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Salamanna F, De Luca A, Vandenbulcke F, Di Matteo B, Kon E, Grassi A, Ballardini A, Morozzi G, Raimondi L, Bellavia D, Costa V, Zaffagnini S, Fini M, Giavaresi G. Preliminary osteogenic and antibacterial investigations of wood derived antibiotic-loaded bone substitute for the treatment of infected bone defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1412584. [PMID: 39055342 PMCID: PMC11270025 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1412584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The development of reliable treatments for infected or potentially infected bone loss resulting from open fractures and non-unions is extremely urgent, especially to reduce the prolonged courses of antimicrobial therapy to which affected patients are subjected. Numerous bone graft substitutes have been used over the years, but there are currently no effective solutions to treat critical bone loss, especially in the presence of infection. The present study evaluated the use of the biomorphic calcium phosphate bone scaffold b. Bone™, based on a next-generation resorbable biomimetic biomaterial, in bone reconstruction surgery in cases of infection. Methods: Using an "in vitro 3D bone fracture model" to predict the behavior of this drug delivery system during critical bone loss at an infected (or potentially infected) site, the effects of scaffolds loaded with gentamicin or vancomycin on the viability and differentiation capacity of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were evaluated. Results: This scaffold, when loaded with gentamicin or vancomycin, exhibits a typical drug release curve that determines the inhibitory effects on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli, as well as relative biofilm formation. Discussion: The study demonstrates that b.bone scaffolds can effectively address key challenges in orthopedic surgery and patient care by inhibiting bacterial growth and biofilm formation through rapid, potent antibiotic release, reducing the risk of treatment failure due to resistance, and providing a promising solution for bone infections and improved patient outcomes. Future studies could explore the combination of different antibiotics on these scaffolds for more tailored and effective treatments against post-traumatic osteomyelitis pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Salamanna
- Surgical Science and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela De Luca
- Surgical Science and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Vandenbulcke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Berardo Di Matteo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Disaster Surgery, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Kon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Grassi
- 2nd Orthopedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Lavinia Raimondi
- Surgical Science and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Bellavia
- Surgical Science and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Viviana Costa
- Surgical Science and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zaffagnini
- 2nd Orthopedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Surgical Science and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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2
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Toni R, Barbaro F, Di Conza G, Zini N, Remaggi G, Elviri L, Spaletta G, Quarantini E, Quarantini M, Mosca S, Caravelli S, Mosca M, Ravanetti F, Sprio S, Tampieri A. A bioartificial and vasculomorphic bone matrix-based organoid mimicking microanatomy of flat and short bones. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35329. [PMID: 37898921 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
We engineered an in vitro model of bioartificial 3D bone organoid consistent with an anatomical and vascular microenvironment common to mammalian flat and short bones. To achieve this, we chose the decellularized-decalcified matrix of the adult male rat scapula, implemented with the reconstruction of its intrinsic vessels, obtained through an original intravascular perfusion with polylevolactic (PLLA), followed by coating of the PLLA-fabricated vascularization with rat tail collagen. As a result, the 3D bone and vascular geometry of the native bone cortical and cancellous compartments was reproduced, and the rat tail collagen-PLLA biomaterial could in vitro act as a surrogate of the perivascular extracellular matrix (ECM) around the wall of the biomaterial-reconstituted cancellous vessels. As a proof-of-concept of cell compatibility and site-dependent osteoinductive properties of this bioartificial 3D construct, we show that it in vitro leads to a time-dependent microtopographic positioning of rat mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), initiating an osteogenic fate in relation to the bone compartment. In addition, coating of PLLA-reconstructed vessels with rat tail collagen favored perivascular attachment and survival of MSC-like cells (mouse embryonic fibroblasts), confirming its potentiality as a perivascular stroma for triggering competence of seeded MSCs. Finally, in vivo radiographic topography of bone lesions in the human jaw and foot tarsus of subjects with primary osteoporosis revealed selective bone cortical versus cancellous involvement, suggesting usefulness of a human 3D bone organoid engineered with the same principles of our rat organoid, to in vitro investigate compartment-dependent activities of human MSC in flat and short bones under experimental osteoporotic challenge. We conclude that our 3D bioartificial construct offers a reliable replica of flat and short bones microanatomy, and promises to help in building a compartment-dependent mechanistic perspective of bone remodeling, including the microtopographic dysregulation of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Toni
- ISSMC, CNR, Faenza, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center-Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna, Section IV-Medical Sciences, Bologna, Italy
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Disorders Outpatient Clinic-OSTEONET (Osteoporosis, Nutrition, Endocrinology, and Innovative Therapies) and Odontostomatology Units, Galliera Medical Center, San Venanzio di Galliera (BO), Italy
| | - Fulvio Barbaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery-DIMEC, Unit of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.BI.BI.T.), Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures (Re.Mo.Bio.S.), and Museum and Historical Library of Biomedicine-BIOMED, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giusy Di Conza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery-DIMEC, Unit of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.BI.BI.T.), Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures (Re.Mo.Bio.S.), and Museum and Historical Library of Biomedicine-BIOMED, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Zini
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Remaggi
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lisa Elviri
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Spaletta
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Quarantini
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Disorders Outpatient Clinic-OSTEONET (Osteoporosis, Nutrition, Endocrinology, and Innovative Therapies) and Odontostomatology Units, Galliera Medical Center, San Venanzio di Galliera (BO), Italy
| | - Marco Quarantini
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Disorders Outpatient Clinic-OSTEONET (Osteoporosis, Nutrition, Endocrinology, and Innovative Therapies) and Odontostomatology Units, Galliera Medical Center, San Venanzio di Galliera (BO), Italy
| | - Salvatore Mosca
- Course on Disorders of the Locomotor System, Fellow Program in Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Caravelli
- II Clinic of Orthopedic and Traumatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mosca
- II Clinic of Orthopedic and Traumatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Ravanetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Section of Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Suffo-Pino M, Cauqui-López MÁ, Pérez-Muñoz C, Goma-Jiménez D, Fernández-Delgado N, Herrera-Collado M. Biphasic Bioceramic Obtained from Byproducts of Sugar Beet Processing for Use in Bioactive Coatings and Bone Fillings. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:499. [PMID: 37888165 PMCID: PMC10607742 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on developing hydroxyapatite synthesized from a CaCO3-rich byproduct of sugar beet processing called Carbocal® using a hydrothermal reactor. The purpose of this biomaterial is to enhance the osteoinductivity of implantable surfaces and serve as a bone filler, providing a sustainable and economically more affordable alternative. This research involved compositional analysis and micro- and macrostructural physicochemical characterization, complemented with bioactivity and live/dead assays. The biphasic nature of the Carbocal®-derived sample was significant within the context of the bioactivity concept previously proposed in the literature. The bioactivity of the biomaterial was demonstrated through a viability test, where the cell growth was nearly equivalent to that of the positive control. For comparison purposes, the same tests were conducted with two additional samples: hydroxyapatite obtained from CaCO3 and commercial hydroxyapatite. The resulting product of this process is biocompatible and possesses properties similar to natural hydroxyapatite. Consequently, this biomaterial shows potential as a scaffold in tissue engineering and as an adhesive filler to promote bone regeneration within the context of the circular bioeconomy in the geographical area proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Suffo-Pino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design, High Engineering School, Campus Río San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Miguel Ángel Cauqui-López
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry IMEYMAT, Campus Río San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.Á.C.-L.); (D.G.-J.); (N.F.-D.); (M.H.-C.)
| | - Celia Pérez-Muñoz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design, High Engineering School, Campus Río San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Daniel Goma-Jiménez
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry IMEYMAT, Campus Río San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.Á.C.-L.); (D.G.-J.); (N.F.-D.); (M.H.-C.)
| | - Natalia Fernández-Delgado
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry IMEYMAT, Campus Río San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.Á.C.-L.); (D.G.-J.); (N.F.-D.); (M.H.-C.)
| | - Miriam Herrera-Collado
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry IMEYMAT, Campus Río San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.Á.C.-L.); (D.G.-J.); (N.F.-D.); (M.H.-C.)
