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Zhang X, Frankevich V, Ding J, Ma Y, Chingin K, Chen H. Direct mass spectrometry analysis of exhaled human breath in real-time. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023. [PMID: 37565588 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecular composition of exhaled human breath can reflect various physiological and pathological conditions. Considerable progress has been achieved over the past decade in real-time analysis of exhaled human breath using direct mass spectrometry methods, including selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, acetone-assisted negative photoionization mass spectrometry, atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry, and low-pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. Here, recent developments in direct mass spectrometry analysis of exhaled human breath are reviewed with regard to analytical performance (chemical sensitivity, selectivity, quantitative capabilities) and applications of the developed methods in disease diagnosis, targeted molecular detection, and real-time metabolic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Vladimir Frankevich
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of GCP, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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2
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Mass spectrometry for breath analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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The Effect of Tedlar Bags on the Composition of Exhaled Human Breath Samples. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5665921. [PMID: 36212946 PMCID: PMC9546690 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5665921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The PVF Tedlar is widely used for gas collection in clinical diagnostics and environmental research. However, sample collection is frequently associated with the degradation, adsorption, or transformation of sensitive chemicals. Here, we explore to what extent the Tedlar bag collection effects the composition of expired breath samples. Collected breath samples were analyzed using the EESI-MS technique after the storage time of 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, and 6 h, respectively. Our results demonstrated the gradual MS signal decay after 3 h storage. The decay rate of 3 h is about 45% and 6 h is about 88%. Therefore, the Tedlar bag is suggested as a reliable breath holder on the time scale of <3 h.
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4
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Gong X, Shi S, Zhang D, Gamez G. Quantitative Analysis of Exhaled Breath Collected on Filter Substrates via Low-Temperature Plasma Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1518-1529. [PMID: 35792104 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breath analysis has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its great potential for disease diagnostics at early stages and for clinical drug monitoring. There are several recent examples of successful development of real-time, in vivo quantitative analysis of exhaled breath metabolites via mass spectrometry. On the other hand, current mass spectrometer accessibility limitations restrict point-of-care applications. Here now, an offline method is developed for quantitative analysis of exhaled breath collected on inexpensive filter substrates for direct desorption and ionization by using low-temperature plasma-mass spectrometry (LTP-MS). In particular, different operating conditions of the ionization source were systematically studied to optimize desorption/ionization by using glycerol, a low volatility compound. Applications with respect to propofol, γ-valprolactone, and nicotine analysis in exhaled breath are demonstrated in this study. The effects of several filter substrate properties, including filter material and pore size, on the analyte signal were characterized. Cellulose filter papers performed best with the present analytes. In addition, filters with smaller pores enabled a more efficient sample collection. Furthermore, sample-collection flow rate was determined to have a very significant effect, with slower flow rates yielding the best results. It was also found that filters loaded with sample can be successfully stored in glass vials with no observable sample loss even after 3 days. Limits of detection under optimized conditions are shown to be competitive or significantly better compared with relevant techniques and with additional benefits of cost-efficiency and sample storage capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Songyue Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Gerardo Gamez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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5
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Contemporary Research Progress on the Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052790. [PMID: 35270481 PMCID: PMC8910359 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of the most common and widespread contaminants. The accumulation of PAHs has made a certain impact on the environment and is seriously threatening human health. Numerous general analytical methods suitable for PAHs were developed. With the development of economy, the environmental problems of PAHs in modern society are more extensive and prominent, and attract more attention from environmental scientists and analysts. Deeper understanding of the properties of PAHs depends on the advent of detection methods, which can also be more conducive to promoting the protection of the environment. Till now, more sensitive, more high-speed and more high-throughput analytical tools are being invented and have played important roles in the research of PAHs. In this short review article, we focused mainly on the contemporary analytical methods about PAHs. We started with a brief review on the hazards, migration, distribution and traditional analysis methods of PAHs in recent years, including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and so on. We also presented the applications of the modern ambient mass spectrometry, especially microwave plasma torch mass spectrometry, in the detection of PAHs, as well as the far out novel results in our lab by using microwave plasma torch (MPT) mass spectrometry; for example, some new insights about Birch reduction, regular hydrogen addition and the robustness of molecular structure. These studies have demonstrated the versatility of MPT MS as a platform in the research of PAHs.
