1
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Abstract
Chiral catalysts play a crucial role in the realm of asymmetric catalysis. Since their breakthrough discovery in 2006, chiral frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have risen as a novel catalyst category for a broad range of metal-free asymmetric reactions. This review provides an overview of the remarkable progress made in this field over the past 15 years. The design and synthesis of chiral FLPs and their applications in hydrogenation, hydrosilylation, transfer hydrogenation, and various other reactions are summarized and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqing Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Vashisth K, Dutta S, Akram MO, Martin CD. Examining the reactivity of tris( ortho-carboranyl)borane with Lewis bases and application in frustrated Lewis pair Si-H bond cleavage. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37377440 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of tris(ortho-carboranyl)borane with Lewis bases reveals only small bases bind. The tremendous bulk and Lewis acidity is leveraged in frustrated Lewis pair Si-H cleavage with a wider range of Lewis bases and greater efficacy than B(C6F5)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Vashisth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, USA.
| | - Sanjay Dutta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, USA.
| | - Manjur O Akram
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, USA.
| | - Caleb D Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, USA.
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3
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Paradies J. Structure-Reactivity Relationships in Borane-Based FLP-Catalyzed Hydrogenations, Dehydrogenations, and Cycloisomerizations. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:821-834. [PMID: 36913645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe activation of molecular hydrogen by main-group element catalysts is an extremely important approach to metal-free hydrogenations. These so-called frustrated Lewis pairs advanced within a short period of time to become an alternative to transition metal catalysis. However, deep understanding of the structure-reactivity relationship is far less developed compared to that of transition metal complexes, although it is paramount for advancing frustrated Lewis pair chemistry.In this Account, we provide detailed insight into how Lewis acidity and Lewis basicity correlate to reactivity. The reactivity of frustrated Lewis pairs will be systematically discussed in context with selected reactions. The influence of major electronic modifications of the Lewis pairs is correlated with the ability to activate molecular hydrogen, to channel reaction kinetics and reaction pathways, or to achieve C(sp3)-H activations.First, we will describe how we entered this emerging field of research after quickly realizing that information was lacking on how the reactivity changes with modification of the frustrated Lewis pair. This led us to the development of a qualitative and quantitative structure-reactivity relationship in metal-free imine hydrogenations. The imine hydrogenation was utilized as the model reaction to experimentally determine the activation parameters of the FLP-mediated hydrogen activation for the first time. This kinetic study revealed autoinduced catalytic profiles when Lewis acids weaker than tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane were applied, opening up to study the Lewis base dependency within one system. With this knowledge of the interplay between Lewis acid strength and Lewis basicity, we developed methods for the hydrogenation of densely functionalized nitroolefins, acrylates, and malonates. Here, the reduced Lewis acidity needed to be counterbalanced by a suitable Lewis base to ensure efficient hydrogen activation. The opposite measure was necessary for the hydrogenation of unactivated olefins. For these, comparably less electron-releasing phosphanes were required to generate strong Brønsted acids by hydrogen activation. These systems displayed highly reversible hydrogen activation even at temperatures as low as -60 °C. A systematic study of these systems enabled the development of acceptorless dehydrocouplings of amines with silanes and dehydrogenations of aza-heterocycles by C(sp3)-H activations. Furthermore, the C(sp3)-H and π-activation was utilized to achieve cycloisomerizations by carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bond formations. Lastly, new frustrated Lewis pair systems featuring weak Lewis bases as active components in the hydrogen activation were developed for the reductive deoxygenation of phosphane oxides and carboxylic acid amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paradies
- Chemistry Department, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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4
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Dagnaw WM, Mohammed AM. Computational Design of Frustrated Lewis Pairs as a Strategy for Catalytic Hydrogen Activation and Hydrogenation Catalyst. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:8488-8496. [PMID: 36910957 PMCID: PMC9996624 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenation is one of the most important reaction types commonly used in chemistry and chemical industry. Recently, there has been significant interest in developing a metal-free hydrogenation catalyst to avoid the problems caused by using heavy transition metal catalysts. On the basis of the advances of metal-free hydrogen activation with frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs, e.g. tBu3P/B(C6F5)3) which often uses boron as a Lewis acid center, we computationally explored the prospect for phosphorus(V) and sulfur(VI) as Lewis acid centers to construct FLPs for hydrogen activation and hydrogenation. We found out that the proposed FLPs with P(V)- or S(VI)-centered Lewis acid can also activate H2 with a mechanism similar to that used by the conventional FLPs. A heterolytic cleavage of H-H is achieved when electrons are donated simultaneously from the σ orbital of H2 to the empty orbital of the Lewis acid center and from the lone-pair orbital of the Lewis base center to the σ* orbital of H2. The multiple C-H···F hydrogen bonds further aid the association of the pairs for H2 activation. Some of our designed FLPs possess kinetics and thermodynamics for developing hydrogenation catalysts. This computational exploration could inspire experimental development of a new type of FLPs with P(V) or S(VI) or a Lewis acid partner for FLPs for reversible H2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasihun Menberu Dagnaw