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Koch SM, Goldhahn C, Müller FJ, Yan W, Pilz-Allen C, Bidan CM, Ciabattoni B, Stricker L, Fratzl P, Keplinger T, Burgert I. Anisotropic wood-hydrogel composites: Extending mechanical properties of wood towards soft materials' applications. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100772. [PMID: 37674781 PMCID: PMC10477686 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Delignified wood (DW) offers a versatile platform for the manufacturing of composites, with material properties ranging from stiff to soft and flexible by preserving the preferential fiber directionality of natural wood through a structure-retaining production process. This study presents a facile method for fabricating anisotropic and mechanically tunable DW-hydrogel composites. These composites were produced by infiltrating delignified spruce wood with an aqueous gelatin solution followed by chemical crosslinking. The mechanical properties could be modulated across a broad strength and stiffness range (1.2-18.3 MPa and 170-1455 MPa, respectively) by varying the crosslinking time. The diffusion-led crosslinking further allowed to manufacture mechanically graded structures. The resulting uniaxial, tubular structure of the anisotropic DW-hydrogel composite enabled the alignment of murine fibroblasts in vitro, which could be utilized in future studies on potential applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Marie Koch
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Goldhahn
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florence J. Müller
- Soft Materials Group, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wenqing Yan
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christine Pilz-Allen
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cécile M. Bidan
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Beatrice Ciabattoni
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Stricker
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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Vandenbulcke F, Anzillotti G, Ravasio G, Malagoli E, Conte P, Balzarini B, Kirienko A, Kon E. External fixator-assisted plating osteosynthesis in a rabbit model of femoral bone defects appears to be a feasible and reproducible surgical technique: preliminary insights from a bone substitute study. J Exp Orthop 2023; 10:77. [PMID: 37526773 PMCID: PMC10393914 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-023-00644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this study were to assess the complications associated with the use of an external fixator-assisted plate osteosynthesis technique to stabilize a femoral bone defect in a rabbit model and to evaluate if this technique could avoid the mispositioning and the displacement of the femoral fragments during the surgical procedure. METHODS A preliminary cadaveric animal study was conducted to develop a new technique of external fixator-assisted plating. Thirty rabbits underwent a surgical procedure consisting in the creation of a femoral bone defect and, subsequently an implantation of a bone substitute through the assistance of a temporary external fixator. The fixator's ability to maintain length and alignment during surgery was documented. All intraoperative complications were prospectively collected. RESULTS No complications related to the use of the temporary external fixator were reported. The technique successfully prevented mispositioning and dislocation during plating in all the rabbits. CONCLUSION In a rabbit animal model, the use of an external fixator-assisted plate osteosynthesis technique appears to be feasible and effective in avoiding misposition and rotation of femoral fragments when performing osteotomy and plating to create a mid-diaphyseal femoral defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vandenbulcke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy.
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, External Fixation Unit (Dr Kirienko A), Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy.
| | - G Anzillotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, External Fixation Unit (Dr Kirienko A), Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - G Ravasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - E Malagoli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, External Fixation Unit (Dr Kirienko A), Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - P Conte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, External Fixation Unit (Dr Kirienko A), Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - B Balzarini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, External Fixation Unit (Dr Kirienko A), Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - A Kirienko
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, External Fixation Unit (Dr Kirienko A), Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - E Kon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, External Fixation Unit (Dr Kirienko A), Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
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Nefjodovs V, Andze L, Andzs M, Filipova I, Tupciauskas R, Vecbiskena L, Kapickis M. Wood as Possible Renewable Material for Bone Implants-Literature Review. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14050266. [PMID: 37233376 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14050266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone fractures and bone defects affect millions of people every year. Metal implants for bone fracture fixation and autologous bone for defect reconstruction are used extensively in treatment of these pathologies. Simultaneously, alternative, sustainable, and biocompatible materials are being researched to improve existing practice. Wood as a biomaterial for bone repair has not been considered until the last 50 years. Even nowadays there is not much research on solid wood as a biomaterial in bone implants. A few species of wood have been investigated. Different techniques of wood preparation have been proposed. Simple pre-treatments such as boiling in water or preheating of ash, birch and juniper woods have been used initially. Later researchers have tried using carbonized wood and wood derived cellulose scaffold. Manufacturing implants from carbonized wood and cellulose requires more extensive wood processing-heat above 800 °C and chemicals to extract cellulose. Carbonized wood and cellulose scaffolds can be combined with other materials, such as silicon carbide, hydroxyapatite, and bioactive glass to improve biocompatibility and mechanical durability. Throughout the publications wood implants have provided good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity thanks to wood's porous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadims Nefjodovs
- Faculty of Residency, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema iela 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Microsurgery Centre of Latvia, Brivibas Gatve 410, LV-1024 Riga, Latvia
| | - Laura Andze
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Martins Andzs
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inese Filipova
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ramunas Tupciauskas
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Linda Vecbiskena
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Martins Kapickis
- Microsurgery Centre of Latvia, Brivibas Gatve 410, LV-1024 Riga, Latvia
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Alt V, Walter N, Rupp M, Begué T, Plecko M. Bone defect filling with a novel rattan-wood based not-sintered hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate material (b.Bone™) after tricortical bone graft harvesting - A consecutive clinical case series of 9 patients. Trauma Case Rep 2023; 44:100805. [PMID: 36851907 PMCID: PMC9958041 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2023.100805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Harvesting of tricortical bone graft from the iliac crest is an integral part of bone defect reconstruction in orthopaedic surgery. There are several options for filling the iliac crest defect area to avoid hematoma, pain, hernias and cosmetic issues, including different gelatin-based and other alternative biomaterials. Recently, a novel rattan-wood based not-sintered hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate material (b.Bone™, GreenBone ORTHO S.p.A Faenza, Italy) was shown to promote bone healing in an experimental setting. The goal of the current work is to report clinical and radiographical outcomes of a consecutive case series of 9 patients with defect filling at the iliac crest with this novel scaffold biomaterial after tricortical bone graft harvesting with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. All 9 patients (8 male, 1 female) with an average age of 42.7 years (range: 18-76 years) had tricortical bone graft harvesting from the iliac crest for different reconstructive procedures at the extremities and received blocks of the biomaterial with an average size of 26.3 × 16.8 × 10 mm (length, height, width; range: 15 × 15 × 10 to 40 × 20 × 10 mm). Intraoperative handling of the biomaterial was easy and the blocks could be customized to the individual size of the defect with standard surgical instruments and were press-fitted into the defect. All 9 patients showed uneventful wound healing at the iliac crest and 7 patients reported no pain (VAS: 0) and two patients only mild pain (VAS:1 and VAS:3) after an average follow-up of 9.8 months (range: 6-16 months). There was no post-operative hematoma, surgical revision or other implant-related complications at the iliac crest. In all patients, good radiographical integration without dislocation of the implant and good bony integration was observed. The use of this novel biomaterial for iliac crest defect filling was associated with good clinical and radiographical outcomes after an average follow-up of 9.8 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Alt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nike Walter
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Rupp
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thierry Begué
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Antoine Beclere Hospital, University Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Michael Plecko
- AUVA - Trauma Center Styria (UKH) Hospital Graz, Austria
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d’Adamo A, Salerno E, Corda G, Ongaro C, Zardin B, Ruffini A, Orlandi G, Bertacchini J, Angeli D. Experimental measurements and CFD modelling of hydroxyapatite scaffolds in perfusion bioreactors for bone regeneration. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad002. [PMID: 36751469 PMCID: PMC9893872 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of bone tissue engineering, particular interest is devoted to the development of 3D cultures to study bone cell proliferation under conditions similar to in vivo ones, e.g. by artificially producing mechanical stresses promoting a biological response (mechanotransduction). Of particular relevance in this context are the effects generated by the flow shear stress, which governs the nutrients delivery rate to the growing cells and which can be controlled in perfusion reactors. However, the introduction of 3D scaffolds complicates the direct measurement of the generated shear stress on the adhered cells inside the matrix, thus jeopardizing the potential of using multi-dimensional matrices. In this study, an anisotropic hydroxyapatite-based set of scaffolds is considered as a 3D biomimetic support for bone cells deposition and growth. Measurements of sample-specific flow resistance are carried out using a perfusion system, accompanied by a visual characterization of the material structure. From the obtained results, a subset of three samples is reproduced using 3D-Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques and the models are validated by virtually replicating the flow resistance measurement. Once a good agreement is found, the analysis of flow-induced shear stress on the inner B-HA structure is carried out based on simulation results. Finally, a statistical analysis leads to a simplified expression to correlate the flow resistance with the entity and extensions of wall shear stress inside the scaffold. The study applies CFD to overcome the limitations of experiments, allowing for an advancement in multi-dimensional cell cultures by elucidating the flow conditions in 3D reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabetta Salerno
- Centro Interdipartimentale per la Ricerca Applicata e i Servizi nella Meccanica Avanzata e nella Motoristica InterMech-MO.RE, Piazzale Europa, 1, Reggio Emilia RE 42124, Italy,Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Corda
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Claudio Ongaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Barbara Zardin
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Enzo Ferrari, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Andrea Ruffini
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Faenza 48018, Italy
| | - Giulia Orlandi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy,Istituto di Genetica Molecolare “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerca (IGM-CNR), Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Diego Angeli
- Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia 42122, Italy
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9
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Dorozhkin SV. Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4)-Based Bioceramics: Preparation, Properties, and Applications. COATINGS 2022; 12:1380. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Various types of materials have been traditionally used to restore damaged bones. In the late 1960s, a strong interest was raised in studying ceramics as potential bone grafts due to their biomechanical properties. A short time later, such synthetic biomaterials were called bioceramics. Bioceramics can be prepared from diverse inorganic substances, but this review is limited to calcium orthophosphate (CaPO4)-based formulations only, due to its chemical similarity to mammalian bones and teeth. During the past 50 years, there have been a number of important achievements in this field. Namely, after the initial development of bioceramics that was just tolerated in the physiological environment, an emphasis was shifted towards the formulations able to form direct chemical bonds with the adjacent bones. Afterwards, by the structural and compositional controls, it became possible to choose whether the CaPO4-based implants would remain biologically stable once incorporated into the skeletal structure or whether they would be resorbed over time. At the turn of the millennium, a new concept of regenerative bioceramics was developed, and such formulations became an integrated part of the tissue engineering approach. Now, CaPO4-based scaffolds are designed to induce bone formation and vascularization. These scaffolds are usually porous and harbor various biomolecules and/or cells. Therefore, current biomedical applications of CaPO4-based bioceramics include artificial bone grafts, bone augmentations, maxillofacial reconstruction, spinal fusion, and periodontal disease repairs, as well as bone fillers after tumor surgery. Prospective future applications comprise drug delivery and tissue engineering purposes because CaPO4 appear to be promising carriers of growth factors, bioactive peptides, and various types of cells.