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6
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Zhang X, Ren X, Zhong Y, Chingin K, Chen H. Rapid and sensitive detection of acetone in exhaled breath through the ambient reaction with water radical cations. Analyst 2021; 146:5037-5044. [PMID: 34231556 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00402f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The levels of acetone and other ketones in exhaled human breath can be associated with various metabolic conditions, e.g. ketosis, lung cancer, dietary fat loss and diabetes. In this study, ketones in breath samples were charged through the reaction with water radical cations to form [M + H2O]˙+ ions, which were detected by mass spectrometry. Our experimental data indicate that under the optimized experimental conditions, the limit of detection for acetone using our approach is 0.14 ng L-1 (∼0.06 ppb). The linear dynamic range of detection spans four orders of magnitude. The developed approach was applied to real-time semi-quantitative analysis of acetone in the exhaled breath of human volunteers, revealing significantly higher levels of acetone in the breath of smokers compared to non-smokers. The developed approach features the obviation of sample collection, easy operation, high speed of analysis (10 s per run), high sensitivity, and spectral interpretation, which indicates the potential of ambient corona discharge ionization mass spectrometry as a selective, sensitive and noninvasive technique for the determination of exhaled ketones in clinical diagnosis including lung cancer, diabetes, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China.
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7
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Cui JJ, Wang LY, Tan ZR, Zhou HH, Zhan X, Yin JY. MASS SPECTROMETRY-BASED PERSONALIZED DRUG THERAPY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:523-552. [PMID: 31904155 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Personalized drug therapy aims to provide tailored treatment for individual patient. Mass spectrometry (MS) is revolutionarily involved in this area because MS is a rapid, customizable, cost-effective, and easy to be used high-throughput method with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. It is driving the formation of a new field, MS-based personalized drug therapy, which currently mainly includes five subfields: therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), pharmacogenomics (PGx), pharmacomicrobiomics, pharmacoepigenomics, and immunopeptidomics. Gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) are considered as the gold standard for TDM, which can be used to optimize drug dosage. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-MS (MALDI-TOF-MS) significantly improves the capability of detecting biomacromolecule, and largely promotes the application of MS in PGx. It is becoming an indispensable tool for genotyping, which is used to discover and validate genetic biomarkers. In addition, MALDI-TOF-MS also plays important roles in identity of human microbiome whose diversity can explain interindividual differences of drug response. Pharmacoepigenetics is to study the role of epigenetic factors in individualized drug treatment. MS can be used to discover and validate pharmacoepigenetic markers (DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA). For the emerging cancer immunotherapy, personalized cancer vaccine has effective immunotherapeutic activity in the clinic. MS-based immunopeptidomics can effectively discover and screen neoantigens. This article systematically reviewed MS-based personalized drug therapy in the above mentioned five subfields. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Cui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Lei-Yun Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Rong Tan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, P. R. China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, P. R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Provincial Gynecological Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, P. R. China
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8
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Ke M, Zhang H, Ding J, Xiong X, Li F, Chingin K, Kou W, Liu A, Zhu T, Fang X, Chen H. Generating Supercharged Protein Ions for Breath Analysis by Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3215-3220. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mufang Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingchuang Xiong
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenglei Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tenggao Zhu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Fang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Gao XF, Xiao Y, Dai Y. Direct Analysis of Human Sputum for Differentiating Non-small Cell Lung Cancer by Neutral Desorption Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:1067-1071. [PMID: 30197376 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human sputum, a typical highly viscous biosample, was directly characterized at the molecular level using neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ND-EESI-MS) without multi-step sample pretreatment, in an attempt to provide a method for constructing the pattern recognition of rapid diagnosis of lung cancer. Under the optimal experiment conditions, glucose, amino acids, phosphoric lipids and other typical analytes in the sputum sample could be used to conduct qualitative or quantitative (in arginine) analysis. More interestingly, the full scan mass spectra from 50 patients of non-small cell lung cancer, recording the mass spectral fingerprints of sputum samples, were differentiated from the control group (50 healthy individuals) through principal component analysis (PCA). These findings suggest that valuable molecular information concealed in human sputum could be easily revealed and applied for conducting qualitative or quantitative analysis by direct ND-EESI-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Gao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology