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed M. Mohammed
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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5
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Wickemeyer L, Fernández I, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Selective 3,3-Rearrangement of Azobenzenes upon Complexation by a Frustrated Lewis Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216943. [PMID: 36645230 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of the oxygen-bridged frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) tBu2 P-O-Si(C2 F5 )3 (1) and tBu2 P-O-AlBis2 (2) with azobenzene, promoted by UV irradiation, led to a selective complexation of the cis-isomer. The addition product of 2 is stable, while the adduct of 1 isomerizes in solution in an ortho-benzidine-like [3,3]-rearrangement by cleavage of the N-N bond, saturation of the nitrogen atoms with hydrogen atoms and formation of a new bond between two phenyl ortho-carbon atoms. Similar rearrangements take place with different para-substituted azobenzenes (R=Me, OMe, Cl) and di(2-naphthyl)diazene, while ortho-methylated azo compounds do not form adducts with 1. All adducts were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses and the mechanism of the rearrangement was explored by quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wickemeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie and Centrum für Molekulare Materialen CM2, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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6
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Theoretical Study of Reaction Mechanisms of Carbon Dioxide with E–CH 2–Z-Type Frustrated Lewis Pairs (E = C–Pb; Z = N–Bi). Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung80708, Taiwan
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7
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Wu P, Mao H, Chen Z, Cheng L, Wang K. Controllable reactivity tuned by the cooperativity in B/P and B/N intermolecular Frustrated Lewis Pairs. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wu
- Anhui University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Hui Mao
- Anhui University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | | | - Kun Wang
- Anhui University Chemistry 111 Road Jiu LongJing Kai District 230601 Hefei CHINA
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8
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Theoretical Study of the Activation Reaction of a Zr +/P-Based Frustrated Lewis Pair with Carbon Dioxide. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5534-5544. [PMID: 35960144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The combination reactions of carbon dioxide with a Zr+/P-based frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) were computationally explored within the density functional theory framework [B3LYP-D3(BJ)/def2-TZVP]. Results showed that these reactions are exothermic, associated with relatively low activation barriers, and proceed concertedly involving Zr+-O and P-C chemical bond formations. Theoretical analysis revealed that the shorter the Zr+···P bond length of the Zr+/P-based FLP, the shorter the stretching O-C bond length of CO2 upon reaction, the larger the ∠OCO bending angle of CO2, the smaller the deformation energy of CO2, the lower the barrier height, and the greater the reactivity between the Zr+/P-based FLP and CO2. According to the energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals for chemical valence, the bonding natures of their associated transition states are determined by the singlet-singlet interaction (donor-acceptor interaction), not the triplet-triplet interaction (electron-sharing interaction). Moreover, the bonding characteristics between Zr+/P-based FLPs and CO2 are established predominantly by the lone pair orbital(P) → the empty p-π* orbital (CO2) interaction, not the empty d-orbital(Zr+) ← the filled p-π orbital (CO2) interaction. With the use of the activation strain model, theoretical examinations showed that the reactivity trend of such combination reactions is mainly attributed to the deformation energies of the deformed reactants. The relationship between deformed geometrical structures and related activation energies is in good agreement with Hammond's postulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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9
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Gellrich U, Wech F. Hydrogenation of Olefins, Alkynes, Allenes, and Arenes by Borane-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1684-5552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn recent years, borane-based frustrated Lewis pairs have proved to be efficient hydrogenation catalysts and they have become an alternative to transition-metal-based systems. The hydrogen activation by classic FLPs leads to a protonated Lewis base and a borohydride. Consequently, hydrogenations catalyzed by classic FLPs consist of stepwise hydride transfer reactions and protonations (or vice versa). More recently, systems that operate via an initial hydroboration have allowed the substrate scope for FLP-catalyzed hydrogenations to be extended. In this review, hydrogenations of organic substrates catalyzed by borane-based frustrated Lewis pairs are discussed. Emphasis is given to the mechanistic aspects of these catalytic reactions.1 Introduction2 FLP-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Polarized Double Bonds2.1 Hydrogenation of Michael Acceptors by FLPs2.2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Polarized Double Bonds2.3 Hydrogenation of Arenes and N-Heterocycles3 Hydrogenation of Unactivated Olefins and Alkynes3.1 Hydrogenation of Olefins and Alkynes by an Initial Hydroboration4 Summary and Outlook
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10
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Schulz J, Sárosi MB, Hey‐Hawkins E. Exploring the Reactivity of B‐Connected Carboranylphosphines in Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry: A New Frame for a Classic System. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200531. [PMID: 35472172 PMCID: PMC9320892 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The primary phosphines MesPH2 and tBuPH2 react with 9‐iodo‐m‐carborane yielding B9‐connected secondary carboranylphosphines 1,7‐H2C2B10H9‐9‐PHR (R=2,4,6‐Me3C6H2 (Mes; 1
a), tBu (1
b)). Addition of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) to 1
a, b resulted in the zwitterionic compounds 1,7‐H2C2B10H9‐9‐PHR(p‐C6F4)BF(C6F5)2 (2