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Kumar R, Mohanty S. Hydroxyapatite: A Versatile Bioceramic for Tissue Engineering Application. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Design Strategies and Biomimetic Approaches for Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Regeneration. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7030112. [PMID: 35997432 PMCID: PMC9397031 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a complex biologic tissue, which is extremely relevant for various physiological functions, in addition to movement, organ protection, and weight bearing. The repair of critical size bone defects is a still unmet clinical need, and over the past decades, material scientists have been expending efforts to find effective technological solutions, based on the use of scaffolds. In this context, biomimetics which is intended as the ability of a scaffold to reproduce compositional and structural features of the host tissues, is increasingly considered as a guide for this purpose. However, the achievement of implants that mimic the very complex bone composition, multi-scale structure, and mechanics is still an open challenge. Indeed, despite the fact that calcium phosphates are widely recognized as elective biomaterials to fabricate regenerative bone scaffolds, their processing into 3D devices with suitable cell-instructing features is still prevented by insurmountable drawbacks. With respect to biomaterials science, new approaches maybe conceived to gain ground and promise for a substantial leap forward in this field. The present review provides an overview of physicochemical and structural features of bone tissue that are responsible for its biologic behavior. Moreover, relevant and recent technological approaches, also inspired by natural processes and structures, are described, which can be considered as a leverage for future development of next generation bioactive medical devices.
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Salerno E, Orlandi G, Ongaro C, d’Adamo A, Ruffini A, Carnevale G, Zardin B, Bertacchini J, Angeli D. Liquid flow in scaffold derived from natural source: experimental observations and biological outcome. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac034. [PMID: 35747746 PMCID: PMC9211004 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the biological effects on a 3D scaffold based on hydroxyapatite cultured with MC3T3 osteoblasts in response to flow-induced shear stress (FSS). The scaffold adopted here (B-HA) derives from the biomorphic transformation of natural wood and its peculiar channel geometry mimics the porous structure of the bone. From the point of view of fluid dynamics, B-HA can be considered a network of micro-channels, intrinsically offering the advantages of a microfluidic system. This work, for the first time, offers a description of the fluid dynamic properties of the B-HA scaffold, which are strongly connected to its morphology. These features are necessary to determine the FSS ranges to be applied during in vitro studies to get physiologically relevant conditions. The selected ranges of FSS promoted the elongation of the attached cells along the flow direction and early osteogenic cell differentiation. These data confirmed the ability of B-HA to promote the differentiation process along osteogenic lineage. Hence, such a bioactive and naturally derived scaffold can be considered as a promising tool for bone regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Salerno
- CNR-NANO S3 Research Center on nanoStructures and bioSystems at Surfaces , via Campi 213/A, Modena, I-41125, Italy
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, , Via Amendola 2, Reggio Emilia, 42122, Italy
| | - Giulia Orlandi
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, , Via del Pozzo 71, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Claudio Ongaro
- DIEF-Engineering Department “Enzo Ferrari” , Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Alessandro d’Adamo
- DIEF-Engineering Department “Enzo Ferrari” , Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Andrea Ruffini
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), , Via Granarolo 64, Faenza, 48018, Italy
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, , Via del Pozzo 71, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Barbara Zardin
- DIEF-Engineering Department “Enzo Ferrari” , Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Jessika Bertacchini
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, , Via del Pozzo 71, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Diego Angeli
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, , Via Amendola 2, Reggio Emilia, 42122, Italy
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Islam M, Lantada AD, Mager D, Korvink JG. Carbon-Based Materials for Articular Tissue Engineering: From Innovative Scaffolding Materials toward Engineered Living Carbon. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101834. [PMID: 34601815 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbon materials constitute a growing family of high-performance materials immersed in ongoing scientific technological revolutions. Their biochemical properties are interesting for a wide set of healthcare applications and their biomechanical performance, which can be modulated to mimic most human tissues, make them remarkable candidates for tissue repair and regeneration, especially for articular problems and osteochondral defects involving diverse tissues with very different morphologies and properties. However, more systematic approaches to the engineering design of carbon-based cell niches and scaffolds are needed and relevant challenges should still be overcome through extensive and collaborative research. In consequence, this study presents a comprehensive description of carbon materials and an explanation of their benefits for regenerative medicine, focusing on their rising impact in the area of osteochondral and articular repair and regeneration. Once the state-of-the-art is illustrated, innovative design and fabrication strategies for artificially recreating the cellular microenvironment within complex articular structures are discussed. Together with these modern design and fabrication approaches, current challenges, and research trends for reaching patients and creating social and economic impacts are examined. In a closing perspective, the engineering of living carbon materials is also presented for the first time and the related fundamental breakthroughs ahead are clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monsur Islam
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Microstructure Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Andrés Díaz Lantada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Universidad Politécnica de Madrid José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Dario Mager
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Microstructure Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Jan G. Korvink
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Microstructure Technology Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
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Kon E, Salamanna F, Filardo G, Di Matteo B, Shabshin N, Shani J, Fini M, Perdisa F, Parrilli A, Sprio S, Ruffini A, Marcacci M, Tampieri A. Bone Regeneration in Load-Bearing Segmental Defects, Guided by Biomorphic, Hierarchically Structured Apatitic Scaffold. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:734486. [PMID: 34646817 PMCID: PMC8503888 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.734486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of load-bearing segmental bone defects remains a significant clinical problem in orthopedics, mainly due to the lack of scaffolds with composition and 3D porous structure effective in guiding and sustaining new bone formation and vascularization in large bone defects. In the present study, biomorphic calcium phosphate bone scaffolds (GreenBone™) featuring osteon-mimicking, hierarchically organized, 3D porous structure and lamellar nano-architecture were implanted in a critical cortical defect in sheep and compared with allograft. Two different types of scaffolds were tested: one made of ion-doped hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium-phosphate (GB-1) and other made of undoped hydroxyapatite only (GB-2). X-ray diffraction patterns of GB-1 and GB-2 confirmed that both scaffolds were made of hydroxyapatite, with a minor amount of β-TCP in GB-1. The chemical composition analysis, obtained by ICP-OES spectrometer, highlighted the carbonation extent and the presence of small amounts of Mg and Sr as doping ions in GB-1. SEM micrographs showed the channel-like wide open porosity of the biomorphic scaffolds and the typical architecture of internal channel walls, characterized by a cell structure mimicking the natural parenchyma of the rattan wood used as a template for the scaffold fabrication. Both GB-1 and GB-2 scaffolds show very similar porosity extent and 3D organization, as also revealed by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Comparing the two scaffolds, GB-1 showed slightly higher fracture strength, as well as improved stability at the stress plateau. In comparison to allograft, at the follow-up time of 6 months, both GB-1 and GB-2 scaffolds showed higher new bone formation and quality of regenerated bone (trabecular thickness, number, and separation). In addition, higher osteoid surface (OS/BS), osteoid thickness (OS.Th), osteoblast surface (Ob.S/BS), vessels/microvessels numbers, as well as substantial osteoclast-mediated implant resorption were observed. The highest values in OS.Th and Ob. S/BS parameters were found in GB-1 scaffold. Finally, Bone Mineralization Index of new bone within scaffolds, as determined by micro-indentation, showed a significantly higher microhardness for GB-1 scaffold in comparison to GB-2. These findings suggested that the biomorphic calcium phosphate scaffolds were able to promote regeneration of load-bearing segmental bone defects in a clinically relevant scenario, which still represents one of the greatest challenges in orthopedics nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Kon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Salamanna
- Complex Structure of Surgical Sciences and Technologies - IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filardo
- Applied and Translational Research Center, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- First Moscow State Medical University - Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Radiology, Emek Medical Center, Clalit Healthcare Services, Afula, Israel
| | - Berardo Di Matteo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- First Moscow State Medical University - Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nogah Shabshin
- Department of Radiology, Emek Medical Center, Clalit Healthcare Services, Afula, Israel
- Department of Radiology, Pennmedicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan Shani
- Chavat Daat Veterinary Referral Center, Beit Berl, Israel
| | - Milena Fini
- Complex Structure of Surgical Sciences and Technologies - IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Perdisa
- Hip and Knee Replacement Division, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annapaola Parrilli
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Center for X-ray Analytics, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Simone Sprio
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council, Faenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Ruffini
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council, Faenza, Italy
| | - Maurilio Marcacci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Anna Tampieri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council, Faenza, Italy
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Sprio S, Ruffini A, Tampieri A. Biomorphic Transformations: A Leap Forward in Getting Nanostructured 3-D Bioceramics. Front Chem 2021; 9:728907. [PMID: 34557475 PMCID: PMC8452985 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.728907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obtaining 3-D inorganic devices with designed chemical composition, complex geometry, hierarchic structure and effective mechanical performance is a major scientific goal, still prevented by insurmountable technological limitations. With particular respect to the biomedical field, there is a lack in solutions ensuring the regeneration of long, load-bearing bone segments such as the ones of limbs, due to the still unmet goal of converging, in a unique device, bioactive chemical composition, multi-scale cell-conducive porosity and a hierarchically organized architecture capable of bearing and managing complex mechanical loads in a unique 3D implant. An emerging, but still very poorly explored approach in this respect, is given by biomorphic transformation processes, aimed at converting natural structures into functional 3D inorganic constructs with smart mechanical performance. Recent studies highlighted the use of heterogeneous gas-solid reactions as a valuable approach to obtain effective transformation of natural woods into hierarchically structured apatitic bone scaffolds. In this light, the present review illustrates critical aspects related to the application of such heterogeneous reactions when occurring in the 3D state, showing the relevance of a thorough kinetic control to achieve controlled phase transformations while maintaining the multi-scale architecture and the outstanding mechanical performance of the starting natural structure. These first results encourage the further investigation towards the biologic structures optimized by nature along the ages and then the development of biomorphic transformations as a radically new approach to enable a technological breakthrough in various research fields and opening to still unexplored industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sprio
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, Italian National Research Council, Faenza, Italy
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Bioactive Calcium Phosphate-Based Composites for Bone Regeneration. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5090227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Calcium phosphates (CaPs) are widely accepted biomaterials able to promote the regeneration of bone tissue. However, the regeneration of critical-sized bone defects has been considered challenging, and the development of bioceramics exhibiting enhanced bioactivity, bioresorbability and mechanical performance is highly demanded. In this respect, the tuning of their chemical composition, crystal size and morphology have been the matter of intense research in the last decades, including the preparation of composites. The development of effective bioceramic composite scaffolds relies on effective manufacturing techniques able to control the final multi-scale porosity of the devices, relevant to ensure osteointegration and bio-competent mechanical performance. In this context, the present work provides an overview about the reported strategies to develop and optimize bioceramics, while also highlighting future perspectives in the development of bioactive ceramic composites for bone tissue regeneration.