| | - Yipo Xiao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology
| | - Yuyou Dai
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology
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10
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Lu H, Zhang H, Chingin K, Xiong J, Fang X, Chen H. Ambient mass spectrometry for food science and industry. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Li X, Huang DD, Du R, Zhang ZJ, Chan CK, Huang ZX, Zhou Z. Real-time Breath Analysis by Using Secondary Nanoelectrospray Ionization Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29578507 DOI: 10.3791/56465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have aroused considerable interest, since they can serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and environmental exposure in a non-invasive manner. In this work, we present a protocol to characterize the exhaled VOCs in real time by using secondary nanoelectrospray ionization coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (Sec-nanoESI-HRMS). The homemade Sec-nanoESI source was readily set up based on a commercial nanoESI source. Hundreds of peaks were observed in the background-subtracted mass spectra of exhaled breath, and the mass accuracy values are -4.0-13.5 ppm and -20.3-1.3 ppm in the positive and negative ion detection modes, respectively. The peaks were assigned with accurate elemental composition according to the accurate mass and isotopic pattern. Less than 30 s is used for one exhalation measurement, and it takes approximately 7 min for six replicated measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution;
| | - Dan D Huang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong
| | - Rui Du
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution
| | - Zhi J Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong
| | - Zheng X Huang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution
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12
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Kumbhani S, Longin T, Wingen LM, Kidd C, Perraud V, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. New Mechanism of Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Heterogeneous Solid Particles. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2055-2062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kumbhani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - T. Longin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Redlands, Redlands, California 92373, United States
| | - L. M. Wingen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - C. Kidd
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - V. Perraud
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - B. J. Finlayson-Pitts
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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13
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Perez‐Hurtado P, Palmer E, Owen T, Aldcroft C, Allen M, Jones J, Creaser C, Lindley M, Turner M, Reynolds J. Direct analysis of volatile organic compounds in foods by headspace extraction atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1947-1956. [PMID: 28857369 PMCID: PMC5656932 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The rapid screening of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by direct analysis has potential applications in the areas of food and flavour science. Currently, the technique of choice for VOC analysis is gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). However, the long chromatographic run times and elaborate sample preparation associated with this technique have led a movement towards direct analysis techniques, such as selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS), proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and electronic noses. The work presented here describes the design and construction of a Venturi jet-pump-based modification for a compact mass spectrometer which enables the direct introduction of volatiles for qualitative and quantitative analysis. METHODS Volatile organic compounds were extracted from the headspace of heated vials into the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source of a quadrupole mass spectrometer using a Venturi pump. Samples were analysed directly with no prior sample preparation. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to differentiate between different classes of samples. RESULTS The interface is shown to be able to routinely detect problem analytes such as fatty acids and biogenic amines without the requirement of a derivatisation step, and is shown to be able to discriminate between four different varieties of cheese with good intra and inter-day reproducibility using an unsupervised PCA model. Quantitative analysis is demonstrated using indole standards with limits of detection and quantification of 0.395 μg/mL and 1.316 μg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The described methodology can routinely detect highly reactive analytes such as volatile fatty acids and diamines without the need for a derivatisation step or lengthy chromatographic separations. The capability of the system was demonstrated by discriminating between different varieties of cheese and monitoring the spoilage of meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Perez‐Hurtado
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - E. Palmer
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - T. Owen
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - C. Aldcroft
- Advion LtdKao Hockham Building, Edinburgh WayHarlowCM20 2NQUK
| | - M.H. Allen
- Advion LtdKao Hockham Building, Edinburgh WayHarlowCM20 2NQUK
| | - J. Jones
- Advion Inc.10 Brown Road, Suite 101IthacaNY14850USA
| | - C.S. Creaser
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - M.R. Lindley
- School of Sports, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - M.A. Turner
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
| | - J.C. Reynolds
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityAshby RoadLoughboroughLE11 3TUUK
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14