a, b) through nucleophilic para substitution of a C6F5 ring followed by fluoride transfer to boron. Further reaction with Me2SiHCl prompted a H−F exchange yielding the zwitterionic compounds 1,7‐H2C2B10H9‐9‐PHR(p‐C6F4)BH(C6F5)2 (3
a, b). The reaction of 2
a, b with one equivalent of R'MgBr (R’=Me, Ph) gave the extremely water‐sensitive frustrated Lewis pairs 1,7‐H2C2B10H9‐9‐PR(p‐C6F4)B(C6F5)2 (4
a, b). Hydrolysis of the B−C6F4 bond in 4
a, b gave the first tertiary B‐carboranyl phosphines with three distinct substituents, 1,7‐H2C2B10H9‐9‐PR(p‐C6F4H) (5
a, b). Deprotonation of the zwitterionic compounds 2
a, b and 3
a, b formed anionic phosphines [1,7‐H2C2B10H9‐9‐PR(p‐C6F4)BX(C6F5)2]−[DMSOH]+ (R=Mes, X=F (6
a), R=tBu, X=F (6
b); R=Mes, X=H (7
a), R=tBu, X=H (7
b)). Reaction of 2
a, b with an excess of Grignard reagents resulted in the addition of R’ at the boron atom yielding the anions [1,7‐H2C2B10H9‐9‐PR(p‐C6F4)BR’(C6F5)2]− (R=Mes, R’=Me (8
a), R=tBu, R’=Me (8
b); R=Mes, R’=Ph (9
a), R=tBu, R’=Ph (9
b)) with [MgBr(Et2O)n]+ as counterion. The ability of the zwitterionic compounds 3
a, b to hydrogenate imines as well as the Brønsted acidity of 3
a were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schulz
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Menyhárt B. Sárosi
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Linnéstraße 2 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey‐Hawkins
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
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11
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Durin G, Fontaine A, Berthet JC, Nicolas E, Thuéry P, Cantat T. Metal-Free Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Silyl Triflates and Halides into Hydrosilanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200911. [PMID: 35315969 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The metal-free catalytic hydrogenolysis of silyl triflates and halides (I, Br) to hydrosilanes is unlocked by using arylborane Lewis acids as catalysts. In the presence of a nitrogen base, the catalyst acts as a Frustrated Lewis Pair (FLP) able to split H2 and generate a boron hydride intermediate capable of reducing (pseudo)halosilanes. This metal-free organocatalytic system is competitive with metal-based catalysts and enables the formation of a variety of hydrosilanes at room temperature in high yields (>85 %) under a low pressure of H2 (≤10 bar).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Durin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Albane Fontaine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Claude Berthet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Thuéry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Thibault Cantat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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12
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Durin G, Fontaine A, Berthet J, Nicolas E, Thuéry P, Cantat T. Metal‐Free Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Silyl Triflates and Halides into Hydrosilanes**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Durin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Albane Fontaine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | | | - Emmanuel Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Pierre Thuéry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Thibault Cantat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
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13
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Yang MC, Zhang ZF, Su MD. Insights into the Factors Controlling the H–H Bond Cleavage Reactions by Five-Membered G13/P (G13 = Group 13 Element) and B/G15 (G15 = Group 15 Element) Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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14
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Wasa M, Yesilcimen A. Enantioselective Cooperative Catalysis within Frustrated Lewis Pair Complexes. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Wasa
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College
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15
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Zhang ZF, Yang MC, Su MD. Significant Insight into the Origin of Reaction Barriers Determining Dihydrogen Activation by G13-P-P (G13 = Group 13 Element) and G15-P-Ga (G15 = Group 15 Element) Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15253-15269. [PMID: 34570484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The heterolytic cleavage of H2 by multiply bonded phosphorus-bridged G13-P-P-Rea (G13 = B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl) and G15-P-Ga-Rea (G15 = N, P, As, Sb, and Bi) frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) has been theoretically investigated using density functional theory calculations. For the above nine FLP-type molecules, our theoretical findings suggest that only Al-P-P-Rea, Ga-P-P-Rea, and In-P-P-Rea can undergo the energetically feasible H2 activation reaction from kinetic and thermodynamic viewpoints. Our study based on the activation strain model (ASM) reveals that gaining a better orbital overlap between G13-P-P-Rea and G15-P-Ga-Rea molecules and H2 affected the reaction barriers through the atomic radius of G13 and G15. According to our energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) results, the bonding of these H2 activation reactions involving G13-P-P-Rea and G15-P-Ga-Rea is dominated by the donor-acceptor interaction (singlet-singlet interaction) rather than the electron-sharing interaction (triplet-triplet interaction). Moreover, our EDA-NOCV evidence reveals that the best description for the above bonding situations is the lone pair(G15) → σ*(H2) interaction rather than the empty p-π-orbital(G13) ← σ(H2) interaction. In particular, the findings in this work based on theoretically calculated geometries and the corresponding relative free energies of the stationary points combined with the results from the above sophisticated methods nicely agree with the famous Hammond postulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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16