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Bianchi S, Mancini L, Torge D, Cristiano L, Mattei A, Varvara G, Macchiarelli G, Marchetti E, Bernardi S. Bio-Morphological Reaction of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts to Different Types of Dentinal Derivates: In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168681. [PMID: 34445386 PMCID: PMC8395407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biological and morphological reactions of human cells towards different dentinal derivate grafting materials is fundamental for choosing the type of dentin for specific clinical situations. This study aimed to evaluate human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPLF) cells exposed to different dentinal derivates particles. The study design included the in vitro evaluation of mineralized dentine (SG), deproteinized and demineralized dentine (DDP), and demineralized dentine (TT) as test materials and of deproteinized bovine bone (BIOS) as the positive control material. The materials were kept with the hPLF cell line, and the evaluations were made after 24 h, 72 h, and 7 days of in vitro culture. The evaluated outcomes were proliferation by using XTT assays, the morphological characteristics by light microscopy (LM) and by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and adhesion by using confocal microscopy (CLSM). Overall, the experimental materials induced a positive response of the hPLFs in terms of proliferation and adhesion. The XTT assay showed the TT, and the SG induced significant growth compared to the negative control at 7 days follow-up. The morphological data supported the XTT assay: the LM observations showed the presence of densely packed cells with a modified shape; the SEM observations allowed the assessment of how fibroblasts exposed to DDP and TT presented cytoplasmatic extensions; and SG and BIOS also presented the thickening of the cellular membrane. The CLMS observations showed the expression of the proliferative marker, as well as and the expression of cytoskeletal elements involved in the adhesion process. In particular, the vinculin and integrin signals were stronger at 72 h, while the actin signal remained constantly expressed in all the follow-up of the sample exposed to SG material. The integrin signal was stronger at 72 h, and the vinculin and actin signals were stronger at 7 days follow-up in the sample exposed to DDP material. The vinculin and integrin signals were stronger at 72 h follow-up in the sample exposed to TT material; vinculin and integrin signals appear stronger at 24 h follow-up in the sample exposed to BIOS material. These data confirmed how dentinal derivates present satisfying biocompatibility and high conductivity and inductivity properties fundamental in the regenerative processes. Furthermore, the knowledge of the effects of the dentin’s degree of mineralization on cellular behavior will help clinicians choose the type of dentine derivates material according to the required clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bianchi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.B.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.M.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Leonardo Mancini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.B.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.M.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Diana Torge
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.B.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.M.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Loredana Cristiano
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.B.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.M.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Antonella Mattei
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.B.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.M.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Varvara
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University of Chieti—Pescara ‘Gabriele d’Annunzio’, via dei Vestini 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Guido Macchiarelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.B.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.M.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Enrico Marchetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.B.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.M.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Sara Bernardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.B.); (L.M.); (D.T.); (L.C.); (A.M.); (G.M.); (E.M.); (S.B.)
- Center of Microscopy, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
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Ruffini A, Sandri M, Dapporto M, Campodoni E, Tampieri A, Sprio S. Nature-Inspired Unconventional Approaches to Develop 3D Bioceramic Scaffolds with Enhanced Regenerative Ability. Biomedicines 2021; 9:916. [PMID: 34440120 PMCID: PMC8389705 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Material science is a relevant discipline in support of regenerative medicine. Indeed, tissue regeneration requires the use of scaffolds able to guide and sustain the natural cell metabolism towards tissue regrowth. This need is particularly important in musculoskeletal regeneration, such as in the case of diseased bone or osteocartilaginous regions for which calcium phosphate-based scaffolds are considered as the golden solution. However, various technological barriers related to conventional ceramic processing have thus far hampered the achievement of biomimetic and bioactive scaffolds as effective solutions for still unmet clinical needs in orthopaedics. Driven by such highly impacting socioeconomic needs, new nature-inspired approaches promise to make a technological leap forward in the development of advanced biomaterials. The present review illustrates ion-doped apatites as biomimetic materials whose bioactivity resides in their unstable chemical composition and nanocrystallinity, both of which are, however, destroyed by the classical sintering treatment. In the following, recent nature-inspired methods preventing the use of high-temperature treatments, based on (i) chemically hardening bioceramics, (ii) biomineralisation process, and (iii) biomorphic transformations, are illustrated. These methods can generate products with advanced biofunctional properties, particularly biomorphic transformations represent an emerging approach that could pave the way to a technological leap forward in medicine and also in various other application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anna Tampieri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (A.R.); (M.S.); (M.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Simone Sprio
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (A.R.); (M.S.); (M.D.); (E.C.)
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Islam M, Sadaf A, Gómez MR, Mager D, Korvink JG, Lantada AD. Carbon fiber/microlattice 3D hybrid architecture as multi-scale scaffold for tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 126:112140. [PMID: 34082951 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiscale 3D carbon architectures are of particular interest in tissue engineering applications, as these structures may allow for three-dimensional cell colonization essential for tissue growth. In this work, carbon fiber/microlattice hybrid architectures are introduced as innovative multi-scale scaffolds for tissue engineering. The microlattice provides the design freedom and structural integrity, whereas the fibrous component creates a cellular microenvironment for cell colonization. The hybrid structures are fabricated by carbonization of stereolithographically 3D printed epoxy microlattice architectures which are pre-filled with cotton fibers within the empty space of the architectures. The cotton filling result in less shrinkage of the architecture during carbonization, as the tight confinement of the fibrous material prevents the free-shrinkage of the microlattices. The hybrid architecture exhibits a compressive strength of 156.9±25.6 kPa, which is significantly higher than an empty carbon microlattice architecture. Furthermore, the hybrid architecture exhibits a flexible behavior up to 30% compressive strain, which is also promising towards soft-tissue regeneration. Osteoblast-like murine MC3T3-E1 cells are cultured within the 3D hybrid structures. Results show that the cells are able to not only proliferate on the carbon microlattice elements as well as along the carbon fibers, but also make connections with each other across the inner pores created by the fibers, leading to a three-dimensional cell colonization. These carbon fiber/microlattice hybrid structures are promising for future fabrication of functionally graded scaffolds for tissue repair applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monsur Islam
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Ahsana Sadaf
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Milagros Ramos Gómez
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Parque Científico y Tecnológico, M40, km. 38, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dario Mager
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrés Díaz Lantada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Ingrole A, Aguirre TG, Fuller L, Donahue SW. Bioinspired energy absorbing material designs using additive manufacturing. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104518. [PMID: 33882409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nature provides many biological materials and structures with exceptional energy absorption capabilities. Few, relatively simple molecular building blocks (e.g., calcium carbonate), which have unremarkable intrinsic mechanical properties individually, are used to produce biopolymer-bioceramic composites with unique hierarchical architectures, thus producing biomaterial-architectures with extraordinary mechanical properties. Several biomaterials have inspired the design and manufacture of novel material architectures to address various engineering problems requiring high energy absorption capabilities. For example, the microarchitecture of seashell nacre has inspired multi-material 3D printed architectures that outperform the energy absorption capabilities of monolithic materials. Using the hierarchical architectural features of biological materials, iterative design approaches using simulation and experimentation are advancing the field of bioinspired material design. However, bioinspired architectures are still challenging to manufacture because of the size scale and architectural hierarchical complexity. Notwithstanding, additive manufacturing technologies are advancing rapidly, continually providing researchers improved abilities to fabricate sophisticated bioinspired, hierarchical designs using multiple materials. This review describes the use of additive manufacturing for producing innovative synthetic materials specifically for energy absorption applications inspired by nacre, conch shell, shrimp shell, horns, hooves, and beetle wings. Potential applications include athletic prosthetics, protective head gear, and automobile crush zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Ingrole
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Trevor G Aguirre
- Manufacturing Science Division, Energy Science and Technology Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Luca Fuller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Seth W Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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21
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Owusu Asimeng B, Walter Afeke D, Kwason Tiburu E. Biomaterial for Bone and Dental Implants: Synthesis of B-Type Carbonated Hydroxyapatite from Biogenic Source. Biomaterials 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There are several sources from which hydroxyapatite (HAp) can be obtained and may be broadly categorized as synthetic or biogenic. Elevated interest in recent times has pushed for the development of several procedures for extracting HAp from biogenic wastes due to their excellent composition and morphology resemblance to the human calcified tissue (B-type carbonated HAp). Notable biogenic sources reported for HAp extraction span bovine bones, fish scales, corals, eggshells, and snails among other calcium-rich sources. However, most of the synthetic methods are laborious and therefore result in high production costs. In this chapter, we discuss the synthesis of B-type carbonate substituted HAp from an untapped biogenic source, Achatina achatina shells, using a simple precipitation method and a controlled heat-treatment method. This unique treatment method affected the substitution resulting in different crystallographic parameters and revealed a novel material for bone implants and enamel applications.