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Usmanov DT, Hiraoka K, Wada H, Matsumura M, Sanada-Morimura S, Nonami H, Yamabe S. Non-proximate mass spectrometry using a heated 1-m long PTFE tube and an air-tight APCI ion source. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 973:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Hang Y, Chingin K, Liang J, Wang X, Hu L. Fast detection of volatile organic compounds from Staphylococcal blood cultures by CDI-MS. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01815k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid recognition of Staphylococcal bacteremia in humans is a serious challenge in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Hang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330006
- P. R. China
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation
- East China Institute of Technology
- Nanchang 330013
- P. R. China
| | - Juchao Liang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation
- East China Institute of Technology
- Nanchang 330013
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330006
- P. R. China
| | - Longhua Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330006
- P. R. China
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16
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Fang X, Yang S, Chingin K, Zhu L, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Zhao Z. Quantitative Detection of Trace Malachite Green in Aquiculture Water Samples by Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E814. [PMID: 27529262 PMCID: PMC4997500 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to malachite green (MG) may pose great health risks to humans; thus, it is of prime importance to develop fast and robust methods to quantitatively screen the presence of malachite green in water. Herein the application of extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) has been extended to the trace detection of MG within lake water and aquiculture water, due to the intensive use of MG as a biocide in fisheries. This method has the advantage of obviating offline liquid-liquid extraction or tedious matrix separation prior to the measurement of malachite green in native aqueous medium. The experimental results indicate that the extrapolated detection limit for MG was ~3.8 μg·L(-1) (S/N = 3) in lake water samples and ~0.5 μg·L(-1) in ultrapure water under optimized experimental conditions. The signal intensity of MG showed good linearity over the concentration range of 10-1000 μg·L(-1). Measurement of practical water samples fortified with MG at 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg·L(-1) gave a good validation of the established calibration curve. The average recoveries and relative standard deviation (RSD) of malachite green in lake water and Carassius carassius fish farm effluent water were 115% (6.64% RSD), 85.4% (9.17% RSD) and 96.0% (7.44% RSD), respectively. Overall, the established EESI-MS/MS method has been demonstrated suitable for sensitive and rapid (<2 min per sample) quantitative detection of malachite green in various aqueous media, indicating its potential for online real-time monitoring of real life samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Fang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Shuiping Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Liang Zhu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Xinglei Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Zhiquan Zhou
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Zhanfeng Zhao
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China.
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Real-time monitoring of exhaled volatiles using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization on a compact mass spectrometer. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1325-36. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Breath analyses have potential to detect early signs of disease onset. Ambient ionization allows direct combination of breath gases with MS for fast, on-line analysis. Portable MS systems would facilitate field/clinic-based breath analyses. Results & methodology: Volunteers ingested peppermint oil capsules and exhaled volatile compounds were monitored over 10 h using a compact mass spectrometer. A rise and fall in exhaled menthone was observed, peaking at 60–120 min. Real-time analysis showed a gradual rise in exhaled menthone postingestion. Sensitivity was comparable to established methods, with detection in the parts per trillion range. Conclusion: Breath volatiles were readily analyzed on a portable mass spectrometer through a simple inlet modification. Induced changes in exhaled profiles were detectable with high sensitivity and measurable in real-time.
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Zeng Q, Li P, Cai Y, Zhou W, Wang H, Luo J, Ding J, Chen H. Detection of creatinine in exhaled breath of humans with chronic kidney disease by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Breath Res 2016; 10:016008. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/1/016008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Recent advances in MS methods for nicotine and metabolite analysis in human matrices: clinical perspectives. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:2171-83. [PMID: 25331861 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a major global health issue and represents the leading cause of preventable death in the developed countries. Nicotine is a major alkaloid found in tobacco products and its detection with its metabolites in human matrices is generally used for assessing tobacco consumption and second hand exposure. Several analytical techniques have been developed for the detection of nicotine and its metabolites, and MS coupled with chromatography is considered the standard reference method because of its superior sensitivity and specificity. In this work, we reviewed nicotine metabolism, clinical MS and the latest (2009-2014) development of MS-based techniques for measurement of nicotine and metabolites in human matrices. Appropriate biomarker and matrix selection are also critically discussed.