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Holtkamp P, Poier D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Exploring the Reactivity of a Frustrated Sn/P Lewis Pair: The Highly Selective Complexation of the cis-Azobenzene Photoisomer. Chemistry 2021; 27:3793-3798. [PMID: 33284497 PMCID: PMC7986075 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the geminal frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) (F5 C2 )3 SnCH2 P(tBu)2 (1) was explored by reacting it with a variety of small molecules (PhOCN, PhNCS, PhCCH, tBuCCH, H3 CC(O)CH=CH2 , Ph[C(O)]2 Ph, PhN=NPh and Me3 SiCHN2 ), featuring polar or non-polar multiple bonds and/or represent α,β-unsaturated systems. While most adducts are formed readily, the binding of azobenzene requires UV-induced photoisomerization, which results in the highly selective complexation of cis-azobenzene. In the case of benzil, the reaction does not lead to the expected 1,2- or 1,4-addition products, but to the non-stereoselective (tBu)2 PCH2 -transfer to a prochiral keto function of benzil. All adducts of 1 were characterised by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses and X-ray diffraction experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Dario Poier
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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17
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Wang Y, Wei S, Duan J, Wang K. Mechanism of Silyl Enol Ethers Hydrogenation Catalysed by Frustrated Lewis Pairs: A Theoretical Study. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21050236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Holtkamp P, Schwabedissen J, Neumann B, Stammler H, Koptyug IV, Zhivonitko VV, Mitzel NW. A Zwitterionic Phosphonium Stannate(II) via Hydrogen Splitting by a Sn/P Frustrated Lewis-Pair and Reductive Elimination. Chemistry 2020; 26:17381-17385. [PMID: 33016507 PMCID: PMC7839681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) (F5 C2 )3 SnCH2 P(tBu)2 (1) was investigated with respect to the activation of elemental hydrogen. The reaction of 1 at elevated hydrogen pressure afforded the intramolecular phosphonium stannate(II) (F5 C2 )2 SnCH2 PH(tBu)2 (3). It was characterized by means of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. NMR experiments with the two isotopologues H2 and D2 showed it to be formed via an H2 adduct (F5 C2 )3 HSnCH2 PH(tBu)2 (2) and the subsequent formal reductive elimination of pentafluoroethane; this is supported by DFT calculations. Parahydrogen-induced polarization experiments revealed the formation of a second product of the reaction of 1 with H2 , [HP(tBu)2 Me][Sn(C2 F5 )3 ] (4), in 1 H NMR spectra, whereas 2 was not detected due to its transient nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Jan Schwabedissen
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RASInstitutskaya St. 3ANovosibirsk630090Russia
| | | | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und StrukturchemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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19
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Hamza A, Sorochkina K, Kótai B, Chernichenko K, Berta D, Bolte M, Nieger M, Repo T, Pápai I. Origin of Stereoselectivity in FLP-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Imines. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hamza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristina Sorochkina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bianka Kótai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Konstantin Chernichenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dénes Berta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Wech F, Hasenbeck M, Gellrich U. Semihydrogenation of Alkynes Catalyzed by a Pyridone Borane Complex: Frustrated Lewis Pair Reactivity and Boron-Ligand Cooperation in Concert. Chemistry 2020; 26:13445-13450. [PMID: 32242988 PMCID: PMC7693047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The metal‐free cis selective hydrogenation of alkynes catalyzed by a boroxypyridine is reported. A variety of internal alkynes are hydrogenated at 80 °C under 5 bar H2 with good yields and stereoselectivity. Furthermore, the catalyst described herein enables the first metal‐free semihydrogenation of terminal alkynes. Mechanistic investigations, substantiated by DFT computations, reveal that the mode of action by which the boroxypyridine activates H2 is reminiscent of the reactivity of an intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair. However, it is the change in the coordination mode of the boroxypyridine upon H2 activation that allows the dissociation of the formed pyridone borane complex and subsequent hydroboration of an alkyne. This change in the coordination mode upon bond activation is described by the term boron‐ligand cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wech
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Max Hasenbeck
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Urs Gellrich
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function‐Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang Henan 471934 China
| | - Wen‐Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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22
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Zhan XY, Zhang H, Dong Y, Yang J, He S, Shi ZC, Tang L, Wang JY. Chemoselective Hydrosilylation of the α,β-Site Double Bond in α,β- and α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated Ketones Catalyzed by Macrosteric Borane Promoted by Hexafluoro-2-propanol. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6578-6592. [PMID: 32316729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The B(C6F5)3-catalyzed chemoselective hydrosilylation of α,β- and α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated ketones into the corresponding non-symmetric ketones in mild reaction conditions is developed. Nearly 55 substrates including those bearing reducible functional groups such as alkynyl, alkenyl, cyano, and aromatic heterocycles are chemoselectively hydrosilylated in good to excellent yields. Isotope-labeling studies revealed that hexafluoro-2-propanol also served as a hydrogen source in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Zhan
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yu Dong
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shuai He
- Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Chuan Shi
- Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- Laboratory of Anaesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center and Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Yu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiangqing Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Haifeng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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24
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Abstract
The reaction of bis(silylenyl)-substituted ferrocene 1 with two molar equivalents of BPh3 yields the corresponding bis(silylene-borane) Lewis adduct 2. The latter is capable to activate CO2 to furnish the borane-stabilized bis(silanone) 3 through mono-oxygenation of the dative SiII →B silicon centers under release of CO. Removal of BPh3 from 3 with PMe3 affords the corresponding 1,3,2,4-cyclodisiloxane and the Me3 P-BPh3 adduct. All isolated new compounds were characterized and their molecular structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel‐Philip Luecke