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22
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Alorku K, Manoj M, Yuan A. A plant-mediated synthesis of nanostructured hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications: a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40923-40939. [PMID: 35519223 PMCID: PMC9057773 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The engineering of calcium-based phosphate materials at the nanoscale gains several unique properties compared to the bulky state. The effort to scale down, e.g., from bulky state to nanoscale in order to control the morphology and improve structural properties requires the use of varying reagents that can be detrimental to the environment. A typical example of these materials is hydroxyapatite (HAp), one of the well-known calcium phosphate materials, which has a close resemblance to human bone tissue. HAp has valuable applications in catalysis, drug delivery, bone and dental implant formation, and adsorption. Hydroxyapatite-based nanomaterials synthesized through conventional routes make use of reagents that are not environmental friendly and are very costly. Since the current research trends are geared towards producing/synthesizing nanomaterials through an eco-friendly approach, there is the need to consider the techniques and reagents involved in the synthesis of HAp. This review touches on the possible replacement of such synthetic chemical reagents, synthesis routes, and toxic capping agents with plant extracts for synthesizing HAp-based nanomaterials for multi-functional applications. The influence of biomolecules from plants on synthesized HAps and the attainable mechanism during these green approaches are discussed. Viable future modifications of the methods used to obtain extracts from plants are also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingdom Alorku
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu Province PR China +86-511-85639001
| | - M Manoj
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu Province PR China +86-511-85639001
| | - Aihua Yuan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu Province PR China +86-511-85639001
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23
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Lyons JG, Plantz MA, Hsu WK, Hsu EL, Minardi S. Nanostructured Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:922. [PMID: 32974298 PMCID: PMC7471872 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article addresses the various aspects of nano-biomaterials used in or being pursued for the purpose of promoting bone regeneration. In the last decade, significant growth in the fields of polymer sciences, nanotechnology, and biotechnology has resulted in the development of new nano-biomaterials. These are extensively explored as drug delivery carriers and as implantable devices. At the interface of nanomaterials and biological systems, the organic and synthetic worlds have merged over the past two decades, forming a new scientific field incorporating nano-material design for biological applications. For this field to evolve, there is a need to understand the dynamic forces and molecular components that shape these interactions and influence function, while also considering safety. While there is still much to learn about the bio-physicochemical interactions at the interface, we are at a point where pockets of accumulated knowledge can provide a conceptual framework to guide further exploration and inform future product development. This review is intended as a resource for academics, scientists, and physicians working in the field of orthopedics and bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark A. Plantz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wellington K. Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Erin L. Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Silvia Minardi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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24
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Agbeboh NI, Oladele IO, Daramola OO, Adediran AA, Olasukanmi OO, Tanimola MO. Environmentally sustainable processes for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03765. [PMID: 32368642 PMCID: PMC7184159 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hard tissue regeneration and regrowth have continued to be a challenge in the field of conventional medicine in this 21st century. Over the years, the regrowth of broken bones and diseased hard tissue has remained a major concern in medical research. Since the discovery of hydroxyapatite (HA), a bioceramic compound that possesses the ability to activate bone regrowth and bond directly with regenerated bone, it has subsequently become an indispensable biomaterial. Currently, it is being used across the medical fields due to its exceptional biocompatibility. This became plausible because the main mineral phase of mammalian bones is HA. It has found application in various medical fields like medical instruments, drug delivery, bone and tooth fillers, prosthetics, orthotics, and in-vitro implants. As the importance of HA geometrically increases, it is necessary to critically evaluate and propose the most economic process of synthesizing and manufacturing this important bioceramic material. This review, therefore, highlights the different sources of HA and the synthesis/production methods for each source with a strong emphasis on the environment. Thus, the appraisal was carried out based on the properties of the derived HA. Such properties include but are not limited to geometry, particle size, morphology, thermal stability, and stoichiometry to suggest the most economic and environmentally sustainable sources and processing routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Agbeboh
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.,Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Federal University Otuoke, Ogbia, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - I O Oladele
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - O O Daramola
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.,Institute of Nano-Engineering Research (INER), Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (Polymer Division), Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A A Adediran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, Omuaran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - O O Olasukanmi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - M O Tanimola
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
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25
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Hierarchical porosity inherited by natural sources affects the mechanical and biological behaviour of bone scaffolds. Ann Ital Chir 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Bigoni D, Cavuoto R, Misseroni D, Paggi M, Ruffini A, Sprio S, Tampieri A. Ceramics with the signature of wood: a mechanical insight. Mater Today Bio 2019; 5:100032. [PMID: 32211602 PMCID: PMC7083766 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to mimic the outstanding mechanical properties of wood and bone, a 3D heterogeneous chemistry approach has been used in a biomorphic transformation process (in which sintering is avoided) to fabricate ceramics from rattan wood, preserving its hierarchical fibrous microstructure. The resulting material (called biomorphic apatite [BA] henceforth) possesses a highly bioactive composition and is characterised by a multiscale hierarchical pore structure, based on nanotwinned hydroxyapatite lamellae, which is shown to display a lacunar fractal nature. The mechanical properties of BA are found to be exceptional (when compared with usual porous hydroxyapatite and other ceramics obtained from wood through sintering) and unique as they occupy a zone in the Ashby map previously free from ceramics, but not far from wood and bone. Mechanical tests show the following: (i) the strength in tension may exceed that in compression, (ii) failure in compression involves complex exfoliation patterns, thus resulting in high toughness, (iii) unlike in sintered porous hydroxyapatite, fracture does not occur 'instantaneously,' but its growth may be observed, and it exhibits tortuous patterns that follow the original fibrillar structure of wood, thus yielding outstanding toughness, (iv) the anisotropy of the elastic stiffness and strength show unprecedented values when situations of stresses parallel and orthogonal to the main channels are compared. Despite being a ceramic material, BA displays a mechanical behavior similar on the one hand to the ligneous material from which it was produced (therefore behaving as a 'ceramic with the signature of wood') and on the other hand to the cortical/spongy osseous complex constituting the structure of compact bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bigoni
- DICAM, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, Trento, Italy
| | - R Cavuoto
- DICAM, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, Trento, Italy
| | - D Misseroni
- DICAM, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, Trento, Italy
| | - M Paggi
- IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Italy
| | - A Ruffini
- CNR-ISTEC, Via Granarolo 64, Faenza, Italy
| | - S Sprio
- CNR-ISTEC, Via Granarolo 64, Faenza, Italy
| | - A Tampieri
- CNR-ISTEC, Via Granarolo 64, Faenza, Italy
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27
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Mohd Pu'ad N, Koshy P, Abdullah H, Idris M, Lee T. Syntheses of hydroxyapatite from natural sources. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01588. [PMID: 31080905 PMCID: PMC6507053 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste materials from natural sources are important resources for extraction and recovery of valuable compounds. Transformation of these waste materials into valuable materials requires specific techniques and approaches. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a biomaterial that can be extracted from natural wastes. HAp has been widely used in biomedical applications owing to its excellent bioactivity, high biocompatibility, and excellent osteoconduction characteristics. Thus, HAp is gaining prominence for applications as orthopaedic implants and dental materials. This review summarizes some of the recent methods for extraction of HAp from natural sources including mammalian, aquatic or marine sources, shell sources, plants and algae, and from mineral sources. The extraction methods used to obtain hydroxyapatite are also described. The effect of extraction process and natural waste source on the critical properties of the HAp such as Ca/P ratio, crystallinity and phase assemblage, particle sizes, and morphology are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.A.S. Mohd Pu'ad
- Department of Production and Operation Management, Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - P. Koshy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - H.Z. Abdullah
- Department of Materials Engineering and Design, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M.I. Idris
- Department of Materials Engineering and Design, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - T.C. Lee
- Department of Production and Operation Management, Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
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28
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Tampieri A, Ruffini A, Ballardini A, Montesi M, Panseri S, Salamanna F, Fini M, Sprio S. Heterogeneous chemistry in the 3-D state: an original approach to generate bioactive, mechanically-competent bone scaffolds. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:307-321. [PMID: 30468436 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present work investigates heterogeneous gas-solid reactions involved in the biomorphic transformation of natural wood into large 3-D hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds recapitulating physico-chemical, morphological and mechanical features typical of natural bone. In particular, we found that the use of a reactive CO2/H2O gas mixture, under supercritical conditions at high pressure, permits to control heterogeneous CaO-CO2 reactions throughout the whole bulk and to direct the nucleation-growth of CaCO3 at a relatively low temperature, thus obtaining a highly reactive 3-D precursor enabling the formation of a large biomorphic HA scaffold preserving fine nanostructure by a hydrothermal process. To the best of our knowledge, the application of heterogeneous chemical reactions in the 3-D state is an original way to generate large HA scaffolds maintaining bio-relevant ionic substitutions, with specific regard to Mg2+, Sr2+ and CO32- ions, conferring a superior ability to guide cell fate. We hypothesize that the original nanostructure of the final 3-D HA scaffold, not achievable by the classic sintering procedure, and the multi-scale hierarchical organization inherited by the original template, account for its high compression strength with damage-tolerant mechanical behaviour. The ability of the new scaffold to induce bone regeneration is attested by the overexpression of genes, early and late markers of the osteogenic differentiation pathway, and by the in vivo osteoinductivity. We hypothesize that the unique association of bioactive chemical composition, nanostructure and multi-scale hierarchy can synergistically act as instructing signals for cells to generate new bone tissue with organized 3-D architecture. These results point to its great applicative potential for the regeneration of large bone defects, which is a still unmet clinical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tampieri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, National Research Council, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy.