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Pan S, Tian Y, Li M, Zhao J, Zhu L, Zhang W, Gu H, Wang H, Shi J, Fang X, Li P, Chen H. Quantitative detection of nitric oxide in exhaled human breath by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8725. [PMID: 25735640 PMCID: PMC4348632 DOI: 10.1038/srep08725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) is a useful biomarker of various physiological conditions, including asthma and other pulmonary diseases. Herein a fast and sensitive analytical method has been developed for the quantitative detection of eNO based on extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). Exhaled NO molecules selectively reacted with 2-phenyl-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO) reagent, and eNO concentration was derived based on the EESI-MS response of 1-oxyl-2-phenyl-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline (PTI) product. The method allowed quantification of eNO below ppb level (~0.02 ppbv) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 11.6%. In addition, eNO levels of 20 volunteers were monitored by EESI-MS over the time period of 10 hrs. Long-term eNO response to smoking a cigarette was recorded, and the observed time-dependent profile was discussed. This work extends the application of EESI-MS to small molecules (<30 Da) with low proton affinity and collision-induced dissociation efficiency, which are usually poorly visible by conventional ion trap mass spectrometers. Long-term quantitative profiling of eNO by EESI-MS opens new possibilities for the research of human metabolism and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Pan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, P. R. China
| | - Yong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Jiuyan Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, P. R. China
| | - Lanlan Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, P. R. China
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, P. R. China
| | - Haidong Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Fang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Penghui Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, P. R. China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, P. R. China
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Cho YT, Su H, Wu WJ, Wu DC, Hou MF, Kuo CH, Shiea J. Biomarker Characterization by MALDI-TOF/MS. Adv Clin Chem 2015; 69:209-54. [PMID: 25934363 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric techniques frequently used in clinical diagnosis, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, ambient ionization mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS), are discussed. Due to its ability to rapidly detect large biomolecules in trace amounts, MALDI-TOF/MS is an ideal tool for characterizing disease biomarkers in biologic samples. Clinical applications of MS for the identification and characterization of microorganisms, DNA fragments, tissues, and biofluids are introduced. Approaches for using MALDI-TOF/MS to detect various disease biomarkers including peptides, proteins, and lipids in biological fluids are further discussed. Finally, various sample pretreatment methods which improve the detection efficiency of disease biomarkers are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tzu Cho
- Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care & Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jeng Wu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Kuo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jentaie Shiea
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Abstract
This chapter details the technique called extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) and describes its state-of-the-art developmental, mechanical and experimental aspects and shows its most important applications. EESI is a sensitive, matrix-tolerant secondary electrospray ionization technique, which is in the focus of ongoing investigations. The strength of EESI is its ability to ionize various compounds directly out of the sample without preparation or chromatographic separation. Although it appears to be not always the most sensitive method, it has shown enormous capabilities for various applications such as breath or skin analysis, the classification of perfumes, detection of melamine in milk and identification of the freshness of frozen meat or fruit.
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Direct detection of chloramphenicol in honey by neutral desorption-extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7705-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Reynolds JC, Jimoh MA, Guallar-Hoyas C, Creaser CS, Siddiqui S, Paul Thomas CL. Analysis of human breath samples using a modified thermal desorption: gas chromatography electrospray ionization interface. J Breath Res 2014; 8:037105. [PMID: 25190194 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/3/037105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A two-stage thermal desorption/secondary electrospray ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry for faster targeted breath profiling has been studied. A new secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) source was devised to constrain the thermal desorption plume and promote efficient mixing in the ionization region. Further, a chromatographic pre-separation stage was introduced to suppress interferences from siloxanes associated with thermal desorption profiles of exhaled breath samples.In vitro tests with 5-nonanone indicated an increased sensitivity and a lowered limit-of-detection, both by a factor of ~4, the latter to an on-trap mass of 14.3 ng, equivalent to a sampled breath concentration of 967 pptv. Analysis of the mass spectrometric responses from 20 breath samples acquired sequentially from a single participant indicated enhanced reproducibility (reduced relative standard deviations (RSD) for 5-nonanone, benzaldehyde and 2-butanone were 28 %, 16% and 14% respectively. The corresponding values for an open SESI source were that 5-nonanone was not detected, with %RSD of 39% for benzaldehyde and 31% for 2-butanone).The constrained source with chromatographic pre-separation resulted in an increase in the number of detectable volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from 260 mass spectral peaks with an open SESI source to 541 peaks with the constrained source with pre-separation. Most of the observed VOCs were present at trace levels, at less than 2.5% of the intensity of the base peak.Seventeen 2.5 dm(3) distal breath samples were collected from asthma patients and healthy controls respectively, and subjected to comparative high-throughput screening using thermal desorption/SESI/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TD-SESI-ToFMS). Breath metabolites were detected by using a background siloxane ion (hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane m/z 223.0642) as an internal lockmass. Eleven breath metabolites were selected from the breath research literature and successfully targeted. These data reinforce the proposition that TD-SESI-MS has potential for development as a rapid screening method for disease stratification and targeted metabolism profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Reynolds
