programmed retention indices (LTPRI) on two stationary GC phases with database entries and LTPRI published in the literature, and 5. profiling of the identified MVOCs. The developed method was successfully applied to cultures of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride. An in-house library consisting of mass spectra and LTPRI values of fungal VOCs was established and used to study the profiles of MVOCs of this fungus. In total, 25 different MVOCs were identified by applying strict criteria (spectral match factor at least 90% and a maximum relative deviation of LTPRI of +/-2% from literature values). The MVOCs were assigned to the compound classes of alcohols, ketones, alkanes, furanes, pyrones (mainly the bioactive 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone), mono- and sesquiterpenes, 13 of which have never been reported to be produced by Trichoderma spp. before. Eleven of these volatiles have been additionally confirmed using authentic standards. Finally, time course experiments and cultivation of T. atroviride in the presence of the mycotoxin fusaric acid demonstrated the potential of the method to study the dynamics of MVOC profiles as well as the effect of different environmental/biological conditions on the expression of MVOCs of filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Stoppacher
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
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Gutarowska B, Czyżowska A. The ability of filamentous fungi to produce acids on indoor building materials. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03179227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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