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29
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Valorization of Bone Waste of Saudi Arabia by Synthesizing Hydroxyapatite. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 186:779-788. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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Paun IA, Popescu RC, Mustaciosu CC, Zamfirescu M, Calin BS, Mihailescu M, Dinescu M, Popescu A, Chioibasu D, Soproniy M, Luculescu CR. Laser-direct writing by two-photon polymerization of 3D honeycomb-like structures for bone regeneration. Biofabrication 2018; 10:025009. [PMID: 29327690 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aaa718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A major limitation of existing 3D implantable structures for bone tissue engineering is that most of the cells rapidly attach on the outer edges of the structure, restricting the cells penetration into the inner parts and causing the formation of a necrotic core. Furthermore, these structures generally possess a random spatial arrangement and do not preserve the isotropy on the whole volume. Here, we report on the fabrication and testing of an innovative 3D hierarchical, honeycomb-like structure (HS), with reproducible and isotropic arhitecture, that allows in 'volume' migration of osteoblasts. In particular, we demonstrate the possibility to control the 3D spatial cells growth inside these complex architectures by adjusting the free spaces inside the structures. The structures were made of vertical microtubes arranged in a mulitlayered configuration, fabricated via laser direct writing by two photons polymerization of the IP-L780 photopolymer. In vitro tests performed in MG-63 osteoblast-like cells demonstrated that the cells migration inside the 3D structures is conducted by the separation space between the microtubes layers. Specifically, for layers separation between 2 and 10 μm, the cells gradually penetrated between the microtubes. Furthermore, these structures induced the strongest cells osteogenic differentiation and mineralization, with ALP activity 1.5 times stronger, amount of calcified minerals 1.3 times higher and osteocalcin secretion increased by 2.3 times compared to the other structures. On the opposite, for layers separation less than 2 μm and above 10 μm, the cells were not able to make interconnections and exhibited poor mineralization ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Alexandra Paun
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University Politehnica of Bucharest, RO-060042, Romania. Center for Advanced Laser Technologies (CETAL), National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Bucharest, RO-077125, Romania
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31
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Taraballi F, Bauza G, McCulloch P, Harris J, Tasciotti E. Concise Review: Biomimetic Functionalization of Biomaterials to Stimulate the Endogenous Healing Process of Cartilage and Bone Tissue. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:2186-2196. [PMID: 29080279 PMCID: PMC5702525 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal reconstruction is an ongoing challenge for surgeons as it is required for one out of five patients undergoing surgery. In the past three decades, through the close collaboration between clinicians and basic scientists, several regenerative strategies have been proposed. These have emerged from interdisciplinary approaches that bridge tissue engineering with material science, physiology, and cell biology. The paradigm behind tissue engineering is to achieve regeneration and functional recovery using stem cells, bioactive molecules, or supporting materials. Although plenty of preclinical solutions for bone and cartilage have been presented, only a few platforms have been able to move from the bench to the bedside. In this review, we highlight the limitations of musculoskeletal regeneration and summarize the most relevant acellular tissue engineering approaches. We focus on the strategies that could be most effectively translate in clinical practice and reflect on contemporary and cutting‐edge regenerative strategies in surgery. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:2186–2196
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Taraballi
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Orthopedic & Sports Medicine, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guillermo Bauza
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for NanoHealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University Bay, Singleton Park, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick McCulloch
- Department of Orthopedic & Sports Medicine, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Josh Harris
- Department of Orthopedic & Sports Medicine, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Orthopedic & Sports Medicine, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for NanoHealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University Bay, Singleton Park, Wales, United Kingdom
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32
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Putz F, Morak R, Elsaesser MS, Balzer C, Braxmeier S, Bernardi J, Paris O, Reichenauer G, Hüsing N. Setting Directions: Anisotropy in Hierarchically Organized Porous Silica. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017; 29:7969-7975. [PMID: 28989232 PMCID: PMC5627989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b03032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Structural hierarchy, porosity, and isotropy/anisotropy are highly relevant factors for mechanical properties and thereby the functionality of porous materials. However, even though anisotropic and hierarchically organized, porous materials are well known in nature, such as bone or wood, producing the synthetic counterparts in the laboratory is difficult. We report for the first time a straightforward combination of sol-gel processing and shear-induced alignment to create hierarchical silica monoliths exhibiting anisotropy on the levels of both, meso- and macropores. The resulting material consists of an anisotropic macroporous network of struts comprising 2D hexagonally organized cylindrical mesopores. While the anisotropy of the mesopores is an inherent feature of the pores formed by liquid crystal templating, the anisotropy of the macropores is induced by shearing of the network. Scanning electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering show that the majority of network forming struts is oriented towards the shearing direction; a quantitative analysis of scattering data confirms that roughly 40% of the strut volume exhibits a preferred orientation. The anisotropy of the material's macroporosity is also reflected in its mechanical properties; i.e., the Young's modulus differs by nearly a factor of 2 between the directions of shear application and perpendicular to it. Unexpectedly, the adsorption-induced strain of the material exhibits little to no anisotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Putz
- Chemistry
and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University
Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roland Morak
- Institute
of Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Michael S. Elsaesser
- Chemistry
and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University
Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Balzer
- Bavarian
Center for Applied Energy Research, Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Braxmeier
- Bavarian
Center for Applied Energy Research, Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Oskar Paris
- Institute
of Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Gudrun Reichenauer
- Bavarian
Center for Applied Energy Research, Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Hüsing
- Chemistry
and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University
Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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33
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Ramesh N, Moratti SC, Dias GJ. Hydroxyapatite-polymer biocomposites for bone regeneration: A review of current trends. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017. [PMID: 28650094 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering has emerged as one of the most indispensable approaches to address bone trauma in the past few decades. This approach offers an efficient and a risk-free alternative to autografts and allografts by employing a combination of biomaterials and cells to promote bone regeneration. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a ceramic biomaterial that mimics the mineral composition of bones and teeth in vertebrates. HA, commonly produced via several synthetic routes over the years has been found to exhibit good bioactivity, biocompatibility, and osteoconductivity under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, the brittle nature of HA restricts its usage for load bearing applications. To address this problem, HA has been used in combination with several polymers in the form of biocomposite implants to primarily improve its mechanical properties and also enhance the implants' overall performance by simultaneously exploiting the positive effects of both HA and the polymer involved in making the biocomposite. This review article summarizes the past and recent developments in the evolution of HA-polymer biocomposite implants as an "ideal" biomaterial scaffold for bone regeneration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2046-2057, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Ramesh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Stephen C Moratti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - George J Dias
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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34
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Gryshkov O, Klyui NI, Temchenko VP, Kyselov VS, Chatterjee A, Belyaev AE, Lauterboeck L, Iarmolenko D, Glasmacher B. Porous biomorphic silicon carbide ceramics coated with hydroxyapatite as prospective materials for bone implants. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 68:143-152. [PMID: 27524006 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Porous and cytocompatible silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics derived from wood precursors and coated with bioactive hydroxyapatite (HA) and HA-zirconium dioxide (HA/ZrO2) composite are materials with promising application in engineering of bone implants due to their excellent mechanical and structural properties. Biomorphic SiC ceramics have been synthesized from wood (Hornbeam, Sapele, Tilia and Pear) using a forced impregnation method. The SiC ceramics have been coated with bioactive HA and HA/ZrO2 using effective gas detonation deposition approach (GDD). The surface morphology and cytotoxicity of SiC ceramics as well as phase composition and crystallinity of deposited coatings were analyzed. It has been shown that the porosity and pore size of SiC ceramics depend on initial wood source. The XRD and FTIR studies revealed the preservation of crystal structure and phase composition of in the HA coating, while addition of ZrO2 to the initial HA powder resulted in significant decomposition of the final HA/ZrO2 coating and formation of other calcium phosphate phases. In turn, NIH 3T3 cells cultured in medium exposed to coated and uncoated SiC ceramics showed high re-cultivation efficiency as well as metabolic activity. The recultivation efficiency of cells was the highest for HA-coated ceramics, whereas HA/ZrO2 coating improved the recultivation efficiency of cells as compared to uncoated SiC ceramics. The GDD method allowed generating homogeneous HA coatings with no change in calcium to phosphorus ratio. In summary, porous and cytocompatible bio-SiC ceramics with bioactive coatings show a great promise in construction of light, robust, inexpensive and patient-specific bone implants for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Gryshkov
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Nickolai I Klyui
- College of Physics, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, PR China; V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Volodymyr P Temchenko
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Vitalii S Kyselov
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Anamika Chatterjee
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Alexander E Belyaev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Lothar Lauterboeck
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Dmytro Iarmolenko
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Birgit Glasmacher