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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Berchtold C, Bosilkovska M, Daali Y, Walder B, Zenobi R. Real-time monitoring of exhaled drugs by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:394-413. [PMID: 24272872 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Future individualized patient treatment will need tools to monitor the dose and effects of administrated drugs. Mass spectrometry may become the method of choice to monitor drugs in real time by analyzing exhaled breath. This review describes the monitoring of exhaled drugs in real time by mass spectrometry. The biological background as well as the relevant physical properties of exhaled drugs are delineated. The feasibility of detecting and monitoring exhaled drugs is discussed in several examples. The mass spectrometric tools that are currently available to analyze breath in real time are reviewed. The technical needs and state of the art for on-site measurements by mass spectrometry are also discussed in detail. Off-line methods, which give support and are an important source of information for real-time measurements, are also discussed. Finally, some examples of drugs that have already been successfully detected in exhaled breath, including propofol, fentanyl, methadone, nicotine, and valproic acid are presented. Real-time monitoring of exhaled drugs by mass spectrometry is a relatively new field, which is still in the early stages of development. New technologies promise substantial benefit for future patient monitoring and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Berchtold
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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So PK, Hu B, Yao ZP. Mass spectrometry: towards in vivo analysis of biological systems. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:915-29. [PMID: 23364350 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25428j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vivo analysis is of paramount importance in monitoring physiological processes that take place in living organisms. Mass spectrometry, an analytical technique with high speed, sensitivity and specificity, is indispensable in biochemical studies nowadays. However, traditional mass spectrometric techniques are of limited applicability in direct analysis of living organisms due to various constraints, e.g., the necessity of ionization of analytes under vacuum and perturbation of physiological functions of living organisms during analysis. Recent development of mass spectrometry, particularly the development of ambient ionization techniques, has opened the door for direct analysis of living organisms. These new mass spectrometric techniques have the features that the ionization processes take place under atmospheric pressure and no or only little sample preparation is required, thus are well suited for analysis of living specimens without significantly perturbing their physiological states. The role of these mass spectrometric techniques in in vivo analysis has been increasingly important in recent years and is expected to be further expanded in the future. In this review, the use of various mass spectrometric techniques in in vivo analysis of biological systems is summarized and the prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Kin So
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Zhu J, Bean HD, Wargo MJ, Leclair LW, Hill JE. Detecting bacterial lung infections: in vivo evaluation of in vitro volatile fingerprints. J Breath Res 2013; 7:016003. [PMID: 23307645 PMCID: PMC4114336 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/1/016003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The identification of bacteria by their volatilomes is of interest to many scientists and clinicians as it holds the promise of diagnosing infections in situ, particularly lung infections via breath analysis. While there are many studies reporting various bacterial volatile biomarkers or fingerprints using in vitro experiments, it has proven difficult to translate these data to in vivo breath analyses. Therefore, we aimed to create secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) pathogen fingerprints directly from the breath of mice with lung infections. In this study we demonstrated that SESI-MS is capable of differentiating infected versus uninfected mice, P. aeruginosa-infected versus S. aureus-infected mice, as well as distinguish between infections caused by P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 versus FRD1, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). In addition, we compared in vitro and in vivo volatiles and observed that only 25-34% of peaks are shared between the in vitro and in vivo SESI-MS fingerprints. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first breath volatiles measured for P. aeruginosa PAO1, FRD1, and S. aureus RN450, and the first comparison of in vivo and in vitro volatile profiles from the same strains using the murine infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangjiang Zhu
- School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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29
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Li M, Ding J, Gu H, Zhang Y, Pan S, Xu N, Chen H, Li H. Facilitated diffusion of acetonitrile revealed by quantitative breath analysis using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1205. [PMID: 23386969 PMCID: PMC3564039 DOI: 10.1038/srep01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
By using silver cations (Ag⁺) as the ionic reagent in reactive extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS), the concentrations of acetonitrile in exhaled breath samples from the volunteers including active smokers, passive smokers, and non-smokers were quantitatively measured in vivo, without any sample pretreatment. A limit of detection (LOD) and relative standard deviation (RSD) were 0.16 ng/L and 3.5% (n = 8), respectively, for the acetonitrile signals in MS/MS experiments. Interestingly, the concentrations of acetonitrile in human breath continuously increased for 1-4 hours after the smoker finished smoking and then slowly decreased to the background level in 7 days. The experimental data of a large number of (> 165) samples indicated that the inhaled acetonitrile is excreted most likely by facilitated diffusion, instead of simple diffusion reported previously for other volatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Susu Pan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Ning Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Li