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Elron Pens
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic MaterialsTechnische Universität BerlinStrasse des 17. Juni 115, Sekr. C210623BerlinGermany
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25
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Jie X, Sun Q, Daniliuc CG, Knitsch R, Hansen MR, Eckert H, Kehr G, Erker G. Cycloaddition Reactions of an Active Cyclic Phosphane/Borane Pair with Alkenes, Alkynes, and Carbon Dioxide. Chemistry 2020; 26:1269-1273. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Jie
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Qiu Sun
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Robert Knitsch
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster Corrensstraße 28 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster Corrensstraße 28 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster Corrensstraße 28 48149 Münster Germany
- Instituto de Fisica, Sáo CarlosUniversidade de São Paulo CP 369 13566-590 São Carlos S. P. Brazil
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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26
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Wölke C, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Erker G. Diels-Alder route to norbornane derived vicinal phosphane/borane frustrated Lewis pairs for the metal-free catalytic hydrogenation of α, β-unsaturated ketones. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Knitsch R, Özgün T, Chen GQ, Kehr G, Erker G, Hansen MR, Eckert H. Dihydrogen Splitting by Intramolecular Borane-Phosphane Frustrated Lewis Pairs: A Comprehensive Characterization Strategy Using Solid State NMR and DFT Calculations. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1837-1849. [PMID: 31127674 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Four hydrogenated intramolecular phosphane-borane frustrated Lewis pair (B/P FLP) compounds bearing unsaturated cyclic or aromatic carbon backbones have been synthesized and structurally characterized using 11 B, 31 P, 1 H and 2 H solid-state NMR spectroscopy. A comparison of the spectra with those of the corresponding free B/P FLPs shows that both 11 B isotropic chemical shifts as well as nuclear electric quadrupolar coupling constants decrease significantly upon FLP hydrogenation, revealing the breakage of the partial B-P bond present in the starting materials. Likewise, the 31 P isotropic chemical shift, the chemical shift anisotropy, and the asymmetry parameter decrease significantly upon FLP hydrogenation, reflecting the formation of a more symmetric, C3v -like local environment. 11 B{31 P} rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) experiments can be used to measure the B-P internuclear distance (about 3.2 Å) of these compounds. Observation of the hydrogen atoms bound to the Lewis centers is best accomplished via 31 P{1 H} and 11 B{1 H} cross-polarization-heteronuclear correlation experiments or by direct observation of the 2 H MAS NMR signals on especially prepared FLP-D2 adducts. For accurately measuring the phosphorus-deuterium distance via 31 P{2 H} rotational echo adiabatic passage double resonance (REAPDOR), it is essential to take the secondary dipolar coupling of 31 P with the boron-bonded 2 H nuclei explicitly into consideration, by simulating a 2 HP -31 P-2 HB three-spin system based on structural input. All of the experimental NMR interaction parameters are found in excellent agreement with values calculated by DFT methods, using the geometries obtained either by energy optimization or from single-crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Knitsch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-41849, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Özgün
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-41849, Münster, Germany
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-41849, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-41849, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-41849, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Ryan Hansen
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-41849, Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-41849, Münster, Germany.,Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
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28
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Holtkamp P, Friedrich F, Stratmann E, Mix A, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. A Neutral Geminal Tin/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5114-5118. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Felix Friedrich
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Erik Stratmann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Andreas Mix
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, and Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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29
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Kinder TA, Pior R, Blomeyer S, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. A Neutral Germanium/Phosphorus Frustrated Lewis Pair and Its Contrasting Reactivity Compared to Its Silicon Analogue. Chemistry 2019; 25:5899-5903. [PMID: 30843630 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo A. Kinder
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - René Pior
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für, Molekulare Materialien CM2Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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30
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Holtkamp P, Friedrich F, Stratmann E, Mix A, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Ein neutrales geminales frustriertes Zinn/Phosphor‐Lewis‐Paar. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Holtkamp
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Felix Friedrich
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Erik Stratmann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Andreas Mix
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie und Centrum für Molekulare Materialien CM2Fakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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31
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32