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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Naleway SE, Porter MM, McKittrick J, Meyers MA. Structural Design Elements in Biological Materials: Application to Bioinspiration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:5455-76. [PMID: 26305858 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Eight structural elements in biological materials are identified as the most common amongst a variety of animal taxa. These are proposed as a new paradigm in the field of biological materials science as they can serve as a toolbox for rationalizing the complex mechanical behavior of structural biological materials and for systematizing the development of bioinspired designs for structural applications. They are employed to improve the mechanical properties, namely strength, wear resistance, stiffness, flexibility, fracture toughness, and energy absorption of different biological materials for a variety of functions (e.g., body support, joint movement, impact protection, weight reduction). The structural elements identified are: fibrous, helical, gradient, layered, tubular, cellular, suture, and overlapping. For each of the structural design elements, critical design parameters are presented along with constitutive equations with a focus on mechanical properties. Additionally, example organisms from varying biological classes are presented for each case to display the wide variety of environments where each of these elements is present. Examples of current bioinspired materials are also introduced for each element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Naleway
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA
| | - Michael M Porter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Joanna McKittrick
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA
| | - Marc A Meyers
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0411, USA
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Synthesis of nanostructured methotrexate/hydroxyapatite: Morphology control, growth mechanism, and bioassay explore. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:262-71. [PMID: 26409253 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new structure of methotrexate/hydroxyapatite (MTX/HAp) nanorods via a facile hydrothermal route was reported. The as-synthesized samples were then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. In order to explore the formation mechanism, the effects of reaction time, MTX concentrations and addition of ethylene glycol (PEG) were emphatically examined. The results indicated that, with the increase in reaction time, the fibrous nanoparticles turned to needle-like and then to rod-like. Our study also proved that reaction time of 12h was enough for the full-growth of the nanostructure. Drug-loading capacities (AIn) rose dramatically in the first 12h and reached a plateau afterwards. Importantly, MTX played a critical role in the longitudinal growth of MTX/HAp nanostructure and polyethylene glyco (PEG) was a good dispersing agent to improve the monodispersity. As expected, the functional agent of MTX was served as both the target anticancer drug loaded in HAp and effective complex agents to modify and control the morphologies of MTX/HAp. Lastly, in vitro bioassay tests gave us evidence that obvious tumor inhibition can be achieved when MTX was hybridized with HAp.
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Ventre M, Causa F, Netti PA, Pietrabissa R. Research in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering: Achievements and perspectives. IEEE Pulse 2015; 6:39-43. [DOI: 10.1109/mpul.2015.2428684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Gao Z, Ma M, Zhai X, Zhang M, Zang D, Wang C. Improvement of chemical stability and durability of superhydrophobic wood surface via a film of TiO2coated CaCO3micro-/nano-composite particles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04000k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Images of water droplets on (a) pristine wood, (b) wood covered with composite particles, (c) wood modified with stearic acid, and (d) superhydrophobic wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Miaolian Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Xianglin Zhai
- Department of Chemistry
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Deli Zang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- China
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Won JE, Mateos-Timoneda MA, Castano O, Planell JA, Seo SJ, Lee EJ, Han CM, Kim HW. Fibronectin immobilization on to robotic-dispensed nanobioactive glass/polycaprolactone scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:935-42. [PMID: 25502922 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive nanocomposite scaffolds with cell-adhesive surface have excellent bone regeneration capacities. Fibronectin (FN)-immobilized nanobioactive glass (nBG)/polycaprolactone (PCL) (FN-nBG/PCL) scaffolds with an open pore architecture were generated by a robotic-dispensing technique. The surface immobilization level of FN was significantly higher on the nBG/PCL scaffolds than on the PCL scaffolds, mainly due to the incorporated nBG that provided hydrophilic chemical-linking sites. FN-nBG/PCL scaffolds significantly improved cell responses, including initial anchorage and subsequent cell proliferation. Although further in-depth studies on cell differentiation and the in vivo animal responses are required, bioactive nanocomposite scaffolds with cell-favoring surface are considered to provide promising three-dimensional substrate for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Eun Won
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, South Korea
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40
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Zamparelli A, Zini N, Cattini L, Spaletta G, Dallatana D, Bassi E, Barbaro F, Iafisco M, Mosca S, Parrilli A, Fini M, Giardino R, Sandri M, Sprio S, Tampieri A, Maraldi NM, Toni R. Growth on poly(L-lactic acid) porous scaffold preserves CD73 and CD90 immunophenotype markers of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:2421-2436. [PMID: 24997163 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Few data are available on the effect of biomaterials on surface antigens of mammalian bone marrow-derived, adult mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Since poly(L-lactic acid) or PLLA is largely used in tissue engineering of human bones, and we are developing a reverse engineering program to prototype with biomaterials the vascular architecture of bones for their bioartificial reconstruction, both in humans and animal models, we have studied the effect of porous, flat and smooth PLLA scaffolds on the immunophenotype of in vitro grown, rat MSCs in the absence of any coating, co-polymeric enrichment, and differentiation stimuli. Similar to controls on plastic, we show that our PLLA scaffold does not modify the distribution of some surface markers in rat MSCs. In particular, the maintained expression of CD73 and CD90 on two different subpopulations (small and large cells) is consistent with their adhesion to the PLLA scaffold through specialized appendages, and to their prominent content in actin. In addition, our PLLA scaffold favours retention of the intermediate filament desmin, believed a putative marker of undifferentiated state. Finally, it preserves all rat MSCs morphotypes, and allows for their survival, adhesion to the substrate, and replication. Remarkably, a subpopulation of rat MSCs grown on our PLLA scaffold exhibited formation of membrane protrusions of uncertain significance, although in a size range and morphology compatible with either motility blebs or shedding vesicles. In summary, our PLLA scaffold has no detrimental effect on a number of features of rat MSCs, primarily the expression of CD73 and CD90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zamparelli
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T) - Laboratory of Regenerative Morphology and Bioartificial Structures/S.Bi.Bi.T. Museum - Section of Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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41
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Campana V, Milano G, Pagano E, Barba M, Cicione C, Salonna G, Lattanzi W, Logroscino G. Bone substitutes in orthopaedic surgery: from basic science to clinical practice. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:2445-61. [PMID: 24865980 PMCID: PMC4169585 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone substitutes are being increasingly used in surgery as over two millions bone grafting procedures are performed worldwide per year. Autografts still represent the gold standard for bone substitution, though the morbidity and the inherent limited availability are the main limitations. Allografts, i.e. banked bone, are osteoconductive and weakly osteoinductive, though there are still concerns about the residual infective risks, costs and donor availability issues. As an alternative, xenograft substitutes are cheap, but their use provided contrasting results, so far. Ceramic-based synthetic bone substitutes are alternatively based on hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphates, and are widely used in the clinical practice. Indeed, despite being completely resorbable and weaker than cortical bone, they have exhaustively proved to be effective. Biomimetic HAs are the evolution of traditional HA and contains ions (carbonates, Si, Sr, Fl, Mg) that mimic natural HA (biomimetic HA). Injectable cements represent another evolution, enabling mininvasive techniques. Bone morphogenetic proteins (namely BMP2 and 7) are the only bone inducing growth factors approved for human use in spine surgery and for the treatment of tibial nonunion. Demineralized bone matrix and platelet rich plasma did not prove to be effective and their use as bone substitutes remains controversial. Experimental cell-based approaches are considered the best suitable emerging strategies in several regenerative medicine application, including bone regeneration. In some cases, cells have been used as bioactive vehicles delivering osteoinductive genes locally to achieve bone regeneration. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells have been widely exploited for this purpose, being multipotent cells capable of efficient osteogenic potential. Here we intend to review and update the alternative available techniques used for bone fusion, along with some hints on the advancements achieved through the experimental research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Campana
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - G. Milano
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - E. Pagano
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Barba
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - C. Cicione
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Salonna
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - W. Lattanzi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Latium Musculoskeletal Tissue Bank, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Logroscino
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Guerriero G, Sergeant K, Hausman JF. Wood biosynthesis and typologies: a molecular rhapsody. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:839-55. [PMID: 24876292 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wood represents one of the most important renewable commodities for humanity and plays a crucial role in terrestrial ecosystem carbon-cycling. Wood formation is the result of a multitude of events that require the concerted action of endogenous and exogenous factors under the influence of photoperiod, for instance genes and plant growth regulators. Beyond providing mechanical support and being responsible for the increase in stem radial diameter, woody tissues constitute the vascular system of trees and are capable of reacting to environmental stimuli, and as such are therefore quite plastic and responsive. Despite the ecological and economic importance of wood, not all aspects of its formation have been unveiled. Many gaps in our knowledge are still present, which hinder the maximal exploitation of this precious bioresource. This review aims at surveying the current knowledge of wood formation and the available molecular data addressing the relationship between wood production and environmental factors, which have crucial influences on the rhythmic regulation of cambial activity and exert profound effects on tree stem growth, wood yield and properties. We will here go beyond wood sensu stricto, i.e., secondary xylem, and extend our survey to other tissues, namely vascular cambium, phloem and fibres. The purpose is to provide the reader with an overview of the complexity of the topic and to highlight the importance of progressing in the future towards an integrated knowledge on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg;
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43
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Cabane E, Keplinger T, Merk V, Hass P, Burgert I. Renewable and functional wood materials by grafting polymerization within cell walls. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:1020-1025. [PMID: 24616291 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A "grafting-from" polymerization approach within and at the complex and heterogeneous macromolecular assembly of wood cell walls is shown. The approach allows for the implementation of novel functionalities in renewable and functional wood-based materials. The native wood structure is retained and used as a hierarchical multiscale framework for a modular two-step polymerization process. The versatility and potential of the approach is shown by a polymerization of either hydrophobic or hydrophilic and pH-responsive monomers in the wood structure. Characterization of the modified wood reveals the presence of polymer in the cell wall, and the new properties of these wood materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Cabane
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zürich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland); Applied Wood Materials, EMPA-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf (Switzerland).