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, P. R. China
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Xiong Y, Ye Z, Xu J, Zhu Y, Chen C, Guan Y. An integrated micro-volume fiber-optic sensor for oxygen determination in exhaled breath based on iridium(iii) complexes immobilized in fluorinated xerogels. Analyst 2013; 138:1819-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36591c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Nemes P, Vertes A. Ambient mass spectrometry for in vivo local analysis and in situ molecular tissue imaging. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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32
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Direct analysis of biological samples using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2145-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Doezema LA, Longin T, Cody W, Perraud V, Dawson ML, Ezell MJ, Greaves J, Johnson KR, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Analysis of secondary organic aerosols in air using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00961g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Zhang A, Sun H, Wang P, Han Y, Wang X. Modern analytical techniques in metabolomics analysis. Analyst 2012; 137:293-300. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15605e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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35
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On the mechanism of extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) in the dual-spray configuration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:2633-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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36
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Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang J, Hu Z, Hu B, Ding L, Jia L, Chen H. Neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for fast screening sunscreen agents in cream cosmetic products. Talanta 2011; 85:1665-71. [PMID: 21807237 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
High throughput analysis of sunscreen agents present in cream cosmetic has been demonstrated, typically 2 samples per minute, using neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ND-EESI-MS) without sample pretreatment. For the targeted compounds such as 4-Aminobenzoic acid and oxybenzone, ND-EESI-MS method provided linear signal responses in the range of 1-100 ppb. Limits of detection (LOD) of the method were estimated at sub-ppb levels for the analytes tested. Reasonable relative standard deviation (RSD=8.4-16.0%) was obtained as a result of 10 independent measurements for commercial cosmetics samples spiked with each individual sunscreen agents at 1-10 ppb. Acceptable recoveries were achieved in the range of 87-116% for direct analysis of commercial cream cosmetic samples. The experimental data demonstrate that ND-EESI-MS is a useful tool for high throughput screening of sunscreen agents in highly viscous cream cosmetic products, with the capability to obtain quantitative information of the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglei Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, PR China
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Li X, Hu B, Ding J, Chen H. Rapid characterization of complex viscous samples at molecular levels by neutral desorption extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:1010-25. [PMID: 21720314 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this protocol, the sample (which could be a bulk or heterogeneous fluid, or a greasy surface) is treated with a neutral desorption (ND) sampling gas beam, and the resulting analyte mixtures are directly characterized by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS). The ND device can be specifically constructed such that the sampling gas beam is bubbled through the liquid sample (microjet sampling) or directed to impact the sample surface (e.g., for the analysis of a material like cheese). The ND-EESI-MS analysis process requires no sample pretreatment because it can tolerate an extremely complex matrix. ND-EESI-MS allows real-time, online chemical profiling of highly viscous samples under ambient conditions. Both volatile and nonvolatile analytes from viscous samples can easily be detected and quantified by ND-EESI-MS, thereby providing an MS-based analytical platform for multiple disciplines (e.g., for the food industry, for drug discovery, and for the biological and life sciences). Here we describe the ND-EESI-MS protocol for viscous sample analysis, including the experimental design, equipment setup, reagent preparation, data acquisition and analysis steps. The data collection process takes <1 min per sample, although the time required for the whole procedure, which largely depends on the experimental preparation processes, might be considerably longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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McCullough BJ, Bristow T, O'Connor G, Hopley C. On-line reaction monitoring by extractive electrospray ionisation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1445-1451. [PMID: 21504011 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The design and development of a novel extractive electrospray ionisation (EESI) device for on-line reaction monitoring is described. The EESI apparatus uses a secondary, grounded nebuliser to produce an analyte aerosol and a Venturi pump is then used to transfer a sample of the aerosol to an electrospray source where it is ionised. The EESI apparatus was then tested with a variety of small, organic molecules to assess sensitivity, linearity and dynamic range. The performance of the technique will depend on the mass spectrometer used for the experiments; in the configurations used here it has a usable dynamic range of around 3.5 orders of magnitude with a linear range of around 2.5 orders of magnitude and is capable of analysing species present down to low µg/mL with signal-to-noise ratio greater than 2.5. The use of EESI for reaction monitoring was validated using a series of mock reaction mixtures and then used to monitor the base hydrolysis of ethyl salicylate to salicylic acid.