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Tian JJ, Zeng NN, Liu N, Tu XS, Wang XC. Intramolecular Cyclizations of Vinyl-Substituted N,N-Dialkyl Arylamines Enabled by Borane-Assisted Hydride Transfer. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Tian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ning-Ning Zeng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xian-Shuang Tu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paradies
- Department of Chemistry; University of Paderborn; Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
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34
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Khan I, Reed‐Berendt BG, Melen RL, Morrill LC. FLP-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Silyl Enol Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12356-12359. [PMID: 30106498 PMCID: PMC6207922 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the first catalytic transfer hydrogenation of silyl enol ethers. This metal free approach employs tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP) as a commercially available FLP catalyst system and naturally occurring γ-terpinene as a dihydrogen surrogate. A variety of silyl enol ethers undergo efficient hydrogenation, with the reduced products isolated in excellent yields (29 examples, 82 % average yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Khan
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain BuildingPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | | | - Rebecca L. Melen
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain BuildingPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain BuildingPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
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35
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Weetman
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität München (TUM) Lichtenbergstraße 4 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research CenterTechnische Universität München (TUM) Lichtenbergstraße 4 Garching bei München 85748 Germany
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37
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Kutter F, Denhof A, Lork E, Mebs S, Beckmann J. 1,8-Bis(diphenylphosphino)biphenylene. A new ligand for late transition metal complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2018-2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The synthesis of the isomeric compounds 1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino)biphenylene (1) and 1,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)biphenylene (2) is reported. Compound 1 was used as bidentate ligand towards late transition metal chlorides giving rise to six complexes 1·MCl2 (M=Ni, Pd, Pt) and 1·MCl (M=Cu, Ag, Au), which have been fully characterized. The electronic bond characteristics of the polar-covalent M–P and M–Cl bonds of 1·MCl2 (M=Ni, Pd, Pt) and 1·MCl (M=Cu, Ag, Au) were determined by a computational real-space bonding indicator (RSBI) analyses including the atoms-in-molecules, electron localizability indicator, and non-covalent interactions (NCI) index methods based on the molecular structures established by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Consistent with the electronegativity differences, the polarity of the M–Cl bonds is found to be systematically higher compared to the M–P bonds. In addition, there is a tendency for decreasing bond polarities downwards the column (Ag–P is an exception). Consequently, the highest bond polarities are observed for the Ni–Cl and Cu–Cl bonds, whereas the lowest polarities are observed for the Pt–P and Au–P bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kutter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie , Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Andreas Denhof
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie , Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie , Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Stefan Mebs
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie , Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
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38
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Du P, Zhao J. Density Functional Theory Mechanistic Study of Boron-Catalyzed N-Alkylation of Amines with Formic Acid: Formic Acid Activation by Silylation Reaction. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:701-709. [PMID: 29377619 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
New methodology for the alkylation of amines is an intriguing issue in both academia and industry. Recently, several groups reported the metal-free B(C6 F5 )3 -catalyzed N-alkylation of amines, but the mechanistic details of these important reactions are unclear. Herein, a computational study was performed to elucidate the mechanism of the N-alkylation of amines with formic acid catalyzed by the Lewis acid B(C6 F5 )3 in the presence of hydrosilane. We found that the reaction started with the activation of formic acid through a novel model. Then, the high electrophilicity of the C center of the formic acid unit and the nucleophilic character of the amine resulted in a C-N coupling reaction. Finally, two sequential silyl-group and H- transfer steps occurred to generate the final product. Upon comparing the reaction barrier and the hydrogenation of indole, our mechanism is more favorable than that proposed by the group of Yu and Fu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Du
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, 210013, China
| | - Jiyang Zhao
- Office of Science and Technology, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, China
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39
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Meng W, Feng X, Du H. Frustrated Lewis Pairs Catalyzed Asymmetric Metal-Free Hydrogenations and Hydrosilylations. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:191-201. [PMID: 29243918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of frustrated Lewis pairs is an extremely important approach to metal-free hydrogenations. In contrast to the rapid growth of catalytic reactions, asymmetric hydrogenations are far less developed due to a severe shortage of readily available chiral frustrated Lewis pair catalysts with high catalytic activities and selectivities. Unlike the stable Lewis base component of frustrated Lewis pairs, the moisture-sensitive boron Lewis acid component is difficult to prepare. The development of convenient methods for the quick construction of chiral boron Lewis acids is therefore of great interest. In this Account, we summarize our recent studies on frustrated Lewis pair-catalyzed, asymmetric metal-free hydrogenations and hydrosilylations. To address the shortage of highly active and selective catalysts, we developed a novel strategy for the in situ preparation of chiral boron Lewis