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44
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Li X, Sun G, Li Y, Yu JC, Wu J, Ma GH, Ngai T. Porous TiO₂ materials through Pickering high-internal phase emulsion templating. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:2676-2683. [PMID: 24601731 DOI: 10.1021/la404930h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile method for preparing porous structured TiO2 materials by templating from Pickering high-internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). A Pickering HIPE with an internal phase of up to 80 vol %, stabilized by poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based microgels and TiO2 solid nanoparticles, was first formulated and employed as a template to prepare the porous TiO2 materials with an interconnected structure. The resultant materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mercury intrusion. Our results showed that the parent emulsion droplets promoted the formation of macropores and interconnecting throats with sizes of ~50 and ~10 μm, respectively, while the interfacially adsorbed microgel stabilizers drove the formation of smaller pores (~100 nm) throughout the macroporous walls after drying and sintering. The interconnected structured network with the bimodal pores could be well preserved after calcinations at 800 °C. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of the fabricated TiO2 was evaluated by measuring the photodegradation of Rhodamine B in water. Our results revealed that the fabricated TiO2 materials are good photocatalysts, showing enhanced activity and stability in photodegrading organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin N.T., Hong Kong
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45
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Liu X, Lin K, Wu C, Wang Y, Zou Z, Chang J. Multilevel hierarchically ordered artificial biomineral. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:152-159. [PMID: 23847156 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201301633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Living organisms are known for creating complex organic-inorganic hybrid materials such as bone, teeth, and shells, which possess outstanding functions as compared to their simple mineral forms. This has inspired many attempts to mimic such structures, but has yielded few practical advances. In this study, a multilevel hierarchically ordered artificial biomineral (a composite of hydroxyapatite and gelatine) with favorable nanomechanical properties is reported. A typical optimized HAp/gelatin hybrid material in the perpendicular direction of the HAp c-axis has a modulus of 25.91 + 1.78 GPa and hardness of 0.90 + 0.10 GPa, which well matches that of human cortical bone (modulus 24.3 + 1.4 GPa, hardness 0.69 + 0.05 GPa). The bottom-up crystal constructions (from nano- to micro- to macroscale) of this material are achieved through a hard template approach by the phase transformation from DCP to HAp. The structural biomimetic material shows another way to mimic the complex hierarchical designs of sclerous tissues which have potential value for application in hard tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguo Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China; State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China, Fax: (+)86-21-52413903
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46
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Guo X, Yu L, Chen L, Zhang H, Peng L, Guo X, Ding W. Organoamine-assisted biomimetic synthesis of faceted hexagonal hydroxyapatite nanotubes with prominent stimulation activity for osteoblast proliferation. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:1760-1763. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21652g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Uniform single-crystalline hydroxyapatite nanotubes are synthesized via a distinctive organoamines-assisted biomimetic route, and exhibit exceptional performance in stimulating osteoblast proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangke Guo
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lanhua Chen
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Heyun Zhang
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Luming Peng
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Weiping Ding
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093, China
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Filardo G, Kon E, Tampieri A, Cabezas-Rodríguez R, Di Martino A, Fini M, Giavaresi G, Lelli M, Martínez-Fernández J, Martini L, Ramírez-Rico J, Salamanna F, Sandri M, Sprio S, Marcacci M. New bio-ceramization processes applied to vegetable hierarchical structures for bone regeneration: an experimental model in sheep. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:763-73. [PMID: 24099033 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone loss is still a major problem in orthopedics. The purpose of this experimental study is to evaluate the safety and regenerative potential of a new scaffold based on a bio-ceramization process for bone regeneration in long diaphyseal defects in a sheep model. The scaffold was obtained by transformation of wood pieces into porous biomorphic silicon carbide (BioSiC®). The process enabled the maintenance of the original wood microstructure, thus exhibiting hierarchically organized porosity and high mechanical strength. To improve cell adhesion and osseointegration, the external surface of the hollow cylinder was made more bioactive by electrodeposition of a uniform layer of collagen fibers that were mineralized with biomimetic hydroxyapatite, whereas the internal part was filled with a bio-hybrid HA/collagen composite. The final scaffold was then implanted in the metatarsus of 15 crossbred (Merinos-Sarda) adult sheep, divided into 3 groups: scaffold alone, scaffold with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) augmentation, and scaffold with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) added during implantation. Radiological analysis was performed at 4, 8, 12 weeks, and 4 months, when animals were sacrificed for the final radiological, histological, and histomorphometric evaluation. In all tested treatments, these analyses highlighted the presence of newly formed bone at the bone scaffolds' interface. Although a lack of substantial effect of PRP was demonstrated, the scaffold+BMSC augmentation showed the highest value of bone-to-implant contact and new bone growth inside the scaffold. The findings of this study suggest the potential of bio-ceramization processes applied to vegetable hierarchical structures for the production of wood-derived bone scaffolds, and document a suitable augmentation procedure in enhancing bone regeneration, particularly when combined with BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Filardo
- 1 Laboratory of Biomechanics, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute , Bologna, Italy
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Qian J, Suo A, Jin X, Xu W, Xu M. Preparation andin vitrocharacterization of biomorphic silk fibroin scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:2961-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviors of Materials; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Aili Suo
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710061 China
| | - Xinxia Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviors of Materials; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Weijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviors of Materials; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Minghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviors of Materials; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 China
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49
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Fernandes EM, Pires RA, Mano JF, Reis RL. Bionanocomposites from lignocellulosic resources: Properties, applications and future trends for their use in the biomedical field. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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50
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Qian J, Yong X, Xu W, Jin X. Preparation and characterization of bimodal porous poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:4587-93. [PMID: 24094164 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An ideal scaffold in bone tissue-engineering strategy should provide biomimetic extracellular matrix-like architecture and biological properties. Poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) (PBLG) has been a popular model polypeptide for various potential biomedical applications due to its good biocompatibility and biodegradability. This study developed novel bimodal porous PBLG polypeptide scaffolds via a combination of biotemplating method and in situ ring-opening polymerization of γ-benzyl-L-gIutamate N-carboxyanhydride (BLG-NCA). The PBLG scaffolds were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mechanical test. The results showed that the semi-crystalline PBLG scaffolds exhibited an anisotropic porous structure composed of honeycomb-like channels (100-200 μm in diameter) and micropores (5-20 μm), with a very high porosity of 97.4±1.6%. The compressive modulus and glass transition temperature were 402.8±20.6 kPa and 20.2°C, respectively. The in vitro biocompatibility evaluation with MC3T3-E1 cells using SEM, fluorescent staining and MTT assay revealed that the PBLG scaffolds had good biocompatibility and favored cell attachment, spread and proliferation. Therefore, the bimodal porous polypeptide scaffolds are promising for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviors of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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