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Huang D, Luo L, Jiang C, Han J, Wang J, Zhang T, Jiang J, Zhou Z, Chen H. Sinapine detection in radish taproot using surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:2148-2156. [PMID: 21332204 DOI: 10.1021/jf103725f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant research and natural product detection are of sustainable interests. Benefited by direct detection with no sample preparation, sinapine, a bioactive chemical usually found in various seeds of Brassica plants, has been unambiguously detected in radish taproot (Raphanus sativus) tissue using a liquid-assisted surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (DAPCI-MS). A methanol aqueous solution (1:1) was nebulized by a nitrogen sheath gas toward the corona discharge, resulting in charged ambient small droplets, which affected the radish tissue for desorption/ionization of analytes on the tissue surface. Thus, sinapine was directly detected and identified by tandem DAPCI-MS experiments without sample pretreatment. The typical relative standard deviation (RSD) of this method for sinapine detection was 5-8% for six measurements (S/N=3). The dynamic response range was 10(-12)-10(-7) g/cm2 for sinapine on the radish skin surface. The discovery of sinapine in radish taproot was validated by using HPLC-UV methods. The data demonstrated that DAPCI assisted by solvent enhanced the overall efficiency of the desorption/ionization process, enabling sensitive detection of bioactive compounds in plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejuan Huang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry, Biology and Material Science, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, People's Republic of China
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Development of Thermal Dissociation Atmospheric Chemical Ionization Source for Rapid Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Ambient Samples. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(10)60421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Boshier PR, Cushnir JR, Mistry V, Knaggs A, Španěl P, Smith D, Hanna GB. On-line, real time monitoring of exhaled trace gases by SIFT-MS in the perioperative setting: a feasibility study. Analyst 2011; 136:3233-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15356k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen LC, Yu Z, Furuya H, Hashimoto Y, Takekawa K, Suzuki H, Ariyada O, Hiraoka K. Development of ambient sampling chemi/chemical ion source with dielectric barrier discharge. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:861-869. [PMID: 20648691 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new configuration of chemical ionization (CI)-based ion source is presented. The ambient air containing the gaseous sample is sniffed into an enclosed ionization chamber which is of sub-ambient pressure, and is subsequently mixed with metastable species in front of the ion inlet of the mass spectrometer. Metastable helium atoms (He*) are used in this study as the primary ionizing agents and are generated from a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) source. The DBD is powered by an AC high-voltage supply and the configuration of the electrodes is in such a way that the generated plasma is confined within the discharge tube and is not extended into the ionization chamber. The construction of the ion source is simple, and volatile compounds released from the bulky sample can also be analyzed directly by approaching the sample to the sampling nozzle. When combined with heated nitrogen or other desorption methods, its application can also be extended to non-volatile compounds, and the consumption for helium can be kept minimum solely for maintaining the stable discharge and gas phase ionization. Applications to non-proximate sample analysis, direct determination of active ingredients in drug tablets and the detection of trace explosive such as hexamethylene triperoxide diamine are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
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Zhu L, Hu Z, Gamez G, Law WS, Chen H, Yang S, Chingin K, Balabin RM, Wang R, Zhang T, Zenobi R. Simultaneous sampling of volatile and non-volatile analytes in beer for fast fingerprinting by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:405-13. [PMID: 20644917 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
By gently bubbling nitrogen gas through beer, an effervescent beverage, both volatile and non-volatile compounds can be simultaneously sampled in the form of aerosol. This allows for fast (within seconds) fingerprinting by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) in both negative and positive ion mode, without the need for any sample pre-treatment such as degassing and dilution. Trace analytes such as volatile esters (e.g., ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate), free fatty acids (e.g., caproic acid, caprylic acid, and capric acid), semi/non-volatile organic/inorganic acids (e.g., lactic acid), and various amino acids, commonly present in beer at the low parts per million or at sub-ppm levels, were detected and identified based on tandem MS data. Furthermore, the appearance of solvent cluster ions in the mass spectra gives insight into the sampling and ionization mechanisms: aerosol droplets containing semi/non-volatile substances are thought to be generated via bubble bursting at the surface of the liquid; these neutral aerosol droplets then collide with the charged primary electrospray ionization droplets, followed by analyte extraction, desolvation, ionization, and MS detection. With principal component analysis, several beer samples were successfully differentiated. Therefore, the present study successfully extends the applicability of EESI-MS to the direct analysis of complex liquid samples with high gas content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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