acids by the hydroboration of chiral dienes or diynes with Piers' borane without further purification, which allows chiral dienes or diynes to act like ligands. This strategy ensures the construction of a useful toolbox of catalysts for asymmetric metal-free hydrogenations and hydrosilylations is rapid and operationally simple. Another strategy is using combinations of readily available Lewis acids and bases containing hydridic and acidic hydrogen atoms, respectively, as a novel type of frustrated Lewis pairs. Such systems provide a great opportunity for using simple chiral Lewis bases as the origins of asymmetric induction. With chiral diene-derived boron Lewis acids as catalysts, a broad range of unsaturated compounds, such as imines, silyl enol ethers, 2,3-disubstituted quinoxalines, and polysubstituted quinolines, are all viable substrates for asymmetric metal-free hydrogenations and give the corresponding products in good yields with high enantioselectivities and/or stereoselectivities. These chiral catalysts are very effective for bulky substrates, and the substrate scope for these metal-free asymmetric hydrogenations has been dramatically expanded. Chiral alkenylboranes were designed to enhance the rigidity of the framework and modify the Lewis acidity through the resulting double bonds. Frustrated Lewis pairs of chiral alkenylboranes and phosphines are a class of highly effective catalysts for asymmetric Piers-type hydrosilylations of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, and they give the desired products in high yields and enantioselectivities. Moreover, asymmetric transfer hydrogenations of imines and quinoxalines with ammonia borane as the hydrogen source have been achieved with frustrated Lewis pair of Piers' borane and (R)-tert-butylsulfinamide as the catalyst. Mechanistic studies have suggested that the hydrogen transfer occurs via an 8-membered ring transition state, and regeneration of the reactive frustrated Lewis pair with ammonia borane occurs through a concerted 6-membered ring transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition
and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangqing Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition
and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition
and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular
Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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40
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Liu Z, Guo J, Lu Y, Hu W, Dang Y, Wang ZX. A strategy for developing metal-free hydrogenation catalysts: a DFT proof-of-principle study. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:7709-7714. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01619d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using DFT computations, a metal-free strategy has been formulated to activate hydrogen reversibly and to construct hydrogenation catalysts, calling for experimental realizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyuan Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Jiandong Guo
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
| | - Yu Lu
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100049
- China
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41
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Skara G, De Vleeschouwer F, Geerlings P, De Proft F, Pinter B. Heterolytic Splitting of Molecular Hydrogen by Frustrated and Classical Lewis Pairs: A Unified Reactivity Concept. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16024. [PMID: 29167477 PMCID: PMC5700139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a set of state-of-the-art quantum chemical techniques we scrutinized the characteristically different reactivity of frustrated and classical Lewis pairs towards molecular hydrogen. The mechanisms and reaction profiles computed for the H2 splitting reaction of various Lewis pairs are in good agreement with the experimentally observed feasibility of H2 activation. More importantly, the analysis of activation parameters unambiguously revealed the existence of two reaction pathways through a low-energy and a high-energy transition state. An exhaustive scrutiny of these transition states, including their stability, geometry and electronic structure, reflects that the electronic rearrangement in low-energy transition states is fundamentally different from that of high-energy transition states. Our findings reveal that the widespread consensus mechanism of H2 splitting characterizes activation processes corresponding to high-energy transition states and, accordingly, is not operative for H2-activating systems. One of the criteria of H2-activation, actually, is the availability of a low-energy transition state that represents a different H2 splitting mechanism, in which the electrostatic field generated in the cavity of Lewis pair plays a critical role: to induce a strong polarization of H2 that facilities an efficient end-on acid-H2 interaction and to stabilize the charge separated "H+-H-" moiety in the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Skara
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Balazs Pinter
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Member of the QCMM VUB-UGent Alliance Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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42
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Mane MV, Vanka K. Less Frustration, More Activity-Theoretical Insights into Frustrated Lewis Pairs for Hydrogenation Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj V. Mane
- Physical Chemistry Division; National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pashan Pune Maharashtra India
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations; Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical Chemistry Division; National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pashan Pune Maharashtra India
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43
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Kehr G, Erker G. Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry: Searching for New Reactions. CHEM REC 2017; 17:803-815. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität; 48149 Münster Corrensstr. 40 Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität; 48149 Münster Corrensstr. 40 Germany
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44
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Trunk M, Teichert JF, Thomas A. Room-Temperature Activation of Hydrogen by Semi-immobilized Frustrated Lewis Pairs in Microporous Polymer Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3615-3618. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Trunk
- Department
of Chemistry, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes F. Teichert
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry/Sustainable Synthetic Methods, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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45
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Wang T, Jentgens X, Daniliuc CG, Kehr G, Erker G. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane-Catalyzed Reaction of Phosphorus/Boron and Nitrogen/Boron Frustrated Lewis Pair Dihydrogen Activation Products with Alkenes and Alkynes. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongdao Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Xenia Jentgens
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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46
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47
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Son JH, Tamang SR, Fostvedt JI, Hoefelmeyer JD. Dehydrodechlorination of Methylene Chloride, Chloroform, and Chlorodiphenylmethane in the Presence of Ga/N Lewis Pairs. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Sem Raj Tamang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Jade I. Fostvedt
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - James D. Hoefelmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
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48
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Elmer LM, Kehr G, Daniliuc CG, Siedow M, Eckert H, Tesch M, Studer A, Williams K, Warren TH, Erker G. The Chemistry of a Non-Interacting Vicinal Frustrated Phosphane/Borane Lewis Pair. Chemistry 2016; 23:6056-6068. [PMID: 27925311 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dimesitylphosphinocyclopentene/HB(C6 F5 )2 -derived vicinal trans-1,2-P/B frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) 4 shows no direct phosphane-borane interaction. Toward some reagents it behaves similar to an intermolecular FLP; it cleaves dihydrogen, deprotonates terminal alkynes, and adds to organic carbonyl compounds including CO2 . It shows typical intramolecular FLP reaction modes (cooperative 1,1-additions) to mesityl azide, to carbon monoxide, and to NO. The latter reaction yields a persistent P/B FLPNO nitroxide radical, which undergoes H-atom abstraction reactions. The FLP 4 serves as a template for the CO reduction by [HB(C6 F5 )2 ] to generate a FLP-η2 -formylborane. The formylborane moiety is removed from the FLP template by reaction with pyridine to yield a genuine pyridine stabilized formylborane that undergoes characteristic borane carbaldehyde reactions (Wittig olefination, imine formation). Most new products were characterized by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Maria Elmer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Siedow
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universutät Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universutät Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Instituto de Física Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, CP 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Matthias Tesch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kamille Williams
- Georgetown University, Department of Chemistry, Box 571227, Washington DC, 20057-1227, USA
| | - Timothy H Warren
- Georgetown University, Department of Chemistry, Box 571227, Washington DC, 20057-1227, USA
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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49
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Fillion E, Kavoosi A, Nguyen K, Ieritano C. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed transfer 1,4-hydrostannylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls using iPr-tricarbastannatrane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12813-12816. [PMID: 27731869 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, B(C6F5)3, has been found to be an effective catalyst to access the hydridoborate anion, [N(CH2CH2CH2)3Sn][HB(C6F5)3], via hydride abstraction from the hypercoordinated tin reagent, iPr-tricarbastannatrane. This process has been applied to the B(C6F5)3-catalyzed transfer 1,4-hydrostannylation of electron-deficient olefins, namely benzylidene barbituric acids. Insights into the mechanism have been obtained via a series of 1H, 2H, 11B, 13C, and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and labeling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fillion
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Azadeh Kavoosi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Christian Ieritano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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50
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McQuilken AC, Dao QM, Cardenas AJP, Bertke JA, Grimme S, Warren TH. A Frustrated and Confused Lewis Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14335-14339. [PMID: 27735119 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report a new class of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) by the hydroboration of bulky isocyanates iPr2 ArNCO (iPr2 Ar=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) and Ph2tBu ArNCO (Ph2tBu Ar=2,6-Ph2 -4-tBuC6 H2 ) with Piers' borane (HB(C6 F5 )2 ). While hydroboration of smaller isocyanates such as iPr2 ArNCO leads to isocyanate-N/B FLP adducts, hydroboration of the bulkier Ph2tBu ArNCO allows isolation of the substrate-free aminoborane with a short, covalent N-B bond. This confused FLP reversibly binds unsaturated substrates such as isocyanates and isocyanides, suggesting the intermediacy of a "normal" FLP along the reaction pathway, supported by high-level DFT studies and variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy. These results underscore the possibility of FLP behavior in systems that possess no obvious frustrated Lewis acid-base interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C McQuilken
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227, Washington, DC, 20057-1227, USA
| | - Quang Minh Dao
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Deutschland
| | - Allan Jay P Cardenas
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227, Washington, DC, 20057-1227, USA.,Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Fredonia, 221 Science Center, Fredonia, NY, 14064, USA
| | - Jeffery A Bertke
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227, Washington, DC, 20057-1227, USA
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Deutschland.
| | - Timothy H Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227, Washington, DC, 20057-1227, USA.
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